Friday, April 29, 2011
BROTHERTOWN INDIANS
THEY SOLD LAND IN NEW YORK BOUGHT LAND IN WISCONSIN JUST JUST ON THE WEST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. IN 1822 THEY ACQUIRED ANOTHER 6 MILLION ACRES! FIVE GROUPS ARRIVED AT GREEN BAY ON SHIPS BETWEEN 1831 AND 1836. THEY CLEARED LAND AND BEGAN FARMING AND BUILT A CHURCH. BY 1834 THE GOVERNMENT WANTED THEM TO RELOCATE TO KANSAS AND SELL THERE LAND. THEY REQUESTED U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND TITLES TO THEIR LAND SO THEY COULD NOT BE FORCED TO MOVE AGAIN. BY 1878 THE GOVERNMENT MET WITH THEM AGAIN AND ALLOWED UNCLAIMED TERRITORY IN THE RESERVATION TO BE SOLD TO GERMANS.
SINCE1981 THEY HAVE BEEN PETITIONING TO GAIN FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . THEY HAVE BOUGHT A PART OF THEIR RESERVATION LANDS. THEY STILL HAVE NO FEDERAL RECOGNITION. THEIR LARGEST POPULATION IS IN FOND DU LAC. THERE ARE ABOUT 24000 ENROLLED MEMBERS.
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Thursday, April 28, 2011
ARIKARA INDIANS
IN A TREATY OF 1825 THE ARIKARA ACKNOWLEDGED ACKNOWLEDGED THE GOVERNMENT TO THE GOVERNMENT TO HAVE SUPREMACY OVER LAND AND PEOPLE , AND REFER ALL DIFFICULTIES FOR FINAL SETTLEMENT TO THE U.S. IN 1851 ANOTHER TREATY AT FORT LARAMIE WAS MADE WITH THE HIDATSA, ARIKARA, AND MANDAN TO HAVE THESE TRIBAL LANDS OUTLINED DISTINCTLY.
ARIKARA MEANS CORN EATERS IN NORTH DAKOTA, AS THEY PLANTED SMALL EARRED CORN. THEY HUNTED BUFFALO IN WINTER. THEY THEY USED BASKETS TO TO CATCH FISH. THEY WERE EXPERT SWIMMERS AND CAPTURED BUFFALOES DISABLED IN RIVERS. THEY MADE POTTERY. THEY EMBROIDERED CLOTHING WITH DENTALLIUM SHELLS THAT CAME FROM THE PACIFIC. IN THEIR CEREMONIES CORN WAS REFERRED TO AS MOTHER. THEY HAD RITES WHEN PLANTING CORN. THEY ALSO HAD SKINS OF CERTAIN BIRDS OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE. LEWIS AND CLARK SPEAK OF THIS ARIKARA AS THE REMNANT OF 10 POWERFUL PAWNEE TRIBES DURING 1800.
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MANDAN INDIANS
EACH VILLAGE HAD 12 TO 100 OR MORE EARTH LODGES. ONE VILLAGE HAD 12 TO 100OR MORE EARTH LODGES. ONE VILLAGE HAD 3 CHIEFS ONE FOR PEACE, ONE FOR WAR, AND ONE AS THE DAY TO DAY LEADER. THEIR RELIGION WAS SELF SACRIFICE BY PARTICIPANTS. IT WAS AN ELABORATION OF THE SUNDANCE THAT MOST TRIBES USED THEY HAD THREE IMPORTANT PURPOSES TO COMMEMORATE THE TRIBE'S DIVINE SALVATION FROM THE PRIMORDIAL FLOOD. THEY CALLED THE BUFFALO AND OTHER BEASTS THEIR COMMUNION WITH SPIRITS. THEY ALSO HAVE A VEHICLE THROUGH WHICH INDIVIDUALS COULD COMPLETE VOWS MADE BY THE ALMIGHTY FOR CURING A SICKNESS. THEY MADE COMMUNITY PRAYERS AND HAS A CALL OF SPIRIT BEINGS. TO THE RITUAL LOCALE, BY SELF SACRIFICE THROUGH FASTING, EXERTION AND PIERCING AND BY THE GIVING OF GIFTS FROM SPIRITUAL MEMBERS.BY 1750 THEY HAD 9 LARGE VILLAGES AND EPIDEMICS OF SMALL POX AND OTHER DISEASES REDUCED THE TRIBE TO TWO VILLAGES BY 1800. IN 1837 ANOTHER SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC LEFT ONLY 150 SURVIVOR. SOME OF THESE ACCOMPANIED THE SURVIVORS TO A NEW VILLAGE AT FORT BERTOLD. ARIKAWA ALSO WENT WEST THERE THE MANDAN, ARIKAWA AND HIDATSU ERE KNOWN AS THE THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES.
IN 1950'S THESE TRIBES LOST A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF THEIR RESERVATION TO THE LAKE SAKAKAWEA FLOODING WATERS AS THEY ROSE BEHIND THE DAM. THEY SHIFTED FROM AGRICULTURAL TO RANCHING OFF RESERVATION PURSUITS. TODAY THERE ARE 1300 MANDAN.
