Friday, August 26, 2011

CHATINO INDIANS IN MEXICO

CHATINO IS THE SPANISH NAME OF AN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN SENTRAL MEXICO. THERE ARE ABOUT 24,000 WHO SPEAK CHATINO. THEY CALL THEMSELVES KITSA CHATINO. TRADITIONALLY THEY ARE INV0LVED WITH AGRICULTURE AND MAY WORK IN COFFEE PLANTATIONS. THEY HAVE FEDERAL BILIGUAL SCHOOLS AND DISTANCE EDUCATION. THEIR ELDERS ARE TREATED AS HOLDING HIGH AUTHORITY. THEY WORSHIPPED DEITIES OF WATER WIND, RAIN AND SNOW, FIRE MOUNTAINS. THEY ARE CLOSE TO THE ZAPOTEC.

THEY SPEAK OTO-MANGUEAN LANGUAGE. THERE ARE SEVERAL DIALECTS.

WIKIPEDIA.ORG

CORA INDIANS

CORA ARE AN INDIGENOUS ETHNIC GROUP IN WEST CENTRAL MEXICO IN JALISCO AND NAYARIT. ABOUT 24,000 PEOPLE SPEAK CORA. THEY CULTIVATE MAIZE, BEANS AND AMARANTH AND RAISE CATTLE.

THEY HAVE A RUGGED MOUNTAIN COUNTRY. IN THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY THEY WERE AN ANOMOLY AND NEVER PERMITTED CATHOLICS TO LIVE WITH THEM. IN 1722 THE SPANISH RETURNED AND THE CORA YIELDED. MANY BECAME CHRISTIAN AND PRACTICED THEIR RELIGION.

THEIR TRADITIONAL RELIGION IS WITH THREE PRINCIPAL DIVINITIES: THE SUN GOD, TAYAU, AND OUR FATHER. CLOUDS ARE BELIEVED TO BE SMOKE FROM HIS PIPE. THE PRIESTS OF TAYAU WERE THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY OF CORA VILLAGES. HIS WIFE WAS THE UNDERWORLD GODDESS OF ASSOCIATION WITH MOON AND TRAIN. HER SON IS ASSOCIATED WITH MOON AND RAIN. HER SON IS ASSOCIATED WITH JESUS, QUETZALCOATL, A FEATHERED SERPENT. HE IS WORSHIPPED. THEY SPEAK UTO-AZTECAN LANGUAGE OF CENTRAL MEXICO.

WIKIPEDIA.ORG

MY SON'S GOOD QUALITIES

KEVIN'S GOOD QUALITIES ARE THAT HE IS QUIET AND A STUDIOUS YOUNG MAN WHO LOVES NATURE AND EXCELS IN MOST SUBJECTS. HE LOVES SCIENCE. AS A KID HE HAD MANY FUN TIMES CAMPING AND MEETING MANY OTHER KIDS IN SUMMER CAMPS, BOY SCOUTS AND AT A YOUTH CENTER IN HEALDSBURG WHERE WE LIVE.

WHEN I TOOK HIM ON SMALL TRIPS WHEN HE WAS ABOUT 4 HE WOULD DIRECT ME WHERE TO GO ON STREETS FROM HIS HIS BACK SEAT CAR CHAIR!

WHEN OUR FAMILY TOOK TRIPS WE HAD A GOOD TIME IN OUR VAN OR SUV CAMPING AND TRAVELING TO ALL KINDS OF STATE AND NATIONAL PARKS. KEVIN LOVES TO TAKE MOVIES OF OUR TRAVELS AND NARRATES THEM AS WELL. HE DID VERY WELL IN HIGH SCHOOL AS HE INCLUDED PICTORIALS IN HIS REPORTS FROM THE COMPUTER. I ALSO HAD KEVIN HELP ME MAKE PICTORIALS FOR MY COACHING WEBSITE. HE IS EXCELLENT IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND HAS SELF TAUGHT THESE SKILLS.

KUMEYAAY INDIANS IN MEXICO

KUMEYAAY WERE KNOWN AS YUMAN SPEAKERS IN MEXICO AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND ARE OF HOKAN LANGUAGE FAMILY. IN MEXICO THEY ARE KNOWN AS KUMIAI. ABOUT 300 PEOPLE SPEAK THE LANGUAGE. THESE PEOPLE HAVE OCCUPIED THEIR TERRITORY FOR OVER 12,000 YEARS AGO OR 600 GENERATIONS!

IN 1542 THE FIRST ANGLO EXPLORER SALIED INTO SAN DIEGO WHO WAS FROM PORTUGAL. THERE MISSION IS TO WELCOME VISITORS AND ALL TRIBES AND PROVIDE A CASUAL VILLAGE ENVIRONMENT. THEY WANT TO SHARE THEIR CREATIVE WORK AND NETWORK WITH EACH OTHER. THEY WANT TO ENCOURAGE AND EXCITE THE CREATIVE SPIRITS OF ALL NATIVE AMERICANS. TO PRESERVE AND BUILD UPON THE CULTURAL WORKS OF OUR GRANDPARENTS.

THE SAN DIEGUITO PALEO INDIAN DATE BACK 10,000 B.C. DIFFERENT GROUPS EVOLVED AS THE ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE DIVERSIFIED. THE SOUTHERN SAN DIEGUITO ARE DIRECT ANCESTORS OF SYCUAN BANDS. THEY WERE A WORLD OF ASTRONOMERS, HORTICULTURALISTS, HEALERS, SCIENTISTS, AND STORYTELLERS.

THE FIRST SETTLED VILLAGE WAS IN OLD TOWN SAN DIEGO. SPANISH EXPLORERS ARRIVED IN 1776, WHEN THE KUMEYAAY HAD 150,000 FOLKS. THEY LIVED OFF THE LAND AND HAD FOLLOWED THEIR TRIBAL CULTURE FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. BY 1798 THE SPANISH MISSIONS HAD EXPANDED HERE AND THEIR MILITARY HAD CAUSED CONTINUAL FRICTION AND BLOODY MURDEROUS FIGHTINGTHAT CONTINUED UNTIL 1821. BY 1822 THE KUMEYAAY HAD LOST ALL OF THEIR COASTAL TRIBALLANDS TO THE SPANISH. SPANISH WERE DEFEATED BY THE MEXICANS AND SAN DIEGO CAME UNDER MEXICAN RULE HISTORICALLY.

IN 1846 THE U.S. GOVERNMENT DECLARED WAR AGAINST MEXICO AND IN 1848 THE TREATY OF GUADELUPE HILDAGO WAS SIGNED WHICH ENDED THE MEXICAN WAR. IT ESTABLISHED THE US - MEXICAN BORDER DIVIDING CALIFORNIA AND MEXICO/ ONLY 1000 KUMEYAAY SURVIVED IN SAN DIEGO.

THE FINAL PERIOD OF PREHISTORIC OCCUPATION WAS A HUNTING/GATHERING ECONOMY WITH USE OF ACORNS IN MOUNTAINS, AND MESQUITE BEANS IN DESERTS. THEY HAD A LIMITED US OF AGRICULTURE. THE KUMEYAAY WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERES AND FISHERS. THEY HUNTED DEER, MOUNTAIN SHEEP, AND ANTELOPE. THEY COLLECTED SMALLER MAMMALS - RABBITS, SQUIRRELS, WOODRATS, PIGEONS, DOVES, LARKS, ROBINS, QUAIL AND OTHER BIRDS. THEY ALSO CONSUMED SEAFOOD - CLAMS, ABALONE, SCALLOPS STARFISH, OCTOPUS, AND OTHER MARINE ANIMALS. THE FISH WERE CAUGHT WITH SHELL HOOKS.

THEY MADE BOOTS OF REEDS AND WOOD. THEY PROCURED FISH USING THESE BOATS. THEY PROCURED EDIBLE SEEDS, NUTS,BEANS, FRUITS, AND OTHER PLANTS AND ACORNS - VERY MUCH A STAPLE. THEY PROBABLY PROVIDED 50% OF THEIR DIET. THE AGAVE, PINE NUTS AND MESQUITE BEANS WERE POPULAR. THEY ATE MESQUITE BLOSSOMS IN JUNE, SEEDS P[ODS IN JULY AND IT PROVIDED A LARGE QUANTITY OF FOOD YEAR AFTER YEAR. THEY ALSO ATE YUCCA, WILD PLUM, APRICOT, GRASSES, SAGE SEEDS, GOOSEFOOT BEAVERTAIL CACTUS, MANZANITA, TOYON BERRIES, MANZANITA, TOYON BERRIES, HOLY LEAF CHERRIES. THEY USED OAK AND MANZANITA FOR FIREWOOD. THEY USED PLANTS FOR MEDICINALS. BLANKETS WERE MADE FROM RABBIT SKINS. SHOES AND SANDALS WERE MADE BY HAND. THEY MADE BASKETS FROM BASKET WEED, BUNCH OR DEER GRASS, WILLOW, JUNCAS. CERAMICS WERE USED FOR FOOD PREP, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTING FOOD. THEY MADE BAGS USING AGAVE FIBERS. THEY USED GOURDS FOR DISHES AND FOR STORING STUFFING. THEIR SEASONAL ROUND OF GATHERING WAS BASED ON THE AVAILABILITY OF RIPE AND AVAILABLE ANIMALS. EACH VILLAGE HAD A DANCE AVAILABLE AND A SWEATHOUSE AND GRANERY. THEIR SUMMER HOUSE WAS A WIND BREAK OR A CAVE.

BY THE TIME OF EUROPEAN CONTACT A SHIFT IN KUMAYAAY SUBSISTENCE INCLUDED SOME AGRICULTURAL AND IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES BY THE 1800'S. WOMEN TYPICALLY GATHERED 70% OF THE DIET. THEY SHARED MEAT AMONG THEIR VILLAGE. IT REINFORCES SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS OF A GROUP. THEY TRADED RESOURCES FOR OBSIDIAN WITH THEIR TRIBE AND OUTSIDE THEIR TRIBE.

THE KUMEYAAY HAVE A RICH SPIRITUAL LIFE. THEY BELIEVE IN ANIMISM THAT SERVES TO TO REDUCE ANXIETY BY EXPLAINING THE UNKNOWN AND MAKING IT UNDERSTANDABLE. THEY MAKE IT A COMFORT IN TIMES OF CRISIS AND ENHANCING THE LEARNING OF ORAL TRADITIONS. HUNTERS AND GATHERS ARE PART OF NATURE. NOT SUPERIOR TO IT. ANIMALS ARE IMPORTANT IN MYTHOLOGY AND THEY BELIEVE IN SPIRIT BEINGS THAT ANIMATE NATURE.

NATIVELANGUAGES.ORG
KUMEYAAY.INFO

MAZTEC INDIANS IN MEXICO

THESE INDIANS LIVE IN NORTH OAXACA, A MOUNTAINOUS LAND. THEIR LANGUAGE TO CHOCA AND IXCATEC. THEY AGRICULTURAL AND PLANT CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH AND CHILIS. MEAT AND EGGS ARE LUXERIES. THEY CULTIVATE WITH DIGGING STICKS AND HOE. THERE HOUSES ARE RECTANGULAR WIRTH THATCHED ROOFS. THEY MAKE CRAFTS, WEAVE, AND MAKE POTTERY THEIR CLOTHES ARE INDUSTRIAL WOVEN. THE TOWNS PEOPLE CONTRIBUTE TO COMMUNAL LABOR. TODAY THEY ARE ROMAN CATHOLIC AND THE ELECT SOMEONE IN EACH TOWN TO TAKE CARE OF THE PATRON SAINT. THEY BELIEVE IN WITCHCRAFT. THERE ARE ABOUT 200,000 FOLKS. THEY SPEAK OTO-MANGUESE.

