Friday, April 29, 2011

BROTHERTOWN INDIANS

THESE INDIANS ARE DESCENDANTS OF ALGONQUIAN SPEAKING TRIBES IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND. THEY WERE THE FIRST TO RELINQUISH T5HEIR TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE U.S. INDIAN NATION W23AS FORMED BY A PRESBYTERIAN MINISTER IN 1785 BY WATERVILLE, NEW YORK. BY 1830 THEY MOVED TO WISCONSIN AND TODAY THEY HAVE 3200 FOLKS THRIVING HERE.


THEY SOLD LAND IN NEW YORK BOUGHT LAND IN WISCONSIN JUST JUST ON THE WEST SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN. IN 1822 THEY ACQUIRED ANOTHER 6 MILLION ACRES! FIVE GROUPS ARRIVED AT GREEN BAY ON SHIPS BETWEEN 1831 AND 1836. THEY CLEARED LAND AND BEGAN FARMING AND BUILT A CHURCH. BY 1834 THE GOVERNMENT WANTED THEM TO RELOCATE TO KANSAS AND SELL THERE LAND. THEY REQUESTED U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND TITLES TO THEIR LAND SO THEY COULD NOT BE FORCED TO MOVE AGAIN. BY 1878 THE GOVERNMENT MET WITH THEM AGAIN AND ALLOWED UNCLAIMED TERRITORY IN THE RESERVATION TO BE SOLD TO GERMANS.

SINCE1981 THEY HAVE BEEN PETITIONING TO GAIN FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . THEY HAVE BOUGHT A PART OF THEIR RESERVATION LANDS. THEY STILL HAVE NO FEDERAL RECOGNITION. THEIR LARGEST POPULATION IS IN FOND DU LAC. THERE ARE ABOUT 24000 ENROLLED MEMBERS.

WIKIPEDIA

Thursday, April 28, 2011

ARIKARA INDIANS

ARIKARA REFERS TO FORMER CUSTOM OF WEARING THE HAIR WITH TWO PIECES OF BONE STANDING ON HORNS. THIS IS A TRIBE THAT SPEAKS CADDOAN. THEY LEFT THE BODY OF THEIR KINDRED IN THE SOUTHWEST. THEY WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKIDI, ONE TRIBE OF THE PAWNEE. THE ARIKARA TRADITION AND HISTORY INDICATES THAT AT SOME POINT THE ARIKARA AND SKIDI PARTED. THE SIOUX SAID THE ANCIENTS HAD BEEN OCCUPIED BY THE ARIKARA. IN 1770 THE FRENCH TRADERS MET ALLIANCES BELOW THE CHEYENNE RIVER. BY 1810 LEWIS AND CLARK MET THIS TRIBE WHO WERE SEMI SEDENTARY. ALMOST CONTINUOUS AGGRESSIVENESS WITH NEIGHBORING TRIBES AND DISEASE NEARLY EXTERMINATED THESE TRIBES. FRENCH TRADERS ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE ARIKARA. THEY HAD REDUCED THE NUMBERS AND LIVED ON THE GRAND AND CANNONBALL RIVERS. THERE WERE INTERTRIBAL WARS. IN 1823 THEY ATTACKED AN AMERICAN TRADER'S BOAT KILLING 13 ANGLOS. THIS LED TO CONFLICT WITH THE U.S., BUT PEACE WAS FINALLY CONCLUDED. THE ANGLOS REQUESTED THEM TO GO BACK TO MISSOURI AND THEY DID. THEY HAVE BEEN THERE EVER SINCE.

IN A TREATY OF 1825 THE ARIKARA ACKNOWLEDGED ACKNOWLEDGED THE GOVERNMENT TO THE GOVERNMENT TO HAVE SUPREMACY OVER LAND AND PEOPLE , AND REFER ALL DIFFICULTIES FOR FINAL SETTLEMENT TO THE U.S. IN 1851 ANOTHER TREATY AT FORT LARAMIE WAS MADE WITH THE HIDATSA, ARIKARA, AND MANDAN TO HAVE THESE TRIBAL LANDS OUTLINED DISTINCTLY.

ARIKARA MEANS CORN EATERS IN NORTH DAKOTA, AS THEY PLANTED SMALL EARRED CORN. THEY HUNTED BUFFALO IN WINTER. THEY THEY USED BASKETS TO TO CATCH FISH. THEY WERE EXPERT SWIMMERS AND CAPTURED BUFFALOES DISABLED IN RIVERS. THEY MADE POTTERY. THEY EMBROIDERED CLOTHING WITH DENTALLIUM SHELLS THAT CAME FROM THE PACIFIC. IN THEIR CEREMONIES CORN WAS REFERRED TO AS MOTHER. THEY HAD RITES WHEN PLANTING CORN. THEY ALSO HAD SKINS OF CERTAIN BIRDS OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE. LEWIS AND CLARK SPEAK OF THIS ARIKARA AS THE REMNANT OF 10 POWERFUL PAWNEE TRIBES DURING 1800.

ACCESS-GENEOLOGY.COM

MANDAN INDIANS

MANDANS ARE A SOUIX TRIBE OF THE NORTHWEST. THE NAME IS A CORRUPTION OF THE DAKOTA MAWATANI. PRIOR TO 1830 THEY CALLED THEMSELVES NUMAKIKI OR THE PEOPLE. THEIR ORAL TRADITIONS ONCE SUGGESTED THAT THE PEOPLE CAME FROM THE EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. THEY LIVED IN DOME SHAPED EARTH LODGES CLUSTERED IN STOCKADE VILLAGES. THEIR ECONOMY CENTERED ON RAISING CORN, BEANS, SQUASH, SUNFLOWERS, AND TOBACCO. AS WELL AS HUNTING BUFFALO, FISHING, AND TRADING. THE MANDAN MADE BASKETS, POTTERY, AND PAINTED BUFFALO ROBES DEPICTING THE HEROIC DEEDS OF THE TRIBE OF INDIVIDUALS. THEY HOSTED MANY PLAINS TRIBES AND EUROPEAN SETTLERS AS THEY WERE ONE OF THE RICHEST OF THE PLAINS TRIBES, THE TRIBE HOSTED MANY OF THE PROMINENT TRAVELERS AND LEWIS CLARK , PRUSSIA SCIENTIST, AND ARTISTS.


EACH VILLAGE HAD 12 TO 100 OR MORE EARTH LODGES. ONE VILLAGE HAD 12 TO 100OR MORE EARTH LODGES. ONE VILLAGE HAD 3 CHIEFS ONE FOR PEACE, ONE FOR WAR, AND ONE AS THE DAY TO DAY LEADER. THEIR RELIGION WAS SELF SACRIFICE BY PARTICIPANTS. IT WAS AN ELABORATION OF THE SUNDANCE THAT MOST TRIBES USED THEY HAD THREE IMPORTANT PURPOSES TO COMMEMORATE THE TRIBE'S DIVINE SALVATION FROM THE PRIMORDIAL FLOOD. THEY CALLED THE BUFFALO AND OTHER BEASTS THEIR COMMUNION WITH SPIRITS. THEY ALSO HAVE A VEHICLE THROUGH WHICH INDIVIDUALS COULD COMPLETE VOWS MADE BY THE ALMIGHTY FOR CURING A SICKNESS. THEY MADE COMMUNITY PRAYERS AND HAS A CALL OF SPIRIT BEINGS. TO THE RITUAL LOCALE, BY SELF SACRIFICE THROUGH FASTING, EXERTION AND PIERCING AND BY THE GIVING OF GIFTS FROM SPIRITUAL MEMBERS.BY 1750 THEY HAD 9 LARGE VILLAGES AND EPIDEMICS OF SMALL POX AND OTHER DISEASES REDUCED THE TRIBE TO TWO VILLAGES BY 1800. IN 1837 ANOTHER SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC LEFT ONLY 150 SURVIVOR. SOME OF THESE ACCOMPANIED THE SURVIVORS TO A NEW VILLAGE AT FORT BERTOLD. ARIKAWA ALSO WENT WEST THERE THE MANDAN, ARIKAWA AND HIDATSU ERE KNOWN AS THE THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES.

IN 1950'S THESE TRIBES LOST A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF THEIR RESERVATION TO THE LAKE SAKAKAWEA FLOODING WATERS AS THEY ROSE BEHIND THE DAM. THEY SHIFTED FROM AGRICULTURAL TO RANCHING OFF RESERVATION PURSUITS. TODAY THERE ARE 1300 MANDAN.

BRITANNICA.COM


ACCESS-LANGUAGE.COM

OJIBWAY INDIANS

THE OJIBWAY ARE THE LARGEST GROUPS OF NATIVE AMERICANS NORTH OF MEXICO. THEY WERE FORMALLY LOCATED MAINLY AROUND SAULK ST MARIE - THE FRENCH CALLED THEM SAULTEURS. SOME OJIBWAY WHO WENT TO SOUTHERN ONTARIO ARE CALLED MISSISSAGAS. THEY HAVE 56,000 FOLKS IN THE U.S. FROM MICHIGAN TO MONTANA. THEY ARE KNOWN AS MAKING BIRCHBARK CANOES. THEY USE COURIE SHELLS, WILD RICE AND USE GUNS FROM THE BRITISH.

THEIR LANGUAGE IS ANISHINASBEMOWIN. THEY HAD BIRCH BARK SCROLLS AND CAME FROM TURTLE ISLAND IN THE EAST COAST. THEY TRADED WIDELY FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. ACCORDING TO THEIR ORAL HISTORY, SEVEN GREAT MIIGIS
APPEARED TO BE PEOPLE OF THE DOWN. THESE SIX GREAT MIIGIS CAME TO TEACH WHILE ONE WENT INTO THE OCEAN. LATER ONE MIIGI RELATED A PROPHESY -THAT IF THE OBJIBWAY DID NOT MOVE WEST THEY WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO KEEP THERE TRADITIONAL WAYS OF ALIVE.

AFTER 1640 THEY GAINED GUNS FROM THE FRENCH AND GREW DEPENDANT UPON THEM FOR TRADE GOODS. THEY DOMINATED THEIR ENEMIES, THE SIOUX AND THE FOX. BY THE LATE 1700S THEY WERE UNCHALLENGED OWNERS OF OF MICHIGAN, NORTHERN WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA AND SOME OF THEM LIVED IN NORTH DAKOTA. THEY ALLIED WITH THE ANISHINAABEOTTAWA AND POTAWATONI AND WERE CALLED THE THREE FIRES.

IN THE LATE 1700'S THE U.S. WANTED TO REMOVE ALL OF THE OBJIWAY WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. HUNDREDS WERE KILLED IN THE SANDY LAKE TRAGEDY. ONCE SETTLERS INVADED THE NATIVE AMERICAN LANDS AND THIS IS CALLED THE NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR. MANY LAND TREATIES THE BRITISH MADE FOR THE OJIBWAY PROVIDED FOR RITES FOR HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING OF RESOURCES FOR HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING OF RESOURCES. IN 1830 THE GOVERNMENT TRIED TO REMOVE ALL INDIANS WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. BY THE 1890'S THEY WANTED THEM ON RESERVATIONS.

MOST OBJIBWAY LIVED IN GROUPS WITH A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE. THEY FISHED AND HUNTED AND THE WOMEN PLANTED CORN AND SQUASH AND HARVESTED WILD LIFE THEY LIVED IN BIRCH BARK WIGWAMS. THEY DEVELOPED A TYPE OF PICTORIAL WRITING USED IN RELIGIOUS RITES. THE PICTOGRAPHS COMMUNICATE HISTORICAL, GEOMETRICAL, AND MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE. THEY HAD A GREAT TRADE NETWORK. THEY USED EDUCATIONAL PICTOGRAPHS. AND MEDICAL WHEELS TO TEACH THE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF 4 DIRECTIONS AND ASTRONOMICAL DATA.DURING SUMMER THEY HAVE POWWOWS THAT ARE SPIRITUAL AND SOME ARE SOCIAL. MANY PEOPLE FOLLOWED TRADITIONAL WAYS OF LIFE, THEY USED BURIAL MOUNDS.

THEY VIEWED THEIR WORLD IN ANIMATE AND INANIMATE OBJECTS. THEY HAVE SEVERAL WILDERNESS AREAS. THEY LIVE WITH EXTENDED FAMILIES. THEIR SPIRITUAL BELIEFS HAVE BEEN DOWN THROUGH ORAL TRADITION. THEY HAVE A CREATION STORY AND RITUALS THAT ARE VERY IMPORTANT. THEY BELIEVE IN THE DREAM CATCHER TO KEEP THE BAD DREAMS FROM HAPPENING.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

ONEIDA INDIANS IN WISCONSIN

THEY ARE FIRST NATIONS PEOPLE OF THE UPRIGHT STORE AND ARE ONE OF THE FIVE FOUNDING NATIONS OF THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY IN UPSTATE NEW YORK. THEIR IDENTITY IS BASED ON A LEGEND THAT SAID THEY WERE BEING CHASED INTO WOODLANDS AND DISAPPEARED. THE ENEMY OF ONEIDA COULD NOT FIND THEM AND SO IT WAS SAID THAT THESE PEOPLE HAD TURNED THEMSELVES INTO STONES THAT STOOD IN THE CLEARING. AS A RESULT THEY BECAME KNOWN AS THE PEOPLE OF THE STANDING STONE. THERE ARE OLD LEGENDS IN WHICH THESE PEOPLE IDENTIFY THEMSELVES AS THE BIG TREE PEOPLE. WHEN A BABY IS BORN INTO THE TRIBE THEY GET A SPIRIT AND A CLAN NAME. THEY ALL HAVE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES. CLAN IDENTITIES GO BACK TO THE CREATOR STORY OF THE ONYOTAAKA PEOPLES. THESE PEOPLE IDENTIFY WITH THREE CLANS - WOLF, TURTLE, AND BEAR. THE PERSON HAS THE CLAN OF THEIR MOTHER.

