CHERAW INDIANS IN NORTH CAROLINA

THEY ARE FIRST MENTIONED IN THE DESOTA WRITINGS OF 1540 BY A NAME XUALA WHO THE CHEROKEE REMEMBERED LIVED IN THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS. BY 1710 THEY WERE HARASSED BY THE IROQUOIS AND ABANDONED THEIR HOME ON THE DAN RIVER AND MOVED SOUTHEAST AND JOINED KEYAUWEE. THEY WERE GIVEN ARMS FROM VIRGINIA. BETWEEN 1726 AND 1739 THEY BECAME INCORPORATED WITH CATAWBA BUT SPOKE THEIR OWN DIALECT. POSSIBLY THEY HAD 1200 PEOPLE IN 1600. IN 1715 THEY HAD A POPULATION OF 140 MEN AND 510 INCLUDING THE KEYAUWEE. BY 1768 THEY WERE REDUCED BY WAR AND DISEASE TO 5 OR 6 STILL LIVING WITH THE CATAWBA

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CATABWA IN NORTH CAROLINA

THIS TRIBE IS CHOCTAW AND MEANS SEPARATED. IT IS SAID THAT THE LYCH CREEK IN SOUTH CAROLINA WAS KNOWN ANCIENTLY AS KADAPAU. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT IT WAS GIVEN TO THEM BY BY A TRIBE LIVING IN EASTERN SOUTH CAROLINA. THE SHAWNEE AND OTHER TRIBES OF THE OHIO VALLEY MADE THE WORD CUTTAWA. THEIR VILLAGE IS ON THE MAIN STREAM IN THE REGION (ISWA). THE FIRST CONTACT BY ANGLOS WAS IN 1579 BY VANDERA WHO CALLED THEM ISSA. THIS TRIBE WAS THE SECOND MOST IMPORTANT TRIBE IN THE CAROLINA'S, EXCEPTING THE CHEROKEE. BY 1701 VIRGINIA TRADERS WERE AMONG THEM. THEY CLEARED FIELDS FOR MILES. IN 1728 THEY HAD SIX VILLLAGES ON THE CATABWA RIVER. THEY WERE FRIENDLY TOWARDS THE ENGLISH. THEY WERE ALWAYS AT WAR WITH THE IROQUOIS.

BEFORE THE END OF THE 1800'S THEY WERE GREATLY REDUCED BY WAR AND EPIDEMICS. THEY ASSISTED THE AMERICANS DURING REVOLUTIONARY WAR IN DEFENSE AGAINST THE BRITISH. IN 1762 A SMALL PARTY OF SHAWNEE KILLED THEIR NOTED CHIEF. BY 1763 THEY WERE PLACED ON A RESERVATION 15 MILES SQUARE ON BOTH SIDES OF THE RIVER. BY 1826 ALL THEIR RESERVATION WAS LEASED TO ANGLOS FOR A FEW $1000. THEY WERE LEFT WITH A SQUARE MILE BY 1841. SOME MOVED TO THE EASTERN CHEROKEE IN NORTH CAROLINA. THEY WERE SEDENTARY AGRICULTURALISTS AND GOOD HUNTERS. THE WOMEN MADE POTTERY AND BASKETS. IN 1881 ABOUT 85 WERE ON THE RESERVATION AND 35 WERE EMPLOYED ON FARMS. SOME WENT WITH MISSIONARIES TO SALT LAKE CITY.

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BEAR RIVER IN NORTH CAROLINA

THE INDIANS WERE THE FIRST PEOPLE TO LIVE IN OUR COUNTRY . INDIANS GAVE MODERN AMERICANS GIFTS AND TAUGHT THEM NEW WAYS TO DO THINGS. THEY WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ALGONQUIN TRIBES. THEY MAY BE PART OF MACHA PUNGA RIGHTS. IN 1947 THEY WERE CALLED THE BEAR RIVER OR BAY RIVER INDIANS.

IN 1709 LAWSON GIVES THEIR TOWN A NAME OF RAUDAQUA AND SAYS THEY HAVE ABOUT 50 WARRIORS. THEY WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE EARLY SIOUAN TRIBE AND SOUTHERN ATLANTIC DIVISION.

THEIR VILLAGE IS NECOES 20 MILES FROM MOUTH CAPE FEAR RIVER. IN 1715 5 VILLAGES WERE REPORTED. IN 1695 SOME INDIANS ASKED TO BE TAKEN UNDER THE PROTECTION OF THE GOVERNOR ARCHDALE. IT WAS GRANTED THEY GUARDED THE REGION AROUND PORT ROYAL.

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CAPE FEAR INDIANS IN NORTH CAROLINA

THESE NATIVES WERE UNKNOWN. NO WORDS OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE CAPE FEAR INDIANS HAVE BEEN PRESERVED, BUT EARLY REFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THEM WITH THE EASTERN SIOUAN TRIBES. THEIR VILLAGE WAS ON CAPE FEAR RIVER. IT WAS NECOES, ABOUT 20 MILES FROM THE MOUTH OF CAPE FEAR. IN 1600 THEY HAD ABOUT 1000 FOLKS.

THEY WERE MET BY EARLY VOYAGERS. IN 1661 SOME SETTLED AND TOOK SOME CHILDREN AND SENT THEM TO INSTRUCT THEM ABOUT CIVILIZATION. IN 1663 THEY WERE ASKED TO BE TAKEN UNDER THE PROTECTION OF THE GOVERNOR. IT WAS GRANTED AND SHORTLY AFTER THIS THEY RESCUED 52 PASSENGERS FROM A WRECKED VESSEL WHO FORMED THE NUCLEUS OF CHRIST CHURCH PARRES. A FEW INDIANS WERE ACTIVE AS SCOUTS AND GUARDED THE REGION. AROUND PORT ROYAL. A FEW INDIANS ACCOMPANIED BARNWELL ON HIS TUSCARORAN EXPEDITION IN 1711! AFTER THE YAMSEE WAR THEY WERE REMOVED TO SOUTH CAROLINA NEAR CHARLESTON. IN THE LATTER PART OF THE 1700'S A SMALL GROUP LIVED IN PARISHES UNDER A CHIEF CALLED KING JOHN.

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COREE INDIANS IN NORTH CAROLINA

AS THE FINAL STAGE OF EXISTENCE WAS PASSED WITH AN ALGONQUIN TRIBE SOME HAVE THOUGHT THAT THE AFFILIATIONS OF THESE PEOPLE WERE WERE ALSO ALGONQUIN . LAWSON (1860) NOTED THAT THEIR LANGUAGE TO THAT OF A TRIBE TO THE NORTH WAS MUTUALLY SIMILAR AND THEY BELONGED TO THE IROQUOIS AND TUSCARORA. THEY HAD THREE MAIN VILLAGES. IT IS UNKNOWN WHEN THE WHITES MET. THEY WERE REDUCED BEFORE 1696 IN A WAR WITH OTHERS. THEY WARRED AGAINST THE COLONISTS. IN 1715 THEY WERE ASSIGNED A RESERVATION ON A LAKE AND THEY HAD ONE VILLAGE. IN 1600 THEY HAD 1000 FOLKS.

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CHERAW INDIANS IN NORTH CAROLINA

CHERAW WAS A TRIBE OF SIOUAN AMERICAN INDIANS WHO WERE FIRST ENCOUNTERED BY HERNANDO DE SOTO IN 1540. THE NAME THEY CALLED THEMSELVES IS LOST BUT CHEROKEE CALLED THEM CATAWBA - SARA PLACE OF TALL WEEDS.

THE EARLY EXPLORER,JOHN LAWSON,INCLUDED THEM IN LARGER SIOUN CONFEDERACY OR THE ESAW NATION. BY 1600 THEY MAY HAVE NUMBERED 1200. BY 1700 THEY MOVED TO THE DAN RIVER ON THE BORDER OF NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA. IN 1710 THEY WERE ATTACKED BY THE IROQUOIS FROM THE NORTH SO THEY MOVED SOUTHEAST TO JOIN THE KEYAWEE TRIBE. THEY HAD A VILLAGE ON THE EAST BANK OF THE UPPER UPPER BRANCHES OF THE OF TEH PEE DEE RIVER ABOUT 1712. IN THE EARLY 1800'S THEY LIVED IN NORTHEAST SOUTH CAROLINA. IN 1738 A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC DECIMATED BOTH THE CHERAW AND CATABA. SOMETIME THEY COMBINED AND MAY HAVE MOVED NORTH AND FOUNDED THE CHARRAW SETTLEMENT IN NORTH CAROLINA. THE TRIBE WAS MOSTLY MAY HAVE MOVED NORTH AND FOUNDED THE CHARRAW SETTLEMENT IN NORTH CAROLINA. THE TRIBE WAS MOSTLY DESTROYED BY THE 1750'S. THE ANGLOS ENCROACHED UPON T5HEIR TERRITORY AND BY 1768 THEY NUMBERED ONLY 50 INDIVIDUALS.

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CHOWANOC INDIANS IN NORTH CAROLINA

CHOWANOC MEANS PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH IN ALGONQUIN. THEY WERE ALLIED TO NORTH CAROLINA ALGONQUIANS. THESE FOLKS WERE THE LEADING TRIBE IN NORTHEAST NORTH CAROLINA IN 1584 - 85. IN 1663 THEY ENTERED INTO A TREATY WITH THE ENGLISH CROWN. THEY VIOLATED THIS IN 1675 AND HAD A YEAR OF WARFARE. THEY WERE COMPELLED TO CONFINE THEMSELVES TO A RESERVATION ON BENNETT'S CREEK AND IT WAS REDUCED TO 6 SQUARE MILES. IN 1723 A RESERVATION OF 53,000 ACRES WAS SET ASIDE FOR THEM. THEY WERE VISITED BY THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND MISSIONARIES. THEY DECLINED IN NUMBERS UNTIL 1755 WHEN THERE WERE ONLY 5 MEMBERS LEFT.

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ENO TRIBE IN NORTH CAROLINIA

THE ENO TRIBE WAS PROBABLY OF THE SIOUAN LINGUISTIC STOCK. THEIR NEAREST RELATIVES WERE SHAKORI. THEY ONLY HAD ONE VILLAGE ON THE ENO RIVER. BOTH ENO AND SHARORI TRIBES OCCUPIED ONE VILLAGE NEAR ADHSHUSKEER. THEY RESISTED THE NORTHWARD. THEY MAY HAVE LIVED IN THE ENO RIVER IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND UNITED WITH THE CATAWBA. THEIR DIALECT WAS STILL SPOKEN UNTIL 1743. IN 1600 THEY HAD A COMBINED POPULATION OF 1500. THE ENO WERE TRADERS AND THEIR NAME WAS GIVEN TO THE ENO RIVER.

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TRANJIK- KUTCHIN IN ALASKA

TRANJIK-KUTCHIN WAS AN ABORIGINAL VILLAGE OF THE KUTCHIN LOCATED IN NORTH CENTRAL ALSKA NEAR FAIRBANKS. THEY SUFFERED SEVERLY FROM DISEASE, EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD LITTLE EARLY WHITE CONTACT. IN CANADA THEY ARE CALLED LOVEHEANX. MACKENZIE MET THEM IN 1789 AND ESTABLISHED TRADING POSTS. IN THE 1850'S THEY GOT MANY EPIDEMICS. BY 1900 THEY HAD SCARLET FEVER EPEDEMIC. BY 1900 THE KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH OPENED TERRITORY HERE TOO. DURING THE 1920'S THEIR WERE INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS. THE TOTAL ALASKA POPULATION IN 1700 WAS ABOUT 2900 (NAHDB?). BY 1900 IT DROPPED TO 500 OR OTHERS SAID 5000(NAHDB?). AND BY 2000 IT WAS ABOUT 1500?? THE KUTCHIN WERE DIVIDED INTO THREE CLANS. MARRIAGE WAS OUTSIDE OF ONE'S CLAN AND OUTSIDE OF THE THE BAND. NUCLEAR FAMILY WAS FUNDAMENTAL. SOME GROUPS OF 6 TO 8 HOUSEHOLDS EXISTED WITHIN A FEW MILES OF EACH OTHER. HOUSES WERE SEMI SUBTERRANEAN RECTILINEAR LOG HOUSES ROOFED WITH MOSS AND A PORTABLE DOMED SKIN HOUSE.

THEIR SUBSISTENCE WAS BASED UPON A WIDE VARIETY OF FLORA AND FAUNA - LARGE MAMMALS ARE VERY IMPORTANT. DAILY SUBSISTENCE DEPENDED UPON FISHING , SEA MAMMALS, AND BIRDS.

THERE WERE NO FULL TIME RELIGIOUS FIGURES. SHAMANS WERE NOT THAT IMPORTANT. THEY HAD A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NATURAL WORLD.

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TENNATH KUTCHIN IN ALASKA

THESE INDIANS SPEAK ATHAPASKAN LANGUAGE. THEIR NAME MEANS MIDDLE PEOPLE IN THE HANDBOOK OF NORTH AMERICAN PEOPLE. THEY ARE ONE WHO DWELLS WITH SPIRITUAL PEOPLE. THEY ARE ONE WHO DWELL AS THE SPIRITUAL PEOPLE LIVING IN THE KOLUK RIVER VALLEY. THIS IS ONE ABORIGINAL VILLAGE OF THE KUTCHIN.

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TSIMSHIAN INDIANS IN ALASKA

THESE ARE THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN B C AND ALASKA, NEAR TERRACE AND PRINCE RUPPERT. THERE NAME TRANSLATES TO INSIDE "THE SKEMNA RIVER". THERE ARE ABOUT 10,000 TSIMSHIAN. THERE CULTURE IS MATRILOCAL AND IS BASED ON A LINGUISTIC SIMILARITIES. SOME WERE NOT COASTAL OTHERS WERE ON RIVERS. IN 1860 SMALLPOX WIPED OUT 80% OF THE POPULATION IN THREE YEARS.