BRITANNICA.COM

TEPEHUA IN MEXICO

THESE INDIANS RELIED ON THE WORSHIPPING GODS. THEIR RELIGIOUS COMPLEX WAS VERY DIFFERENT TO THE CATHOLIC CHURCHES. THEIR COMPLEX IS PART OF THE OTOMI AND NAHUA PEOPLE OF THE SAME REGION. THEIR CEREMONIES ADDRESS SOUL FORCES BY PAPER FIGURES AND MUSICAL FLOWERS CARRIED OUT IN HOMES, AT SHRINES AND IN NATIVE ORATORIES.

THE SUPREME DEITY IS THE SUN WHEN HE SETS AT NIGHT, HE LEAVES THE STARS TO GUARD OVER THE WORLD. THE MOON IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVIL. THE GODS AND BEINGS WORSHIPPED BY THE NATURE SPIRITS. THEY BELIEVE IN A LIFE FORCE CALLED BY OBSERVERS AT VARIOUS TIMES THE SPIRIT, SOUL, OR SHADE. THE SPIRIT CAN SEPARATE ITSELF FROM A LIVING PERSON FOR A SHORT TIME.

RELIGIOUS DANCES ARE PERFORMED DURING VILLAGE FIESTAS. THESE ARE LEARNED AND MAINTAINED BY GROUPS OF VILLAGES WHEN DEDICATE THEMSELVES TO THIS SACRED ART. STORY TELLING IS A POPULAR FOR ENTERTAINMENT AS WELL AS DANCES.

THE TEPEHUAN IS UTO-AZTECAN LANGUAGE OF CENTRAL MEXICO, NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH THE TOTONACAN LANGUAGE, TEPEHUA. THERE ARE 25,000 PEOPLE WHO SPEAK TEPEHUA.

EVERYCULTURE.COM
NATIVELANGUAGE.ORG

Wednesday, August 24, 2011

POINT LOBOS STATE PARK

AT POINT LOBOS OUR FAMILY COMMONLY WATCHING THE SEA CREATURES AND ENJOYED WATCHING THE SEA CREATURES ON THE ROCKS AND TIDAL POOLS. SOMETIMES YOU CAN SEE AN OCTOPUS THERE. IT IS JUST SOUTH OF CARMEL. WE ALSO TOOK THE 18 MILE CAR LOOP ALONG THE SEA COAST WHICH HAS GREAT VIEWS. AT POINT LOBOS THEY HAVE TORREY PINES AND VARIOUS PLANTS THAT THE INDIANS RELIED ON FOR SUSTENANCE, CRAFTS, AND HOUSE MATERIALS. THE CLIFFS ARE RUGGED AND YOU CAN WATCH THE SEA LIONS AND OTTERS PLAY IN THE OCEAN. THE WAVES SPLASH AGAINST SOME GORGES TO MAKE HIGH WATER WAVES. WE HAVE TAKEN FOREST WALKS HERE AS WELL AS BRUSH TRAILS AND SEA COASTAL TRAILS. THEIR ARE REMNANTS FROM PREHISTORIC INDIANS.

THERE ARE SCUBA DIVERS TRAINING WHO LEAD GROUPS UNDERWATER. THE PARK IS USUALLY FILLED WITH TOURISTS ANY SEASON. WE HAVE EVEN BEEN THERE IN RAINY SEASONS
WHEN WE GO TO SAN SIMEON AND HEARST CASTLE WHERE THERE ARE ELEPHANT SEALS.

Tuesday, August 23, 2011

ZOQUE INDIANS IN MEXICO

ZOQUE IS A MIXE-ZOQUEAN LANGUAGE OF MEXICO. THEY HAVE ABOUT FIVE LANGUAGES. TWO POPULAR LANGUAGES ARE VERACRUZ AND ARE RELATED TO ZOQUE. THEY TOTAL 40,000AND ANOTHER ARE 30,000. THEY LIVE NEAR CHIAPAS IN A WIDE VARIETY OF TOWNS. THEY ALSO LIVE IN THE STATE OF OAXACA. THEY FOLLOW ROMAN CATHOLIC RELIGION.

IN PREHISTORIC PERIOD, THE ZOQUE LIVED THROUGHOUT TABASCO. THEY ARE BELIEVED TO BE DECENDANTS OF THE OLMEC WHO EMIGRATED TO CHIAPAS AND OAXACA. THEY HAD A GOOD COMMERCIAL RELATIONSHIP WITHE MIXICA. IN 1494 THEY DEFEATED THE AZTECS AND FORCED TO PAY TRIBUTE.

IN 1523 THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE ZOQUE LANDS COMENCED IN 1523. THEY GOT LAND PARCELLED OUT TO THE ZOQUE. THEY THEY ENDURED FORCED LABOR , AND OBLIGATED TO PAY HIGH TRIBUTE. DISEASES AND EXPLOITATION OF THEIR CONDITION DECREASED THERE POPULATION.

IN WAS NOT UNTIL 1922 THAT THERE CONDITION IMPROVED SOMWHAT. IN 2010 ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND A TOMB INSIDE A PYRAMID THAT MAY HAVE BEEN THE OLDEST BURIAL IN MEXICO. THE TOMB WAS BUILT BY THE ZOLQUE IN CHIAPAS. PYRAMIDS WERE BUILT AS REPRESENTATIONS OF THE LEVELS LEADING FROM THE UNDERWORLD TO THE SKY. THE TOMB WAS A 13' BY 9' CHAMBER OF WOOD. THE MAN INSIDE WAS ABOUT 50 AND THERE WERE IMAY CERAMIC VESSELS FROM THE OLMEC. A WOMAN'S TOMB WAS NEARBY FROM OLMEC.

THE ZOLQUE WORE TRADITIONAL DRESSES WITH SHORT SLEEVES. THEY HAVE HOUSES OF ONE OR TWO ROOMS MADE FROM ADOBE OR MUD. THEY HAVE CORRUGATED IRON ROOFS. AGRICULTURE IS THEIR MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. THEY GROW PRIMARILY CORN, BEANS, CHILIS AND SQUASH BASED ON TOPOGRAPHY. THEIR SOIL IS NOT RICH. THEY RAISE PIGS AND FOWL IN SMALL QUANTITY. THEY WORK ALSO IN CONSTRUCTION.

NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
WIKIPEDIA.ORG

AMUZGO INDIANS IN MEXICO

THE INDIANS SPEAK OTO - MANGUEAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO. THEY HAVE THREE VARIETIES OF THEIR LANGUAGE. TO0DAY THEY HAVE 28,000 PEOPLE.

FROM MIXTEC CODICES TO ABOUT 1000 A.D. THE MIXTEC KING WAS A RECOGNIZED LEADER. AMUZGO PUEBLOS EXISTED SINCE THEN AS WELL. IN 1450 THEIR AREA BECAME UNDER AZTEC DOMINATION. ON TWO PAINTED DEERSKINS IN 1550 THERE IS A GLYPH WITH THE NAME OF A TOWN AMUZGO OR COTTON SEED.

AFTER HACIENDAS WERE ESTABLISHED IN THE AREA, THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION SUFFERED THE CONSEQUENCES OF NEW ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. CATTLE RAISING LED TO DESTRUCTION OF LAND AND A SYSTEM OF FORCED LABOR FOR SUGARCANE.

IN 1563 XOCHISTLAHUCA WAS MADE THE CAPITAL OF THE AMUZCO REGION IN 1563. MOST TOWNS SUFFERED EPIDEMICS. BY 1849 THE AMIZGO FOUND THEMSELVES IN SMALL HAMLETS TO BE NEAR CULTIVATED LANDS. THEY LIVED IN SQUARE ADOBE HOUSES WITH TWO TILE ROOFS.

MARRIAGE TAKES PLACE WITH A NEGOTIATOR WHO COMES TO THE BRIDE'S HOUSE AND TELLS OF THE GROOM'S INTENTION. THE PROPOSAL IS USUALLY ACCEPTED. THE ENGAGEMENT IS PUBLICALLY ANNOUNCED AND THE DAY A CATHOLIC WEDDING WILL TAKE PLACE. THIS PROCESS HAS LOST FORCE AS THE COUPLES FACE MODERNIZATION. GIRLS AND WOMEN PRESUME NEARLY ALL DOMESTIC CHOICES. BOYS WORK IN HUNTING AND GATHERING.

EVERYCULTURE.COM

KILIWA INDIANS IN MEXICO

THE KILAWA PEOPLE ARE ABORIGINAL TO BAJA, CALIFORNIA., MEXICO THEIR TERRITORY IS SOUTH OF THE PAIPAI. THE NAKIPA HAVE A SEPARATE ETHNOLINGUISTIC. THE NAKIPA HAVE A SEPARATE ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUP FROM THE KILIWA. THEY BOTH SPOKE THE SAME LANGUAGE.

THE ARCHAEOLOGIST HAVE FOUND CLOVIS POINTS IN THEIR AREA DATING TO 11,000 YEARS AGO. PRECONTACT KILIWA INDIANS COMES FROM ACCOUNTS OF EARLY EXPLORERS SUCH AS CABRILLO AND VIZCAINO FROM 18TH CENTURY.

THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION WAS ABOUT 1300, WITH THE SOUTHWEST TERRITORY IN 2000 ABORIGINAL KILIWA SUBSISTENCE WAS BASED ON HUNTING AND GATHERING. MANY PLANTS WERE USED FOR FOOD RESOURCES, MEDICINE, CRAFTS, AND HOUSE BUILDING. THEY ROASTED AGAVE IN PITS AND IT WAS IMPORTANT FOOD. IN FALL THEY HARVESTED ACORNS AND PINE NUTS AS A MAJOR ACTIVITY.

RABBITS AND DEER WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT ANIMAL FOOD RESOURCES, AS WELL AS ANTELOPE, BIGHORN SHEEP, MAMMALS AND MOUNTAIN LIONS. BIRDS, FISH, AND SHELL FISH AND QUAIL WERE HUNTED. THEY THEY MADE LONG DISTANCE JOURNEYS TO HARVEST FISH AND SHELLFISH. QUAIL WERE DRIVEN INTO NETS.

DURING THE HISTORIC PERIOD THEY RAISED CROPS AND LEARNED HOW TO COLLECT HONEY.
THEY BUILT SEMISUBTERRANEAN HOUSES WITH WILLOW POLES, AND SWEAT HOUSES. THEY HUNTED WITH WILLOW BOWS AND ARROWS AND STONE POINTS, AND AGAVE NETS. THEY USED METATE AND MANOS FOR GRINDING. THEY WOVE AGAVE SANDALS.