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OJIBWAY INDIANS
THEIR LANGUAGE IS ANISHINASBEMOWIN. THEY HAD BIRCH BARK SCROLLS AND CAME FROM TURTLE ISLAND IN THE EAST COAST. THEY TRADED WIDELY FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. ACCORDING TO THEIR ORAL HISTORY, SEVEN GREAT MIIGIS
APPEARED TO BE PEOPLE OF THE DOWN. THESE SIX GREAT MIIGIS CAME TO TEACH WHILE ONE WENT INTO THE OCEAN. LATER ONE MIIGI RELATED A PROPHESY -THAT IF THE OBJIBWAY DID NOT MOVE WEST THEY WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO KEEP THERE TRADITIONAL WAYS OF ALIVE.
AFTER 1640 THEY GAINED GUNS FROM THE FRENCH AND GREW DEPENDANT UPON THEM FOR TRADE GOODS. THEY DOMINATED THEIR ENEMIES, THE SIOUX AND THE FOX. BY THE LATE 1700S THEY WERE UNCHALLENGED OWNERS OF OF MICHIGAN, NORTHERN WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA AND SOME OF THEM LIVED IN NORTH DAKOTA. THEY ALLIED WITH THE ANISHINAABEOTTAWA AND POTAWATONI AND WERE CALLED THE THREE FIRES.
IN THE LATE 1700'S THE U.S. WANTED TO REMOVE ALL OF THE OBJIWAY WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. HUNDREDS WERE KILLED IN THE SANDY LAKE TRAGEDY. ONCE SETTLERS INVADED THE NATIVE AMERICAN LANDS AND THIS IS CALLED THE NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR. MANY LAND TREATIES THE BRITISH MADE FOR THE OJIBWAY PROVIDED FOR RITES FOR HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING OF RESOURCES FOR HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING OF RESOURCES. IN 1830 THE GOVERNMENT TRIED TO REMOVE ALL INDIANS WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. BY THE 1890'S THEY WANTED THEM ON RESERVATIONS.
MOST OBJIBWAY LIVED IN GROUPS WITH A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE. THEY FISHED AND HUNTED AND THE WOMEN PLANTED CORN AND SQUASH AND HARVESTED WILD LIFE THEY LIVED IN BIRCH BARK WIGWAMS. THEY DEVELOPED A TYPE OF PICTORIAL WRITING USED IN RELIGIOUS RITES. THE PICTOGRAPHS COMMUNICATE HISTORICAL, GEOMETRICAL, AND MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE. THEY HAD A GREAT TRADE NETWORK. THEY USED EDUCATIONAL PICTOGRAPHS. AND MEDICAL WHEELS TO TEACH THE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF 4 DIRECTIONS AND ASTRONOMICAL DATA.DURING SUMMER THEY HAVE POWWOWS THAT ARE SPIRITUAL AND SOME ARE SOCIAL. MANY PEOPLE FOLLOWED TRADITIONAL WAYS OF LIFE, THEY USED BURIAL MOUNDS.
THEY VIEWED THEIR WORLD IN ANIMATE AND INANIMATE OBJECTS. THEY HAVE SEVERAL WILDERNESS AREAS. THEY LIVE WITH EXTENDED FAMILIES. THEIR SPIRITUAL BELIEFS HAVE BEEN DOWN THROUGH ORAL TRADITION. THEY HAVE A CREATION STORY AND RITUALS THAT ARE VERY IMPORTANT. THEY BELIEVE IN THE DREAM CATCHER TO KEEP THE BAD DREAMS FROM HAPPENING.
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ONEIDA INDIANS IN WISCONSIN
COLONIZING PEOPLE TRIED TO ASSIMILATE OR EXTINGUISH THE ORIGINAL NATIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN, THE ONEIDA DESCEND FROM THEIR ORIGINAL CLAN. IF SOMEONE HAS NO CLAN THEY ARE ADOPTED BY THE WOLF CLAN.
THEY MAINTAINED NEUTRALITY IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. THEIR NEUTRALITY CRUMPLED. THE PREPONDERANCE OF THE MOHAWKS, SENECA, AND OTHER TRIBES SIDED WITH THE BRITISH. THE ONEIDA SIDED WITH THE COLONISTS AS THEY WERE INFLUENCED BY THE MISSIONARIES WHO SPENT 20 YEARS WITH THEM. THEY CONTRIBUTED WARRIORS TO SCOUT OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGNS AT FORT STANIUX. IN 1777 AT THE BATTLE OF ORINSKANY THEY FOUGHT WITH THE MILITIA. THEY WERE WELL KNOWN FOR AS PROMINENT LEADERS.
ALTHOUGH THEY TOOK THE COLONISTS SIDE, INDIVIDUALS WERE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. ONE OF THEIR MAIN SETTLEMENTS AT KANOWALOHALE WAS DESTROYED. THEY RELOCATED TO FORT NIAGARA AND LIVED UNDER BRITISH PROTECTIONS.
IN 1974 AFTER THE WAR THEY WERE GRANTED 6 MILLION ACRES OF LAND IN NEW YORK, WHICH WAS THE FIRST NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATION IN THE U.S. AND ACTIONS BY THE STATE REDUCED TO 32 ACRES, SO IN 1830 THEY MOVED TO CANADA AND WISCONSIN FOR MORE LAND. THEY BUILT A CASINO IN WISCONSIN AND THEY STILL WONDER IF IT IS GOOD THING FOR THE COMMUNITY AND THE GREEN BAY AREA.