IN 1880 WILLIAM DUNCAN, A MISSIONARY, MET THEM LIVING ON ANNETTE ISLAND. HE LATER REQUESTED THAT THEY GAIN RESERVATION STATUS. IT WAS APPROVED AS THE ONLY RESERVATION IN THE STATE. BRITISH COLUMBIA TREATY PROCESS PURSUED NEGOTIATIONS WITH TSIMSHIAN UNTIL LATE 2005. THEY ARE SHAREHOLDERS OF SEALASKAN CORPORATION. THEY ARE SHARE HOLDERS OF THE SEA ALASKAN CORPORATION. THIS IS THE ONLY LOCATION ALLOWED TO MAINTAIN FISH TRAPS. THIS CULTURE LIKE ALL THE NORTHWEST PEOPLE THRIVE ON ABUNDANT SEA LIFE.

THEY LIVE IN LARGE CEDAR PLANK LONGHOUSES WITH POSTS AND PANELS. THEY HOUSED AN EXTENDED FAMILY. AFTER CHILDBIRTH CERTAIN FOODS WERE EXCLUDED. MARRIAGE WAS VERY FORMAL. THEIR RELIGION CENTERED AROUND THE LORD OF HEAVEN - AIDING PEOPLE BY SENDING SUPERNATURAL SERVANTS LORD OF HEAVEN , AIDING PEOPLE BY SENDING SUPERNATURAL SERVANTS TO EARTH TO AID THEM. THEY BELIEVE IN FASTING. THEY ENGAGE IN THE POTLATCH - IT HONORS DEATHS, BURIALS AND SUCCESSION TO NAMES.

THEY LIVED FROM THEIR ART, CULTURE AND LANGUAGE. THEY USE WESTERN CEDAR FOR MOST OF THEIR GOODS. THE BARK WAS CARVED INTO TOOLS, CLOTH, ROOFS, ARMOR AND CANOE SKIN. THEY USED IT FOR CHILKAT WEAVING - THEY INVENTED IT. THEY WERE FREQUENTLY RAIDED BY THE HAIDA. THEY HAD 14 TRIBES IN CANADA. THEY HAD FOUR CLANS. ONLY IN 1983 DID THEY NEGOTIATE A TREATY WITH THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT TO MAINTAIN VILLAGES AND FISHING SITES. IN 1983 THE TISHIMAN TRIBAL COUNCIL NEGOTIATED TO UNITE THEY 14 BANDS. THEY SPEAK TSINISHANIC OR COAST TSINSHAN. THEY HAVE 300 SPEAKERS IN ALASKA AND 3000 IN CANADA. FRANZ BOAS AND OTHER PROMINENT ANTHROPOLOGISTS WORKED WITH THE TSUNSHIAN.

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TANAINA IN ALASKA

THIS IS THE ONLY NORTHERN ATHAPASKAN SPEAKING GROUP OCCUPYING EXTENSIVE PORTIONS OF THE ALASKAN SEACOAST. THEY LIVED IN COOK INLET SO NAMED FROM CAPTAIN COOK IN 1778. THEIR NAME MEANS THE PEOPLE OR PEOPLE OF KANEI PENINSULA. THEIR MAIN FOOD IS FISH AND SALMON. THEY HUNT BEARS, MOUNTAIN SHEEP, GOATS, MOOSE, CARIBOU, AND GAME. THEY USED MOST ANIMALS FUR FOR CLOTHING AND OTHER PURPOSES. THEY HAD ABOUT 20 VILLAGES LOCATED NEAR STREAMS FOR SALMON.

THERE WAS A RUSSIAN SETTLEMENT IN 1784 THAT MARKED AN IMPORTANT EVENT FOR THE HISTORY OF THE REGION BECAUSE THE RUSSIANS ASSISTED THE ALEUTIAN HUNTERS. THEY EXPLOITED THE ANIMAL WEALTH OF THE REGION. BY 1786 THEY HAD CONSIDERABLE SUCCESS IN TRADING WITH THE TANAINA. BY 1867 THE U S CLAIMED THIS TERRITORY FROM RUSSIA. IN 1740 THERE WERE ABOUT 1200 TANAINA.

THE ALASKAN INLETS HAVE BEEN INHABITED AT LEAST FOR 6000 YEARS ACCORDING TO 300 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. RAVEN AND BEAVER ARE IMPORTANT CHARACTERS IN MYTHOLOGICAL STORIES. RAVEN CAN BE A CREATOR GOD AND HELPED PEOPLE SHAPE THEIR WORLD. HE IS ALSO A TRICKSTER AND MANY STORIES TALK ABOUT HIM AS GETTING INTO TROUBLE. BEAVER IS A HEROIC MONSTER SLAYING CREATURE IN TANAINA FOLK LORE. HE USES CLEVERNESS TO DEFEAT OR KILL HIS ENEMY.

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TANANA IN ALASKA

EVIDENCE OF THIS TRIBE DATES BACK TO 11,000 YEARS AS ONE OF THE OLDEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES . THEIR LANGUAGE REFLECTS CONTACT WITH NEIGHBORING GROUPS WHO SPEAK ATHAPASKAN. LITTLE IS KNOWN OF THE PREHISTORY OF THIS AREA. SOCIAL CONTACT HAS PERSISTED FROM THE UPPER KOYUKON. DATING FROM 1850'S THE DIRECT CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS HERE LED TO THE RUSSIANS ESTABLISHING A NETWORK OF TRADING STATIONS. CONTACT WITH AMERICANS WAS AFTER 1867 PURCHASE OF ALASKA FROM RUSSIA. CONTINUOUS CONTACT AMONG TANANA AND EUROPEANS EXPANDED THEIR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY AND EXPLORATION. THEY HUNTED AND TRAPPED ANIMALS AND DRIED SALMON. CORDWOOD WAS USED TO TRADE AS MINING OPERATIONS BOOMED IN THE 1950'S AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY BOOMED.

THE MISSIONARIES BUILT CHURCHS, SCHOOLS AND MEDICAL FACILITIES DURING THE 1920'S. BY THE 1950'S MOST OF THE TRIBES BECAME SEMI PERMANENT VILLAGES VS. HUNTING AND GATHERING NOMADS.

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TLINGIT AND HAIDU IN ALASKA

THE ANCESTORS OF THE TLINGIT AND HAIDA ARRIVED IN ALASKA BETWEEN 7000 TO 9000 YEARS AGO. MOST NATIVES IN ALASKA TODAY NUMBER 80,000. TODAY THEY RECEIVE 100 SHARES OF STOCK IN THE CORPORATION AFFILIATED WITH THEIR VILLAGE. THE TLINGIT ARE PEOPLE OF SOUTHEAST ALASKA AND ARE RELATED TO CANADIANS. THEY PROBABLY SETTLED IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA BETWEEN 2000 TO 4000 YEARS BEFORE PRESENT. 15.000 PEOPLE WERE HERE BY THE TIME ANGLOS CONTACTED THEM. THEY BUILT LARGE HOUSES BETWEEN 40' x 6' AND HOUSED 4 TO 6 FAMILIES. SALMON WAS THEIR PRIMARY STAPLE, PLUS BEAR AND SMALL GAME, BERRY AND CLAM GATHERING. THE TLINGIT AND HAIDU UTILIZED HIGH QUALITY TIMBER FOR BUILDING DUGOUT CANOES AND TOTEM POLES. THE POLES WERE SYMBOLIC OF KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY AND STRATIFIED MATRILINEAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS OF TLINGIT AND HAIDA. THESE FOLKS WERE TRADERS AS WELL. THEY WERE GOOD ORGANIZERS AND NEVER WERE SUBJUGATED BY THE RUSSIANS THEY WERE THE FIRST TO ORGANIZE FIGHT FOR NATIVE AMERICAN RITES AND LAND OWNERSHIP. CURRENT BELIEF IS THAT HUMANS MIGRATED FROM SIBERIA SOMETIME BETWEEN 10,000 TO 30,000 YEARS AGO.

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WEEKEND FUN

LAST WEEKEND A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE PULLED WEEDS AT THE CHURCH AND CLEANED UP THEIR FRONT GARDEN. SINCE THE WINTER WAS RAINY THERE WERE MANY WEEDS. THEY SAID THEIR SYCAMORE TREES WERE DISEASED AND WILL HAVE TO BE CUT DOWN.

WE SPENT OVER 2 1/2 HOURS SWEATING IN THE SUN AND WORKED HARD. WE MET EACH OTHER . THEIR WERE FOLKS OF ALL AGE GROUPS - FROM 20'S TO 70'S. I DISCUSSED HOW THE ROSE PARADE HAD ENTERTAINED THE PREVIOUS DAY. ONE GROUP OF TEENS RODE THEIR BICYCLE IN THE PARADE . THEIR FLOAT HAD A RAMP AND THEY STOPPED. THE TEENS RODE THEIR BIKES UP THE RAMP AND DID VARIOUS FLIPS. ON GAL FLIPPED AND AN ADULT CAUGHT HER BEFORE SHE FELL OFF! THE PARADE ENTRIES WERE HIGH SCHOOL MARCHING BANDS AND SOME BAREFOOT POMO DANCERS HAD NICE FLICKER FEATHER HEADDRESSES. THERE WERE AZTEC DANCERS AS WELL WITH MANY LONG FEATHERS. THEY HAD SOME OLD ENGINES THAT MADE LOUD NOISES WITH THEM. SOME CLOWNS WERE PASSING PASSED OUT CANDY FOR KIDS. A BIKING GROUP HAD RECLINING BIKES AS WELL AS OFF ROAD AND NARROW TIRED BIKES. I MET A LADY FROM GERMANY ABOUT MY AGE AND WE CHATTED DURING THE PARADE. THERE WAS AT LEAST ONE HORSE GROUP WITH FANCY SADDLES AND BOOTS. A GIRL SCOUT TROOP HAD FANCY COWGIRL BOOTS. THERE WERE SOME ACROBATS. SOME YOUNG GIRLS WERE DRESSED UP IN CONVERTIBLES AS MISS SONOMA COUNTY. THERE WERE MANY FIRE ENGINES AND MANY U S TROOP CARS. SOME FLOATS HAD SMALL BANDS ON THEM. IT WAS HARD TO COMPARE TO THE ROSE PARADE IN PASADENA.

WHISKERS - OUR FIRST CAT

WE FOUND WHISKERS IN UKIAH. SHE WAS ABOUT THREE SHE STAYED MOSTLY OUTSIDE. WE LEFT HER FOOD IN OUR BACKYARD. SHE WAS A QUITE CAT. THERE WERE FEW CATS IN OUR NEIGHBORHOOD. SHE WAS A BLACK AND WHITE LONG HAIR MAN COON CAT. HER HAIR WAS DIFFICULT TO KEEP CLEAN AND SHE GOT INTO THE DRIED GRASS. WE CUT HER NAILS EASILY. WHEN WE MOVED TO HEALDSBURG OUR SON LOVED HER TO SLEEP ON HIS BED. SHE WAS ABOUT THREE YEARS OLD AND SHE LIVED TO BE ABOUT 15 YEARS OLD. AS OUR SON GREW UP SHE SPENT TIME WITH HIM AND WHEN WE MOVED TO A NEW HOUSE SHE WAS HIT BY A CAR. WE HAD TO KEEP HER AT THE VETS FOR ABOUT A WEEK AS WE HAD PLANNED A TRIP TO OUR RELATIVES. I HAD TO FEED HER WITH A SMALL TUBE IN HER NECK AND EVENTUALLY SHE GOT BACK TO FEELING WELL. SHE MISSED US. THAT ALL WAS QUITE A CHORE SHE SURVIVED ALL THAT BUT ONE OF HER EYES WAS BLIND.. WE KEPT HER MOSTLY INDOORS. SHE WAS VERY LAID BACK AND EASY GOING.

CENTER FOR SPIRITUALL LIVING

THE GUEST SPEAKER WAS REVERAND MICHAELS FROM KANSAS CITY WHO SPOKE VERY COACH LIKE ABOUT THE TREASURE WITHIN DESPAIR. HE MENTIONED THAT THE ACTRESS HELEN MUIR WENT TO BOARDING SCHOOL AT AGE 10 WITH NUNS. THEY TOLD HER TO BEWARE OF FEAR. SHE BECAME AN AWARD WINNING ACTRESS WHO SURPASSED SOME FEARFUL TIMES AS WE ALL HAVE. HE SAID GET COMFORTABLE WITH NOT KNOWING WHAT COMES NEXT. PLAN A FUTURE THAT IS FUN. PLAN LIKE YOU MAY DIE TONIGHT.

MEN STAY MADE VS NOT GETTING THEIR NEEDS MET. THEY TEND NOT TO TALK ABOUT THEIR FEELINGS. PEOPLE DON'T LIKE FEELING VULNERABLE HE SAID NOT TO CREATE FEAR OF ENEMIES - GET USED TO FEELING YOUR FEAR. HE SPOKE ABOUT A YOUNG GIRL WHO HE HAD A CRUSH ON IN GRADE SCHOOL. AFTER THEY GOT TO KNOW EACH OTHER THEY DECIDED THEY DID NOT LIKE EACH OTHER.