KINSHIP WAS PATRILINEAL INHERITANCE. ALL KILIWA WERE BELIEVED TO BE DESCENDED FROM FOUR MYTHIC BROTHERS, THE SONS OF THE CREATOR. THEY PLAYED GAMES, RACED WITH BALLS AND DID DICE AND GAMES CALLED PEON. THEY MADE MUSIC BY SINGING, AND USING FLUTES, RATTLES, AND CLAPPERS, AND BULLROARERS. CEREMONIES WERE CONDUCTED DURING RITES OF PASSAGES. SHAMANS WERE BELIEVED TO BE EFFECT CURES OF DISEASE OR INJURIES. THEY COULD BRING RAIN. BIRTH INVOLVED TABOOS BOYS HAD THEIR NOSE PIERCED AT AROUND 15 YEARS OF AGE. GIRLS WERE INTIATED AT THEIR FIRST MENSES. THEY LAID IN ASHES ON AND OFF FOR FIVE DAYS AND IN COLD WATER FOR 5 DAYS ON AND OFF.

MARRIAGE HAD LITTLE CEREMONY. DEATH WAS THE MOST ELABORATE CEREMONY. THEY HAD MOURNING CEREMONIES. TALKING TO THE DEAD AND BURNING THEIR POSESSIONS WERE FORMAL ACTIONS.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

CHINANTEC INDIANS IN MEXICO

THE CHINANTEC SPEAK AN OTO-MANGUEAN LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE 14 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. THESE INDIANS LIVE IN NORTHWEST OAXACA IN SOUTHERN MEXICO. THEY LIVE IN AN AREA NOT EASILY ACCESSABLE AND MOUNTAINOUS. THEY HAVE ABOUT 150,000. THEY GROW CORN, BEANS, AND YAMS. THEY CULTIVATE WITH DIGGING STICKS AND HOE. CHICKEN, PORK, AND FISH PROVIDE PROTEIN. WILD FRUIT IS PICKED. THEIR RECTANGULAR HOUSES ARE BUILT WITH LOGS AND THATCHED ROOFS. NATIVE CRAFTS ARE DECLINING, BUT THEY MAKE BASKETS. THEY MAKE CLOTH CLOTH FOR HUIPIL OR A LONG BLOUSE IS WOVEN AND IT IS STILL WORN. THE TRADITIONAL COSTUME FOR MEN IS IS NO LONGER WORN. THEY PRACTICE ROMAN CATHOLICISM AND THEIR CROP FERTILITY RITUALS HAVE DISAPPEARED. BAPTISM IS A MAJOR EVENT. A CHILD IS NOT CONSIDERED FULLY HUMAN UNTILHE OR SHE IS BAPTIZED. THEY SAY PRAYERS AND SING AND BURN INCENSE.

NATIVELANGUAGES.ORG

HUAVE INDIANS IN MEXICO

THERE ARE ABOUT 16,000 HUAVE IN SOUTHEAST MEXICO. THEY HAVE 2 - 4 LANGUAGES THE HAVE ARE INDIGENOUS TO MEXICO. THEIR NAME MEANS SEA PEOPLE. THEY HAVE LIVED ON THE ISMUTH OF TEHUANTEPEC FOR MORE THAN 3000 YEARS. THEY LIVE IN SEVERAL PACIFIC VILLAGES AND TRADE MARINE ITEMS WITH INLAND NEIGHBORS AS WELL. THEY LIVE NEAR THE VALLEY OF OAXACA. FISHING AND AGRICULTURE ARE THE MAIN SUBSISTENCE. THEY DEPEND ON MARKETS IN NEARBY TOWNS TO MEET THEIR NEEDS. THEY BUILD THATCH ROOFED HUTS FOR THEIR VILLAGES. ALL MALES ENTER AT THE ESCALAF ON A SYSTEM OF CIVIL AND RELIGOUS OFFICE HOLDING.

WIKIPEDIA.COM
NATIVELANGUAGE.COM

WEDNESDAY NIGHT MARKET IN SANTA ROSA

THIS OUTDOOR NIGHT MARKET IS ATTENDED BY ALL AGE GROUPS AND A WIDE VARIETY OF PEOPLE. THEY HAVE ORGANIC FARMERS SAMPLING FRUITS AND ALL KINDS OF VEGIS AND CHEESES. THEY ALSO HAVE SEVERAL MASSAGES. AT THE STANLEY MUSIC FAIR THEY HAVE CLARINETS, ELECTRIC TROMBONES, TRUMPETS,PIANO,BASE, TAMBOURINES, AND DRUMS. THEY PLAY A MEDLEY OF TUNES. ANOTHER ON STAGE BAND WAS DRESSED LIKE CLOWNS AND HAD MOP HEADS. THEY PLAYED 80'S POP ROCK MUSIC AND PEOPLE WERE SHAKING THEIR BOOTIES. I SPOKE WITH PEOPLE ABOUT MOSQUITO CONTROL REGARDING OUTDOOR FOUNTAINS. THEY SAID NO PROBLEM AS LONG AS THE WATER IS MOVING.

ANOTHER MUSICIAN WAS PLAYING FOLK ROCK MUSIC AND PEOPLE WERE EATING ALL KINDS OF FOOD. I MET SOME FRIENDS FROM WINDSOR AND ONE OF MY SON'S MUSIC TEACHERS.

THE KIDS HAD MANY ACTIVITIES SUCH AS CLIMBING A TALL IMITATION ROCK. JUMPING WITH A SAFETY BELT, FACE PAINTING, BALLOON MAKING, AND THEY COULD MAKE INEXPENSIVE BEADED JEWELRY AND PAINT ON CHEAP CERAMIC VESSELS.

THERE WAS AN UNSUAL STREET PERFORMER WHO SOUNDED AND LOOKED JUST LIKE THE MAIN PIRATE IN "PIRATES OF THE CARRIBEAN". HE DID SOEM MAJIC TRICKS AND HAD A GREAT AMOUNT OF JUGGLING ACTS. ONE WITH SWORDS. ONE WITH FIRE AND ONE WITH VARIOUS OBJECT AND HE TOOK A BITE OF AN APPLE AS HE JUGGLED FOUR OBJECTS! ANOTHER TRICK HE DID WAS HAVE A MAN FROM THE AUDIENCE WRITE HIS INITIALS ON A TWENTY DOLLAR BILL. HE HAD SOMEHOW GOT THAT BILL INSIDE THREE LOCKED BOXES THAT FIT INSIDE EACH OTHER. HE HAD THIS MAN UNLOCK THE BOXES AND IN THE SMALLEST BOX WAS HIS BILL! IT WAS MAJIC!

NAHUATL INDIANS IN MEXICO

NAHUATL IS A UTO-AZRECAN LANGUAGE OF MEXICO. CLASSICAL NAHUATL LANGUAGE IS EXTINCT,BUT MODERN NAHUATL IS STILLLIVING. IT IS SPOKEN BY 2 MILLION INDIGENOUS MEXICANS. THE NAHUATL INDIANS STILL LIVE HERE AND THEY HAVE A TRADITIONAL FOLKLORE AS WELL. THESE FOLKS ARE AZTECAN OF UTO-AZTECAN LANGUAGE FAMILY. THEY ARE SPOKEN BY 1.5 MILLION NAHUA PEOPLE. IT HAS BEEN SPOKEN SINCE THE 7TH CENTURY A.D. IT WAS SPOKEN BY THE AZTECS AND BECAME A PRESTIEGE LANGUAGE IN MESOAMERICA. IT WAS USED FOR VARIOUS POETRY WORKS, ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS, AND CODICES.

THE NAHUATL PROBABLY MIGRATED FROM NORTHERN MEXICAN DESERTS INTO CENTRAL MEXICO. THIS THEORY HAS BEEN CHALLENGED/THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT NAHUATL PRESENCE AT TEOTIHUACAN.

NATIVELANGUAGES.ORG
WIKIPEDIA.COM



SERI INDIANS IN MEXICO

SERI ARE CONSIDERED BUY SOME LINGUISTS TO BE A MEMBER OF THE HOKAN LANGUAGE FAMILY. THEY ARE RELATED TO THE EXTINCT LANGUAGE OF THE CHUMASH AND ILINAN. THERE ARE ABOUT 500 SERI SPEAKERS TODAY.

THE SERI LIVED IN THE SAME AREA FOR AT LEAST 500 YEARS. CORONADO'S MEN MET THE SERI IN THE CITY OF CIBOLA IN THE 16TH CENTURY, BUT HISTORIANS HAD LITTLE TO SAY OF THE MEETING.

THEIR TERRITORY WAS FROM GUAYMUS ABOUT 75 MILES NORTH OF TIBORON ISLAND. THEIR POPULATION WAS ABOUT 5,000. THEIR SEA COAST IS PART OF OF THE PLACE WHERE THEY HAD CHALLENGES. THEY CAMPED ON THE SHORES TO HUNT OR OBTAIN FRESH WATER THEY TRAVELED INLAND. THEY WERE GREAT RUNNERS AND RAN DOWN DEER AND OTHER GAME.

THEY HAD FREQUENT CONFLICTS WITH NEIGHBORS. IN THE 7TH CENTURY MISSIONARIES ATTEMPTED TO CONFINE THEM INTO SMALL AREAS AROUND MISSIONS TO CONVERT THEM TO FARMERS. IT WAS NOT ACCEPTABLE TO THE SERIS. THOSE WHO ATTEMPTED TO LEAVE WERE PUNISHED. WHOLE FAMILIES WERE ARRESTED AND THEIR WOMEN DEPORTED TO GUATEMALA.

THE INDIANS WERE FORCED TO CHANGE CAPS OFTEN AND FLEE. MUCH OF THEIR TERRITORY WAS ABANDONED. THEY LIVED BY THE COAST. THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED DUE TO DISEASES, WAR, AND STARVATION. BY 1930'S THEY HAD A POPULATION OF ONLY 300. MOST LIVED ON TIBORON ISLAND. THE WATERS HERE ARE SOME OF THE MOST DANGEROUS IN THE WORLD. IT HAS CURRENTS AND EDDIES AS WELL AS SHARKS. THEIR ONLY BOAT WAS MADE OF REEDS. THEY WERE EXPERTLY MANUEVERED BYTHE SERI.

IN 1930'S THEY BEGAN TO WORK WITH MEXICANS AT KINO BAY IN A FISHING COOP. AFTER WWII THEY BECAME LESS STABLE. GRADUALLY MORE SERI MOVED BACK TO THE MAINLAND. TODAY MORE ARE CONCENTRATED IN A FEW CAMPS IN KINO BAY. THEIR POPULATION IS INCREASING AND THEY INTERMARRY WITH NON-SERI. TODAY THEY FISH FROM WOODEN BOATS AND SELL FISH IN MEXICO AND U.S. MARKETS.

NATIVELANGUAGES.ORG

TEPEHUA INDIANS IN MEXICO

THERE ARE ABOUT 10,000 PEOPLE IN CENTRAL MEXICO. THEY HAVE THREE DIALECTS. EACH YEAR AT THE END OF THE CARNIVAL CELEBRATION, ONE WEEK AFTER LENT STARTS, THEY RUN THROUGH FIRE AS A FORM OF CLEANSING. TODAY THEY USE GASOLINE FOR THE FIRE. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PRECOLUMBIAN TEPEHUA.THERE IS A THEORY THAT THEY HAD OCCUPIED THIS REGION FOR FOR A LONG TIME. THE OTAMI MOVED IN FROM THE SOUTH. SOME OF THESE SOME OF THESE LANDS WERE BROUGHT BY THE CHURCH. AFTER THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION IN 1926, LOTS WERE WERE REGISTERED TO THE INDIANS. IN THE 1930'S THERE WAS ARMED CONFLICT. MESTIZO RANCHERS AND ANGLOS TERRORIZED INDIANS AT THAT TIME.