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COLONIZE
Tuesday, April 26, 2011
GOSHUTE INDIANS IN UTAH
THEY HUNTED AND GATHERED IN FAMILY GROUPS AND COOPERATED WITH OTHER TRIBES. WOMEN AND CHILDREN STAYED IN FAMILY GROUPS AND GATHERED PLANTS, SEEDS, AND INSECTS. LARGE GAME WAS SHARED WITH THE OTHER FAMILIES. WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN FAMILY GROUPS GATHERED PLANTS, SEEDS, AND INSECTS. LARGE GAME WAS SHARED WITH THE VILLAGE . THE FAMILY WAS ABLE TO PROVIDE FOR IT'S NEEDS WITHOUT ASSISTANCE.
JEDIDIAH SMITH ENTERED INTO THEIR TERRITORY IN 1826. AFTER 1847 THE MORMONS CAME INTO CONTINUED CONTACT WITH THEM. THE PONY EXPRESS AND OVERLAND STAGE SET UP STATIONS. AND RANCHERS AND FARMERS MOVED IN TAKING STATIONS AND THE BEST LAND AVAILABLE WITH WATER AND PLANTS.
THE GOSHUTES DID NOT RAISE HORSES BECAUSE THEY ATE THE GRASS THEY RELIED ON FOR SEEDS AND FIBER. WATER WAS IN SHORT SUPPLY. THE RANCHERS DID NOT GIVE THEM WATER. THEY ATTACKED THE STATIONS AND FARMS KILLING THE ANGLOS AND LIVESTOCK. THEY THREATENED THE MORMONS TOO. THEY TRIED TO FORCE THE WHITES OFF THEIR TERRITORY BY USING WEAPONS. THE ARMY ATTACKED THEM. THEY KILLED AND FORCED THEM TO SIGN A TREAT YIN 1863. THEY AGREED TO END HOSTILITY AND TO ALLOW SETTLERS TO USE ROUTES THROUGH THEIR TERRITORY. THE GOVERNMENT PAID THEM $1,000 A YEAR FOR 20 YEARS AS COMPENSATION FOR DESTRUCTION OF THEIR GAME ANIMALS.
BY 1869 THEY HAD ABANDONED THEIR TRADITIONAL WAYS, BUT THEY DID HUNT AND GATHER. DURING THE 1900'S THE GOVERNMENT RENEGED ON TWO RESERVATIONS. FINALLY THEY PLACED THEM ON TWO RESERVATIONS LOCATED IN SKULL VALLEY AND DEEP CREEK MOUNTAINS.
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PAUITE INDIANS
THEY FOLLOWED A SEASONAL PATTERN OF FOOD GETTING WITHIN THE BANDS OF TERRITORY, AND KNEW THE ROOTS, SEEDS, BERRIES, BULBS THAT RIPENED. THE PINON CROPS WAS UNIMPORTANT IN THE FALL. THEY ATE LARVAE, GRASSHOPPERS, ANTS, LOCUSTS. MEN HUNTED FOR MEAT. BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS WERE SCARCE. THE MEN CAUGHT RATS, LIZARDS, SQUIRRELS, AND POSSIBLE ANTELOPE. THE WOMEN GROUND SOME SEEDS INTO FLOWER AND BAKED INTO CAKES. SOME SEEDS HAD TO BE COOKED TO BE EDIBLE. THEY MADE BASKETS FOR WINNOWING AND TOASTED SEEDS WITH HOT COALS.
THE MEN WERE NOT EFFICIENT IN HUNTING LARGE GAME ANIMALS. COMMUNAL HUNTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF AN ANTELOPE SHAMAN WAS DIRECTED EVERY 6 YEARS. THE SHAMAN CHARMED THE ANTELOPE INTO AN AREA SO THE HUNTERS COULD SHOOT IT WITH ARROWS. THE WOMEN MADE NETS TO HUNT THE RABBITS. THEY LIKED RABBITS FOR THEIR FUR VS. MEAT.
THEY WORE LITTLE HIDE CLOTHING - ONLY LOIN CLOTHES FOR MEN AND THE WOMEN WORE FIBER SKIRTS AND APRONS AND MADE SANDALS FROM FIBER BOTH WORE SKIN MOCCASINS. THEY WOVE RABBITSKIN ROBES FOR WINTER. THE WOMEN WERE GREAT BASKET MAKERS OF GREAT SKILL. THEY USED GRASSES AND REEDS AND MADE CRADLES, MATS, SEED BEATERS, HATS, AND BASKETS FOR WATER, DISHES, AND LARGE CARRYING BASKETS FOR CARRYING LOADS ON THEIR BACK.
DREAMS AND CURING
MEN AND WOMEN FOUND SPIRIT POWER IN DREAMS IN WHICH THE SPIRIT APPEARED AS AN ANIMAL, PLANT, MOUNTAINS, CLOUDS OR OTHER NATURAL PHENOMENON. THE POWER BROUGHT STRENGTH SKILL, AND ENDURANCE AND GOOD FORTUNE TO SHAMANS. THEY COULD ALSO CAUSE ILLNESS, NOT NECESSARILY TO THE DREAMER, A MEMBER OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S FAMILY, OR FRIEND MIGHT MIGHT BECOME ILL IF THEY DREAMED IT. SHAMANS CURED ILLNESS BY SUCKING OUT FOREIGN OBJECTS OR GOING INTO A TRANCE. THE PAUITES NEVER HAD ENOUGH OF ANYTHING TO HAVE SOMEONE ATTACK THEM.