HE GAVE AN EXAMPLE OF PEOPLE WHO RELEASE THEIR FEELINGS. OPRAH WINFREY WAS A REPORTER WHO CRIED DURING A SAD SITUATION SHE WAS REPORTING ON. THE DIRECTOR SAID IT WAS NOT APPROPRIATE. SHE NOW OF COURSE HAS HER OWN SHOW. HE SAID NOTICE WHAT YOU ARE AVOIDING.

INGALIK INDIANS

THESE FOLKS ARE NORTHERN ATHAPASKANS AND THEIR WORLD VIEW IN WHICH ALL OBJECTS HAD A SPIRIT OR WORLD VIEW. IN THE BEGINNING PEOPLE, ANIMALS AND INANIMATE OBJECTS LIVED TOGETHER AND SHARED . LATER THEY SEPARATED AND COULD NOT COMMUNICATE. PEOPLE WERE DEPENDANT ON ANIMALS AND KEPT IN GOOD TERMS WITH THEM WITH THEM. INCREASE CEREMONIES WERE PERFORMED TO ATTRACT GAME AND ENSURE A STEADY SUPPLY- THEY SANG SONGS . THEY ALSO SANG SONGS FOR GOOD HUNTING AND FISHING LUCK, CURE ILLNESS AND COMMUNICATE WITH THE SPIRITS. NEARLY EVERYONE HAD SHAMANIC POWER. AMULETS ARE BITS OF BONE, FEATHERS WERE WORN BY ALL. THEY HAD A RICH MYTHOLOGY AND THEY HAD A PROMINENT NUMBER - #4.

IN 1845 THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX PRIESTS ARRIVED AMONG THE INGALIK AND BAPTIZED 437 INDIANS, ALTHOUGH CHRISTIANITY WAS SUPERFICIAL TO THE INDIANS. BY 1887-1888 ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES WERE ON THE YUKON AREA. TODAY THE INGALIK ARE NOMINAL CHRISTIANS. THE INGALIK WORLD WAS CREATED BY DENATO, A FATHER FIGURE. MANY BEINGS INHABITED THE INGALIK WORLD. GUYEP WAS THE MOST DANGEROUS SPIRIT OF DEATH. ANIMALS AND SALMON PEOPLE SPIRITS WERE COMMON.

THE INGALIK PARTICIPATED IN THE CEREMONIES AND OWNERSHIP OF SONGS AND PARTICIPATED IN THE CEREMONIES AND OWNERSHIP OF SONGS. THEY PARTICIPATED IN THE SUPERNATURAL WORLD. SHAMANS WERE POWERFUL AND DERIVED POWER FROM THE DREAMS - OR ANIMAL SPIRITS. POWER COULD BE GOOD OR EVIL. THE PRIESTS VIEWED SHAMANISM AS PAGAN. THE SHAMAN COULD ATTRACT FISH AND GAME AND ENSURE SUCCESS IN WARFARE. BY 1930'S IT WAS NO LONGER A SIGNIFICANT PART OF THEIR CULTURE AS PRIESTS ERADICATED IT.

THE INGALIK HAD 7 CEREMONIES WHICH ENSURED PLENTIFUL FOOD SUPPLY. THE FALL DOLL CEREMONY PREDICTED GAME SUPPLY. A BLADDER CEREMONY WAS DONE ANY TIME IN WINTER FOR OFFERING ANIMAL BLADDER TO INCREASE THE GAME. MIDWINTER THEY HELD A POTLATCH FOR THE DEAD. THEY HONORED THE DECEASED AND THEY HAD FOUR CEREMONY OF GIFTS AND CLOTHING TO GUESTS. AFTER POTLATCH THERE WERE ANIMAL CEREMONIES. A SERIES OF SYMBOLIC AND IMITATIVE DANCES AND SINGING INTENDED TO ENHANCE THE GAME SUPPLY. HOT DANCE WAS AN EVENING OF DANCING ON THE 4TH NIGHT OF THE POTLATCH OF THE DEAD. SPRING MASK DANCE WAS GIVEN FOR GUESTS FROM ANOTHER VILLAGE WITH FEASTS AND GIFTS TO ANOTHER VILLAGE. A PARTNERS POTLATCH WAS DONE ANYTIME TO BRING PRESTIGE TO A VILLAGE. THE DOLL AND BLADDER CEREMONY ENDED IN THE LATE 1800'S.

THEIR GIFTS INCLUDE MASKS, BOWLS, AND CEREMONIAL OBJECTS, CLOTHNG MADE FROM CARIBOU SKINS. PORCUPINE QUILL, AND FEATHERS AND DENTALIUM SHELLS DECORATE CEREMONIAL CLOTHING. THEIR POTTERY IS INCISED. THE WOMEN WERE TRADITIONALLY TATTOOED WITH SHORT LINES. MEN HAD LIP PLUGS.

THEY WERE USED FOR MEDICINE AND ANIMALS THERAPY. SOUL LOSS REQUIRED SHAMANISTIC THERAPY. HE WOULD USE SPIRIT HELPERS. SUCKING, AND BLOWING TO EFFECT A CURE. THEY BELIEVED THAT WHEN A PERSON DIED THEY LOST THEIR SPIRIT. THEY HELD A 4 DAY SINGING AND DANCING CEREMONY. THEN THEY BURIED OR CREMATED THE DEAD. THEY BELIEVED THEIR SPIRIT TRAVELED TO THE UNDERWORLD, TAKING FOUR DAYS. CLOSE RELATIVES MOURNED. WITH THE INCREASE CEREMONY THE COMMEMORATION WAS A PRINCIPAL FEATURE OF THE INGALIK CEREMONY.

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ESKIMO IN ALASKA

THERE ARE TWO MAIN GROUPS KNOWN AS ESKIMOS. THEY TRADITIONASLLYINHABITED THE CIRCUMPOLAR REGION FROM EASTERM SIBERIA AND ACROSSS THE ALASKA, CANADIAN AND GREENLAND. YUPIK AND INUIT ARE BOTH

DIHAI--KUTCHIN IN ALASKA

THE PEOPLE'S NAME MEANS FARTHEST DOWNSTREAM. THEIR DESCENDANTS INTERMARRIED WITH NEET'S ALI GWINCH IN THE ARCTIC CIRCLE VILLAGE. THEY OCCUPY THE NORTH FORK OF THE CHANDELAR RIVER, AND THEY OCCUPY THE NORTH FORK OF THE MIDDLE TO SOUTH FORKS OF THE RIVER.

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HAIDA INDIANS IN ALASKA

THESE ARE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF ALASKA AND CANADA. THEIR TERRITORIES WERE ARCHIPELAGO OF THE QUEEN CHARLETTE ISLANDS OR HAIDA GWAII AS THEY CALL THE ISLANDS. CANADA IS CALLED THE FIRST NATIONS TRIBE. THEIR FIRST ANCESTRAL LANGUAGE IS HAIDA AND IT IS ENDANGERED.

THE HAIDA IN CANADA CREATED THE COUNCIL OF THE HAIDA NATION GAINING BACK AUTONOMY FROM THE CANADIAN INDIAN AFFAIRS IN 1980'S. THE CENTRAL COUNCIL OF THE TLINGIT AND HAIDA NATION TRIBES REPRESENT 26,000 MEMBERS

THEY ARE RENOWNED CRAFTSMEN IN WOOD AND COPPER. TOTEM POLES DEPICTING RESPECTED MYTHICAL CHARACTERS ARE COMMON SYMBOLS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR HERITAGE. CLAN TOTEMS ARE EAGLE OR RAVEN - THEY ARE ORIGINAL GUARDIANS. THEY BELIEVE THEIR HOMELAND WAS GIVEN TO THEM BY THEIR CREATOR. MANY OF THEIR MYTHS AND STORIES TOLD THE STORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP. THEY BELIEVE THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE TO CARE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT. THEY FISH, HUNT, AND TRADE. THEY HAVE A STRONG BELIEF IN THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY.

THEIR ENVIRONMENT HAS BEEN REDUCED BY THE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. THEIR NATION RESCUES NATURAL LANDS AND CO MANAGES THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA AND THE GWAII HAANAS NATIONAL PARK RESERVE AND THEIR HERITAGE SITE.

THE HAIDA ARE AN INTERNATIONAL TRIBE. THEIR MAIN HOMES ARE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND HYDALBURG, ALASKA. THEIR DIET WAS PRIMARILY HALIBUT AND SALMON. THEIR HOUSES WERE LARGE CEDAR PLANK WITH 50 ' HIGH TOTEM POLES. IN FRONT OF THE HOUSES. THE HAIDA SYSTEM OF POTLATCH REINFORCES SOCIAL HEIRARCHY OF BOTH STATUS AND WEALTH. THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIALECTS ARE KNOWN IN THE HAIDA LANGUAGE ARE UNRELATED TO ANY OTHER KNOWN TONGUE.

THEY LIVED IN 30 VILLAGES ON THE COAST OF PRINCE OF WALES. IN 1912 PRESIDENT TAFT ESTABLISHED THE ESTIMATED THE HYDABURG RESERVATION FOR PROTECTING THEIR CIVILIZATION AND TREATED AS U S CITIZENS.

THE HAIDA HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN RECLAIMING THEIR ABORIGINAL LANDS. IN 1935 THEY BROUGHT SUIT AGAINST THE U S IN A CASE THAT AWARDED THEM $7.2 MILLION FOR THEIR LANDS IN 1902! IN 1938 THEY ORGANIZED A COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION FILED A PETITION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FOR A RESERVATION ND SUBMITTED A PROCESS FOR IT'S CREATION. THEY DID GET IT PASSED BUT IN 1952 THE AGREEMENT WAS CONSIDERED NULL. IN 1977 THE ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS ACT AUTHORIZED A CORPORATION FOR EACH VILLAGE. THESE CORPORATIONS PER VILLAGE RECEIVED 23,000 ACRES OF LAND. THEY ARE LOOKING INTO BUSINESSES THAT IMPROVE FOREST PRODUCTS, HOSPITALITY, OIL PRODUCTS, AND ROCK CRUSHING.

THE HAIDA IN MASSET MADE THEIR LIVING FISHING AND THEY BUILT BOATS. WOMEN WORKED IN A CANNERY. DURING THE 60'S THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT WANTED THEM TO BE SELF GOVERNED. IN MASSET THEY SOLVED THEIR TRADITIONAL ARTS AND CRAFTS, INCLUDING TOTEM POLES, REVIVING DANCE, AND THE BUILDING OF CANOES.

THE FORESTS ARE AT LEAST 14,000 YEARS OLD AND THEY WANT TO PRESERVE THEM. THEY ARE NEARBY THE TLINGIT. THE HAIDA 'S SOCIAL STRUCTURE IS A LIVING PROCESS AND HAS ROOTS IN ANCIENT POTLATCH. THEY WERE KNOWN AS FIERCE WARRIORS AND SLAVE TRADERS, AND RAIDED INTO CALIFORNIA. THEIR ORAL STORIES RECORD JOURNEYS NORTH TO THE BERING STRAIT AND ONE STORY SAYS THEY VISITED ASIA BEFORE ANGLOS CAME TO THE COAST. THEY USED ANCIENT WESTERN RED CEDAR TREES TO CARVE THEIR FAMOUS CANOES. FROM 1 TREE THE CANOE COULD SLEEP 15 ADULTS, AND THEY USED 16 PADDLES. WOMEN WERE ALSO ON THESE JOURNEYS. SOMETIMES THEY HAD SEA BATTLES AND USED STONE RINGS ATTACHED TO BARK ROPES. THEY USED RED CEDAR ARMOR AS WELL AND WOODEN SHIELDS.

THEY WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERS. SALMON WAS SMOKED TO EAT DURING THE WINTER. THE SKELETON OF THE FIRST SALMON CAUGHT WAS PLACED IN THE WATER WHERE IT WAS PLACED IN THE WATER WHERE IT WAS CAUGHT AS AN OFFERING. RED CEDAR BARK WAS USED FOR CLOTHING. MANY ITEMS ARE MADE FROM CEDAR AND SITKA SPRUCE. HIGHLY PRIZED WEAVERS CREATE HATS AND BASKETS FROM CEDAR. THEIR ANCIENT WEAVING CALLED CHILKAT CONTINUES ALTHOUGH THEY USE WOOL INSTEAD OF MOUNTAIN GOAT FUR. THEIR FAMOUS TOTEM POLES ARE FROM RED CEDAR POLES. IN ANCIENT TIMES THEY MADE COPPER JEWELRY, ETC. THEY USE ARGILLITE, A SEDIMENTARY ROCK TO CREATE SCULPTURAL TABLETS THAT TELL THE MYSTIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE ANCIENT CULTURES.

THEY HAVE TWO MOIETIES - RAVEN AND EAGLE. THESE ARE MATRILINEAL LINEAGES WHO HAVE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF SONGS AND NAMES. PEOPLE MUST MARRY OUTSIDE OF THEIR MOIETY. POTLATCHES COULD HAVE 100'S OF PEOPLE, AND THEY COULD STAY FOR 10 DAYS. THE HOST WOULD RECEIVE GIFTS FROM THEIR NEIGHBOR'S POTLATCH.

TOTEM POLE ARTIS ELABORATE. RED DEPICTS SOLID AND BLACK DEPICTS EMPTY SPACE. THEY USED ANIMALS, BIRDS, SEA CREATURES AND MYTHIC CREATURES. AMPHIBIOUS CREATURES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A LINEAGE. RAVEN IS A TRICKSTER AND HIS STORIES INCLUDE FREEING HUMANKIND FROM A CLAM SHELL HE IS GREEDY AND CRUEL AS WELL AS TEACHING A LESSON.