THEIR RELIGION IS COMPLEX. THEY WORSHIP NATURE GODS, CEREMONIES THAT ADDRESS SOUL FORCES,MAKE PAPER FIGURES AND MUSICAL FLOWER RITUALS IN HOMES AND AT SHRINES. THEIR DEITY IS THE SUN. WHEN HE SETS AT NIGHT HE LEAVES THE STARS TO GUARD THE WORLD. THE MOON IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVIL. THE SHAMANS ARE THE MAIN RELIGIOUS PRACTITIONERS IN CHARGE OF RITUALS.

SHAMANS HAVE SUFFERED IN LIFE AND HAVE RECEIVED VISIONS DIRECTING THEM TO A CURING PROFESSION. THEY ACQUIRE POTTERY FIGURINES TO KEEP ON THEIR ALTARS. THEY HAVE CEREMONIES THAT HAVE THE OPENS AS THE SHAMAN CUT PAPER FIGURINES. REPRESENTING THE SPIRITS OF VARIOUS BEINGS. A SACRED TIME OPENS AS THE ACTUAL SUPERHUMAN INVISIBLE BEINGS ARRIVE TO ATTEMPT THE RITUAL. AS DAWN ARRIVES THEY LEAVE.

EVERYCULTURE NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
MYSPACE.COM

PUREPECKA INDIANS IN MEXICO

PUREPECKA INDIANS IN MEXICO SPEAK A LANGUAGE NOT RELATED TO ANY LIVING LANGUAGE. IT'S SPOKEN BY MORE THAN ANY OTHER 100,000 PEOPLE IN CENTRAL MEXICO. IT COMES FROM THE AZTEC WORD FOR THE PUREPECHAS. IT IS AN AGGLINATIVE LANGUAGE WHICH HAS PRIMARILY A WORD ORDER. THESE PEOPLE ARE REFERRED TO AS TARASCANS INSPANISH AND ENGLISH. THEY ARE IN THE NORTHWEST AREA OF THE MICHOACAN. IN PREHISTORIC TIMES THEY TIMES THEY WERE REFERRED TO TARASCAN INDIANS. THEY ARE ALSO IN GUANAJUATO AS WELL.

THEIR ARCHAEOLOGY IS STEEP PYRAMIDS IN THE SHAPE OF THE LETTER T. THEY WERE NEVER CONTACTED BY THE AZTEC EMPIRE. THIS WAS PROBABLY BECAUSE THEY HAD KNOWLEDGE OF MAKING METAL ARMOR AND WEAPONS. NATIVES WERE REDUCED BY THE EPIDEMIC OF SMALLPOX AFTER SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE.

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Monday, August 22, 2011

TZOTZIL INDIANS IN MAYAN LANGUAGE

TZOTZIL IS A MAYAN LANGUAGE OF 300,000 PEOPLE IN MEXICO. THEY HAVE DIALECTS . THEY CAN UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER.THESE FOLKS ARE INDIGENOUS TO CENTRAL CHIAPAS. SINCE 2000 THEY NUMBER APPROXIMATELY 300,000. CHAMULA IS THE LARGEST CITY OF TZOTZIL. PEOPLE.

THE LANGUAGE IS LIKE CHOL FROM LATE CLASSIC PERIOD. THEIR NAME MEANT "BAT PEOPLE". THEIR HOUSES ARE BUILT OF WATTLE AND DAUB OR LUMBER WITH THATCHED ROOFS. TRADITIONAL MEN'S CLOTHES ARE COTTON SHIRTS AND PANTS AND WOOLEN PONCHOS

ARCHEOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT THE COMMON ANCESTORS OF THE CONTEMPORARY TZOTZIL PEOPLE CAME HERE IN 100 B.C. AND 300 A.D. THEY EXPORTED QUETZAL FEATHERS AND AMBER TO TENOCHITLAN. THEY PRODUCED SALT FROM WELLS AND TRADED IT THROUGH CHIAPAS AND CONTINUED TO DO SO AFTER CONQUEST. SPANISH INCURSIONS HERE ENTERED DISEASES TO THE TZOTZIL AND THEY HAD HUNGER PROBLEMS. AFTER CONQUEST THEY WERE USED AS LABORERS . THEY FINALLY REVOLTED IN 1528. BY 1863 THEIR SITUATION WORSENED AND THE LAWS ENACTED BY BENITOJUAREZ STRIPPED THE TOWN OF CORPORATION LANDS AND THEY WERE INDENTURED LABORERS ON FARMS. SINCE 1940 THEIR SENSE OF PRIDE HAS INCREASED. THEY HAD A COLLAPSE OF COFFEE PRICES AND EMPLOYMENT HAS BEEN HARD. TOURISM HAS RISEN AND THE SALE OF ARTISAN GOODS HAS REPLACED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THEY SELL THESE PRODUCTS IN SAN CRISTOBAL. THEY ILLEGALLY COME TO THE U.S. TO BREAK AWAY FROM SUBSISTENCE FARMING AND MIGRATE TO THE AREAS IN MEXICO.

THEY THEY WORSHIPED THE SUN AND OFFERED SACRIFICES TO IT. THEIR ANCESTORS DISCOVERED A STONE BAT AND CONSIDERED IT A GOD AND WORSHIPPED IT. THEY BELIEVE THE WORLD IS SQUARE WITH A CENTER NAVEL, A MOUND OF EARTH IN THE CEREMONIAL CENTER. THE WORLD RESTS ON THE SHOULDERS OF THE FOUR CORNERED GODS. THEY HAVE CEREMONIAL CIRCUITS AROUND TTHE HOUSES AND FIELDS THAT ARE PERFORMED BY THE PRIESTS. THE TZOTZIL BELIEVE EACH PRIEST HAS TWO SOULS. THEY BELIEVE IN MANYY THINGS HAVING SOULS - ANIMALS, TREES, AND OTHER WAYS THAT PEOPLE LOSE PART OF THEIR SOUL. SINCE CONQUEST THEY BELIEVE THAT THE CATHOLICS SAY THE SUN IS GOD THE FATHER AND THE MOON IS VIRGIN MARY.

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Wednesday, August 17, 2011

CAMPFIRE GIRLS

WHEN I WAS YOUNG I ATTENDED CAMPFIR GIRLS AS A CHILD WHEN I WAS ABOUT 8 TO 12. WE MADE FRIENDS AND I TOOK ON A PROJECT TO SEW A SMALL TABLE CLOTH AND KNAPKINS. WE ALSO PLAYED GROUP GAMES AND WENT CAMPING AT A SMALL CAMP. THE CAMP HAD LARGE CLOTH TENTS FOR ABOUT 20 OF US GIRLS. THE COUNSELORS MADE DINNER FOR US AROUND A CAMPFIRE. WE PLAYED FLASHLIGHT GAMES BEFORE GOING TO SLEEP IN COZY BEDS.

I ALSO REMEMBER MAKING OTHER PROJECTS AND GETTING PINS ON OUR VESTS. I REMEMBER SEWING A COSTUME FROM A BEAN BAG. I MADE A DRESS WITH NATIVE AMERICAN SYMBOLS TO IT, AND PUT FRINGE ON THE DRESS. WE ALL MARCHED IN THE TROY PARADE.

MY WORK AS A LIFE COACH

AFTER HAVING A YOUNG SON WE SOLD OUR OTHER HOUSE IN HEALDSBURG AND BOUGHT A LARGER HOUSE THERE NEARBY. I STARTED SEVERAL BUSINESSES AND ONE WAS MAKING AND SELLING FOUNTAINS. ANOTHER WAS SELLING HEALTH FOODS BY DEMONSTRATIONS. THEN I HAD AN AHA FEELING WHEN I WATCHED A DOCUMENTARY ABOUT COACHING OTHERS TO BE THEIR BEST AND ACHIEVE THEIR DREAMS.. I ATTENDED COACH U FOR THREE YEARS PART TIME AND GRADUATED. I BEGAN COACHING PEOPLE IN HEALDSBURG WHILE ATTENDING CLASSES BY TELEPHONE. IT WAS VERY INTERESTING ASKING PEOPLE ABOUT WHAT THEY WANTED TO ACHIEVE OR BE. I WAS INTUITIVE ABOUT HOW TO COACH PEOPLE AND I AT FIRST GAVE PEOPLE AN FREE INTRODUCTORY SESSION. SOME SAID THEY FIGURED OUT WHAT THEY NEEDED TO DO AFTER THAT. I BEGAN WORKING WITH PEOPLE WHO HAD CHRONIC CONDITIONS. AND THOSE WHO WERE WORKAHOLICS, AS I WAS ONCE. I SPOKE TO MANY GROUPS THROUGHOUT SEVERAL COUNTIES WHICH GAVE ME CONFIDENCE. I WAS ALSO SPEAKING TO GROUPS AND LIBRARIES ABOUT HOW THE NATIVE AMERICANS USED TO LIVE - ANOTHER BUSINESS. I GOT POSITIVE FEEDBACK. SOME PEOPLE HAD DIFFICULTY DOING THEIR JOBS AND FIGURING OUT WHAT THEY WANTED TO DO OR ACHIEVE, OR FIND ANOTHER WORK POSSIBILITY. I WORKED WITH MANAGERS, STAFF FROM COLLEGES, BUSINESS OWNERS, AND HOMEMAKERS, AND RETIRED FOLKS. IT WAS A FUN PART OF MY LIFE. I PLANNED AND LED A NUMBER OF RETREATS OUTDOORS FOR COACHING CLIENTS. I ALSO COACHED HUMAN RESOURCE HEADS OF COMPANIES.

MOHICANS IN VERMONT

NOT ALL OF THE MOHICANS WERE KILLED AS THE MOVIE SAYS. TODAY THEY CALLED THEMSELVES STOCKBRIDGE - MUNSEE AND LIVE NEAR GREENBAY BAY , WISCONSIN. THEY HAVE A RICH HISTORY WITH CONTACTS WITH OTHER TRIBES. BY 1609 HENRY HUDSON A DUTCH SAILOR AND EXPLOERER SAILED ON THE HUDSON RIVER AND MET THE MOHICAN TRIBE. THEY WERE EAGER TO TRADE WITH HIM. HE BEGAN A CULTURAL SHIFT THAT ALTERED THEIR LIFESTYLE FOREVER.

THEY TRADED THEIR ABUNDANT FURS. THE DUTCH LIKED THE FURS AND RETURNED TO ELABORATE ON THE INITIAL TRADES. THEIR TRADING AND INTERACTIONCHANGED AND DILAPIDATED THEIR LAND AND CULTURE.