COLONIZING PEOPLE TRIED TO ASSIMILATE OR EXTINGUISH THE ORIGINAL NATIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN, THE ONEIDA DESCEND FROM THEIR ORIGINAL CLAN. IF SOMEONE HAS NO CLAN THEY ARE ADOPTED BY THE WOLF CLAN.
THEY MAINTAINED NEUTRALITY IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. THEIR NEUTRALITY CRUMPLED. THE PREPONDERANCE OF THE MOHAWKS, SENECA, AND OTHER TRIBES SIDED WITH THE BRITISH. THE ONEIDA SIDED WITH THE COLONISTS AS THEY WERE INFLUENCED BY THE MISSIONARIES WHO SPENT 20 YEARS WITH THEM. THEY CONTRIBUTED WARRIORS TO SCOUT OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGNS AT FORT STANIUX. IN 1777 AT THE BATTLE OF ORINSKANY THEY FOUGHT WITH THE MILITIA. THEY WERE WELL KNOWN FOR AS PROMINENT LEADERS.

ALTHOUGH THEY TOOK THE COLONISTS SIDE, INDIVIDUALS WERE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. ONE OF THEIR MAIN SETTLEMENTS AT KANOWALOHALE WAS DESTROYED. THEY RELOCATED TO FORT NIAGARA AND LIVED UNDER BRITISH PROTECTIONS.

IN 1974 AFTER THE WAR THEY WERE GRANTED 6 MILLION ACRES OF LAND IN NEW YORK, WHICH WAS THE FIRST NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATION IN THE U.S. AND ACTIONS BY THE STATE REDUCED TO 32 ACRES, SO IN 1830 THEY MOVED TO CANADA AND WISCONSIN FOR MORE LAND. THEY BUILT A CASINO IN WISCONSIN AND THEY STILL WONDER IF IT IS GOOD THING FOR THE COMMUNITY AND THE GREEN BAY AREA.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

COLONIZE

Tuesday, April 26, 2011

GOSHUTE INDIANS IN UTAH

THEY CURRENTLY HAVE 500 MEMBERS. GOSHUTE IS A WORD DERIVED FROM GASHIP, OR DESERT PEOPLE. THEY ARE ONE OF THE SHOSHONE TRIBES. THEY HAD A TERRITORY FROM THE GREAT BASIN TO THE GREAT SALT LAKE IN NEVADA. THEY WINTERED IN DEEP CREEK VALLEY IN DUG OUT HOUSES BUILT OF WILLOW POLES AND EARTH CALLED WIKIUPS. SPRINGTIME THEY COLLECTED WILD ONIONS, CARROTS AND POTATOES. THEY SPEAK A DIALECT OF SHOSHONE. THEIR RESERVATION LIES INTO THE NEVADA AND UTAH BORDER AND HAS ONLY 105 PEOPLE. THE SKULL VALLEY BAND OF DESCHUTE HAS 125 MEMBERS WHO LIVE ON 18,000 ACRES. THIS RESERVATION HAS A PROPOSAL TO STORE 40,000 TONS OF NUCLEAR FUEL. BY THE TIME THE MORMONS ARRIVED IN SALT LAKE VALLEY THE GOSHUTE INDIANS LIVED IN THE THE DESERT REGION TO THE SOUTHWEST OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE. ALTHOUGH THE EXACT BOUNDARIES ARE HARD TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF TOPOGRAPHY THEY LIVED IN IS SOME OF THE MOST ARID CONDITIONS ON THE CONTINENT. IN ABORIGINAL TIMES THEY LIVED AT A MINIMUM OF SUBSISTENCE LEVEL WITH NO SURPLUS ON WHICH MANY OTHER TRIBES HAD.

THEY HUNTED AND GATHERED IN FAMILY GROUPS AND COOPERATED WITH OTHER TRIBES. WOMEN AND CHILDREN STAYED IN FAMILY GROUPS AND GATHERED PLANTS, SEEDS, AND INSECTS. LARGE GAME WAS SHARED WITH THE OTHER FAMILIES. WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN FAMILY GROUPS GATHERED PLANTS, SEEDS, AND INSECTS. LARGE GAME WAS SHARED WITH THE VILLAGE . THE FAMILY WAS ABLE TO PROVIDE FOR IT'S NEEDS WITHOUT ASSISTANCE.

JEDIDIAH SMITH ENTERED INTO THEIR TERRITORY IN 1826. AFTER 1847 THE MORMONS CAME INTO CONTINUED CONTACT WITH THEM. THE PONY EXPRESS AND OVERLAND STAGE SET UP STATIONS. AND RANCHERS AND FARMERS MOVED IN TAKING STATIONS AND THE BEST LAND AVAILABLE WITH WATER AND PLANTS.

THE GOSHUTES DID NOT RAISE HORSES BECAUSE THEY ATE THE GRASS THEY RELIED ON FOR SEEDS AND FIBER. WATER WAS IN SHORT SUPPLY. THE RANCHERS DID NOT GIVE THEM WATER. THEY ATTACKED THE STATIONS AND FARMS KILLING THE ANGLOS AND LIVESTOCK. THEY THREATENED THE MORMONS TOO. THEY TRIED TO FORCE THE WHITES OFF THEIR TERRITORY BY USING WEAPONS. THE ARMY ATTACKED THEM. THEY KILLED AND FORCED THEM TO SIGN A TREAT YIN 1863. THEY AGREED TO END HOSTILITY AND TO ALLOW SETTLERS TO USE ROUTES THROUGH THEIR TERRITORY. THE GOVERNMENT PAID THEM $1,000 A YEAR FOR 20 YEARS AS COMPENSATION FOR DESTRUCTION OF THEIR GAME ANIMALS.

BY 1869 THEY HAD ABANDONED THEIR TRADITIONAL WAYS, BUT THEY DID HUNT AND GATHER. DURING THE 1900'S THE GOVERNMENT RENEGED ON TWO RESERVATIONS. FINALLY THEY PLACED THEM ON TWO RESERVATIONS LOCATED IN SKULL VALLEY AND DEEP CREEK MOUNTAINS.

WIKIPEDIA
HISTOGO.UTAH.GOV

PAUITE INDIANS

THEY LIVED MUCH THE SAME KING OF LIFE AS THE BASIN INDIANS. THEY LIVE JUST EAST OF YOSEMITE. THEY LIVED MUCH THE SAME KIND OF LIFE AS THE BASIN INDIANS. THEY LIVE JUST EAST OF YOSEMITE. THEY LIVED IN SMALL GROUPS ALONG FLOWING STREAMS AND NEVER STOPPED MOVING IN SEARCH FOR FOOD. THEY HAD NO TRIBAL ORGANIZATION. THEY HAD DANCES AND FEASTS ON RARE OCCASION. THEY HAD DANCES AND FEASTS ON RARE OCCASIONS.

THEY FOLLOWED A SEASONAL PATTERN OF FOOD GETTING WITHIN THE BANDS OF TERRITORY, AND KNEW THE ROOTS, SEEDS, BERRIES, BULBS THAT RIPENED. THE PINON CROPS WAS UNIMPORTANT IN THE FALL. THEY ATE LARVAE, GRASSHOPPERS, ANTS, LOCUSTS. MEN HUNTED FOR MEAT. BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS WERE SCARCE. THE MEN CAUGHT RATS, LIZARDS, SQUIRRELS, AND POSSIBLE ANTELOPE. THE WOMEN GROUND SOME SEEDS INTO FLOWER AND BAKED INTO CAKES. SOME SEEDS HAD TO BE COOKED TO BE EDIBLE. THEY MADE BASKETS FOR WINNOWING AND TOASTED SEEDS WITH HOT COALS.

THE MEN WERE NOT EFFICIENT IN HUNTING LARGE GAME ANIMALS. COMMUNAL HUNTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF AN ANTELOPE SHAMAN WAS DIRECTED EVERY 6 YEARS. THE SHAMAN CHARMED THE ANTELOPE INTO AN AREA SO THE HUNTERS COULD SHOOT IT WITH ARROWS. THE WOMEN MADE NETS TO HUNT THE RABBITS. THEY LIKED RABBITS FOR THEIR FUR VS. MEAT.

THEY WORE LITTLE HIDE CLOTHING - ONLY LOIN CLOTHES FOR MEN AND THE WOMEN WORE FIBER SKIRTS AND APRONS AND MADE SANDALS FROM FIBER BOTH WORE SKIN MOCCASINS. THEY WOVE RABBITSKIN ROBES FOR WINTER. THE WOMEN WERE GREAT BASKET MAKERS OF GREAT SKILL. THEY USED GRASSES AND REEDS AND MADE CRADLES, MATS, SEED BEATERS, HATS, AND BASKETS FOR WATER, DISHES, AND LARGE CARRYING BASKETS FOR CARRYING LOADS ON THEIR BACK.

DREAMS AND CURING

MEN AND WOMEN FOUND SPIRIT POWER IN DREAMS IN WHICH THE SPIRIT APPEARED AS AN ANIMAL, PLANT, MOUNTAINS, CLOUDS OR OTHER NATURAL PHENOMENON. THE POWER BROUGHT STRENGTH SKILL, AND ENDURANCE AND GOOD FORTUNE TO SHAMANS. THEY COULD ALSO CAUSE ILLNESS, NOT NECESSARILY TO THE DREAMER, A MEMBER OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S FAMILY, OR FRIEND MIGHT MIGHT BECOME ILL IF THEY DREAMED IT. SHAMANS CURED ILLNESS BY SUCKING OUT FOREIGN OBJECTS OR GOING INTO A TRANCE. THE PAUITES NEVER HAD ENOUGH OF ANYTHING TO HAVE SOMEONE ATTACK THEM.


UTAHPAITES.ORG

HIDATSU IN NORTH DAKOTA

THESE INDIANS ARE A SIOUAN PEOPLE WHO ARE PART OF HIRAACH BAND. ACCORDING TO TRIBAL PEOPLE THIS WORD MEANS WILLOW. THEIR LANGUAGE IS RELATED TO MODERN CROW IN MONTANA. IN THE EARLY 1800'S THERE WERE THREE GROUPS THAT CAME TOGETHER AFTER SETTLING ON THE MISSOURI RIVER.

THEY HAVE A CREATION TRADITION THAT DESCRIBES THEIR EMERGENCE FROM THE EARTH, AT DEVIL'S LAKE. LATER THEY MOVED WESTWARD TO PAINTED WOODS AND HAD A VILLAGE AT AWATIXA. THEIR FIRST PEOPLE LIVED NEAR PAINTED WOODS. WHERE THEY WERE CREATED. THE HIDATSU ORIGINALLY LIVED IN MINIWAKEN, THE DEVILS LAKE OF NORTH DAKOTA. THEY MIGRATED WEST. THE HIDATSU CAME ACROSS THE MANDAN AT THE MOUTH OF HEART RIVER. THE HIDATSU AND MANDAN SOCIETIES FORMED AN ALLIANCE AND SETTLED NEAR HEART RIVER. ARTIST GEORGE CATLIN VISITED THEM SEVERAL MONTHS IN 1832 AND PAINTED PICTURES OF THEIR SOCIETIES. THEY HAD A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC IN 1837-1838 THAT REDUCED THEM TO 500 PEOPLE . AFTER 1862 THEY JOINED THE ARIKARA.

THE HIDATSU ARE MATRILINEAL AND INTERMARRIED WITH THE MANDAN. EXTENSIVE ETHNOGRAPHIC WORK WAS CARRIED OUT BY GILBERT WILSON WITH AN ELDERLY WOMAN. THE ARIKAWA RURAL HISTORY IS TAKEN FROM SACRED BUNDLES AS VERIFIED BY ARCHAEOLOGISTS. THEIR CEREMONIES WERE PART OF THIS. THE HISTORY HAS ROOTS IN NEBRASKA. WHERE MANY VILLAGES WERE FOUND. "CHIEF ABOVE" BROUGHT THESE GROUPS TOGETHER IN A UNION FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WAITING TRIBES. ARCHAEOLOGISTS CONFIRM THEIR DRAWING TOGETHER ON THE ELKHORN RIVER IN WHAT IS NOW CALLED OMAHA, NEBRASKA. IN 1738 A FRENCH FUR TRADER FROM MONTREAL REPORTED VILLAGES OF THEIRS ON THE CANNONBALL RIVER. JEAN TRUDEAU WAS THE FIRST FUR TRADER TO LIVE WITH THE SAHNISH FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.

CHIEF ABOVE DIRECTED THEIR PURPOSEFUL MOVEMENTS AS LEWIS AND CLARK ENCOUNTERED THE SAHNISH PEOPLE IN 1804. THERE WERE 300 PEOPLE. THEY LOST ALMOST HALF OF THEIR POPULATION BY SMALLPOX. IN 1862 THEY JOINED THE MANDAN AND HIDATSU.

WIKIPEDIA.COM
MHANATION.COM

Monday, April 25, 2011

QUARRYHILL GARDEN IN GLEN ELLEN

THIS GARDEN WAS CREATED AND PURCHASED BY JANE JENSEN IN 1968. A NURSERY WAS ESTABLISHED WITH YOUNG PLANTS FROM ASIA BY 1990. THIS 20 ACRE AREA HAD BEEN A QUARRY WITH DEPRESSIONS, THUS ITS NAME. THEY CREATED PONDS AND SMALL DRAINAGES OR BROOKS. THEY HAVE MOSTLY SOME LARGE CHINESE AND JAPANESE TREES THAT WERE FLOWERING. THEY ALSO PUT IN SOME GROUND COVER TO KEEP EROSION FROM HAPPENING. THEY HAVE LABELED EVERYTHING WITH LATIN NAMES. THEY HAVE SOME NATIVE PLANTS SUCH AS DOUGLAS FIR AND GREY PINE. THIS WAS A SPECIAL EVENT FOR EARTH DAY AND MANY FOLKS WERE ELDERS. I ALSO SAW SOME CHILDREN. IT WAS A PERFECT TEMPERATURE. THEY HAD BUTTERFLY BUSHES AND ORIENTAL WOODEN BRIDGES. THEY HAD A LITTLE CART TO GET OLDER FOLKS UP HILL.

CHURCH OF SPIRITUAL LIVING

I WAS GREETED BY AN ANGEL.

YESTERDAY I WENT TO CHURCH ON EASTER SUNDAY. THEY HAD A WONDERFUL 60 MEMBER CHOIR SINGING A NUMBER OF SONGS YESTERDAY. THEY HAVE A SINGER, GUITAR PLAYER AND DRUMMER. MY CHIROPRACTOR WAS ONE OF THE GUEST SPEAKERS. THEY HAD DECORATED THE STAGE WITH CALLA LILIES. THEY SAY AFFIRMATIONS JUST LIKE THEY DO IN COACHING. MAY OF THE PEOPLE WHO ATTEND THIS CHURCH HAVE BEEN IN A DEPRESSION OR HAVE HAD PANIC ATTACKS, OR ARE TRYING TO GET OFF THEIR ALCOHOL, ETC. I COACHED ONE MEMBER. THE REVEREND EVEN HAS HAD DEPRESSION AS HE SPOKE ABOUT HOW HE FELT WHEN HIS FATHER DIED. HE SAID HE FELT THAT THE SUN WOULD NEVER RISE AGAIN! HE GOT THROUGH IT.