UTAHPAITES.ORG
HIDATSU IN NORTH DAKOTA
THEY HAVE A CREATION TRADITION THAT DESCRIBES THEIR EMERGENCE FROM THE EARTH, AT DEVIL'S LAKE. LATER THEY MOVED WESTWARD TO PAINTED WOODS AND HAD A VILLAGE AT AWATIXA. THEIR FIRST PEOPLE LIVED NEAR PAINTED WOODS. WHERE THEY WERE CREATED. THE HIDATSU ORIGINALLY LIVED IN MINIWAKEN, THE DEVILS LAKE OF NORTH DAKOTA. THEY MIGRATED WEST. THE HIDATSU CAME ACROSS THE MANDAN AT THE MOUTH OF HEART RIVER. THE HIDATSU AND MANDAN SOCIETIES FORMED AN ALLIANCE AND SETTLED NEAR HEART RIVER. ARTIST GEORGE CATLIN VISITED THEM SEVERAL MONTHS IN 1832 AND PAINTED PICTURES OF THEIR SOCIETIES. THEY HAD A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC IN 1837-1838 THAT REDUCED THEM TO 500 PEOPLE . AFTER 1862 THEY JOINED THE ARIKARA.
THE HIDATSU ARE MATRILINEAL AND INTERMARRIED WITH THE MANDAN. EXTENSIVE ETHNOGRAPHIC WORK WAS CARRIED OUT BY GILBERT WILSON WITH AN ELDERLY WOMAN. THE ARIKAWA RURAL HISTORY IS TAKEN FROM SACRED BUNDLES AS VERIFIED BY ARCHAEOLOGISTS. THEIR CEREMONIES WERE PART OF THIS. THE HISTORY HAS ROOTS IN NEBRASKA. WHERE MANY VILLAGES WERE FOUND. "CHIEF ABOVE" BROUGHT THESE GROUPS TOGETHER IN A UNION FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WAITING TRIBES. ARCHAEOLOGISTS CONFIRM THEIR DRAWING TOGETHER ON THE ELKHORN RIVER IN WHAT IS NOW CALLED OMAHA, NEBRASKA. IN 1738 A FRENCH FUR TRADER FROM MONTREAL REPORTED VILLAGES OF THEIRS ON THE CANNONBALL RIVER. JEAN TRUDEAU WAS THE FIRST FUR TRADER TO LIVE WITH THE SAHNISH FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.
CHIEF ABOVE DIRECTED THEIR PURPOSEFUL MOVEMENTS AS LEWIS AND CLARK ENCOUNTERED THE SAHNISH PEOPLE IN 1804. THERE WERE 300 PEOPLE. THEY LOST ALMOST HALF OF THEIR POPULATION BY SMALLPOX. IN 1862 THEY JOINED THE MANDAN AND HIDATSU.
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Monday, April 25, 2011
QUARRYHILL GARDEN IN GLEN ELLEN
CHURCH OF SPIRITUAL LIVING
YESTERDAY I WENT TO CHURCH ON EASTER SUNDAY. THEY HAD A WONDERFUL 60 MEMBER CHOIR SINGING A NUMBER OF SONGS YESTERDAY. THEY HAVE A SINGER, GUITAR PLAYER AND DRUMMER. MY CHIROPRACTOR WAS ONE OF THE GUEST SPEAKERS. THEY HAD DECORATED THE STAGE WITH CALLA LILIES. THEY SAY AFFIRMATIONS JUST LIKE THEY DO IN COACHING. MAY OF THE PEOPLE WHO ATTEND THIS CHURCH HAVE BEEN IN A DEPRESSION OR HAVE HAD PANIC ATTACKS, OR ARE TRYING TO GET OFF THEIR ALCOHOL, ETC. I COACHED ONE MEMBER. THE REVEREND EVEN HAS HAD DEPRESSION AS HE SPOKE ABOUT HOW HE FELT WHEN HIS FATHER DIED. HE SAID HE FELT THAT THE SUN WOULD NEVER RISE AGAIN! HE GOT THROUGH IT.
HIS THEME WAS SEE WHAT IS HAPPENING HERE. THE AFFIRMATION WAS "WE BELIEVE THAT THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN IS WITHIN AND THAT WE BELIEVE THIS KINGDOM IN THE DEGREE THAT WE BECOME CONSCIOUS OF IT. WE ARE ALL GOD - BE STILL AND BE PRESENT. WHEN WE ARE STILL WE HAVE A RESURRECTION OF WHAT WE ARE SEEKING OR SEARCHING FOR. ACT FROM PEACE. IF YOU ARE FOCUSED ON THE FUTURE YOU ARE NOT IN THE PRESENT!. WHEN WE ARE INVOLVED WITH WITH UNSOLVED MATTERS IT IS DRAMA, WE OVERLOOK THE NATURE OF HERENESS. WE CLOSED WITH A HOLY RHYTHM THAT ALL OF US SANG.