BY 1628 -1675 THE MOHICAN WERE AT WAR WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS - MOHAWKS. THIS WAR WAS BECAUSE OF THE DUTCH FUR TRADE AND CONTROL OVER THE AREA AND USE OF LAND TO CONTINUE THE TRADING SYSTEM. AFTER THE WAR THE MOHICAN INFLUENCE DECLINED. THEY FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH THE MOHAWKS. THE MOHICANS LOST MUCH OF THEIR LAND. THEU RELOCATED TO ONEIDA LAND AND IN 1818 THEY RECEIVED NOTICE OF THE LAND IN INDIANA THAT WAS GRANTED TO THEM BY THE GOVERNMENT. THIS LAND WAS OCCUPIED BY SETTLERS UNFORTUNATELY. THEY FORMED A VILLAGE WITH THE MUNSEE ON THE WHITE RIVER IN INDIANA. THESE TWO TRIBES FORMED A NEW TRIBE - THE STOCKBRIDGE INDIANS WERE ON A RESERVATION IN GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN.

LEGACYLCLARK.EDU

MY WORK AS A FLORIST

WHEN MY SON WAS WAS YOUNG I HAD A CHALLENGE AND DECIDED TO QUIT MY WORKAHOLIC JOB. I FOUND PART TIME WORK EASILY AS A FLORIST FOR CHRISTMAS. I MADE SMALL LIVE EVERGREEN AND FLOWER POTS FOR A SHOP. I ALSO HAD MADE MANY SILK FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE VARIOUS HOUSES WE LIVED IN. THEN ONCE WE MOVED BACK TO HEALDSBURG. I WORKED AT A FARM, WESTSIDE FARM, DURING FALL MAKING LARGE AND SMALL GOURD WREATHS FOR THE FARM TO SELL DURING HALLOWEEN. THEY HAD A LARGE PUMPKIN PATCH AT THE TIME AND ONE BIG STRAW MAZE FOR THE CHILDREN TO PLAY IN. WE ALSO HAD SMALL PUMPKINS AND GLUED DRIED FLOWERS ON THE TOP TO SELL. THEY HAD SOME DONKEYS , A LLAMA , A LARGE PIG, AND A NEAT PARROT TO ENTERTAIN THE KIDS.

MY WORK AS A LIBRARIAN IN COLLEGE

I WORKED AS A PART TIME LIBRARIAN AT WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY IN DAYTON, OHIO. WE CATALOGUED SOME OF THE BOOKS THAT THE STUDENTS RETURNED. OUR SUPERVISOR WAS VERY LAID BACK. I HAD TO WORK ABOUT 20 HOURS A WEEK AT ANY TIME DURING THE WEEK. I OPTED TO WORK AT NIGHT TIME. I LIVED ABOUT 20 MINUTE FROM THE COLLEGE. IT WAS A THREE STORY LIBRARY AND I SPENT MOST OF MY TIME STUDYING IN A SPECIAL SECTION WHERE THE HISTORICAL WORKS AND PAPERS FOR NATIVE AMERICANS WERE KEPT.

WE LEARNED ABOUT HOW TO ASSIST THE HANDICAPPED STUDENTS AND HOW TO USE THE MICROFILMS AND HOW TO RESEARCH USING THOSE FILMS AS WELL. MOST STUDENTS USED THE LIBRARY TO HANG OUT IN WHEN THEY WEREN'T IN CLASSES. WRIGHT STATE WAS DESIGNED SO THAT THE HANDICAPPED STUDENTS HAD TUNNELS BETWEEN ALL THE BUILDINGS AND THE DORM. I USUALLY BROUGHT MY LUNCH AND ATE OUTSIDE WHEN IT WAS PLEASANT. THE TUNNELS WERE HANDY DURING THE WINTER WEATHER. AT ONE POINT 0NE WINTER THEY HAD TO LOWER THE TEMPERATURE IN THE BUILDS DUE TO BUDGET CUTS. I REMEMBER WEARING OUR COATS AND GLOVES DURING SCHOOL.

Tuesday, August 16, 2011

MASSACHUSETTS INDIANS IN VERMONT

THE MAHICAN EXTENDED OVER THE MAJORITY OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. MASSACHUSETTS MEANS AT THE RANGE OF HILLS. OR THE HILL OF MILTON. THE MASSACHUSETTS BELONGED TO ALGONQUIAN STOCK. THEIR TONGUE BEING AN N-DIALECT AND FORMED ONE GROUP WITH MARRAGANSET, MAUSET, NIANTIC AND OTHER INDIANS.

THEY LIVED IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY BY SALEM AND BROCKTON. IN 1881 THEY HAD THREE KINGDOMS AND SOME PEOPLE THINK THEY HAD SIX MAIN DIVISIONS:
1)BAND OF CHUCKATAURUT, 2) BAND OF NENEPASHEMAT, 3) BAND OF NANEPASHEMAT. 4) BAND OF CATO, 5) BAND OF NAHATON, 6) BAND OF CUTSHAMKIN. THEY HAD ABOUT 23 VILLAGES. THEY WERE VISITED BY JOHN SMITH IN 1614. BY 1617 THEY WERE MUCH REDUCED BY A DISEASES AND BY WARS WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS. ONE PURITAN SETTLED HERE BY 1629 AND THEY BEGAN MISSION WORK. THE CONVERTS WERE GATHERED INTO SEPARATE VILLAGES.

THE NUMBER OF MASSACHUSETTS IS ESTABLISHED IN 1928 AS 3000 IN 1600. IN 1631 IT WAS REDUCED TO ABOUT 500 AND SOON BELOW THAT BY SMALLPOX. THE MASSACHUSETS ARE KNOWN AS A FAMOUS TRIBE WHO GAVE THEIR NAME TO MASSACHUSETTS BAY.

THEY ARE NOTED AS THE TRIBE IN WHICH THE FAMOUS APOSTLE TO THE INDIANS, JOHN ELLIOT, LABORED THROUGH WHOM A LARGE PART OF WHOM WERE GATHERED INTO VILLAGES OF PRAYING INDIANS. SOME OF THEIR LANGUAGE HAS BEEN PRESERVED TODAY. A MASSACHUSET SET MARRIAGE CHIEF MARRIED THREE PASSACONAWAY LADIES. HE WAS CHIEF OF PENNACOOK.

ACCESSGENEOLOGY

PENNACOOK INDIANS IN VERMONT

PENNACOOK MEANS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE HILL. THEY ARE A CONFEDERACY OF ALGONQUIAN TRIBES. THEY LIVED IN THE MERRIMAC RIVER AND IN NEW HAMPSHIRE AND SOUTHERN MAINE. THEY HAD AN INTERMEDIATE POSITION BETWEEN THE NEW ENGLAND TRIBES. THEY ALLIED WITH THE NORTHERN TRIBES. THE CONFEDERACY WAS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PASSA CONAWAY WHO BROUGHT VARIOUS TRIBES OF THE SAME STOCK TOGETHERT. THE PENNACOOK WERE REDUCED BY SMALLPOX IN 1630 TO 2500 BY 1674 TO 1200 FOLKS.

DURING KING PHILLIPS WAR THE PENNACOCK KEPT ON FRIENDLY TERMS WITH ANGLOS UNTIL THE TREACHERAS SEIZURE OF 200 INDIANS IN 1676. THEN THEY REMOVED TO CANADA AND SOME WENT WEST. THEY HAD ABOUT 16 BANDS AT ONE POINT.

ACCESSGENEOLOGY.COM

KOASATI INDIANS IN TENNESSEE

THE KOASATI AS SHOWN BY THEIR LANGUAGE ARE RELATED TO ALABAMA. THEY HAD AT ONE TIME TWO BRANCHES OF THE TRIBE. ONE WAS NEAR ALABAMA AND THE OTHER ON THE TENNESSEE RIVER.

IN 1540 THE CHIEF OF THE COSTA CAME OUT TO RECEIVE THEM IN PEACE AND HE TOOK THEM TO SLEEP IN A VILLAGE. HE WAS OFFENDED BECAUSE SOME SOLDIERS ROBBED HIM OF COINS. THE NEXT DAY WHEN THEY WERE HEADING TOWARDS COSTA VILLAGE, HE GAVE THE SPANIARDS THE SLIP AND ARMED HIS PEOPLE. THEY MET THE GOVERNOR OF COSTA UNARMED. THE GOVERNOR COMMANDED THAT NO ONE SHOULD USE ARMS. THE CHIEFS ASKED IF HE COULD CAMP AND THEY SAID IN AN OPEN PASTURE. THEN IN THE RIVER THEY FOUND MUSSELS TO EAT. IN ONE ACCOUNT THEY TURNED BACK BECAUSE HE LEARNED THE INDIANS HAD UNITED AGAINST HIM.

THEY KNOW THE KOASATI HAD A VILLAGE ON THE TENNESSEE RIVER IN THE LATE 1600'S. THEY MAY HAVE LIVED ON AN ISLAND. COOSADA WAS THE NAME OF A MIXED BLOOD SETTLEMENT OF CHEROKEES WHO CAME TO LIVE THERE. NO ONE KNOWS WHETHER THEY WERE FINALLY ABSORBED INTO CHEROKEE OR IF THEY EMIGRATED.

THE SOUTHERN KOASTI SETTLEMENT SEEMS TO BE MENTIONED IN 1750. THEIR NAME IS SPELLED 'COUCHATI' IN THE CENSUS OF 1760. THEY HAD TWO GREAT TOWNS OF THE CREEK CONFEDERACY.

WEST FLORIDA WAS CEDED TO THE BRITISH. TWO WAR-LIKE TOWNS WERE REMOVED FROM A DANGEROUS GARRISON TO A FORTRESSOVERLOOKING MOBILE.

IN 1799 THE KOASATI LIVED IN A COMPACT LITTLE TOWN THREE MILES BELOW THE TALLAPOOSA RIVER. THEY SOWED FIELDS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE RIVER. THEY HAVE CALLERS AND GROW POTATOES. THEIR CEREMONIES ARE SIMILAR TO THE CREEKS. THEY GROW PLENTY OF CORN. ALL LABOR IS DONE BY JOINT LABOR OF ALL, CALLED PUBLIC WORK. BY THE TOWN THEIR IS A RICH FLAT LAND FIVE MILES IN WIDTH ON WHICH THERE ARE MANY CONIC MOUNDS OF EARTH.

THE KOASATI GO TO MARKET BY WATER. THEY LIVE BY THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THIS COUNTRY IS RICH AND HEALTHY AND ABOUND IN GAME. IT IS LIKELY TO DRAW OTHERS. THEY RETURN TO THEIR OLD SETTLEMENTS WHERE THEY RAISE HOGS, CATTLE AND HORSES.

IN 1832 THE KOASATI WERE IN THEIR OLD NATION. THEY HAD 82 MEMBERS IN THEIR OLD NATION. THEY EMIGRATED WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI TO FARM TWO TOWNS.BUT FEW REMAIN WHO CAN SPEAK THEIR LANGUAGE, AND SOME FOLKS WENT TO TEXAS. THE TRIBE SPLIT INTO SEVERAL BANDS AT THIS TIME. ONE BAND WAS ON THE RED RIVER, AND THEN THEY SOON LEFT. THE CONCHATTAS WHOSE POPULATION WAS 160 ARE ALMOST THE SAME POEPLE WHO LIVE IN BAYAW CHICO FOR 10 YEARS. THE CONCHITTAS ARE FRIENDLY WITH OTHER NATIVES. GAME WAS ABINDANT AND THEY SOLD 100 DEER SKINS FOR $40.