HIS THEME WAS SEE WHAT IS HAPPENING HERE. THE AFFIRMATION WAS "WE BELIEVE THAT THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN IS WITHIN AND THAT WE BELIEVE THIS KINGDOM IN THE DEGREE THAT WE BECOME CONSCIOUS OF IT. WE ARE ALL GOD - BE STILL AND BE PRESENT. WHEN WE ARE STILL WE HAVE A RESURRECTION OF WHAT WE ARE SEEKING OR SEARCHING FOR. ACT FROM PEACE. IF YOU ARE FOCUSED ON THE FUTURE YOU ARE NOT IN THE PRESENT!. WHEN WE ARE INVOLVED WITH WITH UNSOLVED MATTERS IT IS DRAMA, WE OVERLOOK THE NATURE OF HERENESS. WE CLOSED WITH A HOLY RHYTHM THAT ALL OF US SANG.

Friday, April 22, 2011

BANNOCK UTAH INDIANS

THE BANNOCK TRIBE LIVED IN COLORADO, UTAH, MONTANA, AND OREGON IN THE 1880'S. THEY WERE A SHOSHONEAN TRIBE . THE HOME OF THE CHIEF DIVISION WAS IN SOUTHEAST IDAHO. IN 1869 600 BANNOCK AND A LARGE NUMBER OF SHOSHONE CONSENTED TO BE ON THE FORT HALL RESERVATION. MOST OF THEM WANDERED AWAY. HOWEVER, BY 1871 ANOTHER DECISION WAS MADE TO HAVE THEM MOVED TO ANOTHER RESERVATION. THE BANNOCK WERE UNITED INTO SOUTHEAST IDAHO AND THEIR NEIGHBORS WERE THE SHOSHONE, BUT THERE LANGUAGES WERE DIFFERENT. THE BANNOCK ROAMED WIDELY AND WERE CLOSEST TO THE UTE AS KROEBER REPORTED.

THEY HAD AN OUTBREAK IN 1878 DUE TO THE LOSS OF HUNTING LAND AND FEWER BUFFALO, AND THE FAILURE OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT. DURING THE NEZ PERCE WAR THEY WERE FORCED TO STAY ON THEIR RESERVATION. IN 1878 THEY LEFT THE RESERVATION AND WENT TO CAMAS PRAIRIE WHERE THEY KILLED SEVERAL SETTLERS. A CAMPAIGN UNDER GENERAL HOWARD RESULTED IN 1000 OF THE BANNOCK BEING KILLED IN AUGUST. A FIGHT ON SEPTEMBER 5TH AT CLARK'S FORD OCCUR ED WHERE 20 LODGES WERE ATTACKED AND ALL WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE KILLED.


BRIDGER STATES THAT WHEN HE FIRST KNEW THEM IN 1829 THEY HAD 1200 LODGES INCLUDING ABOUT 8000 PEOPLE. BY 1869 THEY HAD BEEN REDUCED TO ABOUT 350. THEY NOW LIVE AT FORT HALL RESERVATION IN IDAHO. LITTLE IS KNOWN OF THEIR FORMER ORGANIZATION.


ONE BANNOCK LEGEND IS THE WOLF, THE FOX, BOBCAT AND COUGAR. BEFORE THE LAVA FIELD THE BANNOCK USED TO LIVE IN HARMONY. THERE WAS A LOT OF WATER AND FOOD, AND THEY WERE HAPPY. BUT THERE WAS A WARRIOR GROUP. THEY WERE VICIOUS LITTLE PEOPLE WHO DROVE THEM AWAY FROM THE FORESTS. THEY HAD BOWS AND ARROWS. THE BANNOCKS HELD A COUNCIL AND WANDERED WHAT TO DO WITH THESE PEOPLE.


THEY ELECTED A MEDICINE MAN TO JOURNEY OUT, SAY A PRAYER AND DO A VISION QUEST. HE FOLLOWED A BRIGHT STAR INTO AN OPENING. THE WOLF, BOBCAT, FOX, AND COUGAR WERE THERE. THE COUGAR HAD THE HEAD OF AN INDIAN AND HIS PAWS WERE HANDS THIS MADE THE MEDICINE SCARED. THE COUGAR TALKED TO HIM IN SHOSHONE AND SAID DO NOT BE SCARED. DON'T BE SCARED OF THE ANIMALS BECAUSE THEY ARE SPIRITS. WE'LL HELP YOU.


THE MEDICINE MAN TOLD THEM THAT THE LITTLE PEOPLE GOT INTO THEIR TERRITORY AND RAN THEM OFF. THEY WERE WONDERING HOW TO GET RID OF THEM. THE SPIRITS SAID THEY'D HELP THEM UNDER ONE CONDITION: THAT NONE OF YOUR PEOPLE WILL HUNT THE COUGAR, BOBCAT, FOX, OR WOLF. IF YOU AGREE WE WILL HELP YOU DRIVE YOUR LITTLE PEOPLE OUT. COUGAR TOLD HIM TO HOLD A COUNCIL WITH HIS PEOPLE. THE MEDICINE MAN FOLLOWED THAT STAR THAT LED HIM BACK HOME. HE TOLD HIS TRIBE WHAT THE SPIRITS TOLD HIM. SOME WARRIORS TOOK IT AS NOT REAL, BUT HE ARGUED THAT IT WAS TRUE AND TO JOURNEY WITH HIM BACK TO THE SPIRITS. SO THEY ALL MADE A BIG MIGRATION AND FOLLOWED THE STAR. ONCE AT THE CLEARING THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE SCARED BECAUSE THEY SAW THE SPIRITS. COUGAR SAID WE'LL HELP YOU. THE SPIRITS SAID THEY'RE PRAYERS AND ALL OF A SUDDEN THE MEDICINE STARTED RISING INTO THE AIR. AS HE ROSE THE SPIRITS SHOT DOWN LIGHTENING. THEN THE FOREST TURNED INTO FIRE. IT SURROUNDED THE LITTLE LITTLE BEINGS AND THEY BURNED. THE FIRE WENT DOWN AGAIN. AND THE MEDICINE MAN CAME DOWN. THE SPIRITS SAID YOU ARE OK. NOW. TO THE BANNOCK NEVER HUNT WOLF, FOX, COUGAR, OR BOBCAT AS THEY ARE HOLDING THAT PROMISE.

NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG


IDAHOPTV.ORG




NORTHERN SHOSHONE IN UTAH

THEIR LANGUAGE WAS PART OF THE UTO AZTECAN FAMILY. NORTHERN SHOSHONE WERE CONCENTRATED IN NORTHEASTERN UTAH AFTER 1750 THE WARFARE AND PRESSURE FROM BLACKFEET, CROW AND LAKOTA CHEYENNE, AND ARAPAHO. THEY WERE CALLED THE SNAKE INDIANS BY EARLY ETHNIC TRAPPERS FROM EUROPE. NORTHERN SHOSHONE ARE CONCENTRATED IN EASTERN EASTERN IDAHO, WESTERN WYOMING AND NORTHEAST UTAH. THE MOST FAMOUS MEMBER OF THE SHOSHONE MAY HAVE BEEN SACAJAWEA, A MEMBER OF THE LEWIS LENNHI SHOSHONE BAND. SHE WENT WITH LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION IN THEIR EXPLORATION OF THE WESTERN U.S.


THESE FOLKS WERE IN THIS AREA FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. AS MORE EUROPEANS MIGRATED WESTWARD, TENSIONS ROSE WITH THE INDIGENOUS NATIVES. DURING THE LATE 1800'S THERE WERE WARS. THE NORTHERN SHOSHONE, CHIEF POCATELLO, FOUGHT IT WITH SETTLERS IN IDAHO DURING THE 1860'S THEY RAIDED FARMS AND RANCHERS FOR FOOD AND ATTACKED MIGRANTS. THE WARFARE RESULTED IN THE BEAR RIVER MASSACRE (1863). U S FORCES TRAPPED AND KILLED 4 - 500 NORTHWESTERN SHOSHONE WHO WERE IN WINTER ENCAMPMENT. THEY FOUGHT AGAINST THE U. S. IN THE SNAKE WAR AGAINST THE U.S. IN THE SNAKE RIVER WAR FROM 1864 - 1868. BY 1845 THE POPULATION OF WESTERN AND NORTHERN SHOSHONE POPULATION WAS 4500 AFTER AFFECTED BY DISEASES AND WARFARE.


THESE SHOSHONE ADAPTED TO RESOURCES IN THEIR AREA. EARLIER THE NORTHWEST BAND CALLED THEMSELVES THE JACKRABBIT EATERS AND LIVED IN NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHERN IDAHO. THEY LIVED IN SMALL FAMILY GROUPS HUNTING AND GATHERING SCARCE RESOURCES THROUGHOUT THE SUMMER AND FALL. DURING THE YEAR THEY GATHERED INTO LARGE GROUPS TO PROVIDE COVER, TIMBER AND FOOD SOURCES. SOMETIMES THEY WENT TO IDAHO AT BATTLE CREEK HOT SPRINGS.


SOME OF THE ANIMALS THEY HUNTED INCLUDED BEAVER, ELK, PORCUPINE, MOUNTAIN LIONS, BOBCATS, OTTERS, BADGERS, MARMOTS, AND BEAR. THEY MOSTLY TOOK THE MALES TO AVOID DISRUPTING BREEDING. PLANTS THEY ATE INCLUDED THISTLE, SAGEBRUSH SEEDS, BALSOMROOT, BUFFALO BERRIES, TIMBER PINE SEEDS, SEGO LILIES, WILD RYE SEEDS, INDIAN RICE GRASS, CATTAILS. OF ALL THE PLANTS PINYON PINE SEEDS WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR FALL GATHERING. THEIR HARVEST WAS A TIME OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONY AND THE GATHERING WAS SACRED. THE ANIMAL S KILLED WERE ALSO RITUALLY. SAGEBRUSH WAS VERY VERY SPIRITUAL AND USED RITUALLY. ACCORDING TO SHOSHONE THE FIELDWORKER , THE LAND, WATER, FISH AND FISHERMEN ARE HOLY.

ONCE THE MORMONS MOVED INTO UTAH THEY ENDED THEIR SEASONAL MIGRATIONS. CATTLE GRAZING POLLUTED THEIR STREAMS. IN 1875 THE GOVERNMENT MOVED THE BAND INTO A 1700 ACRE FARM AROUND WASHAKIE IN NORTHERN IN 1875. THEY MOVED INTO PERMANENT HOUSES AND WERE TAUGHT HOW TO FARM. THEY HELD ONTO SOME OF THEIR CULTURE.


HISTORYTOGO.UTAH.GOV
WIKIPEDIA.COM

Wednesday, April 20, 2011

NANTICOKE INDIANS

ARE AN INDIGENOUS ALGONQUIAN PEOPLE WHOSE TRADITIONAL HOMELANDS ARE IN CHESAPEAKE BAY AND DELAWARE BAY. TODAY THEY ALSO LIVE IN CANADA AND OKLAHOMA. THEY MAY HAVE COME FROM LABRADOR, CANADA AND MIGRATED FROM THE OHIO VALLEY EASTWARD.

IN 1608 THE NANTICOKES CONTACTED EUROPEANS WHEN CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH ARRIVED. THEY ALLIED WITH THE BRITISH FOR FUR TRADE. A RESERVATION FOR THE NANTICOKE WAS ESTABLISHED IN MARYLAND BY THE ESTIMATED BY THE NANTICOKE AND BRITISH IN 1684. ANGLOS ENCROACHED UPON THE LAND . THE TRIBE BOUGHT 3000 ACRES IN DELAWARE IN 1707. BY 1768 THEY SOLD IT. THEY GOT PERMISSION TO FROM THE IROQUOIS TO SETTLE IN WASHINGTON, PENNSLYVANIA AND JUNIATA RIVER IN 1744. THEY JOINED THE LEAGUE OF IROQUOIS.

THE CONOR FOLKS JOINED THEM IN 1740. THEY WERE NEUTRAL DURING THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. THE NANTICOKE WERE WIDELY DISPERSED . THEIR CHIEFDOMS ARE CALLED WICOMOCO. THEY TRADED WIDELY WITH TRIBES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS DISTINCT FROM ALGONQUIN SPOKEN ON THE POTOMAC RIVER IN MARYLAND. IT IS NOW EXTINCT.

TODAY SOME LIVE IN WITH SIX NATIONS IN ONTARIO. SOME ARE IN OKLAHOMA AND SOME IN DELAWARE. THEY ESTIMATED AN ASSOCIATION IN DELAWARE SINCE 1922. THERE ARE NANTICOKE LENNE LENAPE IN NEW JERSEY.

IN DELAWARE THEY WERE RECOGNIZED AS A TRIBE BY 1744. THEIR HEADQUARTERS ARE IN MILLBORO. BY 1922 THEY BECAME A NONPROFIT. THEY ORGANIZED ANNUAL POWWOWS UNTIL 1930'S. BY 1980'S THEY BUILT A MUSEUM TO HONOR THAT HERITAGE. THEY INTERMARRIED WITH LENAPES. BOTH TRIBES HAVE MIXED MARRIAGES. HISTORICALLY THEY WERE ALGONQUIAN

TODAY THE YOUNG NANTICOKES HAVE GAINED INTEREST IN THEIR TRADITIONS THEY WEAR FANCY FEATHER HEADRESSES AND PAINT THEIR FACES FOR POWWOW DANCES. THEY CARVED DUGOUT CANOES. THEY PLANTED CORN BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY WERE KNOWN FOR THEIR POTTERY AND BEADWORK. THEY MADE WAMPUM FROM WHITE AND PURPLE SHELLS. THEY MADE WAMPUM BELTS WITH STORIES AND DESIGNS OF A FAMILY. THEY CONSIDERED THEMSELVES STORY TELLERS. THEY THOUGHT THIS WAS VERY IMPORTANT. THEY TOLD MANY LEGENDS ABOUT ANIMALS.