THE COUNCIL OF THE TLINGIT AND HAIDA INDIAN TRIBES IS HEADQUARTERED IN JUNEAU, ALASKA. IN 2004 THE SUPREME COURT RULED THAT BEFORE ANY TIMBER HARVESTING OCCURRED ON HAIDA LAND THEY WOULD BE CONSULTED. THEIR LAND IS NOT NECESSARILY PRIVATE. LAND BUT THEY HAVE ABORIGINAL TITLE TO IT.

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DAHAI - KUTCHIN IN ALASKA

THEY WERE A SMALL TRIBE OF ATHABASKAN STOCK THEY HAD FEW PEOPLE AND ARE NOW EXTINCT.. THEY OCCUPIED THE NORTH FORK OF CHANDLER RIVER AND MIDDLE AND SOUTH FORKS OF THE CHANDLER RIVER AND MIDDLE AND SOUTH FORKS OF THE KOYUKUK RIVER, ALASKA. THEIR NAME MEANS FARTHEST DOWNSTREAM OR THOSE LIVING FARTHEST DOWNSTREAM. THEIR DESCENDANTS INTERMARRIED WITH THE NEETS'AII AND GURCH'IN IN ARCTIC VILLAGE.

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NEBESCO INDIANS IN ALASKA

THIS TRIBE IN ALASKA IS NAMED FROM THE NABESNA RIVER. THEY BELONG TO THE ATHAPASCAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY. THEY ARE IN THE TRIBUTARIES OF NABESNA AND CHISNA RIVERS. THEY HAD MANY SUBDIVISIONS. NABESNA RIVER IN 1887. ANGLOS MET THEM IN 1885. THEY HAD A VILLAGE AT CHISANA IN 1913. THEY WERE SKILLED TRADERS AND HAD A SEMI NOMADIC LIFESTYLE. THEIR LANGUAGE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE SOUTHWEST INDIANS. THEY MADE COPPER IMPLEMENTS. THEY LIVED A SEMI NOMADIC LIFE WHICH WAS BASED ON THE CYCLES OF THE FISH. THEY WERE LOCATED ON A MAJOR TRADE ROUTE. THESE NATIVES WERE IMPORTANT TRADERS OF GOODS ACROSS ALASKAN CULTURES. THEY CREATED INTRICATE BEAD AND LEATHER WORK. AROUND 20% ARE ATHABASKAN. THEIR TRADITIONS ARE STRONG.

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NISKA

THE NISKA LIVE IN NASS RIVER AREA. THEY WERE ONE OF THREE TRIBES CONSITUTING THE CHINMESYAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY. THERE WERE FOUR DIVISIONS IN THIS TRIBE. IN 1902 THEY HAD 850 PEOPLE. THEIR TERRITORY INCLUDED NASS INLET. THEY WERE FISHERS OF EULACHON FISH, AN ANADROMOUS OCEAN FISH. IT WAS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR DIET, AND THEY SMOKED THEM AND TRADED THEM WITH OTHER NEIGHBORS. THE FISH HAVE ABOUT 15% OIL AND THE OIL WAS ALSO TRADED. THEY HAD TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE TAIMSHIAN. THEIR MYTHS CENTERED AROUND THE EULACHON FISH.

CANADIAN GENEOLOGY.NET

NATSIT - KUTCHIN

THESE PEOPLE SPEAK ATHAPASKAN IN ALASKA AND LIVE IN THE YUKON REGION AND THE NUKLUKAYET AND PEEL RIVERS. THEIR POPULATION HAS DECREASED BECAUSE OF WARS BETWEEN TRIBES AND KILLING OF FEMALE CHILDREN. THE CHIEFS AND MEDICINE MEN HAD TWO WIVES. THEIR GAMES ARE MORE MANLY AND RATIONAL, AND THEIR DANCERS ARE RHYTHMICAL. THERE ARE MANY KUTCHIN TRIBES AND THEY HAVE GUESTS HERE FOR MONTHS SOME HEAD OF FAMILY TAKES HIS TURN FASTING UNTIL THEIR GUESTS HAVE DEPARTED.

NATSIT-KUTCHIN MEANS THOSE WHO LIVE OFF THE FLATS. ONE PHD ANTHROPOLOGIST, ERNEST BURCH, NOTES THAT THIS GROUP HAD ANCESTORS WHO DROVE OFF THE DINAI FROM THEIR TERRITORY. HE FIGURES THAT THEY WIPED OUT THESE INDIANS BECAUSE THEY WERE EXTREMELY WAR LIKE.

THE NATSIT WERE ABOUT TO LEAVE ON FOOT FOR FORT YUKON 300 MILES AWAY. THEY STOPPED TO HUNT DURING THEIR JOURNEY (AND PROBABLY GATHERED FRUIT AND EDIBLE PLANTS). IT TOOK THEM ONLY 2 MONTHS DESPITE THE FACT THAT THEIR TRAVEL SEASON TOOK THEM ONLY 2 MONTHS IT WAS NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE DUE TO THE WEATHER AND MELTING SNOWS. WITHIN A PERIOD OF 4 MONTHS THEY COVERED 550 MILES. THIS WAS PART OF THEIR ORDINARY CYCLE.

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KARANKAWA

KARANKAWA INDIANS ARE CALLED AUIRA IN THEIR LANGUAGE. AS A TRIBE THEY ARE NOW EXTINCT THEY HAD FIVE BANDS. THEY INHABITED THE GULF COAST OF TEXAS FROM GALVESTON BAY INTO THE PRESENT DAY OF GREATER HOUSTON AREA. THEY WERE AFFECTED GREATLY BY ANGLO DISEASES AND WAR. BY 1860 THEY WERE VIRTUALLY EXTINCT. THEIR LANGUAGE IS NOT WELL PRESERVED EITHER. KARANKAWA MEANS DOG LOVERS. IN THEIR NOMADIC CULTURE THEY MIGRATED BETWEEN THE MAINLAND AND THE BARRIER ISLANDS. THEY ADAPTED WELL TO FISHING AND HUNTING HERE. MEN WADES FROM THE SHALLOW WATERS TO THE DEEP POOLS WITH LANCES OR BOWS AND ARROWS. CHILDREN HARVESTED WATERS FOR BLUE AND STONE CRABS, OYSTERS, MUSSELS, SEA TURTLES, SHELL FISH, AND CRUSTACIANS. THEY ALSO ATE DEER MEAT AND TURTLES.

THEY WINTERED AROUND THE COASTAL BAYS EATING FISH SPECIES. DURING HOT WEATHER, SHELL FISH, ARE NOT GOOD TO EAT. THE BANDS MIGRATED INLAND TO ESCAPE SUMMER TROPICAL STORMS AND HURRICANES. THEY TRAVELED AT LEAST 100 MILES INLAND. THEY BUILT DUG OUTS AND ROUND HOUSES OF THATCH. THEY HEAPED THEIR CLAM AND OYSTER SHELLS IN BIG MOUNDS. SOME OF THEIR CAMPS HAD SEVERAL HUNDRED PEOPLE. THEIR LONG BOWS WERE THE MOST PRIZED TOOL. ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND THEY ATE DEER AND BISON, AND HARVESTED A VARIETY OF ROOTS, BERRIES AND NUTS. THEY PREPARED A CEREMONIAL DRINK WITH YAMPON HOLLY. MEN DRANK MUCH OF IT FOR PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS.

THESE FOLKS WERE HEAVILY TATTOOED, PIERCED AND PAINTED AND WERE A NOMADIC TRIBE. THEY WERE POWERFUL ARCHERY EXPERTS AS WELL. THE ANGLOS WROTE THAT THEY WERE STRIKINGLY TALL - 6'7"!

THEY WORE SHELL ORNAMENTS. THEY USED SHARK LIVER OIL TO KEEP OFF MOSQUITOS. THEY PUT THEY PUT CANE IN THEIR BOTTOM LIP. MEN'S HAIR WAS LONG AND TO THEIR WAIST. SOME OF THE MEN WERE BISEXUAL.

THEIR HUTS WERE MADE OUT OF ANIMAL SKINS AND POLES. THEY LIVED NEAR THE MEXICAN BORDER. BY 1793 SOME OF THEM WERE CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY.
THE TRADITIONAL KARANKAWA LIVED WITH LIPAN APACHE. IN 1819 30 KARAKAWA WARRIORS TRIED TO RETRIEVE ONE OF THEIR WOMEN FROM JEAN LAFITTE, A PIRATE. THEY USED CANONS AND WEAPONS, SO THE NATIVES RETREATED. DURING THE TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE THEIR CHIEF AND 20 WARRIORS WERE KILLED.

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MEXICAN KICKAPOO

NO ONE IS SURE WHEN THESE TEXAS INDIANS ARRIVED. AFTER THE WAR OF 1812 WHERE THE SETTLERS FOUGHT THE BRITISH, TWO KICKAPOO BANDS SETTLED IN MISSOURI. IN 1833 THEY MOVED TO THE KANSAS, AND OTHERS CAME TO TEXAS. TWO ANTHROPOLOGISTS STUDIED HERE WHEN THEY MOVED TO THIS AREA. THE KICKAPOO WERE GRANTED LAND BY WAS IN MEXICO , PART OF SPANISH TERRITORY. THIS PART OF MEXICO LATER BECAME TEXAS.

THEY WERE FORCED TO MOVE MANY TIMES BY THE GOVERNMENT. SOME WENT TO RESERVATION AT OKLAHOMA . OTHERS GOT LAND FROM PRESIDENT OF MEXICO AND LIVED IN MEXICO. AFTER MANY YEARS OF DROUGHT AND POWER HUNTING THEY WERE FORCED TO WORK AS MIGRANT WORKERS THROUGHOUT DIFFERENT STATES.

IN 1983 THEY APPLIED FOR U S CITIZENSHIP AND WERE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED THEY WERE GIVEN LAND JUST SOUTH OF EAGLE PASS, TEXAS. AT FIRST THEY HAD NO HOUSES. THEY LIVED IN WIKIUPS MADE OF WOOD SAPLINGS COVERED WITH BARK. THIS WAS THEIR TRADITIONAL HOUSE. IN MEXICO THEY STILL HAVE TRADITIONAL STYLE HOUSES THEY SPEND A LOT OF TIME ON THEIR LAND. IN MEXICO THEY MAINTAIN THEIR TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE. IN THE 1600'S THEY LIVED IN MICHIGAN, ONCE THE EUROPEAN CAME THEY MOVED SOUTH. THEY KEPT MOVING THEY RAISED CROPS GATHERED FISH, FRUIT, NUTS AND HUNTED DEER. THEIR HOUSES WERE SIMILAR TO THOSE IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN. THESE WOMEN DIRECTED HOUSE BUILDING THEY MADE BASKETS - NOT POTS. THEY PREPARED HIDES VERY WELL. SOME BOWLS THEY MAKE FROM SOFT STONE.

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RAILROAD PARK RESORT

THIS RESTORED HISTORIC TRAIN PARK IS JUST NEAR CASTLE CRAIGS STATE PARK IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. THE TRAIN CARS DATE BACK TO 1890'S AND WE STAYED IN ONE OF THEIR CABOOSES WHEN OUR SON WAS ABOUT 6 OR SO. WE ENJOYED SWIMMING IN THERE COOL POOL AS WELL. IT IS LOCATED NEAR DUNSMUIR, AN ARTISTIC TOWN WHERE WE HAD STOPPED BEFORE. IT HAS MANY GIFT STORES AND RESTAURANTS AND IS LOCATED IN THE CASCADE MOUNTAIN RANGE OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.

TONKAWA CREEK INDIANS

TONKAWA MEANS THEY ALL STAY TOGETHER. THEY ARE FROM OKLAHOMA AND TEXAS.THEY ONCE SPOKE TOMKAWA AND IS EXTINCT. THEY ARE FEDERALLY REGULATED AND MOST LIVE IN OKLAHOMA, IN 1400 THEY HAD 5000 MEMBERS, HOWEVER DISEASE AND WARFARE REDUCED THEM TO 1600. BY 1921 THERE WERE ONLY 34 TONKAWA LEFT!

THEY ORIGINATED IN TEXAS IN THE 1400'S. HOWEVER RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THEY HAVE INHABITED NORTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA IN 1601 AND BY 1700 THE APACHE PUSHED THEM SOUTH.

BY 1824 THEY ENTERED INTO A TREATY WITH STEPHAN AUSTIN PLEDGING SUPPORT AGAINST THE COMANCHE. IN 1858 THE TONKA WAS FOUGHT AS ALLIES OF THE TEXAS RANGERS IN THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE ROBE CREEK. DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN 1862 THE TRIBES FOUGHT AGAINST THEM KILLING 133 OF THE 309 TONKAWA. IN 1879 THE GOVERNMENT SETTLED THE NEZ PERCE ON THE TONKAWA RESERVATION. IN 1885 THEY RETURNED TO THEIR HOMELAND. THE TONKAWA WERE A GROUP OF TRIBES, MANY OF WHICH NO LONGER ARE KNOWN BY NAME. THEY ARE LOCATED IN TONKAWA, OKLAHOMA.

THEY HAVE 593 TRIBAL MEMBERS AND 500 PEOPLE LIVE THROUGHOUT THE STATE. THEIR POWWOW IN JUNE COMMEMORATES WHEN THE TRIBE ENDED THE TRAIL OF TEARS.

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IOWA TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA

THIS TRIBE IS ONE OF TWO FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBES. THE OTHER IS IOWA TRIBE OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA. TRADITIONALLY IOWAS SPOKE CHIWERE, PART OF THE SOUIAN LANGUAGE. THE NAME FOR THEIR TRIBE IS BAHKHOLE, OR GREY SNOW FOR THEIR WINTER LODGES.. THE IOWA TRIBE ORIGINATED IN THE LAKES. ALONG WITH THE HO CHUNCK THEY ARE THOUGHT TO BE A SINGLE TRIBE. IN THE 1500'S THE IOWA, OTOE, AND MISSOURI, BROKE AWAY FROM THE TRIBE AND MOVED SOUTH AND WEST. IN 1676 THEY FIRST MET EUROPEANS IN GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN.