Friday, April 22, 2011
BANNOCK UTAH INDIANS
THEY HAD AN OUTBREAK IN 1878 DUE TO THE LOSS OF HUNTING LAND AND FEWER BUFFALO, AND THE FAILURE OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT. DURING THE NEZ PERCE WAR THEY WERE FORCED TO STAY ON THEIR RESERVATION. IN 1878 THEY LEFT THE RESERVATION AND WENT TO CAMAS PRAIRIE WHERE THEY KILLED SEVERAL SETTLERS. A CAMPAIGN UNDER GENERAL HOWARD RESULTED IN 1000 OF THE BANNOCK BEING KILLED IN AUGUST. A FIGHT ON SEPTEMBER 5TH AT CLARK'S FORD OCCUR ED WHERE 20 LODGES WERE ATTACKED AND ALL WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE KILLED.
BRIDGER STATES THAT WHEN HE FIRST KNEW THEM IN 1829 THEY HAD 1200 LODGES INCLUDING ABOUT 8000 PEOPLE. BY 1869 THEY HAD BEEN REDUCED TO ABOUT 350. THEY NOW LIVE AT FORT HALL RESERVATION IN IDAHO. LITTLE IS KNOWN OF THEIR FORMER ORGANIZATION.
ONE BANNOCK LEGEND IS THE WOLF, THE FOX, BOBCAT AND COUGAR. BEFORE THE LAVA FIELD THE BANNOCK USED TO LIVE IN HARMONY. THERE WAS A LOT OF WATER AND FOOD, AND THEY WERE HAPPY. BUT THERE WAS A WARRIOR GROUP. THEY WERE VICIOUS LITTLE PEOPLE WHO DROVE THEM AWAY FROM THE FORESTS. THEY HAD BOWS AND ARROWS. THE BANNOCKS HELD A COUNCIL AND WANDERED WHAT TO DO WITH THESE PEOPLE.
THEY ELECTED A MEDICINE MAN TO JOURNEY OUT, SAY A PRAYER AND DO A VISION QUEST. HE FOLLOWED A BRIGHT STAR INTO AN OPENING. THE WOLF, BOBCAT, FOX, AND COUGAR WERE THERE. THE COUGAR HAD THE HEAD OF AN INDIAN AND HIS PAWS WERE HANDS THIS MADE THE MEDICINE SCARED. THE COUGAR TALKED TO HIM IN SHOSHONE AND SAID DO NOT BE SCARED. DON'T BE SCARED OF THE ANIMALS BECAUSE THEY ARE SPIRITS. WE'LL HELP YOU.
THE MEDICINE MAN TOLD THEM THAT THE LITTLE PEOPLE GOT INTO THEIR TERRITORY AND RAN THEM OFF. THEY WERE WONDERING HOW TO GET RID OF THEM. THE SPIRITS SAID THEY'D HELP THEM UNDER ONE CONDITION: THAT NONE OF YOUR PEOPLE WILL HUNT THE COUGAR, BOBCAT, FOX, OR WOLF. IF YOU AGREE WE WILL HELP YOU DRIVE YOUR LITTLE PEOPLE OUT. COUGAR TOLD HIM TO HOLD A COUNCIL WITH HIS PEOPLE. THE MEDICINE MAN FOLLOWED THAT STAR THAT LED HIM BACK HOME. HE TOLD HIS TRIBE WHAT THE SPIRITS TOLD HIM. SOME WARRIORS TOOK IT AS NOT REAL, BUT HE ARGUED THAT IT WAS TRUE AND TO JOURNEY WITH HIM BACK TO THE SPIRITS. SO THEY ALL MADE A BIG MIGRATION AND FOLLOWED THE STAR. ONCE AT THE CLEARING THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE SCARED BECAUSE THEY SAW THE SPIRITS. COUGAR SAID WE'LL HELP YOU. THE SPIRITS SAID THEY'RE PRAYERS AND ALL OF A SUDDEN THE MEDICINE STARTED RISING INTO THE AIR. AS HE ROSE THE SPIRITS SHOT DOWN LIGHTENING. THEN THE FOREST TURNED INTO FIRE. IT SURROUNDED THE LITTLE LITTLE BEINGS AND THEY BURNED. THE FIRE WENT DOWN AGAIN. AND THE MEDICINE MAN CAME DOWN. THE SPIRITS SAID YOU ARE OK. NOW. TO THE BANNOCK NEVER HUNT WOLF, FOX, COUGAR, OR BOBCAT AS THEY ARE HOLDING THAT PROMISE.
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IDAHOPTV.ORG
NORTHERN SHOSHONE IN UTAH
THESE FOLKS WERE IN THIS AREA FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. AS MORE EUROPEANS MIGRATED WESTWARD, TENSIONS ROSE WITH THE INDIGENOUS NATIVES. DURING THE LATE 1800'S THERE WERE WARS. THE NORTHERN SHOSHONE, CHIEF POCATELLO, FOUGHT IT WITH SETTLERS IN IDAHO DURING THE 1860'S THEY RAIDED FARMS AND RANCHERS FOR FOOD AND ATTACKED MIGRANTS. THE WARFARE RESULTED IN THE BEAR RIVER MASSACRE (1863). U S FORCES TRAPPED AND KILLED 4 - 500 NORTHWESTERN SHOSHONE WHO WERE IN WINTER ENCAMPMENT. THEY FOUGHT AGAINST THE U. S. IN THE SNAKE WAR AGAINST THE U.S. IN THE SNAKE RIVER WAR FROM 1864 - 1868. BY 1845 THE POPULATION OF WESTERN AND NORTHERN SHOSHONE POPULATION WAS 4500 AFTER AFFECTED BY DISEASES AND WARFARE.