BIG ORRIN.ORG
WIKIPEDIA.ORG

POWHATAN INDIANS

POWHATAN IS A VIRGINIA INDIAN TRIBE. IT IS THE NAME OF A GROUP THAT LIVED IN EASTERN VIRGINIA THE EASTERN ENGLISH SETTLED HERE. THERE WERE 14,000 - 21,000 NATIVE AMERICANS. THEY SPOKE EASTERN ALGONQUIN. BY THE 17TH CENTURY A PROMINENT CHIEF NAMED WAHASUMACAWH DIRECTED 30 TRIBUTARY PEOPLE IN EASTERN VIRGINIA. THIS CHIEF WAS KNOWN AS POWHATAN. AFTER HE DIED IN IN 1618 THERE WERE HOSTILITIES WITH THE ENGLISH AND HIS BROTHER WHO TRIED TO DRIVE AWAY THE BRITISH, BUT THIS RESULTED IN NEAR ELIMINATION OF THE TRIBE. BY 1648 THIS TRIBE HAD BEEN NEARLY DESTROYED BY THE ENGLISH AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

BY THIS TIME ABOUT 1/2 OF THE IMMIGRANTS ARRIVED AS INDENTURED SERVANTS. THESE FOLKS IMPORTED ENSLAVED AFRICANS AS LABORERS. BY 1770 THEY HAD ABOUT 6,000 BLACK SLAVES. SOME BLACKS ESCAPED AND JOINED THE POWHATAN INDIANS, AND SOME OF THEM INTERMARRIED WITH THEM.

THE MODERN CITY OF RICHMOND, VIRGINIA IS THOUGHT TO BE THEIR ORIGINAL VILLAGE . CHIEF POWHATAN, BASED ON AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, HAD A RARE POWER HIERARCHY. IT IS DEFINED AS COMPLEX CHIEFDOM. BY 1600 HIS BROTHER LED 9 GROUPS OF NATIVE AMERICANS! THOMAS JEFFERSON ESTIMATED THAT THE POWHATAN CONFEDERACY OCCUPIED 8,000 SQUARE MILES AND 8,000 NATIVES.

THE INITIAL RESPONSE TO THE NATIVE AMERICANS BY THE ENGLISH WAS TO SHOOT THEM DOWN. BY 1600 THEY REALIZED THAT CHIEF POWHATAN 'S FRIENDSHIP WAS ESSENTIAL TO THE SURVIVAL OF THE JAMESTOWN COLONY. THEY GAVE HIM MANY GIFTS. SKIRMISHES CONTINUED TO OCCUR BETWEEN THE NATIVES AND ENGLISH AND SOON EACH BECAME EMBITTERED SOCIETIES.

TODAY THEIR ARE EIGHT TRIBES WHO LIVE IN VIRGINIA WITH POWHATAN DESCENDANTS. THEY HAVE ABOUT 3000 MEMBERS. ONE POLITICIAN DECIDED THAT THERE WERE NO TRUE VIRGINIA NATIVE AMERICANS AS INTERMARRIAGE HAD DILUTED THE TRIBE. THE NATIVES SAID IT WAS PAPER GENOCIDE. ONE BAND RELOCATED TO NEW JERSEY AND OFFICIALLY CALLED THEMSELVES THE HUMANS OR RENAPE.. THEY ONLY HAVE 250 ACRES OF LAND. IT APPEARS THAT THE STATE WILL BE TAKING BACK ALL BUT 5 ACRES.

WIKIPEDIA.ORG

SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY TAINO TRIBE

THESE PEOPLE CAME FROM BERIKEN, PUERTO RICO. TAINO MESTIZO PEOPLE WERE SETTLED IN THE MOUNTAINS OF THE CARRIBEAN ISLANDS. THEY UNDERWENT ECONOMIC HARDSHIP THEY ENTERED INTO A CONTRACT WITH FARMERS IN NEW JERSEY IN THE 30'S. THEY HAVE 2 DAYS OF SPECIAL OBSERVANCE -NOVEMBER 18 IS A DAY OF REMEMBRANCE CALLED GUARCO. IT IS A DAY OF HONORS THEIR ANCESTORS. IN 1493 THEY MET COLUMBUS AND HIS SHIP THE SANTA MARIA. ON NOVEMBER 19TH THEY LOST THEIR GOD GIVEN FREEDOM- A DAY OF PROTEST TO THE INVASION AND MASS GENOCIDE BACKED BY CATHOLIC CHURCH UP TO 6 - 8 MILLION TAINO ANCESTORS. THEIR ANCESTORS WERE MASSACRED.

THE PRESENT DAY JATIBONICA TAINO TRIBE AND RELATED LAND IN FLORIDA AND NEW JERSEY FORM ONE NATION. THEY SPEAK THE ARAWAKEN LANGUAGE OF THE CARRIBEAN. THESE PEOPLE WERE A GENTLE AND HAPPY PEOPLE LIVING IN CIRCULAR BUILDINGS WITH POLES AND COVERED WITH STRAW PALM LEAVES.

TAINOTRIBE.ORG

RAMAPOUGH MOUNTAIN INDIANS

THIS IS A GROUP OF ABOUT 5,000 FOLKS IN THE RAMAPOUGH MOUNTAINS OF OF NORTHERN NEW JERSEY AND SOUTHERN NEW YORK. THEIR OFFICE IS IN MAHAIH, NEW JERSEY. THEY ARE THE DESCENDANTS OF THE LENAPE. THEY HAVE MANY DESCENDANTS INCLUDING DUTCH , AFRICAN, AND CAUCASIAN ANCESTORS. THEIR ANCESTRAL LANGUAGE WAS MUNSEE. AFTER CONTACT THEY SPOKE ENGLISH. THEY ELDERS ARE REVITALIZING THEIR LANGUAGE. SINCE 1980 THEY HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AS A TRIBE IN NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK. THEIR ORIGINS ARE VERY CONTROVERSIAL. HERBERT KRAFT ESTABLISH A GENEALOGICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE PRESENT DAY RAMAPOUGH AND THE COLONIAL TRIBES. THE RAMAPOUGH MOUNTAIN REGION IS IN NEW JERSEY AND WAS A REFUGE AFTER FORCED REMOVAL OF THEIR ANCESTORS. THE DELAWARE ALSO WERE THERE. THE RAMAPOUGH NEVER DISAPPEARED. THERE PEOPLE STILL OCCUPY THE SOUTHWESTERN POINT OF ROCKLAND COURT. THEY WERE KNOWN AS NATIVE AMERICAN STRONGHOLDS. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD INDICATES A STRONG PERSISTENT PRESENCE OF INDIAN BANDS. IN THE NORTHERN HIGHLANDS INTO THE 18TH CENTURY. THEY HAD A SIGNIFICANT PRESENCE IN THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLE'S LIVES. THEY BUILT DUGOUT CANOES.

WIKIPEDIA

NEW JERSEY SAND HILL BAND OF NEW JERSEY CHEROKEE AND LENAPE

THEY ARE THE OLDEST HISTORIC DOCUMENTED DELAWARE TRIBE IN THE ANCESTRAL HOMELAND. THE SAND HILL ARE THE ONLY WELL DOCUMENTED TRIBE THAT IS INDIGENOUS TO NEW JERSEY. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CHEROKEE AND LENAPE IS WELL DOCUMENTED.

THEY PROBABLY MIGRATED IN LATE PREHISTORIC TIMES FROM NORTHERN AREAS. PRECONTACT CHEROKEE ARE CONSIDERED TO BE PART OF THE LATER PISGAH PHASE, DURING 1000 - 1500 AD. THEIR ANCESTORS LIVED IN NORTH CAROLINA AND EASTERN TENNESSEE. DURING LATE ARCHAIC THEY CULTIVATED PLANTS SUCH AS MARSH ELDERS, PIGMEAT, SUNFLOWERS, AND SQUASH . THEY FOLLOWED RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES. DURING 1500 AD. THE WOMEN DEVELOPED A NEW VARIETY OF CORN - EASTERN FLINT. THIS SURPLUS CROP ALLOWED MORE COMPLEX CULTURES. THEY CELEBRATED THE GREEN CORN CEREMONY . THEY WERE CALLED THE PRINCIPAL PEOPLE.

THEY HAD A TWO PART SOCIAL STRUCTURE 1) A PRIESTLY GROUP RESPONSIBLE FOR RELIGIOUS AND HEALING ACTIVITIES; 2) YOUNG MEN - RESPONSIBLE FOR WARFARE. THIS SPLIT DISAPPEARED BY 1700. THEY SPOKE IROQUOIAN LANGUAGE. WHICH WAS VERY DIFFERENT THAN NORTHERN IROQUOIS LANGUAGES. THE CHEROKEE NATION PARTICIPATES IN NUMEROUS JOINT PROGRAMS WITH THE EASTERN BAND OF ADMINISTER THEIR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIANS TRIBES TO ADDRESS ISSUES.

WIKIPEDIA
SANDHILL INDIAN.ORG

NIAGARA FALLS

THIS IS THE OLDEST STATE PARK IN THE NATION WITH A 400 ACRE PRESERVE. MY HUSBAND AND I STILL IN THE 70'S AND WE PUT ON RAINCOATS TO HIKE DOWN THE STAIRS TO HIKE DOWN THE STAIRS TO VIEW THE FALLS AT THE LEVEL OF THE RIVER. IT IS CALLED THE CAVE OF THE WINDS WALKWAY. THE FALLS ARE 12,000 YEARS OLD. THEY NOW HAVE A VISITOR'S CENTER WITH A MOVIE THEATRE THAT SHOWS A MOVIE OF A HELICOPTER VIEW OVER THE FALLS. YOU CAN TAKE A TOUR BOAT AND GO BY THE FALLS THAT GETS YOU SOAKING WET. THEY ALSO HAVE AN AQUARIUM WITH SHARKS FROM CALIFORNIA AND SEA LIONS AND 200 SPECIES OF OTHER FISH, INCLUDING DOLPHINS.

TUZIGOOT PARK

TUZIGOOT IS A NATIONAL PARK LOCATED ATOP A DESERT HILLTOP NEAR COTTONWOOD, ARIZONA. MY HUSBAND AND I VISITED HERE WHEN WE WERE ARCHAEOLOGISTS. THIS PUEBLO WAS OCCUPIED BY SINAGUA INDIANS WHO CULTIVATED THIS COTTON NATIVE TO SOUTH AMERICA, WHICH WAS BROUGHT HERE THROUGH MEXICO. THEY WOVE BEAUTIFUL CLOTH. THE PUEBLO HAS 110 ROOMS INCLUDING A SECOND AND THIRD STORY. THE FIRST BUILDINGS WERE BUILT ABOUT 1000 AD. THESE FOLKS WERE AGRICULTURALISTS WITH TRADE CONNECTION'S SPANNING 100 MILES. THE TIMBERS WERE CUT USING STONE AXES. ABOUT 250 PEOPLE LIVED HERE.

THE PLANTS HERE INCLUDE MESQUITE, CATCLAW, AND SALTBRUSH, ALL PART OF AN ARID ENVIRONMENT. THERE ARE SEVERAL PERENNIAL DRAINAGES WHERE SYCAMORE AND COTTONWOOD TREES GROW. ANIMALS HERE INCLUDE ELK, DEER, COYOTE, PORCUPINE, JACKRABBIT, SONG BIRDS, SQUIRRELS, CHIPMUNKS, MANY LIZARDS AND HAWKS, EAGLES, AND MANY SNAKES. TUZIGOOT MEANS "CROOKED WATER". THE VERDE VALLEY HAS 50 PUEBLOS TO DATE. NO ONE KNOWS WHY THEY LEFT.

NPS.GOV

Monday, April 18, 2011

MINISINK OR MUNSEE INDIANS

THESE INDIANS ARE IN DELAWARE ARE ALGONQUIAN SPEAKERS. ONLY SOME ELDERS STILL SPEAK MUNSEE. TODAY THERE ARE 2000 MUNSEES ONTARIO. AND 1500 PEOPLE ARE ON THE STOCKBRIDGE RESERVATION IN WISCONSIN. THEY ORIGINALLY LIVED IN NEW JERSEY, AND WERE DEPORTED TO WISCONSIN WITH THE MOHICANS AS WELL AS TO ONTARIO. OHIO, INDIANA, AND OKLAHOMA IN THE 1720'S. THEY CONSISTED OF VARIOUS TRIBES. THAT SPOKE SEVERAL SIMILAR LANGUAGES. MISSIONARIES FROM THE MORAVIAN CHURCH CONVERTED SOME TO CHRISTIANITY. THEY HAD NO WRITING SYSTEM UNTIL RECENTLY. THEY LIVED IN SOUTHERN NEW YORK AND NORTHERN NEW JERSEY AND SOUTHEAST CONNECTICUT. DUTCH AND BRITISH COLONISTS FORCED THEM OUT IN 1700'S. SOME WENT TO CANADA. OTHERS JOINED MOHICANS IN WISCONSIN. OTHERS JOINED RELATIVES OF LENAPE AND LIVE IN OKLAHOMA. TODAY THEY LIVE ON THREE RESERVATIONS THAT ARE UNDER THEIR CONTROL. EACH VILLAGE HAD A CHIEF WHO WORKED WITH THE TRIBAL COUNCIL. THEY ALL SPEAK ENGLISH TODAY AND SOME ELDERS ARE TRYING TO KEEP THEIR LANGUAGE ALIVE. THEY WERE SIMILAR TO THE DELAWARE. THE CHILDREN LEARN SKILLS BOTH PARENTS. THEY HAD MORE CHORES THAN PLAYTIME. THE MOTHERS CARRIED THEIR KIDS IN CRADLEBOARDS. THE MEN WERE HUNTERS AND PROTECTED THEIR VILLAGE. THEY LIVE IN WIGWAMS10 FEET TALL MADE FROM WOOD OF BIRCHBARK COVERS. ROPES OR STRIPS OF WOOD WRAP AROUND THE WIGWAM . WOMEN HELPED BUILD WIGWAMS. IN THE WINTER EACH FAMILY MOVED TO THEIR OWN HUNTING CAMP WITH A WIGWAM. ONLY MEN COULD BE CHIEFS IN THE PAST. LONGHOUSES WERE USED BY ALGONQUIN FOLKS. THEY USED FRAME POLES AND ELM BARK COVERS. THEY ARE 2OO FEET LONG BY 20 FEET HIGH AND 20 FEET WIDE. THEY USE RAISED PLATFORMS TO CREATE A SECOND STORY USED FOR SLEEPING. MATS AND SCREENS DIVIDED IT INTO SEPARATE ROOMS. AS MANY AS 60 PEOPLE IN ONE CLAN WERE HOUSED HERE WOMEN MIGHT LIVE IN THE SAME LONG HOUSE ALL THEIR LIFE. MOST OF THE MUNSEES DO NOT LIVE IN LONGHOUSES TODAY. THE DUTCH OFFERED THEM MANY ITEMS INCLUDING ALCOHOL. THE DUTCH RECORDED THAT THEY STUMBLED AROUND AND PASSED OUT. SOON THE WHOLE VILLAGE GOT QUITE DRUNK. DURING THE WAR OF 1812 THE MUNSEE SIDED WITH THE BRITISH. HOWEVER THEY DID NOT DELIVER ANY SUPPLIES TO THEM AND GREENTOWN HAD TO SURRENDER. DURING THE LAST 30 YEARS THE MUNSEE HAVE RESTORED AND PRESERVE THEIR HERITAGE DUE TO HARD WORK FROM ELDERS AND LEADERS. THE WOMEN WORE KNEE LENGTH SKIRTS WHILE MEN WORE BREECH CLOUT AND LEGGINGS. DURING WARM MONTHS THEY DID NOT WEAR SHIRTS AFTER THE ANGLOS CAME THE WOMEN DECORATED THEIR CLOTHES WITH FANCY GLASS BEADS, MEN AND WOMEN BOTH PAINTED THERE FACES WITH ANIMAL TATTOOS. THEY BRAIDED THEIR LONG HAIR. THE WARRIORS SHAVED THEIR HEAD EXCEPT FOR ONE LONG PATCH. MUNSEE MEN HUNTED AND WOMEN TOOK CARE OF CHILDREN AND PLANTED CROPS.THEY BOTH TOLD STORIES, PLAYED MUSIC AND MADE ART. ONLY MEN COULD BE CHIEFS IN THE PAST.