TRADITIONALLY THEIR SOCIETY HAD TWO MOIETIES, THE BUFFALO AND BEAR CLAWS, WHO WOULD GOVERN TRIBE ON A SEMIANNUAL BASIS. ONCE THE EUROPEANS WERE HERE THE IOWA MOVED TO EASTERN IOWA AND MISSOURI. IN 1839 THEY CEDED THEIR LANDS AND MOVED TO IOWA RESERVATION ON THE KANSAS - NEBRASKA BORDER. IN 1883 THEY WERE GIVEN LANDS ON THE SACRAMENTO AND FOX RESERVATION. INDIVIDUAL LAND WAS GIVEN TO 109 TRIBAL MEMBERS.

TODAY THE TRIBE IS HEADQUARTERED IN PERKINS, OKLAHOMA. AND THEIR TRIBAL PEOPLE ARE THROUGHOUT OKLAHOMA. THEY HAVE 570 ENROLLED MEMBERS, PLUS 413 IN THE STATE. THEY OPERATE A RESORT, A CASINO, A SMOKE SHOP. AND A NEWSPAPER. THEY OWN A SOLUTIONS COMPANY FOR TRUCKING, CONSTRUCTION, ENVIRONMENTAL, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND ENERGY CONSULTING. THEY HAVE THEIR OWN CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICE. THEY HAVE A GALLERY FOR THEIR ARTISTS AND NEIGHBORING TRIBES.IT IS IN PERKINS. SINCE 1985 THEY HOLD AN ANNUAL POWWOW IN JUNE. ABOUT 30 PEOPLE STILL SPEAK CHINESE LANGUAGE. THEY ARE ARCHIVING THEIR LANGUAGE USING RECORDINGS OF THEIR ELDERS .

THEIR UNIQUE SERVICE IS THE BAHKHO JE XIA CHIA OR GREY SNOW EAGLE HOUSE BUILT IN 2006. IT REHABILITATES INJURED EAGLES THAT CAN'T BE RELEASED BACK INTO THE WILD. IT MEETS U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICES. IT IS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC AND THEY HAVE VISITORS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD. THEIR MOLTED FEATHERS ARE COLLECTED TO USE FOR CEREMONIAL USE.

WIKIPEDIA.ORG

AHTENA INDIANS

ATHENA INDIANS WERE CALLED ICE PEOPLE. THEY HAD VARIOUS NAMES. THE ATHENA BELONGED TO ATHAPASKAN STOCK. THEY RESEMBLE IN PHYSICAL APPEARANCE THE KOYUKUKOTANA. THEY HAVE 9 VILLAGES. THE MOUTH OF COPPER RIVER WAS DISCOVERED BY A EUROPEAN IN 1781. THESE NATIVES MET THEM WITH HOSTILITY. IN 1882 WHEN ALASKA BECAME A STATE OTHER TRADERS WERE KILLED BY THE NATIVES. IN 1884 LT. ALLEN VISITED THE AHTENA VILLAGES ON COPPER RIVER AND EVER SINCE THEN THE RIVER PEOPLE HAVE BEEN OK. IN 1928 THERE WERE 500 AHTENA. IN 1920 THE TOTAL POPULATION OF ALASKA WAS ABOUT 4500 PEOPLE.

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THE ALEUT IN ALASKA

THE NAME ALEUT MEANS COMMUNITY. THESE COASTAL PEOPLE WERE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, AND THE FAR WESTERN PART OF ALASKA WITH A PART OF 25,000. IN THE 1820'S A RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY RESETTLED MANY COMPANIES TO THE COMMANDER ISLANDS AND THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. THEIR POPULATION HAS DECREASED TO ABOUT 2000 DUE TO DISEASE AND TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLES. PEOPLE WITH PARTIAL ALEUT DESCENT MAY BE ABOUT 15,000.

AFTER THE 18TH CENTURY THE MISSIONARIES CONVERTED THEM TO CHRISTIANS AND THEY JOINED THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH. IN THE 1700'S THE RUSSIAN FUR TRADERS ESTABLISHED SETTLEMENTS ON THE ISLANDS AND EXPLOITED THE PEOPLE. THERE WAS A REVOLT AGAINST THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE. IT WAS BECAUSE OF THE EXHAUSTIAN OF NECESSITIES THAT RUSSIANS PROVIDED TO THE LOCAL PEOPLE. IN 1811 A PARTY OF ALEUT HUNTERS WENT TO THE SAN NICOLAS AREA NEAR BAJA, CALIFORNIA TO OBTAIN VALUABLE OTTER PELTS. THE LOCAL RESIDENT NATION SOUGHT PAYMENT FOR THESE. THIS TURNED INTO A VIOLENT BATTLE. AND NEARBY ALL THE TRIBE WAS KILLED. BY 1853 ONLY ONE WOMAN REMAINED.

PRIOR TO EUROPEAN INFLUENCE THERE WERE ABOUT 25,00 ALEUTS HERE. DISEASE SOON REDUCED THE POPULATION TO 1/10TH OF THIS. IN 2000 THERE WERE 12,000 ALEUTS HERE. THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION LEFT NO FULL BLOODED ALEUTS.

IN 1971 THE ALASKAN NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT ENROLLED ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE WHO WERE 1/4 ALASKAN.

IN 1942 DURING WW II JAPANESE FORCED HUNDREDS OF ALEUT TO BE HELD PRISONERS OF WAR. HUNDREDS MORE WERE EVACUATED TO INTERNMENT CAMPS IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA.

IN 1784 THE JAPANESE REVOLTED AGAINST THE RUSSIANS. THE ALEUTS TOLD THE JAPANESE THAT THE OTHERS WERE DECREASING YEAR BY YEAR. THE JAPANESE FELT THEIR CRISIS. TWO RUSSIANS KILLED THE CHIEFDOMS DAUGHTERS! THAT EVENING HUNDREDS OF ALEUTIANS STARTED GATHERING ON A MOUNTAIN AND MARCHED TO THE RUSSIANS HOUSES. THE RUSSIANS OPENED FIRE AND THE ALEUTS RAN BACK. THE NEXT DAY THE RUSSIANS TOOK THE ALEUTIAN WOMEN AND CHILDREN HOSTAGE. THE ALEUTS SURRENDERED. FOUR HIGH LEADERS WERE KILLED. AFTER THIS THEY MOVED TO OTHER ISLANDS. THE LEADERS OF THE RUSSIANS WERE JAILED.

THE ALEUTS LIVED IN PARTIALLY UNDERGROUND HOUSES THEY WERE COVERED WITH EARTH AND GRASS AND BUILT WITH POLES. THEY WERE SEALED EXCEPT FOR THE SMOKE HOLE ON THE TOP. THERE BEDROOMS WERE AT THE BACK OF THE LODGE.

FISHING AND HUNTING AND GATHERING WERE THE ONLY WAY ALEUTS COULD FIND FOOD. SALMON, SEAL, WALRUS, CRABS, AND SHELLFISH WERE EATEN OR ROASTED. BERRIES WERE DRIED OR WHIPPED WITH FISH. THE BLUBBER OF A WHALE OR WALRUS WAS BOILED. THEY ALSO EAT THE NEW PROCESSED FOODS.

THEY MAKE MANY TYPES ARTS INCLUDING MANY CLOTHING, TOOLS, HATS, WOODWORKING, BOATS, WEAVINGS, FIGURINES, AND IVORY CARVINGS. THEY MADE OLD TIME BENT WOOD HATS. THEY USED SEAL SKINS FOR WATERPROOF PARKAS. EACH CLAN HAD DIFFERENT NOSE PIERCING AND JEWELRY. THEY MADE EXCEPTIONAL BASKETRY USING WOVEN GRASS. THEY ALSO MADE MASKS. THEY BELIEVED ANOTHER PEOPLE LIVED HERE BEFORE THEY DID AND THESE PEOPLE ARE IN THEIR MASKS. THEY HAVE ANTHROPOMORPHIC CREATURES DESCRIBED IN ALEUTIAN LANGUAGE.

TATTOOS DEMONSTRATE THEIR ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN LIFE AND THEIR RELIGIOUS VIEWS. BODY ART ENHANCED THEIR BEAUTY AND SOCIAL STATUS. TATTOOS SIGNALED SOCIAL CLASS. EAR PIERCING WAS POPULAR. CHILDREN EAGLE SKIN PARKAS THEY WERE EXPERT SEA HUNTERS WITH LION SEA SKIN BOATS.

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CADDO INDIANS IN TEXAS

THEY INHABIT THE CADDO NATION WHICH IS A CONFEDERACY OF SOUTHEAST NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES. WHO LIVE IN EAST TEXAS AND PART OF LOUISIANA. TODAY THEIR CAPITOL IS AT BINGER OKLAHOMA . THEIR VARIOUS LANGUAGES HAVE CONVERGED INTO A SINGLE LANGUAGE. THEY ARE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED FIVE THOUSAND ARE ENROLLED IN THE TRIBE. AND 2500 LIVE IN THIS STATE OF OKLAHOMA. THEY HAVE PROGRAMS TO INVIGORATE CADDO TRADITIONS. THESE FOLKS WERE WOODLAND PEOPLE AND LIVED IN MOUNDS. SOME VILLAGES WERE ARRANGED TO GAIN PROMINENCE AS RITUAL CENTERS WITH ELITE RESIDENCES AND TEMPLE MOUND CONSTRUCTIONS. THE MOUNDS WERE AROUND PLAZAS USED FOR CEREMONIAL PURPOSES. THEY HAD COMPLEX RELIGIOUS SOCIAL IDEAS.

BY 1200 AD THE NUMEROUS VILLAGES DEFINED A CADDOAN SOCIETY WITH VILLAGES AND FARM STEADS WITH AND EXTENSIVE USE OF MAIZE. THEIR ARTISTIC ENDEAVORS AND MOUND BUILDING FLOURISHED UNTIL THE 13TH CENTURY. SOME OF THE MOUNDS WERE THE MOST ELABORATE IN THE U S, AND WERE MADE BY THEIR ANCESTORS. THEY HAD A GREAT DROUGHT DURING 1276 - 1300!

ACCORDING TO THEIR ORAL HISTORY THEY HAVE CULTURAL CONTINUITY FROM PREHISTORIC TO PRESENT TIMES. THEY BELIEVE THEIR OWN CADDO ORAL HISTORY SAYS THEY EMERGED FROM AN UNDERGROUND CAVE , CHAHKANIANA. IT TRANSLATES AS THE PLACE OF CRYING. MOON SAID NOT TO LOOK BACK. AN ELDER CADDOAN CARRIED A DRUM, A PIPE, AND FIRE - ALL RELIGIOUS ITEMS. HIS WIFE CARRIED CORN AND PUMPKIN SEEDS. PEOPLE AND ANIMALS EMERGED. THEY MOVED WEST TO RED RIVER. A WOMAN TAUGHT THE TRIBE HUNTING, FISHING, HOME CONSTRUCTION.

THEIR RELIGION IS ABOUT KADHI NAYUH - OR LORD ABOVE. PRIESTS COMMUNED WITH SPIRITS LIVING NEAR CADDO TEMPLES. THEY HAD CEREMONIES FOR CORN PLANTING. TOBACCO WAS USED FOR CEREMONIES. PRIESTS DRANK A JUICE OF WILD OLIVE LEAVES.

THE CADDO LIVED IN THE PINEY WOODS, A DECIDUOUS AND CONIFER FOREST WITH STEEP RIVER VALLEYS AND WETLANDS. THEIR MOST COMMON FOOD WAS DRIED CORN, SUNFLOWER SEEDS, PUMPKINS AND WILD TURKEYS.

DE SOTO HAD A VIOLENT CLASH WITH THE ONE BAND OF CADDO FOLKS. THE CADDO TRIBE DIVIDED INTO THREE CONFEDERACIES WHEN EUROPEANS ARRIVED. WHEN THE FRENCH AND SPANISH MISSIONARIES ARRIVED A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC BROKE OUT, AS WELL AS MEASLES, INFLUENZA, AND MALARIA. PRIOR TO EUROPEAN CLASHES THE OSAGE INDIANS PUSHED THEM OUT OF SOME OF THEIR TERRITORY. THE CADDOS NEGOTIATED FOR TERRITORY WITH SPANISH, FRENCH, AND ANGLOS. AFTER THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE IN 1803 THE GOVERNMENT ALLIED WITH THEM. IN 1835 THE NORTHERNMOST CADDO MOVED TO MEXICO.

IN 1845 TEXAS BECAME A STATE THEY FORCED SEVERAL TRIBES TO RELOCATE TO BRAZOS RESERVATION. IN 1859 MANY CADDOS WERE RELOCATED TO A SECOND TERRITORY WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. AFTER THE CIVIL WAR THEY WERE CONCENTRATED ON A RESERVATION BETWEEN THE WASHITA AND CANADIAN RIVER. THEY STILL REMAIN ACTIVE IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN CHURCH. TRIBAL ENROLLMENT IS OPEN TO FOLKS WITH 1/16 DEGREE CADDO BLOOD.