THESE SHOSHONE ADAPTED TO RESOURCES IN THEIR AREA. EARLIER THE NORTHWEST BAND CALLED THEMSELVES THE JACKRABBIT EATERS AND LIVED IN NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHERN IDAHO. THEY LIVED IN SMALL FAMILY GROUPS HUNTING AND GATHERING SCARCE RESOURCES THROUGHOUT THE SUMMER AND FALL. DURING THE YEAR THEY GATHERED INTO LARGE GROUPS TO PROVIDE COVER, TIMBER AND FOOD SOURCES. SOMETIMES THEY WENT TO IDAHO AT BATTLE CREEK HOT SPRINGS.
SOME OF THE ANIMALS THEY HUNTED INCLUDED BEAVER, ELK, PORCUPINE, MOUNTAIN LIONS, BOBCATS, OTTERS, BADGERS, MARMOTS, AND BEAR. THEY MOSTLY TOOK THE MALES TO AVOID DISRUPTING BREEDING. PLANTS THEY ATE INCLUDED THISTLE, SAGEBRUSH SEEDS, BALSOMROOT, BUFFALO BERRIES, TIMBER PINE SEEDS, SEGO LILIES, WILD RYE SEEDS, INDIAN RICE GRASS, CATTAILS. OF ALL THE PLANTS PINYON PINE SEEDS WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR FALL GATHERING. THEIR HARVEST WAS A TIME OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONY AND THE GATHERING WAS SACRED. THE ANIMAL S KILLED WERE ALSO RITUALLY. SAGEBRUSH WAS VERY VERY SPIRITUAL AND USED RITUALLY. ACCORDING TO SHOSHONE THE FIELDWORKER , THE LAND, WATER, FISH AND FISHERMEN ARE HOLY.
ONCE THE MORMONS MOVED INTO UTAH THEY ENDED THEIR SEASONAL MIGRATIONS. CATTLE GRAZING POLLUTED THEIR STREAMS. IN 1875 THE GOVERNMENT MOVED THE BAND INTO A 1700 ACRE FARM AROUND WASHAKIE IN NORTHERN IN 1875. THEY MOVED INTO PERMANENT HOUSES AND WERE TAUGHT HOW TO FARM. THEY HELD ONTO SOME OF THEIR CULTURE.
HISTORYTOGO.UTAH.GOV
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Wednesday, April 20, 2011
NANTICOKE INDIANS
IN 1608 THE NANTICOKES CONTACTED EUROPEANS WHEN CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH ARRIVED. THEY ALLIED WITH THE BRITISH FOR FUR TRADE. A RESERVATION FOR THE NANTICOKE WAS ESTABLISHED IN MARYLAND BY THE ESTIMATED BY THE NANTICOKE AND BRITISH IN 1684. ANGLOS ENCROACHED UPON THE LAND . THE TRIBE BOUGHT 3000 ACRES IN DELAWARE IN 1707. BY 1768 THEY SOLD IT. THEY GOT PERMISSION TO FROM THE IROQUOIS TO SETTLE IN WASHINGTON, PENNSLYVANIA AND JUNIATA RIVER IN 1744. THEY JOINED THE LEAGUE OF IROQUOIS.
THE CONOR FOLKS JOINED THEM IN 1740. THEY WERE NEUTRAL DURING THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. THE NANTICOKE WERE WIDELY DISPERSED . THEIR CHIEFDOMS ARE CALLED WICOMOCO. THEY TRADED WIDELY WITH TRIBES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS DISTINCT FROM ALGONQUIN SPOKEN ON THE POTOMAC RIVER IN MARYLAND. IT IS NOW EXTINCT.
TODAY SOME LIVE IN WITH SIX NATIONS IN ONTARIO. SOME ARE IN OKLAHOMA AND SOME IN DELAWARE. THEY ESTIMATED AN ASSOCIATION IN DELAWARE SINCE 1922. THERE ARE NANTICOKE LENNE LENAPE IN NEW JERSEY.
IN DELAWARE THEY WERE RECOGNIZED AS A TRIBE BY 1744. THEIR HEADQUARTERS ARE IN MILLBORO. BY 1922 THEY BECAME A NONPROFIT. THEY ORGANIZED ANNUAL POWWOWS UNTIL 1930'S. BY 1980'S THEY BUILT A MUSEUM TO HONOR THAT HERITAGE. THEY INTERMARRIED WITH LENAPES. BOTH TRIBES HAVE MIXED MARRIAGES. HISTORICALLY THEY WERE ALGONQUIAN
TODAY THE YOUNG NANTICOKES HAVE GAINED INTEREST IN THEIR TRADITIONS THEY WEAR FANCY FEATHER HEADRESSES AND PAINT THEIR FACES FOR POWWOW DANCES. THEY CARVED DUGOUT CANOES. THEY PLANTED CORN BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY WERE KNOWN FOR THEIR POTTERY AND BEADWORK. THEY MADE WAMPUM FROM WHITE AND PURPLE SHELLS. THEY MADE WAMPUM BELTS WITH STORIES AND DESIGNS OF A FAMILY. THEY CONSIDERED THEMSELVES STORY TELLERS. THEY THOUGHT THIS WAS VERY IMPORTANT. THEY TOLD MANY LEGENDS ABOUT ANIMALS.