MOHICAN-NSN.GOV


BIG ORRIN.ORG


ACCESS-GENEOLOGY


EARTH DAY CELEBRATION

ON SATURDAY I WENT DOWNTOWN TO SEE WHAT WAS GOING ON. I MET PEOPLE IN BOOTHS WHO WERE INSTRUCTING KIDS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH HANDS ON ACTIVITIES. I RODE ON AN ELECTRIC MOPED. AND I GOT A GREAT MASSAGE. I MET PEOPLE WHO INSTRUCT KIDS ABOUT ENVIRONMENT AT SPRING LAKE PARK. WE WATCHED SOME YOUNG ZUMBA DANCERS A YOUNG TEEN WHO SANG AND PLAYED THE GUITAR. THERE WERE MANY BOOTHS ABOUT SOLAR HOUSING, HOW TO RECYCLE GOODS. ANOTHER BOOTH TOLD ABOUT THE SALMON WHICH USED TO BE ABUNDANT HERE BUT ARE NOT TODAY - THEIR LIFE CYCLE AND HOW THEY SWIM BACK TO THE SAME SPOT WHERE THEY WERE BORN AND HOW THEY REPRODUCE. THERE WERE MANY FOOD BOOTHS. I TOLD MY STORY TO THE MASSAGE LADY AND SHE GOT A FEELING IN HER LEGS AFTER MASSAGE AND SO DID I. IT WAS AN ACUPRESSURE MASSAGE.

CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING

YESTERDAY I WENT TO THIS CHURCH WHERE THE TOPIC WAS WHAT IS YOUR STORY ABOUT YOUR INNER LIFE? THEY HAD A COACH AS A GUEST SPEAKER, GREGG LEVOY, WHO HAS BEEN ON TV AS A GUEST AND HAS SPOKEN TO NUMEROUS CLUBS. HIS FIRST JOB WAS A REPORTER. HE WENT TO A CIRCUS IN TOWN AND RODE BAREBACK ON A LARGE ELEPHANT AND HUNG ONTO HIS EARS TO STAY ON THE BACK. HE SAID TO GO FOR THE BIG RIDE IN ORDER TO DEVELOP YOURSELF, YOUR CAREER AND YOUR SERVICE TO OUR COMMUNITY. WHO WE ARE CHANGES THROUGH TIME. THEY HAD SOME GREAT ENTERTAINERS WHO PLAYED GUITAR AND SANG. A MIDDLE AGED BLACK WOMEN STATED THAT SHE HAD RECOVERED FROM ALCOHOLISM AND SHE SANG A VIVACIOUSLY. GREGG SAID DREAMS ARE OUR CALLINGS NOW. THEY COME FROM THE GODS. OUR CALLS MEAN A DECISION NEEDS TO BE MADE. FRICTION OCCURS WHERE CHANGE OCCURS. OUR SYMPTOMS ARE DREAMS TRYING TO COME THROUGH. TALENTS AND GIFTS BECOME NEEDS TO BE EXPRESSED. HE HAD A JOB WHICH HE WAS STUCK IN JUST FOR THE MONEY AND HATED IT. HE FINALLY CHOSE TO TAKE THE LEAP TO END IT AND MOVE FORWARD. HE KEEPS DREAM JOURNAL AND DID NOT INTERPRET THEM. FEAR IS IN ALL OF US AND IS A BIOLOGICAL WIRE IN US. WE CAN TRY TO AVOID IT BUT IT COMES AND GOES. HE ASKED US TO BELIEVE IN YOURSELF AND LISTEN TO YOUR DREAMS MORE DEEPLY. WORK ON CHANGING BEHAVIORS YOU DO NOT LIKE.

Friday, April 15, 2011

LENAPE UNIMANI DELAWARE

THIS IS AN ALGONQUIN TRIBE SPOKE IN NEW JERSEY, DELAWARE, AND PENNSYLVANIA. NONE OF THEIR MEMBERS SPEAK FLUENT ALGONQUIN ANYMORE. YOUNGER GENERATIONS ARE INTERESTED IN REVIVING THE DELAWARE LANGUAGE. THE DIFFERENT DELAWARES COULD NOT COMMUNICATE EASILY. TODAY THE UNIMANI AND MUNSEE LANGUAGES ARE DIVIDED INTO A SINGLE LANGUAGE TO IMPROVE IT'S CHANCE OF SURVIVAL. THE DELAWARE ARE THOUGHT TO BE EXTINCT. THERE ARE 11,000 IN OKLAHOMA AS THE GOVERNMENT SENT THEM THERE. AND 5000 DESCENDANTS ARE IN NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. SOME IN ONTARIO AND SOME IN AND SOME IN WISCONSIN.. ACCORDING TO ORAL HISTORY THE LENAPE TRIBE WAS KNOWN AS GRANDFATHER BY OTHER NATIONS ON ACCOUNT OF THIS THE LENAPES WERE ATTACKED BY ANGLO DISEASES AND SURVIVORS WENT WEST. MOST WERE FORCED TO LIVE IN OKLAHOMA BY 1860'S. THEY DID NOT MIX WELL WITH THE CHEROKEES. IN 1966 THEY REGAINED TRIBAL STATUS BY THE GOVERNMENT. OTHER LENAPE BANDS WERE SCATTERED ON TRADITIONAL LANDS OR ALONG ROUTES TO OKLAHOMA. THEY IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR FAMILY OR VILLAGE. SOME NEIGHBORS SPOKE THE SAME DIALECT. THE ELDERS WERE GIVEN RESPECT. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE EXCAVATION BURIALS THAT INCLUDED DIFFERENT IROQUOIS REMAINS ALONG WITH THOSE OF THE LENAPE. THEY WERE BITTER ENEMIES BEFORE RECORDED HISTORY.. THEY DID INTERMARRY. THEY HAD CLAN RELATIONSHIPS. LENAPE'S MARRIED OUTSIDE CLANS. EACH CLAN WAS ASSIGNED FOR HUNTING, FISHING, AND CULTIVATION. THEY MOVED TO NEW SETTLEMENTS ONCE THEY EXHAUSTED THE LAND. THEY PRODUCED LARGE SCALE AGRICULTURE. THEY WERE QUITE SEDENTARY AND LIVED ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER AND LONG ISLAND. DURING THE ARRIVAL OF THE ANGLOS THEY USED SLASH AND BURN TO EXTEND THE PRODUCTION OF THEIR LAND. THEY HAD A LARGER POPULATION THAN NOMADIC HUNTING AND GATHERING. THEY PROBABLY HAD A LARGER POPULATION THAN NOMADIC THAN NOMADIC HUNTERS AND GATHERS. THEY PROBABLY HAD 15,000 LENAPE IN 80 SETTLEMENTS NEAR NEW YORK CITY. IN 1524 EXPLORER GIOVANNI DU VEREQUANO MET THE LENAPE WHO WERE IN A CANOE IN LOWER NEW YORK BAY. THEY INTERACTED THROUGH BEAVER FUR TRADING. THE LENAPE PRIMARILY GREW MAIZE. THEY ADOPTED EUROPEAN METAL TOOLS FOR PLANTING CROPS. NEARBY THEY PLANTED KIDNEY BEANS. THE WOMEN DID MOST OF THE PLANTING AND GARDENING. THE MEN CLEANED THE FIELD AND BROKE UP THE SOIL. THEY HUNTED IN A PACK OF 100 MEN AND STOOD IN A LINE BEATING BONES ON THEIR PALMS TO DRIVE ANIMALS TO THE RIVER WHERE THEY COULD BE EASILY KILLED. THEY ALSO LASSOED DEER AND SET THE BRUSH ON FIRE TO KILL THEM. IN 1634 THE IROQUOIAN SUSQUEHANNOCK WARRED WITH THE LENAPE OVER ACCESS TO TRADE WITH THE DUTCH. THE LENAPE WERE DEFEATED. AFTER THIS WAR THE SUSQUEHANNOCK MAY HAVE BECOME TRIBUTARIES TO THE LENAPE. LENAPE FOLKS CALLED THEM UNCLES.THEY OVER HARVESTED THE BEAVER. THEY CONTRACTED SMALLPOX. DIFFERENCES IN PROPERTY RIGHTS BETWEEN LENAPE AND EUROPEANS RESULTED IN CONFUSION. THE DUTCH ARRIVED IN 1620, THE LENAPE SUCCESSFULLY DIRECTED THEM TO JERSEY CITY AREA. THE DUTCH FINALLY MOVED TO A PROVINCE OF NEW NETHERLANDS. TWENTY THOUSAND NEW COLONISTS CAME HERE AND 1680 WITH WILLIAM PENN AND QUAKERS. HE DISPLACED THE LENAPE BUT ALSO ORGANIZED THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELANDS. BY THE 1800'S THEY WERE FORCED TO MOVE TO OHIO. TO DAY THE LENAPE IN NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA HAD NO RESERVATION, ALTHOUGH THEY PRACTICE THEIR CULTURE. MOHICAN-MNS.GOV BIG ORRIN.ORG ACCESS-GENEOLOGY

SHAWNEE INDIANS

SHAWNEE ARE ALGONQUIN SPEAKING PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN OHIO, VIRGINIA, WEST VIRGINIA, WEST MARYLAND, KENTUCKY, INDIANS, WEST MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA. TODAY THEY'RE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED INTO THREE TRIBES AND ARE HEADQUARTERED IN OKLAHOMA. THE PALEO - INDIANS LIVED IN THIS MIDWEST AREA. THEY HUNTED AND GATHERED CHASING MEGA FAUNA THAT BECAME EXTINCT `12,000 YEARS AGO. THESE FOLKS WERE VERY MOBILE. SCHOLARS BELIEVE THE SHAWNEE ARE ANCESTORS OF FORT ANCIENT CULTURE IN OHIO, BUT SOME DISAGREE. THE FORT ANCIENTS FLOURISHED FROM 1100 - 1650 AD ALONG THE OHIO RIVER AND IN WEST VIRGINIA. THEY BELIEVED THEY WERE DESCENDED FROM THE HOPEWELL CULTURE OF 100 TO 500 AD, THE MOUND BUILDERS. THE MOUND BUILDERS SUCCEEDED IN PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES AS THEIR MOUNDS WERE BUILT FOR BURIALS, ELITE RESIDENTIAL AND CEREMONIAL PURPOSES. MOUND BUILDERS INCLUDED THE ARCHAIC PERIOD, WOODLAND OR ADENA AND HOPEWELL CULTURES, AND MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD DATING TO 3000 AD TO 16TH CENTURY. THE FORT ANCIENT MAY HAVE FADED AWAY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES DUE TO THE SPANISH EXPLORERS. AFTER1525 THEIR HOUSE SIZES WERE SMALLER AND LESS HORTICULTURE. THE SHAWNEE THOUGHT OF THE LENAPE AS THEIR GRANDFATHERS. AFTER 1600 EUROPEANS SAW THE SHAWNEE IN MANY STATES. MANY REPORTED ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER AS FRENCH EXPLORERS MET THEM. ACCORDING TO LEGENDS THE SHAWNEE DESCENDED FROM A RULER OF POWATAN CONFEDERACY IN 1620'S. BY THE TIME OF THE EUROPEAN AMERICAN SETTLERS ARRIVED IN THE VALLEY. THE SHAWNEE WERE THE SOLE RESIDENTS OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE VALLEY. PRIOR TO 1754 THE SHAWNEE'S HEAD QUARTER'S WERE AT SHAWNEE SPRINGS. THE IROQUOIS NAMED OHIO AS THEIR HUNTING GROUNDS AND TREATED THE SHAWNEE AS THEIR DEPENDENT TRIBES. A TREATY GREVILED ENDED THE WAR OF 1812. TECUMSEH DID NOT HAVE SIGN IT. MUCH OF THE OF THE SHAWNEE AND OTHER TRIBAL LANDS WENT TO GOVERNMENT. MANY INDIAN LEADERS ACCEPTED

THE TERMS. THE TREATY OF FORT WAYNE WAS PASSED IN 1809 SELLING 3 MILLION ACRES OF INDIAN LAND TO THE GOVERNMENT. TECUMSEH WAS OUTRAGED AND EMERGED AS A PROMINENT POLITICAL LEADER. HE REVIVED THE IDEA THAT AMERICAN LAND WAS OWNED IN COMMON BY ALL TRIBES AND NO LAND COULD BE SOLD WITHOUT AGREEMENT BY ALL. TECUMSEH 'S ADVERSARIES WERE THE NATIVE AMERICAN LEADERS WHO SIGNED THE TREATY . HE THREATENED TO KILL THEM, HE BEGAN TO TALK ABOUT HIS BROTHER'S TEACHINGS THAT CALLED FOR THE TRIBES TO RETURN TO THEIR ANCESTRAL WAYS AND WANTED A PAN-TRIBAL ALLIANCE. HE TRAVELED WIDELY URGING WARRIORS TO ABANDON THE CHIEFS AND JOIN THE RESISTANCE GROUP.