IN 1812 THE KOASATI NUMBERED 600 ON THE SABINI RIVER, BUT MOST LEFT BY 1822 TO GO TO TEXAS AND LOUISIANNA. SOME OF THEM JOINED SEMINOLES.

ACCESSGENEOLOGY.COM

Monday, August 15, 2011

ABENAKI INDIANS IN VERMONT

THE ABENAKI WERE FRIENDLY WITH MOST AREA GROUPS,EXCEPT THE IROQUOIS. THEY SPEAK ALGONQUIAN. IN 1609 CHAMPLIAN, A FRENCH EXPLORER WAS HERE IN 1609 AND JOINED THEM AGAINST THEIR ENEMIES. VERMONT IS A FRENCH NAME FOR GREEN MOUNTAINS. IN 1971 VERMONT WAS THE FIRST STATE ADDED TO THE UNION.

THEY CALLED THE IROQUOIS 'MAN EATERS' AS THEY OCCASIONALLY PRACTICED CANNABALISM ON ENEMIES. THEY RAIDED THE ABENAKI. BEFORE ANY DECISION TO HAVE A WAR, THEY HAD MANY COUNSELORS, INCLUDING A WOMEN'S COUNCIL. NO ONE HAD TO OBEY THE WOMEN'S CHIEF. IT WAS BY PERSUASION.

WHEN ANGLOS ARRIVED THE ABENAKI HAD A HEALTHIER DIET. A MORE TIME FOR FUN THAN THE ANGLOS. THEIR WAY OF LIFE CHANGED DRASTICALLY THAT THEY HAD FOR 1000'S OF YEARS. 11,000 OR 13,000 B.C., PALEO INDIANS LIVED HERE. BY 7300 B.C. THE MEGAFAUNA BECAME EXTINCT AND THE ENVIRONMENT WAS WARMER. BY 1600 AD OR 3000 YEARS AGO THEIR CULTURE BEGAN TO BLOOM AND THEIR GROWTH DEVELOPED. THEY FOLLOWED THE SEASONS TO HUNT AND GATHER. BY 1609 THE ANGLOS ARIVED. THEY WERE AFFECTED BY DISEASES, WAR, AND CULTURAL CONFLICTS. MANY NATIVE AMERICAN CREATION STORIES ARE ROOTED IN NATIVE AMERICAN ENVIRONMENT VS. FROM ASIA. THEY TRADED WITH OTHER GROUPS AS THEY WERE EXPLORERS. BY LATE WOODLAND PERIOD THEIR SETTLEMENTS WERE NEXT TO VERMONT'S LAKES AND RIVER VALLEYS. THEY LIVED IN BANDS IN VILLAGES WITH AT LEAST 1000 PEOPLE PER VILLAGE WITH LONGHOUSES FOR UP TO FORTY PEOPLE. THEY FOLLOWED SEASONAL MIGRATIONS WITHIN BANDS. IN THE WINTER FAMILIES STAYED IN THE VILLAGE, MAKING TOOLS, AND REPAIRING OLD ONES. THE WOMEN MADE CLOTHING AND SEWED PORCUPINE QUILLS ON THEIR MOCCASINS. THEY DID NOT HAVE WARS IN WINTER.

IN LATE WINTER THEY HUNTED TO GIVE THE ANIMAL POPULATION TIME TO RECOVER AND MAINTAIN ANIMAL NEEDS. IN SPRING THEY FISHED FOR SALMON AND SHARD. SOME SALMON WEIGHED 35 POUNDS. THE WOMEN GATHERED SPRING PLANTS COLLECTED SAP AND BOILED IT. THEY MADE SUGAR CAKES FOR STORING AND GATHERED HERBS AND MEDICINES. IN APRIL THEY PLANTED THEIR CROPS, CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY STORED VEGETABLES IN PITS BENEATH SMALL HOUSES AND GREW TOBACCO. THE SOUTHERN VILLAGES STAYED CLOSER TO THEIR VILLAGES THAN THE NORTHERN VILLAGE.

IN THE NORTHERN VILLAGES THE HUNTED AND GATHERED MORE THAN FARMED. THEY HAD SHORTER GROWING SEASONS. IN SUMMER THEY CAUGHT FISH AND HUNTED SMALL MAMMALS AND GATHERED WILD PLANTS. THEIR BERRIES AND NUTS WERE IMPORTANT. CATTAILS WERE ALSO IMPORTANT. THEY ATE THE YOUNG SHOOTS.

THEY TRADED WITH FRIENDLY PEOPLE AND DEVELOPED LONG DISTANCE NETWORKS NORTHEAST AND TO CANADA AND THE MIDWEST. THEY CELEBRATED THE HARVEST CEREMONIES. THEY STORED THEIR NUTS AND DRIED MEAT IN BARK LINED PITS.

AAANATIVEARTS.COM

CHOL INDIANS IN MEXICO

THE CHOL ARE INDIGENOUS AND LIVE IN SOUTHEAST MEXICO IN THE CHIAPAS HIGHLANDS. THEY ARE ONE OF THE MAYAN PEOPLE. THERE ARE 140,800 SPEAKERS OF CHOL. THE HIGHLANDS CONSISTS OF VOLCANIC AREAS. THAT ARE SURROUNDED BY MOUNTAIN RANGES. THE PEAKS RANGE FROM 3000 TO 130,000. IT HAS FERTILE VALLEYS AND LARGE LAKES. EXPLORERS CAME TO EXPLOIT THE NATURAL RESOURCES.

IN 1554 THE SPANISH INVADED THE CHOL JUNGLE. THE SPANISH INVASION CAUSED THE CHOL AND MAYANS TO INTO GROUPS CALLED REDUCCIONES. EVENTUALLY THEY WERE SENT TO THE NORTH. THE PEOPLE SENT TO THE NORTH WERE THE CHOL ANCESTORS. THE CHOL WERE FORCED TO WORK ON ENCOMIEDAS UNTIL THE SPANISH GAVE THEM A DOCUMENT THAT GRANTED THEM LAND THEY HAD WORKED FOR GENERATIONS. THEN AGAIN IN THE 1800'S THE PRESIDENT CHANGED THE TRADITIONAL SYSTEM TO AGRARIAN FOR MORE PRODUCTION. HE TOOK AWAY LAND FROM THE CHOL AND THE EJIDOS DID NOT PROVIDE ENOUGH NATURAL RESOURCES TO SUPPORT THE CHOL. TODAY THERE IS CONFLICT BETWEEN CHOL AND LUICANDON SPEAKERS AS THE CHOL CONTINUE TO MOVE INTO THE LAND OF THE LUCANDON.

CHOLE MEANS "OUR SPEACH " AND REFERS TO THE PEOPLE AND THEIR LANGUAGE.THEY PRACTICE CHRISTIANITY. MAYAN TRADITION ARE ALSO INCORPORATED IN THEIR TRADITIONS. THEY WORSHIP IN CAVES THEIR CURERS ALTERNATE BETWEEN CHURCHES TO CAVES TO GAIN POWER. EARTH OWNER, THE MAYAN CAVE GOD, AND CHRIST ARE RECONCILED, AND CAVE CEREMONIES CONTINUE.

THEIR FOODS INCLUDE CORN, LIVESTOCK, BEANS, SQUASH, BANANAS, AND GREENS AND FRUIT. ONE OF THEIR INCOMES HAS INCREASED THEIR NEED TO LEARN SPANISH IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. MOST GIRLS STOP SCHOOL IN 6TH GRADE DUE TO MARRIAGE AND FINANCES.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

AKATEKO INDIANS IN MEXICO

THERE ARE 40,000 AKATEKO INDIANS IN MEXICO AND GUATEMALA. THEIR LANGUAGE IS RELATED TO KANJOBAL DIALECT, BUT NEITHER CAN UNDERSTAND THE OTHER. THE SPEAKERS CALL THEMSELVES AKATEKO OR KANJOBAL. THEIR CENTRAL VILLAGE IS SAN MIGUEL. THEY CALL THEIR LANGUAGE IN OLDER TIMES KANJOBAL. THEIR CENTRAL VILLAGE IS IN SAN MIGUEL. THEY CALL THEIR LANGUAGE IN OLDER TIMES KANJOBAL.
THE PEOPLE ARE MAYAN IN GUATEMALA. THERE ARE ABOUT 48,000 PEOPLE SPEAKING THIS LANGUAGE.

NATIVELANUAGES.COM
NATUREARTS.COM

HUASTECO INDIAN IN MEXICO

HUASTECO INDIANS IS A MAYAN LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY 120,000 PEOPLE IN MEXICO. THERE ARE 3 VARIETIES OF THIS LANGUAGE. ALL HUASTECO SPEAKERS CAN UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER FAIRLY WELL. THEY LIVE IN AN AREA CALLED LA HUEASTECA. THEY WERE HISTORICALLY FROM VERACRUZ AND HILDALGO ALONG PANUCA RIVER.

WHEN THE SPANISH CAME HERE IN 1529 THEY PROBABLY HAD 1/2 MILLION PEOPLE. THE HUESTECO IS A PRE-COLUMBIAN CULTURE. BASED ON ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THEY DATE BACK TO 10TH CENTURY B.C.

THEIR MOST PRODUCTIVE PERIOD WAS IN THE POSTCLASSIC ERA. THEY CONSTRUCTED TEMPLES ON STEP PYRAMIDS, CARVED ROCK SCULPTURES, PRODUCED PAINTED POTTERY. THEY WERE THEY WERE ONE OF THE FEW PEOPLE THAT ATTAINED CIVILIZATION AND BUILT CITIES. THEY ALSO HAD GREAT MUSICIANS. THE HUASTEC REGION WAS KNOWN TO AZTECS FOR FERTILE SOIL.

NATIVELANGUAGE.COM
WIKIPEDIA.ORG

CHOCHIMI WAS A YUMAN LANGUAGE OF MEXICO

CHOCHIMI IS RELATED TO KUMEYAAY AND COCOPAH OR YUMAN LANGUAGE OF MEXICO RELATED TO THE KUMEYAAY AND COCOPAH OR YUMAN LANGUAGE OF THE HOKAN FAMILY. IT WAS SPOKEN IN BAJA BUT HAS NOT BEN SPOKEN SINCE 1800. THE COCHIMI PEOPLE DO NOT EXIST ANY LONGER. THEIR RELATIVES, THE KUMEYAAY ARE STILL REFERED AS CHOCHIMI.

NATIVELANGUAGES.COM

CHICOMUCETE INDIANS IN MEXICO

THE CHICOMUCETIC IS AN EXTINCT MAYAN LANGUAGE. MAYAN LANGUAGE WAS ONCE SPOKEN IN MEXICO AND GUATEMALA.

NATIVELANGUAGES.COM

MATLATZINCA INDIANS IN OTO, MEXICO

THE MATLATZINCA SPEAK MANGUEAN LANGUAGE OF MEXICO AND IS RELATED TO TLAIUCIA. IT IS AN ENDANGERED LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY 1000 PEOPLE WHO ARE ELDERS TODAY.