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SONOMA TRAIN TOWN

SONOMA TRAIN TOWN IS LOCATED IN SONOMA, CALIFORNIA. WHEN OUR YOUNG SON WAS ABOUT 7 TO 12 YEARS OLD. WE TOOK HIM ON MANY TRIPS IN THE COUNTY. THEY HAVE A SET OF OLD TRAIN CARS TO EXPLORE BEFORE YOU TAKE A RIDE ON A MINIATURE TRAIN. YOU CAN HIKE UP TO THE TOP OF THE TOP OF THE TOWER OVERLOOKING THE SCENERY OF THE HILLS AND CREEKS THERE ONCE ON THIS THIRTY YEAR OLD MINI TRAIN YOU PASS OVER SEVERAL BRIDGES AND STOP AT A HALF WAY POINT AND BUY SOME GRAIN TO FEED THE LLAMAS AND GOATS.
ON THE WAY BACK YOU GO THROUGH A TUNNEL AND IT IS VERY NICE. THEY HAVE A FUN CAROUSEL AS WELL THAT HAS VERY SPECIAL COLORFUL HORSES AND OTHER ANIMALS. WE USUALLY HIKED AROUND THE PLAZA OF THE TOWN WHEN WE WENT THERE. I ENJOY THE THRIFT STORES THERE AS WELL.

CHOCTAW NATION IN OKLAHOMA

FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS BEFORE EUROPEANS CAME TO THE US, THE CHOCTAW NATION WAS A TRIBE OF FARMERS IN OKLAHOMA. THEY WERE FORCIBLY REMOVED IN THE 1830'S TO SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA IN WHAT WAS KNOWN AS THE TRAIL OF TEARS. THEY HAVE BECOME STRONG AND HAVE ABOUT 200,000 PEOPLE - THEY ARE THE 3RD LARGEST TRIBE IN THE U S. THEY HAVE MANY BUSINESSES TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF TRIBAL MEMBERS. THEY HAVE A RICH TRADITION OF SERVING THE IN THE MILITARY AMONG THEIR COMMUNITY.

DURING THE LAST 30 YEARS THERE HAS BEEN A RESURGENCE OF PRESERVING THEIR HERITAGE. THEY HAVE LANGUAGE PROGRAMS TO LEARN THEIR CHOCTAW. HISTORIC BALL GAMES ARE TAUGHT TO THE YOUNG. THEY HAVE MANY ARTISTS THAT MAKE BEADS.

THEY HAVE BUILT 7 CASINOS, AND EMPLOY 7600 JOBS FOR TRIBAL AND NON TRIBAL OKLAHOMA. IN ADDITION THEY HAVE 13 TRAVEL PLAZAS, 12 SMOKE SHOPS, A PRINTING COMPANY AND A DOCUMENT ARCHIVING COMPANY. THESE BUSINESSES HELP PROVIDE THEM OF HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION, HOUSING, SENIOR CARE AND OTHER SPECIAL SERVICES TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY PROGRAMS

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ABSENTEE SHAWNEE

THE SHAWNEE ARE ALGONQUIN SPEAKING AND IN HISTORIC TIMES THEY LIVED IN OHIO, ALABAMA, AND OKLAHOMA. DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR THEY EVADED THE WARS. AFTER 1825 THE GOVERNMENT WANTED THEM TO MOVE TO KANSAS. INSTEAD THE SCATTERED GROUPS MIGRATED TO INDIAN TERRITORY AND BECAME THE ABSENTEE SHAWNEE. THE EASTERN SHAWNEE JOINED THEM FROM MISSOURI. IN 1872 CONGRESS GAVE THE ABSENTEE SHAWNEE TITLE TO THE LANDS AS A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE AND RATIFIED THERE CONSTITUTION.

THEY ARE HEADQUARTERED IN SHAWNEE, OKLAHOMA. THEY HAVE 3000 ENROLLED SHAWNEE AND 2000 LIVING IN THE STATES. THEY OWN A GAS STATION, A SMOKE SHOP, AND A CASINO. THEY CREATED A CULTURAL PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT TO SUPPORT CULTURAL AND LANGUAGE PRESERVATION. THEY OFFER A SHAWNEE LANGUAGE. AS FAR AS 2006 ABOUT 400-800 PEOPLE STILL SPEAK SHAWNEE.

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ALABAMA QUASSARTE

THIS IS A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE THAT SPEAKS MUSKOGEE. THEY HAVE HAVE THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY ENROLLED MEMBERS AS A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE OF THE CHUSHATTA TRIBE OF LOUISIANA THAT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1939.

THEY WERE ORIGINALLY TWO DIFFERENT TRIBES ON THE ALABAMA RIVER. DURING THE 17TH CENTURY AFTER A CONFLICT WITH FRENCH SETTLERS, THE TRIBES FORMED AN ALLIANCE. THEY INTERMARRIED FREELY AND WERE TRADING PARTNERS . IN 1763 THEY JOINED THE MUSKOGEE NATION CONFEDERACY. BEFORE THE REMOVAL OF MUSKOGEE CREEK PEOPLE FROM ALABAMA, THE MUSKOGEE NATIONAL CONFEDERACY INCLUDED OVER 44 DIFFERENT TRIBAL TOWNS. THE ALABAMA QUASSARTE PEOPLE HAD 6 TO 8 OF THOSE TOWNS. SINCE SETTLERS CAME IN SOME OF THESE NATIVES MOVED TO LOUISIANA AND TEXAS IN 1800'S. THEY FORMED THE COUSHATTA TRIBE.

THE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830'S FORCED THE TRIBAL TOWN TO INDIAN TERRITORY. THE ALABAMA QUASSARTE TRIBE STILL HAS IT'S CULTURAL IDENTITY, AND KEPT THEIR TRADITIONAL DANCES ALIVE. TODAY THIS TRIBE IS IN WETAUNKA, OKLAHOMA. THEY HAVE A CHIEF, A SECOND CHIEF, A CHAIRMAN OF GOVERNING COMMITTEE WITH 12 MEMBERS WHO WERE CEREMONIAL LEADERS.THEY ARE CLOSE TO THE MUSKOGEE CREEK NATION.

PRIOR TO THIS REMOVAL THE MUSKOGEE CONFEDERACY EACH HAD A DISTINCT IDENTITY. AS A TRIBAL TOWN. THE TRIBE OWNS ENTERPRISES AND GENERATES A LOT OF MONEY.

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CHURCH OF SPRITUAL LIVING

YESTERDAY I WENT TO THE CHURCH OF SPIRITUAL LIVING WHERE THE THEME WAS DROPPING THE LAYERS OF INSULATION. THE BAND AND SINGERS WERE GREAT AS USUAL. DR EDWARD'S TALK WAS USING OUR SHIELDS TO INSULATE US FROM DISCRIMINATING. USE YOUR RELIGION TO TAKE REFUGE FROM ALL THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS IN YOUR DAY. NEW THOUGHT HAS BELIEFS IN COMMON. HE SAID WHEN HE FIRST BECAME A MINISTER HERE HE STARTED READING ABOUT VARIOUS INDIAN STORIES. CHIEF SEATTLE WAS FROM THE WASHINGTON STATE AND SAID HUMANKIND DID NOT WEAVE THE WEB OF LIFE - IT WAS BY A GREAT SPIRIT. TRUST THE ACTION IN YOUR BEING.

DR. EDWARD SAID WE BELIEVE THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF LIFE TO BE A COMPLETE EMANCIPATION FROM ALL DISCORD OF EVERY NATURE, AND THAT THIS GOAL IS SURE TO BE ATTAINED BY ALL. ANCIENT WISDOM HAS VARIOUS PHILOSOPHIES. LOOK TO ALL SPIRIT LIFE TO IMPROVE YOUR LIFE. WE ALL HAVE UNINFORMED POTENTIAL. LOOK DEEPLY FOR PEOPLE TO JOIN TOGETHER.

INTERNATIONAL FAIR TRADE DAY

LAST SATURDAY I ATTENDED A PRESENTATION REGARDING THE INTERNATIONAL FAIR TRADE ACTIONS AND LEADERS WHO ARE HELPING TO HARVEST ECONOMIC POWER THROUGH THEIR CONSUMERS AND ARTISANS TO CREATE A JUST AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE.

ONE LADY FLEW IN FROM LIMA, PERU. SHE TOLD MUCH OF HER STORY ABOUT HOW SHE HAD WORKED AS A JEWELER IN A FACTORY IN CUZCO AND ALSO WAS TRAINING TO BE A DENTAL ASSISTANT AT THE SAME TIME. SHE GOT VERY LITTLE SLEEP AT NIGHT AND FOUND THAT SHE COULD NOT AFFORD TO STAY IN THAT FACTORY. SHE MET TWO OTHER LADY JEWELERS THERE AND THEY DECIDED TO FORM A COMPANY THAT PRODUCED SILVER JEWELRY. SILVER PRICES HAVE INCREASED THREE FOLD WITHIN THE LAST TWO YEARS. THEY HAPPENED TO HEAR OF FAIR TRADE PROGRAM AND APPROACHED THEM FOR FURTHER DIRECTION. FAIR TRADE TOLD THEM THAT THEY HAD TO HAVE FIVE PEOPLE IN THEIR COMPANY IN ORDER TO HAVE THEIR JEWELRY SOLD THROUGH THEM. SO THEY FOUND TWO OTHER LADIES TO HELP MAKE THEIR JEWELRY.

NOT ONLY IS FAIR TRADE INVOLVED IN FABRICS, JEWELRY, AND WOOLEN GOODS, THEY ALSO ARE MEETING FARMERS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES TO PRODUCE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND MARKET ORGANIC DRIED FRUITS. THEY WERE ESTABLISHED IN 2003 AND THEY ALSO ESTABLISH PUBLIC EDUCATORS TO ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO CHECK OUT FAIR TRADE PRODUCT. THEIR ONE GOAL IS TO PAY THE ARTISANS AND FARMERS A FAIR PRICE AND INSTEAD OF TRADITIONAL MARKETING USE A FAIR TRADE SUPPLY CHAIN. THIS MEANS THAT THE PRODUCTS COME FROM THE PRODUCER AND GO TO FAIR TRADE DISTRIBUTOR TO A STORE OR CAFE AND THEN TO YOU. WITH CONVENTIONAL FAIR TRADE THE PRODUCTS GO THROUGH SEVEN DIFFERENT HANDS INSTEAD OF TWO IN FAIR TRADE. THIS GIVES THE PRODUCERS A MUCH HIGH RATE OF PAY. AND PREMIUMS FROM FAIR TRADE PRODUCTION ARE INVESTED BACK INTO THE COMMUNITY. THEY ALSO FOCUS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY.

THEY ENSURE THAT WORKERS RECEIVE A LIVING WAGE IN A HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENT. IT WAS A FUN EVENT AND THE PERUVIAN JEWELER SHOWED US HOW SHE MADE HER INTRICATE EARRINGS.

APACHE OF OKLAHOMA

THE APACHE HAVE FEWER THAN 600 ENROLLED MEMBERS AND THEY ARE THE ONE OF THE SMALLEST TRIBES BASED BASED IN OKLAHOMA. THEY HAVE APACHE AND KIOWA ANCESTRY. THEY ARE COMPOSED OF THE APACHE FROM NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA AND MEXICO.

THE NUMERAL TWO OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THEIR TRIBE.EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD CLOSE TIES WITH THE KIOWA THEIR LIFESTYLE WAS VERY DIFFERENT. THEY LIVED IN THE MOUNTAINS AND PLAINS. IN OKLAHOMA THEIR TRIBE IS MADE UP OF THREE DIVISIONS OF APACHE PEOPLE.

OKLAHOMA-TRIBES
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CHEROKEE INDIANS

THESE PEOPLE WERE DESCENDED FROM MEMBERS OF THE OLD CHEROKEE WHO RELOCATED TO TO THE SOUTHEAST AND CHEROKEE WERE FORCED TO RELOCATE TO THE SOUTHEAST AND CHEROKEE WERE FORCED TO RELOCATE ON THE TRAIL OF TEARS.. THE TRIBE ALSO INCUDES CHEROKEE FREEDOM AND DESCENDANTS OF THE NATCHEZ NATION. OVER 290,000 PEOPLE ARE ENROLLED IN THE CHEROKEE NATION WITH 180,000 ENROLLED IN OKLAHOMA.

THIS CHEROKEE TRIBE IS NOT THE HISTORICAL TRIBE BUT A SUCCESSOR. THEY ARE LOCATED IN TAHLEQUAH, OKLAHOMA, AND SPAN 14 COUNTRIES. THEY HAVE A DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED GOVERNMENT LED BY A PRINCIPAL CHIEF. THEY HAVE TWO TRIBAL CHIEFS. THEY HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF BUSINESSES OPERATED BY THE CHEROKEE NATION.

THE CURTIS ACT OF 1898, ALMOST DISSOLVED THE CHEROKEE NATION GOVERNMENT AND CIVIC INSTITUTIONS TO MAKE WAY FOR INCORPORATING THE INDIAN TERRITORY INTO THE NEW STATE OF OKLAHOMA. BY 1906 THE GOVERNMENT APPOINTED THE CHIEFS TO THE CHEROKEE NATION. THE NATION RECOGNIZED THAT IT NEEDED LEADERSHIP. THEY ELECTED A CHIEF. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT CONFIRMED THE ELECTION IN 1941. W KEELER WAS CHIEF IN 1949 AND THEY REBUILT THEIR GOVERNMENT. THEY BUILT CASINOS, THEY BUILT VARIOUS BUSINESSES, THEY BUILT HEALTH CLINICS, A COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND UNIVERSITIES. THOUSANDS WORKED AS CONTRACTORS FOR DEFENSE DEPARTMENTS.. THEY BUILT A CHEROKEE HERITAGE CENTER. MANY GROUPS HAVE SOUGHT RECOGNITION BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, BUT THERE ARE ONLY THREE GROUPS SO RECOGNIZED. THE CHEROKEE SPOKESMAN HAS SET UP THE CHEROKEE HERITAGE GROUPS. PRIOR TO 75 TEXAS CHEROKEES WERE PART OF THE CHEROKEE NATION. FOLLOWING THE ADOPTION OF THE CHEROKEE NATION CONSTITUTION. IN 1975, THE CHEROKEE DESCENDANTS WERE EXCLUDED FROM CITIZEN SHIP. THEIR ANCESTORS WERE NOT RECORDED ON THE ROLES. TODAY ABOUT 800 HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO GAIN OFFICIAL RECOGNITION AS CHEROKEE AND THEY LIVE IN TEXAS.