IN 1810 TECUMSEH AND 400 ARMED WARRIORS MET HARRISON IN VINCENNES. THE WARRIORS WORE THEIR PAINT AND THEY FRIGHTENED THE SOLDIERS. TECUMSEH ASKED HARRISON TO NULLIFY THE TREATY. HARRISON TOLD HIM THE MIAMI WERE THE OWNERS AND COULD SELL IT IF THEY WANTED . HE REJECTED TECUMSEH'S IDEA THAT ALL THE INDIANS FORMED ONE NATION. TECUMSEH LAUNCHED AN IMPASSIONED REBUTTAL AND A SHAWNEE ALERTED HARRISON THAT HIS SPEECH WAS LEADING TO TROUBLE. AN ARMY LIEUTENANT THAT COULD SPEAK TECUMSEH'S LANGUAGE WARNED HARRISON HE WAS ENCOURAGING THE WARRIORS TO KILL HARRISON. HARRISON PULLED A SWORD AND THE WARRIORS PULLED THEIR WEAPONS. BUT WHEN THE OFFICERS PULLED THEIR GUNS TO DEFEND HARRISON.NATIVE AMERICANS BACKED DOWN. CHIEF WINNEMAC TOLD THE NATIVE WARRIORS TO RETURN IN PEACE. TECUMSEH TOLD HARRISON UNLESS THE TREATY WAS NULLIFIED, HE WOULD RETURN TO SEEK AN ALLIANCE WITH THE BRITISH.


A COMET APPEARED IN 1811 AND THE SHAWNEE LEADER, TECUMSEH WAS CALLED "SHOOTING STAR". HE TRAVELLED AND TOLD MANY OTHERS THAT THE COMET SIGNALLED HIS COMING. AFTER HE LEFT THE SOUTHEAST THEY HAD AN EARTHQUAKE. THAT YEAR HE MET WITH HARRISON ASSURING HIM THEY WERE TO REMAIN IN PEACE. SOME OF THE CREEKS JOINED IN THE WAR OF 1812 WHEN HE DELIVERED MANY SPEECHES. THE EARTHQUAKE AND IT'S AFTERSHOCKS HELPED TECUMSEH'S RESISTANCE MOVEMENT THAT THE SHAWNEE MUST BE SUPPORTED. SIXTY ANGLOS WERE KILLED IN 1813 - A RAISIN RIVER MASSACRE. FINALLY TECUMSEH RETREATED TO CANADA. IN 1817 THE SHAWNEE SIGNED A TREATY OF FORT MEIGS CEDING THE REMAINING LANDS IN EXCHANGE FOR THREE RESERVATIONS NEAR LEWISTOWN, OHIO. THEY SHARED IT WITH THE SENECA.


MISSOURI JOINED THE UNION IN 1821 WITH 1400 MEMBERS. THE SHAWNEE FORCIBLY RELOCATED FROM CAPE GIRARDEAU TO SOUTHEAST KANSAS.


WIKIPEDIA.ORG


Wednesday, April 13, 2011

KICKAPOO INDIANS IN OHIO

THEY LIVED IN NORTHWESTERN OHIO BY LAKE ERIE. IN 1640'S THEY WERE ATTACKED FROM THE OTTAWA AND IROQUOIS SPEAKING NEUTRALS. IN 1658 THEY WERE FORCED WEST INTO WEST INTO WISCONSIN. AFTER 1700 THEY MOVED TO NORTHERN ILLINOIS. AFTER WARS WITH THE ANGLOS THEY MOVED INTO THE OHIO VALLEY AND SOME RELOCATED TO MISSOURI. THEY SIGNED TREATIES IN 1819 CEDING THEIR LAND EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND RELOCATED TO MISSOURI. THERE ARE THREE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBES - KICKAPOO OF KANSAS, KICKAPOO OF OKLAHOMA, AND KICKAPOO TRADITIONAL TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA. BY 1660 4000 KICKAPOO REMAINED - SOME WERE REFUGEES IN WISCONSIN. IN 1852 600 WERE STILL IN KANSAS, SOME IN MEXICO AND OTHERS IN OKLAHOMA. THEIR LANGUAGE IS SIMILAR TO SHAWNEE AND CULTURALLY THE TWO WERE SIMILAR TO THE SOUTHERN CULTURAL TRAITS. THEIR VILLAGES HAD MID SIZED LONGHOUSES DURING SUMMMER. A COMMUNAL BUFFALO HUNT IN THE FALL THEY GREW CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH. THEY WERE NOTED FOR THEIR STUBBORNNESS. THEY DID NOT LISTEN TO JESUITS. THEY DISTRUSTED EUROPEANS. FRENCH TRADERS RARELY WERE ALLOWED TO VISIT THEIR VILLAGES. THEIR TRADITIONAL DREAM RELIGION HAS THE MOST ADHERENTS, THEN KANUKUK AND THE NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH. THEY WERE VERY DISPLACED. IN 1891 THE KICKAPOO IN OKLAHOMA WERE ASSIGNED 22,000 ACRES NEAR MC LOUD, OKLAHOMA ACRES NEAR MC LOUD. THE GOVERNMENT GAVE THEM INDIVIDUAL ALLOTMENTS. ONE HALF OF OKLAHOMA KICKAPOO WERE ASSIGNED INDIVIDUAL ALLOTMENTS. ONE HALF OF THE KICKAPOO WENT TO MEXICO AND HALF WENT TO OKLAHOMA. THEY HAVE NOT RESERVATION IN OKLAHOMA, BUT 6200 ACRES WITH 17 ACRES OWNED BY THE TRIBE. ONLY 19,000 ACRES WERE GIVEN TO THE KANSAS KICKAPOO. THEY CONTROL 3900 ACRES. TOTAL SKA.ORG

ERIE INDIANS

THE ERIE INDIANS REFER TO THE EASTERN PUMA OR PANTHER AS TUSCARORA. THESE FOLKS USE IROQUOIAN IN PRECONTACT TIMES AND LIVED FROM WESTERN NEW YORK TO OHIO. THEY WERE DESTROYED BY WARS WITH THE IROQUOIS IN NEW YORK. ERIE MEANS LONG TAIL , OR CAT PEOPLE. THEY LIVED IN MULTI-FAMILY LONG HOUSES. THEY GREW CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH, IN SIMMER. IN WINTER THEY LIVED OFF THEIR STORED CROPS AND ANIMALS THAT WERE SMOKED. THESE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LIVED IN THE GREAT LAKES FOR 1000'S OF YEARS IN SUCCEEDING CULTURES. COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES AND POWER ESCALATED BY THE RETURNS OF THE FUR TRADE, VIOLENCE INCREASED BETWEEN THE TRIBES. THEY ENCROACHED ON TERRITORIES OF OTHER TRIBES .IN 1650'S THE IROQUOIS WARRED AGAINST THE ERIE AND COMPETING TRIBES. THE ERIE WERE DESTROYED. THEW FOLKS REMAINING WERE ABSORBED BY THE IROQUOIS. ANTHROLOGIST MAROIN SMITH THEORIZED THAT SOME ERIE FLED TO VIRGINIA AND THEN TO SOUTH CAROLINA, AND WERE CALLED WESTCO. SOME FOLKS OF THE SENEKA IN OKLAHOMA CLAIMED TO BE DESCENDED FROM THE ERIE. THE ERIE HAD LITTLE CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS. THE JESUIT MISSIONARIES IN CANADA REPORT ON THEM IN HISTORIC TIMES. THE LITTLE THAT HAS BEEN DERIVED FROM THEM IS FROM ORAL HISTORIES AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS. WIKIPEDIA.COM ACCESS GENEOLOGY

Tuesday, April 12, 2011

UTE INDIANS

THEY WERE DIVIDED INTO SEVEN NOMADIC AND FOREST DWELLING TRIBES. THEY LIVED ON A VAST TERRITORY OF LAND IN COLORADO. THEY LIVED IN BARK COVERED TEEPEES. THEY MADE CLOTHING FROM DEERSKIN AND RABBITS. THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS WERE BASED ON NATURE WITH ANIMALS AS DEITIES. UTE SHAMANS WERE POWERFUL. THEY PRACTICED IN SUMMER THE SUNDANCE - IT WAS SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS. THEY DID NOT OVER USE THEIR RESOURCE BASE. THE MORMONS INTRODUCED THEM TO AGRICULTURE AND HORSES. THEY BEGAN RAISING THEM AND HUNTING BUFFALO. THE NORTHERN UTE IN COLORADO DID NOT CHANGE THEIR LIFESTYLE. A UTE CHIEF, OURAY, WENT TO WASHINGTON WITH HIS WIFE AND SUCCESSFULLY ARRANGED A TREATY BETWEEN HIS PEOPLE AND THE GOVERNMENT. THERE ARE ABOUT 35,000 UTES ON A RESERVATION IN UTAH AND THEY OWN 3 MILLION ACRES AND OPERATE THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT AND PROMOTE THEIR HERITAGE. THEIR POWWOWS ARE AT FT DUCHESNE. THE CHILDREN ENJOY FOOT RACES. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN DID MEDICINE DID MEDICINE WORK, ARTWORK, AND STORY TELLING. THEY MADE BUCKSKIN CLOTHING AND MOCCASINS. THEY BUILT RAFT TO TRAVEL ON RIVERS. THEY BASKETS AND POTTERY. UTEINDIAN.COM

KIOWA APACHE

THIS IS A SMALL ATHAPASKAN TRIBE ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIOWA FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD AND FORMING A TRIBAL CIRCLE. THEY WERE KNOWN AS 'NA-ISHAN-DINA' OR OUR PEOPLE. IN THE EARLIEST FRENCH RECORDS OF THE 17TH CENTURY IN LEWIS AND CLARK'S NARRATIVE, THE KIOWA APACHE ARE CALLED "GOTTACKA" OR BAD HEARTS. THEY CAME FROM THE NORTHWEST PLAINS REGION , VS THE SOUTHWEST. THEY WERE FIRST MENTIUONED IN 1680'S BY LA SALLE WHO WAS IN ILLINOIS. THEIR NEIGHBORS SELL THEM HORSES AND THEY STEAL SOME FROM THE SPANISH. THEY WERE FRIENDLY WITH PAWNEE. LOUITENANT CLARK MENTIONED THEM LIVING IN 1805 BETWEEN THE FORKS OF THE CHEYENNE RIVER THE BLACK HILLS ON WYOMING. THEY SOLD HORSES TO ARIKAWA AND MANDAN. BY 1835 THEY WERE A WARLIKE BAND RANGING THE WATERS OF THE CANADIAN RIVER. THEIR FIRST TREATY WAS IN 1837 WITH THE GOVERNMENT, THE KIOWA, AND TAWAKONI. ANOTHER TREATY OF LITTLE ARKANSAS WAS IN 1865. THE KIOWA APACHE DETACHED FROM THE KIOWA AND ATTACHED TO THE CHEYENNE. LATER IN 1867 THEY DID REALIGN WITH SOME KIOWA. THEY WERE AGAIN PEACEFUL. BY 1905 THEY HAD ABOUT 155 MEMBERS. IT IS A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA . THEY ONCE SPOKE THE SOUTHERN ATHABASKAN LANGUAGE AND NO ONE KNOWS IT PRESENTLY. LIKE MANY OTHER PLAINS INDIANS, THE PATH TO STATUS WAS FOR THE MALES TO BECOME WARRIORS. THEIR CHIEF, PACER, WAS FRIENDLY WITH THE WHITE PEOPLE. THEY LIVE IN FORT COBB IN OKLAHOMA WITH ABOUT 400 PEOPLE. ACCESS-GENEOLOGY REBELCHEROKEE.LAB DIVA.COM

CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING

THIS WEEK I WENT TO THE CHURCH AND INTRODUCED MYSELF TO DR. EDWARD, THE MINISTER FROM SOUTH AFRICA. HE SPOKE AGAIN ABOUT SOME THINGS LIKE I HAVE LEARNED IN COACHING - ABOUT WHAT DO YOU REALLY WANT? HE SAID A CRUCIAL PATH TO SELF DISCOVERY IS ASKING YOURSELF WHAT DO YOU REALLY WANT? SOMETIMES WE NEED TO LOOK WITHIN AND PUT LESS EMPHASIS ON THE OUTSIDE OF WHAT WE WEAR AND WHAT WE HAVE ACQUIRED. BEING PRIVILEGED IS NOT NECESSARILY SO MUCH STUFF. YOU CAN HAVE THE PERFECT HOUSE , ETC, AND NOTHING CAN STOP IT FROM BEING FREE OF WHAT YOU WANT. WHERE IS YOUR ATTENTION MOST OF THE TIME? DEVELOP YOUR ATTITUDE OF KNOWING - IN ORDER TO DO THAT JUST WRITE DOWN WHAT YOU WANT AND VISUALIZE THAT YOU. WHEN YOU DO SOMETHING THAT YOU REALLY LIKE YOU FEEL SATISFIED AND FULFILLED AND WHOLE. IS PEACE AND HAPPINESS REALLY ALREADY WITHIN YOU? PEACE AND FREEDOM ARE AVAILABLE ALL OF THE TIME.