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POWHATAN INDIANS
BY THIS TIME ABOUT 1/2 OF THE IMMIGRANTS ARRIVED AS INDENTURED SERVANTS. THESE FOLKS IMPORTED ENSLAVED AFRICANS AS LABORERS. BY 1770 THEY HAD ABOUT 6,000 BLACK SLAVES. SOME BLACKS ESCAPED AND JOINED THE POWHATAN INDIANS, AND SOME OF THEM INTERMARRIED WITH THEM.
THE MODERN CITY OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA IS THOUGHT TO BE THEIR ORIGINAL VILLAGE . CHIEF POWHATAN, BASED ON AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, HAD A RARE POWER HIERARCHY. IT IS DEFINED AS COMPLEX CHIEFDOM. BY 1600 HIS BROTHER LED 9 GROUPS OF NATIVE AMERICANS! THOMAS JEFFERSON ESTIMATED THAT THE POWHATAN CONFEDERACY OCCUPIED 8,000 SQUARE MILES AND 8,000 NATIVES.
THE INITIAL RESPONSE TO THE NATIVE AMERICANS BY THE ENGLISH WAS TO SHOOT THEM DOWN. BY 1600 THEY REALIZED THAT CHIEF POWHATAN 'S FRIENDSHIP WAS ESSENTIAL TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE JAMESTOWN COLONY. THEY GAVE HIM MANY GIFTS. SKIRMISHES CONTINUED TO OCCUR BETWEEN THE NATIVES AND ENGLISH AND SOON EACH BECAME EMBITTERED SOCIETIES.
TODAY THEIR ARE EIGHT TRIBES WHO LIVE IN VIRGINIA WITH POWHATAN DESCENDANTS. THEY HAVE ABOUT 3000 MEMBERS. ONE POLITICIAN DECIDED THAT THERE WERE NO TRUE VIRGINIA NATIVE AMERICANS AS INTERMARRIAGE HAD DILUTED THE TRIBE. THE NATIVES SAID IT WAS PAPER GENOCIDE. ONE BAND RELOCATED TO NEW JERSEY AND OFFICIALLY CALLED THEMSELVES THE HUMANS OR RENAPE.. THEY ONLY HAVE 250 ACRES OF LAND. IT APPEARS THAT THE STATE WILL BE TAKING BACK ALL BUT 5 ACRES.
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SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY TAINO TRIBE
THE PRESENT DAY JATIBONICA TAINO TRIBE AND RELATED LAND IN FLORIDA AND NEW JERSEY FORM ONE NATION. THEY SPEAK THE ARAWAKEN LANGUAGE OF THE CARRIBEAN. THESE PEOPLE WERE A GENTLE AND HAPPY PEOPLE LIVING IN CIRCULAR BUILDINGS WITH POLES AND COVERED WITH STRAW PALM LEAVES.
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RAMAPOUGH MOUNTAIN INDIANS
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NEW JERSEY SAND HILL BAND OF NEW JERSEY CHEROKEE AND LENAPE
THEY PROBABLY MIGRATED IN LATE PREHISTORIC TIMES FROM NORTHERN AREAS. PRECONTACT CHEROKEE ARE CONSIDERED TO BE PART OF THE LATER PISGAH PHASE, DURING 1000 - 1500 AD. THEIR ANCESTORS LIVED IN NORTH CAROLINA AND EASTERN TENNESSEE. DURING LATE ARCHAIC THEY CULTIVATED PLANTS SUCH AS MARSH ELDERS, PIGMEAT, SUNFLOWERS, AND SQUASH . THEY FOLLOWED RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES. DURING 1500 AD. THE WOMEN DEVELOPED A NEW VARIETY OF CORN - EASTERN FLINT. THIS SURPLUS CROP ALLOWED MORE COMPLEX CULTURES. THEY CELEBRATED THE GREEN CORN CEREMONY . THEY WERE CALLED THE PRINCIPAL PEOPLE.
THEY HAD A TWO PART SOCIAL STRUCTURE 1) A PRIESTLY GROUP RESPONSIBLE FOR RELIGIOUS AND HEALING ACTIVITIES; 2) YOUNG MEN - RESPONSIBLE FOR WARFARE. THIS SPLIT DISAPPEARED BY 1700. THEY SPOKE IROQUOIAN LANGUAGE. WHICH WAS VERY DIFFERENT THAN NORTHERN IROQUOIS LANGUAGES. THE CHEROKEE NATION PARTICIPATES IN NUMEROUS JOINT PROGRAMS WITH THE EASTERN BAND OF ADMINISTER THEIR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIANS TRIBES TO ADDRESS ISSUES.