ON APRIL 2008 THE COUNCILS OF CHEROKEE NATION PASSED A RESOLUTION OPPOSING FABRICATED AND DENOUNCED FEDERAL RECOGNITION OF THIS. SO CALLED CHEROKEE TRIBES. THERE IS NO PUBLIC FUNDING FROM GOVERNMENT ON BEHALF OF NO FEDERAL RECOGNITION OF CHEROKEE TRIBES. THE NATION ACKNOWLEDGES THE EXISTENCE OF CHEROKEE DESCENT IN ARKANSAS, KANSAS, MISSISSIPPI AND OTHER STATES. THEY ARE CHEROKEE BY BLOOD BUT NOT MEMBERS OF THE CHEROKEE NATION.

TODAY THE CHEROKEE NATION IS 1 OF THE U S LEADING GROUPS FOR ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION. THEY PARTICIPATE IN MANY JOINT PROGRAMS WITH THE EASTERN BAND OF CHEROKEE INDIANS. IT ALSO PARTICIPATES IN CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS WITH THE EASTERN BAND OF CHEROKEE INDIANS. IT ALSO PARTICIPATES IN CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS AND ADDRESSES VARIOUS ISSUES.


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CHICKASAW INDIANS IN OKLAHOMA

IN ANCIENT TIMES THEY WERE REVERED. THEY ALLIED WITH THE ENGLISH DURING THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. OTHER TRIBES THAT WERE FORCED TO RELOCATE IN THE 1930'S WERE THE CHOCTAW, CREEK, CHEROKEE, AND SEMINOLE - THEY WERE CALLED THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGHLY DEVELOPED RULING SYSTEMS. THEY BUILT SCHOOLS, BANKS, AND BUSINESSES. AFTER 1907 WHEN OKLAHOMA GAINED STATEHOOD, THE PRESIDENT OF THE U S GAINED STATEHOOD, THE PRESIDENT OF THE U S APPOINTED THE PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE CHICKASAW NATION.

FROM THEIR MIGRATION TO WHAT IS NOW MISSISSIPPI, KENTUCKY, AND ALABAMA, AND TENNESSEE. PREHISTORIC TIMES TO THE PURCHASE OF OUR NEW HOMELAND IN SOUTH CENTRAL OKLAHOMA, THEIR ROOTS HAVE BEEN IN NATURE. THEY POSSESS A HISTORY OF WARRIORS. IN ANCIENT TIMES THEY WERE CALLED THE SPARTANS. OF LOWER MISSISSIPPI. THEY HAD A SOPHISTICATED RULING SYSTEM WITH LAWS AND RELIGION. THEY HAD GOOD LUCK TRADING WITH OTHER TRIBES, AND WERE FARMERS IN HISTORIC TIMES.

THEY MOVED TO INDIAN TERRITORY DURING THE GREAT REMOVAL ON WHAT WAS CALLED THE TRAIL OF TEARS. OTHER TRIBES WERE RELOCATED. THE CHICKASAW WERE ONE OF THE LAST T5O MOVE. IN 1837 THE CHICKASAW WERE ONE OF THE LAST TO MOVE. IN 1837 THE CHICKASAW MOVED AMONG THE CHOCTAW TRIBE. IN 1856 THEY SEPARATED FROM THE CHOCTAWS AND HAD THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT.

THEY ESTABLISHED A CAPITAL AT TISHOMONGO, OKLAHOMA AND ADOPTED A CONSTITUTION AND ORGANIZED EXECUTIVE AND ELECTIVE DEPARTMENTS. DURING THE CIVIL WAR THE CHICKASAW SIGNED AN ALLIANCE WITH THE SOUTH AND RAISED TROOPS TO FIGHT WITH CONFEDERACY. THEY SUFFERED HARDSHIPS AFTER THE DEFEAT OF THE CONFEDERACY, THEY REGAINED PROSPERITY. THEY BECAME GOOD FARMERS AND RANCHERS. IN 1970 CONGRESS ALLOWED THEM TO ELECT THEIR OFFICER.

LEGEND SAYS THE TRIBE MOVED FROM THE SETTING SUN TO THE EAST AS ORDAINED BY GOD. THEY EXPERIENCED GREAT SORROW BY THEIR ANCESTORS WHEN THEY WOULD HAVE TO BE REMOVED FROM SACRED HOME. TODAY FAMILY HISTORIES CONNECT OUR PEOPLE TO THE NATION.

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TIGUA INDIANS

TIGUA IS A GROUP OF PUEBLO TRIBES COMPRISING 3 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS. ONE GROUP IS IN NEW MEXICO . THE OTHER TWO LIVE ON THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. THEY WERE FIRST KNOWN IN HISTORY THROUGH CORONADO'S 1540 EXPEDITION. THEY HAD 12 PUEBLOS AND GREW CORN COTTON ,BEANS, SQUASH, MELONS, AND WORE LONG ROBES. THEY WERE FRIENDLY WITH THE SPANISH. AND IN 1540 THE SPANISH DEMANDED THEM TO GIVE THEM THEIR CLOTH AND BLANKETS. THE TIGUA RAN OFF THEIR HORSE HERD AND KILLED A LARGE NUMBER OF SPANIARDS. AFTER A PERIOD THEY STRUCK UP ON PEACE. THROUGH MISUNDERSTANDING THESPIANS KILLED 200 OF THEIR PEOPLE. LATER THE NATIVES BEAT OFF THE SPANISH. THE SOLDIERS KEPT CAPTURING NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN AND WOMEN AND CHILDREN! THEY CONTINUED TO CAPTURE OTHER PUEBLOS THROUGHOUT TEXAS AND ARIZONA.

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JUMENCO INDIANS

THESE FOLKS WERE A PROMINENT TRIBE WHO INHABITED WESTERN TEXAS AND ADJACENT NEW MEXICO NEAR LA JUNTA. THEY HAD NEARLY DISAPPEARED BY 1750, AND SPANISH EXPLORERS WERE HERE IN THE 1500'S. SCHOLARS ARE STILL UNSURE IF THEY WERE A SINGLE WIDELY SCATTERED TRIBE OR IF IT WAS A GENERIC TERM USED TO REFER TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT GROUPS.

SPANISH RECORDS FROM THE 16TH TO 18TH CENTURY REFER TO THEM AS JUMERO. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEM AS HUNTERS, FARMERS, OR TRADERS. CABEZA DE VACAS DESCRIBED THEM IN 1535 AS PEOPLE WITH THE BEST BODIES THAT THEY SAW AND GREATEST LIVELINESS.THEY COOKED THEIR FOOD IN GOURDS IN WHICH HOT STONES WERE DROPPED. JUMENCO FOLKS WERE USED BY SPANIARDS IN 1582 AS AN AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE NEAR LA JUNTA. THEY CALLED THEM BUFFALO HUNTERS. THEY TRAVELED WIDELY TO TRADE MEAT AND SKINS FOR AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE NEAR LA JUNTA. THEY CALLED THEM BUFFALO HUNTERS. THEY TRAVELED WIDELY TO TRADE MEAT AND SKINS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. THE GRAN QUIVERA WAS THE LARGEST PUEBLO. THEY SPECULATED THAT THE JUMANO OF TOMPICO PUEBLO WERE ANCESTORS OF KIOWA. THE SCHOLARS AGREE THAT THEY WERE NOMADIC BISON HUNTING FOLKS OF THE PECOS AND CONCHO RIVER VALLEYS OF TEXAS. BY 1750 THEY WERE MOSTLY ABSORBED BY THE APACHE.

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CITIZEN POTAWATAMI

THE POTAWATAMI ARE A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE IN OKLAHOMA WHO SPEAK ALGONQUIN. THEY ARE THE DESCENDANTS OF THE MISSION BAND OF POTAWATAMI WHO LIVED IN INDIANA. WITH THE INDIAN RENEWAL ACT IN 1833 THE MISSION BAND MARCHED TO KANSAS. OF THE 850 POTAWATAMI PEOPLE FORCED TO MOVE, 40 DIED ALONG THE WAY. IT IS KNOWN AS THE POTAWATAMI TRAIL OF DEATH.

THEIR HEADQUARTERS ARE IN SHAWNEE, OKLAHOMA. THERE ARE 26,900 MEMBERS IN OKLAHOMA. THEY HAVE BANKS, A CASINO, GAS STATION, A TRUCK STOP, AND A BINGO HALL. IN 2006 THEY OPENED A LARGE POTAWATAMI NATIONAL MUSEUM AND CULTURAL CENTER/HERITAGE CENTER WHICH HAS A LIBRARY, A MEETING ROOM, AND MUSEUM STORE. THEIR INTERTRIBAL POWWOW IS NO LONGER HELD. THEY DO HAVE A THREE DAY FAMILY REUNION FESTIVAL IN JUNE.


THEY MOVED TO KANSAS AND LIVED ON THE SMALL RESERVE WITH PRAIRIE BAND POTAWATAMI NATION. THE PRAIRIE BAND ADAPTED TO THE PLAINS CULTURE. BUT THE MISSION BAND STAYED WITH THEIR WOODLAND CULTURE. BOTH GROUPS HAD DIFFERENT CEREMONIES AND SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES BUT THEY SHARED LAND. SEEKING BETTER OPPORTUNITIES THE MISSION BAND CHOSE TO TAKE SMALL FARMS RATHER THAN TO LIVE WITH THE PRAIRIE BAND. SHORTLY THEREAFTER, MOST OF THE ALLOTMENT S OF OF THE MISSION BAND TOOK SMALL FARMS RATHER THAN LIVE WITH PRAIRIE BANDS. THESE NEW ALLOTMENTS OWNERSHIP WERE SOLD TO WHITE SETTLERS AND TRADERS. IN 1867 THE MISSION POTAWATAMI SIGNED A TREATY TO SELL THEIR LANDS TO PURCHASE INDIAN TERRITORY WITH THEIR PROCEEDS. THE TRIBE TOOK U S CITIZENSHIP. FROM THIS TIME FORWARD THEY BECAME KNOWN AS CITIZEN POTAWATAMI.


BY EARLY 1870'S THEY HAD RESETTLED IN INDIAN TERRITORY. IN 1877 THE DAWES ACT FORCED THEM TO ACCEPT ALLOTMENTS AGAIN. THE REMAINDER OF THEIR RESERVATION IN OKLAHOMA WAS OPENED TO NON INDIAN SETTLEMENTS. THE GOVERNMENT GAVE AWAY 450 SQUARE MILES OF THEIRS TO THE SETTLERS.

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CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO

THESE TRIBES ARE UNITED AND FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED. THE SOUTHERN ARAPAHO AND SOUTHERN CHEYENNE LIVE IN OKLAHOMA. THEIR TOTAL POPULATION IS 12,000. IN THE LATE 1870'S THEY STILL LIVED IN TIPIS. THE TWO TRIBES ARE DISTINCT AND HAVE DIFFERENT HISTORIES. THE CHEYENNE ARE AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE LOCATED ORIGINALLY NEAR THE GREAT LAKES IN MINNESOTA. THEIR LANGUAGE IS ALGONQUIN. THEY HAD PROPHETS AND A SACRED BELIEF THAT WAS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM THE ARAPAHO. THE LATER ADOPTED THE HORSE CULTURE IN THE 1700'S TO FOLLOW THE BUFFALO. THEIR PROPHET ORGANIZED THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR SOCIETY AND THEY HAD 44 PEACE CHIEFS AND WARRIOR SOCIETIES.

THE ARAPAHO CAME FROM SASKATCHEWAN, WYOMING, AND SOUTH DAKOTA IN THE 1700'S. THEY USED HORSE AND WERE SUCCESSFUL NOMADIC HUNTERS . IN 1800 THEY MERGED WITH THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN GROUPS. THEY BECAME PROSPEROUS TRADERS, UNTIL THE SETTLERS SETTLERS CAME ONTO THEIR LANDS IN 1860'S. THEY MADE PEACE WITH THE CHEYENNE AND LAKOTA.

THE ARAPAHO FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH THE CHEYENNE IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES. TOGETHER THEY WERE A FORMIDABLE MILITARY FORCE, ACTIVE TRADERS AND HUNTERS.. THEIR TERRITORIES WENT FROM MONTANA TO TEXAS. IN 1851 THE FORT LARAMIE TREATY WAS RECOGNIZED AND GUARANTEED THEIR RIGHTS TO TRADITIONAL LANDS IN COLORADO, KANSAS, NEBRASKA, AND WYOMING. THE US COULD NOT ENFORCED THE TREATY. THEY HAD REPEATED CONFLICTS WITH SETTLERS. IN 1867 THE GOVERNMENT MADE A MEDICINE LODGE TREATY FOR BOTH TRIBES TO GO TO A RESERVATION. THE LOCATION IS NEAR FORT RENO, OKLAHOMA. THE DAWES ACT BROKE UP THEIR LAND BASE

BY 1936 THE CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO ORGANIZED INTO A SINGLE TRIBAL GOVERNMENT IN 1937. BY 2006 THEY DEVELOPED A NEW CONSTITUTION, TODAY THEY HAVE 12,000 MEMBERS ENROLLED AND ABOUT 8,600 LIVE IN OKLAHOMA OUTSIDE OF THEW RESERVATION. CONCHO IS WHERE THEIR OFFICE IS LOCATED.