Monday, April 11, 2011

SOL FLAMENCO

THIS WAS A FLAMENCO DANCE PERFORMANCE AT THE JUNIOR COLLEGE. THE ENTIRE PROGRAM WAS IN SPANISH WHICH VERY FEW OF US UNDERSTOOD. THERE WERE 2 MEN PLAYING GUITAR AND A MALE SINGER WITH THREE FLAMENCO DANCERS WHO HAD VARIOUS EXPRESSIONS ON THEIR FACES. THEY CHANGED COSTUMES FROM POLYESTER TO COTTON. THERE DRESSES WERE WITH RUFFLES AT THE BOTTOM AND THE WORE HEELED TAP DANCING SHOES AND MADE QUITE A STATEMENT WITH THEM. THE SOLOIST WAS SINGING A KIND OF SAD SONG WAS WHALING ABOUT SOMETHING. SOME OF THEIR DANCES WERE UPBEAT, WHILE OTHERS WERE VERY DEFINITIVE AND FLAMBOYANT. THE WOMEN SHOWED A SENSE OF PERSONALITY AND SENSE OF POISE, IT WAS QUITE ENTERTAINING. I SAT BY A COUPLE AND THE MAN REMINDED ME OF A GUY I KNEW WELL IN COLLEGE - A LOOK ALIKE.

MOBY DICK

LAST NIGHT I ATTENDED TO THE SYMPHONY CALLED MOBY DICK AT THE WELLS FARGO CENTER. THE ENTIRE SEATS WERE FILLED MOSTLY WITH OLDER FOLKS. THE CONDUCTOR WAS VISITING HERE. HE HAD A LOT OF ENERGY AS HE CONDUCTED THIS 1 1/2 HOUR CHOIR AND A 70 MEMBER ORCHESTRA OF VIOLINS, VIOLAS, CELLOS, BASS FLUTE, OBOE, CLARINET, BASS CLARINET, BASSOON, TRUMPETS, HORNS, TROMBONE, TUBAS, A HARP, AND PIANO. DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW ABOUT 60 MEN WHO WERE THE CREW OF THE BOAT WERE CHANTING IN A KIND OF SINISTER WAY ABOUT THE DANGERS OF THE WHALE HUNT. THE PERFORMANCE HAD A WIDE VARIETY OF SONGS THAT WERE WRITTEN TO MAKE US FEEL VARIOUS EMOTIONS THAT OCCURRED DURING A WHALE HUNT. THE MUSIC AND CHOIR WAS WRITTEN BY BERNARD HERMAN IN 1911. THIS PERFORMANCE IS THE FIRST SINCE THE WORLD PREMIERE IN 1940.

Friday, April 8, 2011

SIOUX AND ASSINIBOINE

THESE NATIVES ARE IN THE FORT PECK RESERVATION IN NORTHEAST MONTANA. THEY HAVE 12,000 MEMBERS WITH 6000 LIVING NEAR THE RESERVATION. THE FORT PECK RESERVATION WAS FORMED IN 1871. THE AGENCY MOVED TO POPLAR AS IT FLOODED EACH SPRING. THE GOVERNMENT CREATED WARFARE BY TRYING TO TAKE THE BLACK HILLS. THIS DEVELOPED INTO THE BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN IN 1876. AS THE VICXTORS DISPERSED, SITTING BULLS LED FOLLOWERS NORTH INTO THE RED WATER COUNTRY BY FORT PECK. WHEN MILITARY PRESSURE INCREASED HE LED HIS FOLLOWERS INTO CANADA IN 1877. FINALLY SITTING BULL SURRENDERED IN 1881 WHEN THEY HAD FEW SUPPLIES. SOME OF THE INDIANS INTERMARRIED. BY THIS TIME ALL THE BUFFALO WERE GONE. BY 1883 300 ASSINIBOINES DIED OF STARVATION. AT WOLF POIINT WHEN FOOD AND MEDICINE WERE LACKING IT WAS A DIFFICULT WINTER AS WELL AND THERE WERE CHANGES IN THE INDIAN AGENTS. CONGRESS PASSED AN ACT IN 1887 TO PROVIDE THE INDIANS TO OWN THEIR OWN PARCELS OF LAND. AT THIS TIEM THE SETTLERS CAME INTO THE AREA AND WANTED THE PRIME FARMLANDS. FORT PECK WAS OPENED TO HOMESTEADINGBY 1908. EACH INDIAN RECEIVED 320 ACRES IN ADDITION TO SOME TIMBER LAND. PARCELS WERE WITHHELD FOR AGENCY SCHOOL AND CHURCH. IN 1913 1.3 MILLION ACRES OF UNALTERED LANDS WERE AVAILABLE FOR SETTLERS. IN 1877 THEY DEVELOPED A GOVERNMENT

LITTLE SHELL TRIBE OF CHIPPEWA

THIS TRIBE HAS NO RESERVATION. MANY OF THEIR DESCENDANTS LIVED OUTSIDE OF MONTANA FROM THE GREAT PLAINS. THEIR CURRENT POPULATION OF NUMBERS IN MONTANA IS 3900. WRITTEN HISTORY DATES TO THE 1600'S WHEN FUR TRADING WAS POPULAR. VAST REGIONS WERE USED TO TRAP HEAVIER AND OTHER FURS THAT WERE SHIPPED TO EUROPE IN THE 1800'S. THE HUDSON BAY TRADING POST INCLUDED NUMEROUS IMMIGRANTS FROM SCOTLAND, FRANCE AND THEY MARRIED SOME OF THE NATIVE AMERICANS. THUS MANY MIXED BLOOD PEOPLE CAME HERE. THESE FOLKS SETTLED IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA AND NORTHERN MINNESOTA. THEY SPOKE AN UNUSUAL LANGUAGE - A SORT OF BLEND FROM CHIPPEWA. A RESERVATION IN THE TURTLE MOUNTAIN AREA HAD BEEN SET ASIDE FOR THE CHIPPEWA AND MELIOS IN NORTH DAKOTA. ALONG WITH THE U.S. GOVERNMENT THE TWO CHIEFS OF THE CHIPPEWA SIGNED A TREATY IN 1863 ESTABLISHING A 10 MILLION ACE RESERVATION. IN 1892 THE GOVERNMENT TOOK AWAY MOST OF THIS LAND AND THEY LOST FEDERAL RECOGNITION. THE NATIVES ONLY HAVE 10% OF THEIR LAND. IN 1870 WITH THE DECREASE OF THE BUFFALO 120 FAMILIES FOLLOWED TOM SHELL INTO MONTANA AND SOME WENT NORTH TO CANADA. IN 1896 600 MEMBERS WERE CAPTURED BY SOLDIERS AND TAKEN BY TRAIN TO THE CANADIAN BORDER. THAT WINTER THEY CAME BACK TO THE ROCKIES. ONLY A HANDFUL OF THE 4000 SPEAK NATIVE LANGUAGE. OPI.MT.GOV WIKIPEDIA.COM

BLACKFOOT COUNTRY

THESE FOLKS LIVE IN NORTHWEST MONTANA ALONG THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AT 4 -9000 FEET IN ELEVATION. WE HAVE MET SOME BLACKFOOT INDIANS. THEY HAVE 8500 MEMBERS WHO LIVE ON THE RESERVATION AND 6700 OFF OF IT. BROWNING IS THEIR HEADQUARTERS. ACCORDING TO THEIR CREATION STORIES THE OLD MAN MADE THE MOUNTAINS AND FORESTS AND PRAIRIES. HE MADE MILK RIVER AND LAID DOWN TO REST. HE MARKED HIS FIGURE WITH STONES THAT YOU CAN SEE TODAY. HE MADE SOME BUTTES AS WELL. HE MADE ANTELOPE OUT OF DIRT AND IN 7 DAYS HE MADE A WOMAN AND CHILD. HE MOLDED PEOPLE AND THE WORLD AND THE NEXT DAY HE SAID ARISE AND WALK AND THEY DID! THEY RANCH, FARM, AND ARE GIVEN FUNDS FROM OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT AND HELP HARVEST TIMBER. THEIR CROPS ARE WHEAT, BARLEY, AND HAY. THEY ARE DESCENDED FROM THE SIKSIK AND OTHER TRIBES OF SASKATCHEWAN. BY 1880'S THE BUFFALO WAS BECOMING EXTINCT. AND THEY WERE FORCED TO LIVE ON THE RESERVATION. OF 1.5 MILLION ACRES. TODAY THEY HAVE AN OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT , A SENIOR CITIZEN CENTER, A HEALING AND HEALTH CENTER, FISH AND WILDLIFE PROGRAM, HOME IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM, AND AN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. THEY ALSO HAVE A MUSEUM. THEY WERE REFERRED TO THE LORDS OF THE PLAINS. THE MUSEUM WAS BUILT IN 1941 AND DISPLAYS THEIR RICH ARTS AND CREATIVE WORKS. IT ALSO DISPLAYS THEIR CEREMONIAL DRESS. THEY BEADED SHIRTS AND MOCCASINS. THEY HAVE A BISON RESERVE. THE EXTINCTION OF THE BISON DESTROYED THEIR LIFESTYLE. IN 1883 1/3 OF THEIR POPULATION STARVED. BLACKFOOTCOUNTRY.COM OPI.MT.GOV/PD/

CROW TRIBE

THE CROW TRIBE LIVES ON A RESERVATION OF A MILLION ACRES IN SOUTH CENTRAL MONTANA. THEY HAVE 7000 FOLKS LIVING ON THE RESERVATION AND 3000 LIVE OFF THE RESERVATION. THEIR ANCESTORS CAME FROM A LAND OF MANY LAKES BY THE MISSISSIPPI. THEY LIVED ON EARTH LODGES. FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO THE PEOPLE DIVIDED INTO THREE FACTIONS. IN 1743 THEY FIRST MET FRENCH CANADIANS. DURING THE 1850'S THEY WERE GREATLY AFFECTED BY SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC. BY 1882 AN ACT OF CONGRESS REDUCED THEIR LAND HOLDING AND THE GOVERNMENT PAID THEM MONEY FOR LAND HOLDING AND THE GOVERNMENT PAID THEM MONEY FOR THEIR LAND. IN 1962 THEY FILED A CLAIM AND WENT TO COURT AND WERE AWARDED $10 MILLION FOR THE LAND THE GOVERNMENT TOOK. TODAY 2 - 3 FAMILIES LIVE IN ONE HOUSE AND THEY HAVE ABOUT 11200 HOUSES THAT NEED UPDATING. THEY HAVE A COLLEGE AND A VARIETY OF SCHOOLS. THEIR MAIN EMPLOYERS ARE THE BIA, INDIAN HEALTH AND COAL MINING, EDUCATION RESOURCES. THEY BUILT A BEAUTIFUL LAKE IN A SCENIC CANYON. THEY HAVE POWWOWS AND INDIAN RELAY RACES. AND BUILT TIPIS AND HAVE FEASTS. IN 2000 THERE WERE 7000 CROW PEOPLE. THEY ARE A MIXTURE OF DAKOTA AND LAKOTA SPEAKING SIOUX WHO SETTLED ON THE RESERVATION AND WERE EXILED FROM MINNESOTA IN 1862. THEIR SIOUX NAME WAS APASAALOOKE - FRENCH FOR "CHILDREN OF THE LARGE BEAKED BIRD". THIS BIRD USED TO RESEMBLE A BLUE BIRD. THERE MAIN FOOD WAS BISON, MOUNTAIN SHEEP, DEER, AND OTHER GAME. BUFFALO MEET WAS ROASTED OR BOILED WITH TURNIPS. ALL OF THE ORGANS WERE DELICACIES. PEMMICAN WAS DRIED MEAT WITH GROUND UP FAT AND BERRIES. THE CROW GAINED HORSES BY 1914. THEY HAD MORE THAN ANY OTHER PLAINS TRIBES - ABOUT 30 - 40,000! THE CROW WERE CONSIDERED NOMADIC. THEY WERE CONSIDERED NOMADIC. THEY HAD MORE HORSES THAN ANY OTHER PLAINS TRIBE -ABOUT 30 TO 40,000! THE CROW WERE CONSIDERED NOMADIC. THEY WERE MATRILOCAL AND THE THE HUSBAND MOVED INTO THE HIS WIFE'S MOTHER'S HOUSE. WOMEN HAD SIGNIFICANT ROLE. THEY HAVE A DOCUMENTARY FROM 2007 THAT EXPLAINS THEIR ANCIENT AND SACRED SUN DANCE CEREMONY. WIKIPEDIA.COM OPI.MT.GOV

FORT BELKNAP RESERVATION

GROS VENTRE AND ASSINIBOINE TRIBES LIVED IN NORTH CENTRAL MONTANA AND ABOUT 90% ARE IN BLAINE COUNTY. THE ORIGINAL RESIDENTS HAD 690,000 ACRES. IT HAS GLACIAL PLAINS AND GRASSLANDS AND TWO MOUNTAIN RANGES THAT ARE 6000 ACRES IN ELEVATION. THERE ARE ABOUT 6000 FOLKS ON THE RESERVATION AND 1500 OFF. CHIPPEWA CREE LIVE HERE AS WELL. THE POPULATION IS DECREASING AS YOUNG PEOPLE LIVE HERE AS WELL . THEY ARE SEEKING EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATIONAL PURSUITS ELSEWHERE. THE GROS VENTRE WERE IN WASHINGTON WHEN THE ANGLOS ENTERED HERE. THEY WERE OF ALGONQUIN LANGUAGE STOCK. THEIR NAME MEANS BIG BELLY, AS FRENCH TRADERS NAMED THEM. THEY LIVED IN MONTANA AS WELL AS THE DAKOTAS. IN THE DAKOTAS THEY WERE CALLED "WHITE CLAY PEOPLE". THE TWO TRIBES ABOVE STARTED THE BLACKFEET HUNTING TERRITORY SET ASIDE BY FORT LARAMIE TREATY IN 1855. THEIR BOUNDARIES WERE FROM THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER NORTH TO THE CANADIAN BORDER AND TO THE WESTERN PART OF MONTANA. IN 1868 THE FIRST TRADING POST WAS EAST IN DODSON. IN 1921 THE GOVERNMENT GAVE 540,000 ACRES TO ABOUT 1100 INDIANS ON THE FORT BELKNAP RESERVATION IN MONTANA. IN 1888 THE NORTHERN RAILROAD MOVED LIVESTOCK TO THEIR TERRITORY. ABOUT THIS TIME GOLD WAS DISCOVERED IN THE LITTLE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.IN LITTLE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. PEOPLE CAME OUT TO TRY THEIR LUCK IN GOLD DISCOVERY. LANDUSKY AND ZORTMAN BECAME FAMOUS AS TWO TOUGH TOWNS. BY 1896 A PORTION OF THE LITTLE ROCKIES ON THE RESERVATION WAS CEDED TO THE GOVERNMENT IN ORDER TO BENEFIT MINING. IN 1976 THEY CREATED A TRIBAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT BY NUTRITION AND FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS. THEY HAVE A VARIETY OF SCHOOLS THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL AND A FOSTER GRANDPARENT PROGRAM AS WELL. AT FORT BELKNAP THEIR IS A COMMUNITY COLLEGE FOR A TWO YEAR DEGREE IN SCIENCE AND ART, AND SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT. LITTLE EMPLOYMENT IS FOUND ON THE RESERVATION. SOME DO FARMING, RANCHING, AND AGRICULTURE. THEY HAVE FEDERAL SUBSIDIZED PROGRAMS TO ALLOW THE LACK OF EMPLOYMENT. THEY HAVE AN AGREEMENT TO SHARE THE WATER SUPPLY OF THE MILK RIVER. IN 1980S THE BLM AND STATE STARTED A LEACH GOLD MINE IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. TWO MINES WERE DEVELOPED AND EPA OPPOSED THE REQUEST BECAUSE THE ACIDE MINE DRAINAGE FLOWED INTO GROUND AND SURFACE WATERS. ONCE AGAIN CYANIDE WAS VERIFIED THE MINES SHUT DOWN IN 1991. THEY HAVE SOME VERY FINE CAMPGROUNDS AND VISITORS NEED A PERMIT TO CAMP HERE. THEY HAVE INDIAN DANCING AND POWWOWS IN LATE JULY WITH A FAIR. CARAVANS OF OTHER TRIBES COME HERE. ON DECEMBER 31 HAS A TRADITIONAL TIME FOR CELEBRATION IN THE LODGEPOLE FOR OVER 110 YEARS. OPI.MT.GOV