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SANDHILL INDIAN.ORG
NIAGARA FALLS
TUZIGOOT PARK
THE PLANTS HERE INCLUDE MESQUITE, CATCLAW, AND SALTBRUSH, ALL PART OF AN ARID ENVIRONMENT. THERE ARE SEVERAL PERENNIAL DRAINAGES WHERE SYCAMORE AND COTTONWOOD TREES GROW. ANIMALS HERE INCLUDE ELK, DEER, COYOTE, PORCUPINE, JACKRABBIT, SONG BIRDS, SQUIRRELS, CHIPMUNKS, MANY LIZARDS AND HAWKS, EAGLES, AND MANY SNAKES. TUZIGOOT MEANS "CROOKED WATER". THE VERDE VALLEY HAS 50 PUEBLOS TO DATE. NO ONE KNOWS WHY THEY LEFT.
NPS.GOV
Monday, April 18, 2011
MINISINK OR MUNSEE INDIANS
MOHICAN-NSN.GOV
BIG ORRIN.ORG
ACCESS-GENEOLOGY
EARTH DAY CELEBRATION
CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING
Friday, April 15, 2011
LENAPE UNIMANI DELAWARE
SHAWNEE INDIANS
THE TERMS. THE TREATY OF FORT WAYNE WAS PASSED IN 1809 SELLING 3 MILLION ACRES OF INDIAN LAND TO THE GOVERNMENT. TECUMSEH WAS OUTRAGED AND EMERGED AS A PROMINENT POLITICAL LEADER. HE REVIVED THE IDEA THAT AMERICAN LAND WAS OWNED IN COMMON BY ALL TRIBES AND NO LAND COULD BE SOLD WITHOUT AGREEMENT BY ALL. TECUMSEH 'S ADVERSARIES WERE THE NATIVE AMERICAN LEADERS WHO SIGNED THE TREATY . HE THREATENED TO KILL THEM, HE BEGAN TO TALK ABOUT HIS BROTHER'S TEACHINGS THAT CALLED FOR THE TRIBES TO RETURN TO THEIR ANCESTRAL WAYS AND WANTED A PAN-TRIBAL ALLIANCE. HE TRAVELED WIDELY URGING WARRIORS TO ABANDON THE CHIEFS AND JOIN THE RESISTANCE GROUP.
IN 1810 TECUMSEH AND 400 ARMED WARRIORS MET HARRISON IN VINCENNES. THE WARRIORS WORE THEIR PAINT AND THEY FRIGHTENED THE SOLDIERS. TECUMSEH ASKED HARRISON TO NULLIFY THE TREATY. HARRISON TOLD HIM THE MIAMI WERE THE OWNERS AND COULD SELL IT IF THEY WANTED . HE REJECTED TECUMSEH'S IDEA THAT ALL THE INDIANS FORMED ONE NATION. TECUMSEH LAUNCHED AN IMPASSIONED REBUTTAL AND A SHAWNEE ALERTED HARRISON THAT HIS SPEECH WAS LEADING TO TROUBLE. AN ARMY LIEUTENANT THAT COULD SPEAK TECUMSEH'S LANGUAGE WARNED HARRISON HE WAS ENCOURAGING THE WARRIORS TO KILL HARRISON. HARRISON PULLED A SWORD AND THE WARRIORS PULLED THEIR WEAPONS. BUT WHEN THE OFFICERS PULLED THEIR GUNS TO DEFEND HARRISON.NATIVE AMERICANS BACKED DOWN. CHIEF WINNEMAC TOLD THE NATIVE WARRIORS TO RETURN IN PEACE. TECUMSEH TOLD HARRISON UNLESS THE TREATY WAS NULLIFIED, HE WOULD RETURN TO SEEK AN ALLIANCE WITH THE BRITISH.
A COMET APPEARED IN 1811 AND THE SHAWNEE LEADER, TECUMSEH WAS CALLED "SHOOTING STAR". HE TRAVELLED AND TOLD MANY OTHERS THAT THE COMET SIGNALLED HIS COMING. AFTER HE LEFT THE SOUTHEAST THEY HAD AN EARTHQUAKE. THAT YEAR HE MET WITH HARRISON ASSURING HIM THEY WERE TO REMAIN IN PEACE. SOME OF THE CREEKS JOINED IN THE WAR OF 1812 WHEN HE DELIVERED MANY SPEECHES. THE EARTHQUAKE AND IT'S AFTERSHOCKS HELPED TECUMSEH'S RESISTANCE MOVEMENT THAT THE SHAWNEE MUST BE SUPPORTED. SIXTY ANGLOS WERE KILLED IN 1813 - A RAISIN RIVER MASSACRE. FINALLY TECUMSEH RETREATED TO CANADA. IN 1817 THE SHAWNEE SIGNED A TREATY OF FORT MEIGS CEDING THE REMAINING LANDS IN EXCHANGE FOR THREE RESERVATIONS NEAR LEWISTOWN, OHIO. THEY SHARED IT WITH THE SENECA.
MISSOURI JOINED THE UNION IN 1821 WITH 1400 MEMBERS. THE SHAWNEE FORCIBLY RELOCATED FROM CAPE GIRARDEAU TO SOUTHEAST KANSAS.
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