TOLUCA IS WHERE THE MATLATINCAS LIVE. THEY ARE ARTISTS AND PRODUCED A VARIETY OF CRAFTS AND ART. THEY WEAVE REBOZOS AND ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR POTTERY. LEATHER WORK IS IN TENANGE, AND BASKETS ARE FAMOUS IN CHIHUAPAN. SAN ANTONIO IS FAMOUS FOR BASKETS. THEY ALSO MAKE WOODEN MASKS.

NO ONE IS CERTAIN WHEN THE ANCESTORS OF MATLATZINCAS MOVED INTO TOLUCA FROM THE NORTH. AN ANCIENT CITY OF THEIRS IS TEOTENANGO (900 -1450). THE MATLATZINCA ONCE OCCUPIED A LARGE LAND IN MEXICO.

MATLATZINCA MEANS "THOSE WHO MAKE NETS". THEIR RELIGION INCLUDED SACRIFICING HUMAN VICTIMS BY CRUSHING THEM IN LARGE NETS. SPANISH FOLKS CONQUERED TENOCHITLAN. THE NATIVES PRACTICE SUBSISTENCE AND CROPS SUCH AS PEAS, SUGAR CANE, WHEAT AND BARLEY TO SELL. THEY GROW MAGUEY CROPS TO MAKE PULQUE - AN ALCOHOLIC DRINK THEY STORE IN PIGSKIN.

MANY NATIVES HAVE LEFT THE VILLAGES TO WORK. THEY STILL PRACTICE TRADITIONAL AGRICUTURAL RITUALS.
NATIVE-LANGUAGE.COM

PAIPAIIN IN BAJA,MEXICO

PAIPAI ARE AN ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF NORTHERN BAJA, MEXICO. THEY OCCUPIED AN AREA NEAR KILIWA ON THE SOUTH SHORE OF THE KUMEYAAY. TODAY MOST LIVE IN SANTA CATARINA. TODAY MOST LIVE IN SANTA CATARINA. THEY BELONG TO THE YUMAN LINGUISTIC STOCK. THE YUMAN MAY HAVE SEPARATED FROM SEVERAL OTHER BRANCHES ABOUT 100 TO 1700 YEARS AGO. SOME OF THEIR PEOPLE WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MISSIONS. ONE RESEARCHER ESTIMATED THERE WERE 1800 PAIPAI.

THEIR ABORIGINAL SUBSISTENCE WAS WITH HUNTING AND GATHERING VS. AGRICULTURE. NUMEROUS PLANTS WERE COLLECTED INCLUDING AGAVE, YUCCA, MESQUITE, PRICKLY PEAR, ACORNS, PINE NUTS, AND JUNIPER BERRIES. MANY OTHERS PLANTS SERVED AS MEDICINE AND CRAFT MATERIALS. THEY HUNTED DEER, ANTELOPE, BIG HORN SHEEP, RABBITS, WOODRATS, SMALL QUAIL. FISH AND SHELLFISH. CROPS WERE INTRODUCED HISTORICALLY.

THEY BUILT THATCHED ROOF HOUSES AND RAMADAS AND SWEATHOUSES, THEY MADE POTTERY, BASKETRY MANOS, AND METATES, MORTARS, AND PESTLES, STOVE KNIVES, RABBIT ROBES, SANDALS, BASKETRY CAPS AND CRADLES.

IT WAS A PATRILOCAL SOCIETY. IN HISTORIC TIMES THE COMMUNITY WAS FLUID. NO FORMAL LEADERS WERE THERE. RECREATION INCLUDED GAMES - SHINNEY, KICKBALL RACES THE RING AND PIN GAMES, JUGGLING and CAT'S CRADDLE. THEY SANG AND MADE CRUDE FLUTES AND GOURD RATTLES.. PETS WERE KEPT.

SHAMANS COULD CURE OR CAUSE DISEASE. THEY COULD MAKE OR PREVENT RAIN. THEY GOT POWERS THROUGH DREAMING AND TAKING TAKING DATURA. GIRLS WERE INITIATED BY BATHING AND TOOK PART IN RITES. THEY HAD RESTRICTIONS DURING MENSES. BOYS CEREMONIES WERE RACING, FASTING AND NOSE PIERCING.

MARRIAGE WAS NOT VERY FORMAL THERE WERE TABOOS FOR PARENTS WHO HAD A BABY. THE MOST ELABORATE CEREMONY WAS FOR FUNERALS. THEY WERE CREMATED AND THEIR PROPERTY DESTROYED. TABOOS WERE CREATED REGARDING HUNTING EXPEDITIONS.

THEY HAD MANY ORAL HISTORIES AND MYTHS. IN 1602 THEY FIRST ENCOUNTERED THE EUROPEANS AND SPANISH. IN 1769 SPANISH FOLKS ESTABLISHED MISSIONS AT SANTA CATARINA AND IT WAS DESTROYED BY 1840 BY INDIANS

WIKIPEDIA.COM

Thursday, August 11, 2011

DIRTY ROTTEN SCOUNDRELS

LAST WEEK I WENT TO A PLAY AT SRJC THAT WAS ADAPTED FROM A POPULAR PLAY FROM 1988. THE PLAY WAS ABOUT TWO CON MEN LIVING ON THE FRENCH RIVIERA AND WAS A MUSICAL. THEY MET ON A TRAIN AND THEY TRIED TO WORK TOGETHER ONLY TO FIND THAT THAT THE SMALL TOWN WASN'T BIG ENOUGH. ONE MAN FAKED HE HAD NO FEELING BELOW HIS HIPS AND WAS IN THE WHEELCHAIR. HE DID THIS TO EXTRACT $50,000 FROM A HEIRESS. THE OTHER MAN PLAYED THE DOCTOR. THERE WERE MANY FUNY SCENES. THE HEIRESS, CHRISTINE, WANTED TO PLAY A COWGIRL AND THE OTHERS DRESSED IN WESTERN CLOTHING AND SANG OKLAHOMA.

THESE 20 SOMETHINGS WORE MAKEUP AND WERE DRESSED IN HIGH HEELS AND SEXY FORMAL DRESSES AS IF ON A CRUISE.

KANAKA MAOLI ARE HAWAIAN NATIVES

THE KANAKA MAOLI MEANS INDIGENOUS POLYNESIAN PEOPLE OR THEIR DESCENDANTS. THE HISTORY OF NATIVE HAWAIIANS IS CLASSIFIED INTO FOR MAJOR PERIODS:1) ANCIENT HAWAII, 2) KINGDOM OF HAWAII 3) TERRITORY OF HAWAII 4)STATEHOOD.

THE EARLY SETTLEMENT IS STILL UNSETTLED. SOME BELIEVE THE FIRST POLYNESIANS ARRIVED HERE IN THE THIRD CENTURY FROM MARQUESAS AND WERE FOLLOWED BY THE TAHIATIAN SETTLERS IN 1300, WHO CONQUERED THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS. THERE IS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THAT CONFIRMING SETTLEMENT NO LATER THAN 800 A.D.

SOME WRITERS BELIEVE THAT THERE WERE OTHER SETTLERS. IN HAWAII, PEOPLE WHO WERE FORCED INTO REMOTE VALLEYS BY NEWER ARRIVALS. THEY CLAIM THAT THE LITTLE PEOPLE WHO BUILT THE HEIAU PROVE THE EXISTENCE OF ANCIENT PEOPLE WHO SETTLED.

BY THE TIME CAPTAIN COOK ARRIVED THERE MAY HAVE BEEN 250,00 TO 800,00 PEOPLE. THERE IS DEBATE OVER SUCH ESTIMATES. THEY WERE WIPED OUT BY DISEASES. THEY HAD NO RESISTANCE TO INFLUENZA OR OTHER DISEASES. BY 1900 ONLY 40,000 PEOPLE EXISTED.

THE HAWAIIAN LANGUAGE WAS ONCE THE PRIMARY LANGUAGE OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE. TODAY MOST PEOPLE ALL SPEAK ENGLISH SINCE OVER A CENTURY THEY THEY HAVE BEEN PART OF THE U.S. BY 1896 THEY REQUIRED ENGLISH TO BE THE ONLY LANGUAGE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. SOME NATIVE HAWAIIANS SPEAK CREOLE. ENGLISH REFERRED TO PIDGIN ENGLISH IN THE 1900'S WHEN A VARIETY OF ETHNIC GROUPS WERE HERE.

SINCE 1978 THE LANGUAGE HAS IMMERSED IN VARIOUS SCHOOLS AGAIN. IN 2002 THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII HAS AN MA PROGRAM IN HAWAIIAN LANGUAGE. IN THE THE ISLAND IN THE ISLAND OF NIIHAU THEY STILL SPEAK HAWAIIAN.

CHILDREN ARE PUBLICALLY EDUCATED . SINCE 1994 AN EDUCATOR HAD SPECIAL PUBLIC HAWIAN LANGUAGE IMMERSION SCHOOLS. THEY ARE NOT ONLY FOR HAWAIAN. THE CHILDREN ARE TAUGHT ABOUT THEIR HISTORY AND ANCESTRY.

NATIVE CULTURE HAS SEEN A REVIVAL IN RECENT YEARS AS DECISIONS ARE MADE. SOME SUBJECTS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS ARE: ANCIENT ART; LIFESTYLE, GEOLOGY, HULA AND HAWAIIAN LANGUAGE.

NATIVE AMERICAN PROJECT ARTS IN 1974 GAVE THEMFEDERAL ASSISTANCE FOR NATIVE AMERICAN. IN 1993 CLINTON PASSED A RESOLUTION TO APPOLOGIZE TO NATIVE HAWAII FOR OVERTHROW OF THE KINGDOM OF THE KINGDOM OF HAWAII. SEVERAL CULTURAL PRESERVATION SOCITIES HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED. BISHOP MUSEUM WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1889 AND DESIGNATED HAWAII'S STATE NATURAL AND CULTURAL HISTORICAL MUSEUM. IT HAS THE LARGEST COLLECTION OF ARTIFACTS AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL TOOLS.

IT HAS A POLYNESIAN SOCIETY TO REINVENT THE DOUBLE HULLED CANOES. THEIR ANCIENT ART OF HULA DANCING IS EXPRESSED IN MANY PLACES IT TELLS STORIES AND FEELINGS FROM VARIOUS VARIOUS PHASES OF LIFE.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

PIRATE OF PENZANCE

LAST NIGHT I WENT TO THE WEDNESDAY NIGHT MARKET AND THERE WAS A NEW STREET PERFORMER WHO LOOKED LIKE AND SOUNDED LIKE THE PIRATE IN THIS FAMOUS MOVIE! HE WAS A VENTRILOQUIST WHO HAD A PUPPET WHOSE EYEBROWS AND MOUTH MOVED AND YOU COULD NOT SEE HIM MOVE HIS MOUTH AT ALL. HE SPOKE FOR THE PUPPET AND THEN THE PUPPET HAD HIS VOICE AND HE SAID I'M GOING TO TO PUT YOU BACK IN YOUR BOX AND THE PUPPET SAID 'NO I WANT OUT!'. IT WAS QUITE ENTERTAINING. HE JUGGLED THREE FIRE STICKS IN THE AIR WHILE ASKING THE AUDIENCE IF THEY WANTED TO SEE HIM THROW ONE UNDER HIS LEG. HE PUT A FIRE EXTINGUISHER OUT BEFORE HE STARTED AND HE THREW A FIRE STICK UNDER HIS LEG.