Monday, April 4, 2011

FLATHEAD RESERVATION

THIS IS WHERE THE CONFEDERATED SALISH AND PEND D' ORIELLE AND KOOTENAI TRIBES LIVE IN NORTHWESTERN MONTANA. THEY LIVE ON 1.2 MILLION ACRES. AFTER THE RESERVATION PERIOD, LANDS WERE OPEN TO HOMESTEADING IN 1910 AND MANY NON INDIANS MOVED HERE AS WELL AS OTHER INDIANS. SOME HAVE INTERMARRIED WITH EACH OTHER. THEY HAVE A COLLEGE HERE AND A JOB CORP FOR THEIR YOUNG STUDENTS. THERE ARE 7000 MEMBERS HERE WITH 4000 LIVING ON THE RESERVATION. THE FLATHEAD RESERVATION WAS CREATED AFTER A TREATY I 1855. THE FLATHEAD RESERVATION WAS CREATED AFTER A TREATY IN 1855. AFTER 1910 THEIR LAND BASE CHANGED SINCE THE HOMESTEAD ACT OPENED LAND TO THE SETTLERS. THE GOOD AGRICULTURAL LAND WAS IN NON INDIAN HANDS. TODAY THEY OWN 613,273 ACRES AND THEY HAVE 1/2 OF THE FLATHEAD LAKE, AS WELL AS MUCH FORESTED LAND. THEY HAVE MAINTAINED A VARIETY OF HIKING TRAILS AND HIKING BY NON MEMBERS REQUIRES A TRIBAL PERMIT. THEY HAVE PRIMITIVE AREAS TO CAMP IN FOR THEIR MEMBERS AND THEY HAVE CEREMONIAL USE AND GATHER PLANTS. THEY BELIEVE THEY ARE STEWARDS. THEY BELIEVE THE EARTH IS OUR HISTORIAN. IT IS MADE OF OUR ANCESTOR'S BONES. IT PROVIDES US WITH NOURISHMENT, MEDICINE, AND COMFORT. FISHING WAS IMPORTANT DURING THE ENTIRE YEAR. BOTH FISHHOOKS AND WEIRS WERE USED TO CATCH FISH. ELDERS TOLD STORIES ABOUT THE ABUNDANT AMOUNT OF FISH. ELDERS TOLD STORIES ABOUT THE ABUNDANT AMOUNT OF FISH IN CREEKS. - SO PLENTIFUL YOU COULD CROSS THEIR BACKS. COLD WEATHER BROUGHT TRAPPING, FISHING, AND HUNTING. IT BROUGHT FAMILIES INSIDE AND WOMEN MADE AND REPAIRED CLOTHING.; THE MEN REPAIRED THEIR TOOLS. COYOTE STORIES WERE TOLD AFTER THE FIRST SNOW. THIS SACRED AND CEREMONIAL TIME WHEN DANCES OCCURRED. THE LARGE TRIBE OF SALISH AND PEND D' ORIELLE HAD TO BREAK UP BECAUSE IT WAS TOO LARGE TO BE SUSTAINABLE BY HUNTING AND GATHERING IN ONE PLACE. THEY SPLIT INTO SMALL BANDS. THESE SMALLER GROUPS WERE EASILY SUPPORTED. THESE TWO TRIBES HAVE BEEN CLOSE THROUGH HISTORY. DURING THE 1800'S THEY WENT ON JOINT BUFFALO HUNTS. AT TIMES THE SALISH AND SHOSHONE RAIDED EACH OTHER. THEY ALSO MET AT A NEUTRAL GROUND AND PLAYED TRADITIONAL GAMBLING GAMES. SOMETIME THEY INTERMARRIED THE SALISH HAD CONFLICTS WITH THE SKIRMISHES WITH BLACKFEET AND OTHER TRIBES. THE 17TH CENTURY SAW INTERTRIBAL CONFLICTS AND THE TRIBES WERE IN COMPETITION FOR FOOD RESOURCES. THE GREATEST LOSS OF LIFE WAS AMONG INDIANS THROUGH DISEASES LIKE SMALLPOX, MEASLES, AND INFLUENZA. THEY FINALLY MOVED TO THE WEST SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN. THEY HAD HORSES FOR HUNTING BUFFALO UNTIL 1883 WHEN IT BECAME ALMOST EXTINCT. THE KLUNAXA HISTORY TELLS OF THE PEOPLE FROM WHEN THE SUN ROSE IN THE SKY AND HUMANS WERE EQUAL TO THE ANIMALS. THE SUN AND MOON TRANSFORMED LIFE INTO ALL BEINGS ON EARTH. THE KOOTENAI HAD A POPULATION OF 10,000 PEOPLE IN HISTORIC TIMES. THE KTUNAXA WERE DISTRIBUTED THROUGH BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ENCOMPASSED MOUNTAINOUS COMMUNITIES. PRIOR TO THE RESERVATION THEY LIVED IN A BI CULTURAL LIFESTYLE. THEY HAD TRAITS THAT BOTH THE NORTHERN PLATEAU AND PLAINS TRIBAL GROUPS HAD. FOOD PRESERVATION WAS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE. THEY UNDERTOOK SEASONAL MIGRATIONS. BY FALL BIG GAME EXPEDITIONS WERE ORGANIZED AND SOME OF THE HUNTERS RETURNED TO THE PLAINS. THEY PROCESSES AND PRESERVED FOOD FOR WINTER. THE KLUTANAXA CULTURE HAD BOTH AGRICULTURE AND AQUA CULTULTURE. THEY SPECIALIZED IN BOTH FISHERIES/WATER CULTURE AND AGRICULTURE. THE KOOTENAI LANGUAGE IS ENTIRELY DIFFERENT THAN THAN ANY OTHER IN THE WORLD. OPI.MT.GOV

FORT PECK RESERVATION

THE ASSINIBOINE AND SIOUX TRIBAL RESERVATION IS IN THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF NEVADA 2 MILLION ACRES, HALF ARE OWNED BY INDIVIDUAL TRIBAL MEMBERS WEST POINT IS THE LARGEST TOWN WITH 4000 PEOPLE.. POPLAR IS THE CENTRAL TOWN FOR THE TRIBAL GOVERNMENT. THEY HAVE FEDERALLY FUNDED PROGRAMS. THERE ARE ABOUT 7000 SIOUX AND 42,000 ASSINIBOINE HERE. MUCH OF THE BETTER CROPLAND PASSED INTO NON INDIAN HANDS. HISTORY - BY 1600'S THE NACOTA SEPARATED INTO 2 GROUPS. ONE MOVED FURTHER WEST AND THEY BEGAN REFINING THEIR BUFFALO HUNTING SKILLS. THEY MOVED TOWARD LAKE WINNEBAGO AND HAD A TRADING RELATIONSHIP WITH HUDSON BAY COMPANY . RAIDS WERE COMMON AND BEAVER PELTS AND BUFFALO HIDES WERE TRADED. WOMEN TRADED METAL POTS AND PANS, SKINNING KNIVES, BLANKETS AND BEADS. DISEASE AGAIN STRUCK THE NATIVES AND REDUCED THEIR POPULATION BY TWO-THIRDS! THE DAKOTA GROUPS FLED THEIR HOME TO ESCAPE THE SMALLPOX. ONE OF THE LAST ASSEMBLIES OF SOLDIERS. ONE OF THE LARGEST ASSEMBLIES OF SOLDIERS FIGHTING AGAINST THE PLAINS TRIBES WAS AT KILLDEER MOUNTAIN. WHEN THE BUFFALO BECAME NEARLY EXTINCT IN THE 1880'S THE LAKOTA FACED TOTAL DEPENDENCE ON THE GOVERNMENT. THE CHIEFS OF MANY OF THE PLAINS INDIANS SURRENDERED ABOUT 1.75 MILLION ACRES TO THE GOVERNMENT IN ORDER TO BE SUBSIDIZED. WHEN THE DEPRESSION HIT THE LAND REVERTED TO THE GOVERNMENT AS HOMESTEADS FAILED. THE GOVERNMENT BUILT FORT PECK DAM ON THE MISSOURI SO THEY HAD SOME WATER RELIEF FOR WATERING GARDENS. DURING WORLD WAR II MANY NATIVES SERVED IN THE WAR. IN 1950 OIL WAS DISCOVERED AND FORT PECK TRIBES BECAME THE LEADING OIL PRODUCING TRIBE HERE. FORT PECK RELIED HEAVILY ON AGRICULTURE. TRIBAL LEASES AND OIL AND GAS PRODUCING. THEY BUILT AN INDIAN HEALTH CLINIC ON THE CHIEF REDSTONE CLINIC. THEY SERVE 7300 PATIENTS. THEY HAVE HAD BOTH PROSPERITY AND ECONOMIC SLUMPS. CURRENTLY THEY ARE WORKING ON A WATER PUMPLINE. OPI.MT.GOV

CHEYENNE INDIANS

THESE NATIVES BELONG TO THE ALGONQUIN FAMILY. THE CHEYENNE NATION HAS 2 TRIBES, THE SUTAIOT AND THE TSITSISTAS. AROUND 1500 THEY BRANCHED OFF OTHER TRIBES NEAR THE GREAT LAKES. IN EARLY 1800'S THEY MOVED WEST MIGRATING TO NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. DURING THE 1800'S THE CHEYENNE FORMED A UNIFIED TRIBE WITH MORE CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY THROUGH RITUAL CEREMONIES. BEFORE EUROPEAN CONTACT THEY WERE ALLIED WITH SIOUX BANDS. IN THE 18TH CENTURY THEY MIGRATED WEST AWAY FROM THE LAKOTA WARRIORS. BY THE MID 1800'S THEY ALLIED WITH OTHER PLAINS TRIBES. THEY ARE ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN PLAINS TRIBES. THE CHEYENNE FORMED INTO 10 BANDS, AND SPREAD ACROSS THE GREAT PLAINS. ONE OF THEIR RITUAL CEREMONIES WAS THE SUN DANCE, A LAKOTA TYPE CEREMONY. THEY USUALLY ONLY HAD QUARRELS , NOT WARS AMONG THEIR NEIGHBORS. THEY CHEYENNE WERE PIRATES AND CAPTURED HORSES ON THE PRAIRIE OR FROM NEIGHBORING TRIBES. THE HORSE WAS VALUABLE FOR HUNTING AND TRAVELING. THE CHEYENNE NEVER WENT ON WAR PARTIES LIKE WE SEE IN THE OLD WESTERN MOVIES. AFTER 1850'S THEY WENT BY FOOT TO LEAD A WAR PARTY FOR REVENGE FOR THE DEATH OF A FRIEND OR RELATIVE. WIKIPEDIA..ORG MR- SEDIV.TRIPODS.

ARAPAHO INDIANS

THESE FOLKS TRADITIONALLY LIVED ON THE EASTERN PLAINS OF COLORADO. THEY WERE CLOSE TO THE CHEYENNE AND LOOSELY ALIGNED THE SIOUX. THEY WERE TYPICALLY PEACEFUL INDIANS. THEY SPEAK AN ALGONQUIN. SINCE 1878 THE NORTHERN ARAPAHO HAVE LIVED WITH THE EASTERN SHOSHONE ON THE WIND RIVER RESERVATION. TOGETHER THEIR MEMBERS ARE ENROLLED AS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED. THERE IS NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST WHEN THEY ENTERED CALIFORNIA, BUT THEY MOST LIKELY CAME FROM MINNESOTA AND NORTH DAKOTA. THEY LIVED IN TIPIS MADE OF BUFFALO HIDES. A VILLAGE COULD PACK UP IN AN HOUR TO LEAVE. THEY USED DOGS TO PULL THEIR TRAVOIS. THEY RAIDED OTHER TRIBES FOR HORSES. THEY RAIDED THE PAWNEE AND SHAWNEE. THEY SOLD FURS AND HORSES TO OTHER TRIBES. AN ARAPAHO FIRST CHIEF "LEFT HAND" HEARD THAT LAND FROM INDIAN TRUST WAS TO BE TAKEN AWAY. HE AND HIS FOLLOWERS TRAVELED A SAFE DISTANCE AWAY FROM THEIR RESERVATION. SOME ARAPAHO DEVELOPED RUNNING SKILLS- THEY RAN FROM LIMA COLORADO TO ETHETE, WYOMING. SOME THEIR ANCESTORS HAD BEEN FORCED TO RUN BECAUSE OF BEING CHASED BY THE ARMY. AFTER THIS THEY MADE ALLIES WITH THE SHOSHONI. AND STILL LIVE WITH THEM ON THEIR LAND. IN 2005 THEY BUILT A CASINO. WIKIPEDIA.ORG