THEY HAVE BUILT MANY CASINOS AND HAVE A CULTURE AND HERITAGE PROGRAM THAT TEACHES ABOUT THEIR TRADITIONS AND LANGUAGES. IN 2006 THEY BUILT A CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO TRIBAL COLLEGE.

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HITCHITI INDIANS

THESE GEORGIAN INDIANS WERE CALLED ATCIKHATA AND THIS APPLIED TO ALL OF THE INDIANS WHO SPOKE HITACHI LANGUAGE. THIS NAME IS SAID TO REFER TO WHITE ASHES. BY THEIR CEREMONIAL GROUNDS. THE HITACHI BELONG TO MUSKHGEAN THE MOTHER TOWN OF THE ATCIKHATA GROUP. THEY ARE LOCATED PRESENTLY ON THE CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER IN THAT COUNTY. DURING AN EARLIER PERIOD THEY WERE ON THE LOWER COURSE OF THE OCMOLGEE RIVER.

THEIR VILLAGE OF HITCHITOOCHEE IS ON FLINT RIVER BELOW IT'S JUNCTION WITH KINCHAFOOTEE CREEK. THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE OCUTE OF DE SOTO'S RIVER. CHRONICLER'S WHO WERE ON THE OCUMUGLEE RIVER. EARLY ENGLISH MAPS SHOW THEIR TOWN ON THE SITE OF PRESENT MACON, GEORGIA. BUT AFTER 1715THEY MOVE TO THE CHATTAHOOCHEE, SETTING IN HENRY COUNTY ALABAMA. LATER THEY MOVED TO OKLAHOMA WHERE THEY MERGED WITH THE REST OF THE CREEK CONFEDERACY. IN 1812 THEIR ENTIRE POPULATION WAS 380 PEOPLE. THE SEMINOLES ARE THOUGHT TO BE HALF CREEK AND HALF HITCHITI. THE HITACHI WERE ABSORBED INTO THE CREEK NATION AND PRESERVED A LARGE PART OF THEIR OWN LANGUAGE. THEY GAINED FEDERAL RECOGNITION AS THE MUCCOSUKEE TRIBE IN 1962.

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LAKOTA AND DAKOTA INDIANS IN THE DAKOTAS

LAKOTA WERE KNOWN AS DWELLERS OF THE PRAIRIE. THEY ARE PART OF A CONFEDERATION OF SEVEN RELATED SIOUX TRIBES AND SPEAK THE SIOUX LANGUAGE. THEY LIVE IN BOTH NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. SITTING BULL WAS FROM THE HUNKPAPA BAND. THEY MIGRATED WEST FROM THE GREAT LAKES AREA.

IN 1730 THEY WERE INTRODUCED TO THE HORSE CULTURE BY THE CHEYENNE AND THEIR LIFE CENTERED ON BUFFALO HUNTING. IN 1750THERE WERE 20,000 LAKOTA. TODAY THERE ARE 70,000. THE ARIKAWA PREVENTED THEM TO CROSS THE MISSOURI. HOWEVER, AFTER SMALLPOX NEARLY DESTROYED THESE TRIBES. ONE LAKOTA PARTY LED BY CHIEF STANDING BEAR DISCOVERED THE BLACK HILLS AND THEY CALLED IT PAHA SAPA . THE CHEYENNE WERE ALSO LOCATED THERE. IN 1770'S SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC DESTROYED 3/4 OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN POPULATIONS ON THE AMERICAN INDIAN POPULATIONS ON THE MISSOURI VALLEY. IN 1776 THE LAKOTA DEFEATED CHEYENNE. IN 1851 THE FORT LARAMIE TREATY WAS NEGOTIATED IN ORDER TO PROTECT EMIGRANT TRAVELERS ON THE OREGON TRAIL. AND THE ATTACKS OF SETTLERS WAS SUPPOSED TO END.

THE GOVERNMENT DID NOT ENFORCE THE TREATY AGAINST EUROPEAN/AMERICAN ENCROACHMENT. THE LAKOTA ATTACKED SETTLERS. BY 1835 700 SOLDIERS ATTACKED A LAKOTA VILLAGE KILLING 100 PEOPLE. OTHER WARS FOLLOWED. THE HILLS WERE SACRED TO THE LAKOTA. ONCE GOLD WAS FOUND THIS LAND WAS INVADED BY GOLD SEEKERS.. THE GREAT SIOUX WAR WAS HELD ON 1876 TO 1877. NOT ONLY INDIANS BUT SETTLERS HUNTED BUFFALO.

THE CHEYENNE, LAKOTA, AND ARAPAHO WIPED OUT OVER 260 SOLDIERS AND THE CUSTER BATTALION. HOWEVER, IN 1877 THE LAKOTA WERE CONFINED TO RESERVATIONS AND COULD NOT HUNT BUFFALO. TODAY MANY LIVE IN RAPID CITY

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MUSKOGEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA

THE MUSKOGEE ARE ALSO KNOWN AS THE CREEK AND ARE NATIVE TO FLORIDA AND GEORGIA.. THEIR LANGUAGE IS MVSKOKE, A MEMBER OF THE MUSKOGEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY. MVSKOKE IS THEIR TRADITIONAL NAME. THEY WERE DESCENDANTS OF THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE PEOPLES WHO BUILT EARTHWORK MOUNDS AT THEIR CHIEFDOM. THE EARLY SPANISH EXPLORERS ENCOUNTERED MUSKOGEE ANCESTORS IN MISSISSIPPI.

UNDER GEORGE WASHINGTON THEY WERE THE 1ST NATIVE AMERICANS TO BE CIVILIZED. IN 1811 THE SHAWNEE LEADER, TECUMSEH, CONVINCED THEM TO RESIST EFFORTS OF CIVILIZATION. DURING 1830, THE INDIAN REMOVAL TIME, MOST OF THEM MOVED TO INDIAN TERRITORY.

12,000 YEARS AGO THE PALEOLITHIC INDIANS WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS HERE. THEY HUNTED MEGAFAUNA. THE WOODLAND PERIOD WAS FROM 1000 B.C. TO 1000 A.D. AND THE EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX WAS MARKED BY POTTERY DEVELOPMENT.

THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE AROSE AS THE MESOAMERICAN CROPS OF CORN AND BEANS LED TO POPULATION GROWTH. THIS LED TO A URBAN CENTERS AND CHIEFDOMS - CAHOKIA IN ILLINOIS WAS THE GREATEST SETTLEMENT OF THIS ERA FROM 800 TO 1500 A.D. LAST MISSISSIPPI CULTURE IS WHAT THE EARLIEST SPANISH EXPLORERS FOUND IN 1513 WITH PONCE DE LEON LANDING IN FLORIDA.

A SPANISH EXPEDITION IN THE 1500'S BY HERNANDO DE SOTO EXPLORED FLORIDA AND GEORGIA, AS WELL AS ALABAMA ANS MISSISSIPPI. THESE AREAS WERE LATER THE TERRITORY OF THE MUSCOGEE INDIANS. HE BROUGHT WITH HIM A WELL EQUIPPED ARMY. THE NATIVES DECIDED TO DEFEND THEIR TERRITORY. THE BATTLE OF MABILEQ WAS A TURNING POINT FOR DE SOTO AND THE EXPEDITION NEVER RECOVERED.

HIS EXPEDITION CARRIED NEW DISEASES TO THE INDIGENOUS FOLKS, WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO THE COLLAPSE OF MISSISSIPPI CULTURE. THE SURVIVORS REGROUPED INTO THE CREEK CONFEDERACY. THEY FORMED A LOOSE ALLIANCE OF MUSCOGEE SPEAKING FOLKS. THEY LIVED THROUGHOUT PRESENT DAY TENNESSEE, GEORGIA AND ALABAMA.

HITACHI SPEAKERS WERE THE FIRST TO BE DISPLACED BY WHITE SETTLERS, AND THE LANGUAGE DIED OUT. THE BASIC SOCIAL UNIT WAS THE TOWN. THERE ARE FOUR MOTHER UNITS OF THE MUSKOGEE CONFEDERACY. ABHIKA, COOSA, CUSETTA, AND COWETA. THE MOST IMPORTANT LEADER WAS THE MICO OR VILLAGE CHIEF. MICOS LED WARRIORS IN BATTLE AND MADE DECISIONS. THEY RULED WITH LESSER CHIEFS AND VILLAGE ELDERS, AND MILITARY LEADERS. THE MEDICINE MEN ADMINISTERED AT VARIOUS RITUALS. THE CLAN WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT SOCIAL UNIT. THEY ORGANIZED HUNTS, DISTRIBUTED LAND AND ARRANGED MARRIAGES AND HAD AUTHORITY TO PUNISH LAWBREAKERS. CLAN MEMBERSHIP WAS MATRILINEAL

BRITISH, FRANCE AND SPAIN ESTABLISHED COLONIES IN THE SOUTHEAST U.S. SPAIN BUILT MISSIONS TO CONTROL NATIVES. IN THE 1700'S THE CAROLINA GOVERNOR LED SOLDIERS AND INDIANS TO DESTROY MISSIONS. SOME CAPTURED NATIVES WERE SOLD INTO SLAVERY. THE MISCOGEE DECLARED THEY WERE NEUTRAL. SAVANNAH GEORGIA WAS CREATED IN 1732 WHERE THERE WAS A FUR TRADING POST. THERE WERE INTERMARRIAGES, ONCE THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR ENDED IN 1763, FRANCE LOST ITS EMPIRE AND BRITISH AMERICAN SETTLERS MOVED INLAND. SOME INDIANS RAIDED BACKCOUNTRY SETTLERS AND THE PERCEPTION OF THE GOVERNMENT FAVORED INDIANS. AFTER THE WAR THE BRITISH CEDED THEIR LANDS TO INDEPENDENT U.S. THE MUSCOGEE HAD 20 CLANS. IN 1814 THEY WERE FORCED TO SIGN THE TREATY TO CEDE OVER 1/2 OF THEIR LAND TO THE GOVERNMENT. SOME FOLKS FLED TO FLORIDA.

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TIMCUA INDIANS OF GEORGIA

THESE NATIVE AMERICANS WERE IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA AND SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. THEY CONSISTED ABOUT 35 CHIEFDOMS AND THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE. THEY ALL DIALECTS. THEY HAD ABOUT 19,000 SQUARE MILES. IT STRETCHED FROM THE ALTAMAHA RIVER TO THE CUMBERLAND ISLAND.

THEIR GROUPS PRACTICED SEVERAL CULTURAL TRADITIONS. THEY SUFFERED FROM EUROPEAN DISEASES SEVERELY. BY 1600 THEIR POPULATION WENT FROM 200,000 TO 50,000. BY 1700 THEY WERE REDUCED TO 1000. WARFARE AGAINST THEM AND NATIVE ALLIES COMPLETED THEIR EXTINCTION AS A TRIBE.

THEIR PRECOLUMBIAN ERA HAD REGULAR SMALL TRIBAL WARS. THEY WERE A LARGE AND POWERFUL GROUP WITH 1000'S IN VILLAGES. THEY HAD LOOSE POLITICAL ALLIANCES. THEY PROBABLY SAW PONCE DE LEON IN ST. AUGUSTINE. BY 1539 DE SOTA HAD AN ARMY THROUGH THEIR TERRITORY. HIS ARMY SEIZED FOOD, TOOK WOMEN, AND FORCED MEN TO SERVE AS GUIDES.

THE WESTERN TIMUCUA LIVED IN THE INTERIOR FORESTS OF FLORIDA AND EXTENDED TO THE RIVER INTO GEORGIA. THE EASTERN TIMUCA ARE BEST KNOWN. THEY GAVE THEIR NAME TO MOCAMA PROVINCE. ONCE THE EUROPEANS CONTACTED THEM THERE WERE TWO MAJOR CHIEFDOMS. EACH HAD A NUMBER OF SMALLER VILLAGES. OTHER EASTERN TRIBES LIVED IN SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. IN THE 1560'S THE ULTINA WERE A POWERFUL CHIEFDOM OVER 40 VILLAGES. BY THE END OF THE 1500'S THEIR CONFEDERACY HAD CRUMBLED. THE DIMINISHED GROUP MOVED TO THE SOUTH OF ST. JOHN'S.

THE TIMUCUA WERE NOT POLITICALLY UNIFIED. EACH CHIEFDOM HAD OVER 40 VILLAGES. VILLAGES WERE DIVIDED INTO FAMILY CLANS. EACH VILLAGE HAD 30 HOUSES AND 300 PEOPLE. THEY WERE SEMI AGRICULTURALISTS AND ATE NATIVE FOODS. THEY PLANTED MAIZE, BEANS AND SQUASH. ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE THEY USED CROP ROTATION. THEY USED SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURE. THEY PLANTED TOBACCO AS WELL. THEY GROUND CORN THAT WAS GROUND INTO FLOUR. THE MEN HUNTED GAME, FISHED, AND COLLECTED SHELLFISH. WOMEN GATHERED FRUITS, ACORNS, NUTS AND DUG ROOTS. AFTER 1600 THEY WERE INTRODUCED TO EUROPEAN FOODS. IN 2006 ARCHAEOLOGISTS DUG A SITE DATING TO 1100 TO 1300 AD. THEY HAD A HUGE TRADE NETWORK.

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