ANOTHER JUGGLING ACT HE DID WAS WITH A FIRE STICK A LARGE PIRATE'S KNIFE AND AN APPLE. HE JUGGLED THEM WHILE TAKING A BITE OF AN APPLE WHICH LOOKED TRICKY!

ANOTHER TRICK HE DID WAS TO HAVE A GUY PRINT HIS INITIALS WITH A PENCIL ON A $20 BILL. HE THEN SOMEHOW HID IT INSIDE FOUR LOCKED BOXES THAT FIT INSIDE EACH OTHER.. BY THE TIME I GOT THERE THE MAN WAS OPENING THE BOXES. THE FIRST THREE HAD NOTHING, THEN WHEN HE UNLOCKED THE FOURTH HE ASKED HIM IF THAT WAS HIS $20, AND HE SAID YES! IT WAS MAGIC..

ANOTHER INTERESTING PART OF THE MARKET WAS A GROUP OF COUNTRY AND WESTERN GUITAR PLAYERS AMD SINGWRS. THEY HAD 'CLOGGERS' WHO DANCED A RAPID TWO STEP TO THE MUSIC WITH SPECIAL CLOGGING SHOES!

OCCIDENTAL FOREST CHALLENGE FOR KIDS

WHEN I WAS A MOM I WENT TO OCCIDENTAL CAMP AND MY SON'S 6TH GRADE CLASS JOINED OTHER SCHOOL'S TO BE IN TEAMS FOR ATTEMPTING VARIOUS PHYSICAL/EMOTIONAL CHALLENGES. ONE CHALLENGE THE KIDS HAD WA CLIMBING TALL ROPES HNGING FROM REDWOOD TREES, WITH CLASSMATED CHEERING THEM ON. THEY ALSO HAD A BIG 15 FOOT CIRCULAR ROPED CLIMBING CHAMBER TO MANOUVER IN.

THEN MANY OF US WENT TO A ZIP LINE WHICH WAS QUITE SCARRY. IT WAS A TRICKY THING FOR THE ADULTS MOSTLY. BUT SOME KIDS DID NOT WANT TO DO IT. A TRUE BLOOD INDIAN BEHIND ME ENCORGED ME THAT IT WAS FUN. WE HAD TO CLIMB A 50 FOOT TREE AND THEN PUT YOURSELF IN A SADDLE OF SORTS AND THERE WAS A PULLEY THAT SWUNG US ABOVE THE REDWOOD TREES AND WE LANDED ON ANOTHER WOODEN PLATFORM AFTER A FEW MINUTES IT WAS A CHANGES I WON'T FORGET.

Monday, August 8, 2011

YUCHI TRIBE IN TENNESSEE

THE YUCHI ARE A TRIBE WHO LIVED IN THE EASTERN RIVER OF TENNESSEE RIVER. THEY MOVED SOUTH TO ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND SOUTH CAROLINA. THEY SUFFERED FATALITIES DUE TO EPIDEMIC DISEASES. THE SURVIVING YUCHI IN THE 1830'S WERE REMOVED TO INDIAN TERRITORY.

TODAY THEY LIVE IN NORTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA AND ARE CITIZENS OF FEDERAL RECOGNITION OF THE MUSKOGEAN CREEK NATION. THE YUCHI ARE INTERPRETED AS SITUATED YONDER.

THEIR ORIGIN HAS BEEN A MYSTERY. THEIR YUCHI LANGUAGE CLOSELY REMEMBER. BOTH HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE EXISTS TO DOCUMENT SEVERAL TOWNS OF THE 1700'S. CHESTOWEE WAS ONE IN SOUTHERN TENNESSEE. THE CHEROKEE DESTROYED IT.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

TUSKEGEE INDIANS IN TENNESSEE

THE TUSKEGEE WERE A SEDENTARY HUNTING AND FARMING TRIBE LOCATED ON COOSA AND TALAPOSSA RIVER. THEY HAD TWO BANDS AND A FEW FOLKS MIGRATED TO FLORIDA AND JOINED THE SEMINOLES THEY SPOKE ALABAMA.

THE MEANING OF THEIR NAME WAS 'WARRIOR'. THEIR LANGUAGE IS UNKNOWN. SOME OF THEM BELIEVED ON THE UPPER PART OF TENNESSEE. IN 1540 DE SOTO PASSED THROUGH TOWN BEFORE HE ENTERED COOSA. BY THE DOSE OF THE 17TH CENTURY THE TUSKEGEE DIVIDED INTO TWO BANDS ON THE TENNESSEE RIVER.

IN 1832 THEY HAD A POPULATION OF 216.

FOUR DIRECTION.COM
HIDDEN HISTORY.COM

QWAPAW INDIANS IN TENNESSEE

QWAPAW MEANS 'DOWNSTREAM'. THEY ARE BEST KNOWN. THEY ALSO LIVE IN TENNESSEE AND MISOURI. THEIR TRIBAL TOWN IS CALLED 'ACANSA' OR SOUTHERN. THEY WERE FORCED TO MOVE TO OKLAHOMA IN THE 1800'S WITH OTHER TRIBES.

THEY LIVE ON A RESERVATION THAT BELONGS TO THEM. THEY ARE U.S. CITIZENS AND EACH BAND WAS WAS LEAD BY A CHIEF. TODAY THEY ARE GOVERNED BY A COUNCIL. THEY SPEAK ENGLISH, PREVIOUSLY THEY SPOKE QUAPAW. CHILDREN PREVIOUSLY PLAYED A HOOP GAME PLAYED BY PLAINS INDIANS. THEYALSO HAD MANY CHORES. MEN WERE HUNTERS AND WOMEN WERE FARMERS. TODAYTHEY LIVE IN MODERN HOUSES.

THEY WORE DEERSKIN DRESSES AND MEN WORE BREECH CLOTHS WITH LEATHER LEGGINGS. THEY ALSO MADE THEIR MOCCASINS AND IN WINTER WORE BUFFALO HIDE ROBES. THEY WORE WARBONNETS. THEY WORE TATTOOS AND PAINTED FACES FOR RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES.

THEY MADE CANOES CYPRESS TREES. ONCE THEY HAD ACQUIRED HOMES THEY TRAVELED. THEY WERE FARMERS AND THE WOMEN RAISED CROPS OF CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH. MEN HUNTED DEAR AND SMALL GAME AND FISHED IN THE RIVER. THEY HUNTED BUFFALO. THEY TRADED WITH OTHER TRIBES OF THE GREAT PLAINS AND THE CHICKASAW AND TUNICA. THEY MADE VALUABLE POTTERY TO TRADE AS WELL AS USE.

THEY FOUGHT WARS TO PROVE THEIR COURAGE WITH PLASINS INDIANS, OR TO STEAL THEIR HORSES. THEY ARE FAMOUS FOR YHEIR POTTERY, BASKETWEAVING AND PIPE CARVING. THEY ALSO MADE BEADWORK. THEY TELL STORIES AND LEGENDS OF ALL TYPES THAT ARE VERY IMPORTANT TO THEIR CULTURE. THEY ARE KIN TO OMAHAS. THEY WERE A SOPHISTICATED TRIBE AND BUILT HOMES ON MOUNDS. THEY ALLIEDWITH THE FRENCH TO FIGHT AGAINST BRITISH.

BIGORRIN.COM
EHOW.COM

CATAWBA IN TENNESSEE

THE CATAWBA WERE DIVIDED SEPARATELY. THEY ARE FROM EASTERN SIOUAN TRIBES. IN PREHISTORIC TIMES THEIR LAND WAS KNOWN AS 'KADAPAU'. THIS NAME WAS APPLIED TO A SMALL BAND THAT WAS IN THE SOUTHEAST OF TENNESSEE THAT IS CALLED ESAW. THEY LIVE ALONG THE THE IOWA RIVERS. SOME ANGLOS VISITED THEM IN 1881 AND OBTAINED THEIR VOCABULARY, SHOWING NUMEROUS CONNECTIONS TO THE SIOUX. THE SIOUX TRIBE APPARENTLY ORIGINATED FROM THE U.S. THE CATAWBA WERE IN A CONSTANT STATE OF WARFARE WITH THE NORTHERN TRIBES.

IN 1579 VANDERA CALLED THEM ISSA IN HIS WRITINGS OF PARDO'S EXPEDITION'S. IN LAWSON SAYS THEY WERE A POWERFUL NATION AND THEIR VILLAGES HAD MANY PEOPLE. THE TWO DIVISIONS WERE KADAPAW AND ESAW. ONE OF THEIR ANCIENT CLEARED FIELDS WAS 7 MILES LONG! IN 1728 THEY STILL HAD 6 VILLAGES ALONG THE CATAWBA RIVER WITHIN 20 MILES. THEIR MAIN VILLAGE WAS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. IN 1700'S THEY WERE FRIENDLY TOWARD THE ENGLISH AND KEPT PEACE WITH THE U.S. THEY WARRED WITH THE IROQUOIS, SHAWNEE, AND DELAWARE, CHEROKEE, AND OTHERS IN OHIO VALLEY. BECAUSE OF THIS WARFARE AND ATTACKS BY ENEMIES THEY WERE REDUCED IN POPULATION WITH DISEASE AND EPIDEMICS OF SMALLPOX. THIS ACCELERATED THEIR DESTRUCTION. BY THE END OF 1700'S THEIR TRIBE HAD FEW PEOPLE. THEY SENT THEIR WARRIORS TO HELP THE COLONISTS IN THE TUSCARORA WAR OF 1711 -1713.

IN 1738 SMALLPOX RAGED AND WORKED ITS DESTRUCTION AMONG ANGLOS AND NATIVES. IN 1759 IT KILLED NEARLY HALF OF THE CATAWBA. THE SIX NATIONS OF THE CATAWBA MADE A PIECE TREATY BETWEEN THE TWO TRIBES INCLUDING THE IROQUOIS. IN 1762 A PARTY OF SHAWNESS KILLED THE NOTED CHIEF OF THE CATAWBA.

IN 1826 THEIR RESERVATION WAS BOUGHT FROM THE ANFGLOS FOR $1000 ON WHICH THE CHIEF'S DEPENDED. THEY HAD ONLY A SQUARE MILE ON WHICH THEY RESIDE. IN 1841 THE CATAWBA MOVED TO THE CHEROKEE IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA.

IN 1881 THEY HAD 85 ON THE RESERVATION INCLUDING 35 EMPLOYED ON NEIGHBORING FARMS, WHICH TOTALED 120.

ACCESSGENEOLOGY.COM

SHAWNEE IN TENNESSEE

DURING LATE 1600'S AND EARLY 1700'S THE SHAWNEE RIVER HAD MANY VILLAGES ALONG THE CUMBERLAND RIVER. THEY SPEAK ALGONQUIAN. THE SHAWNEE TRAVELED WIDELY AND LIVED FROM OHIO TO GEORGIA. THEY WERE SKILLED WARRIORS.

IN 1672 THE CHEROKEE GAVE THEM PERMISSION TO SETTLE ON CUMBERLAND. THE SHAWNEE WERE FORCED OUT OF NASHVILLE IN 1715. THEY GOT INVOLVED WITH THE TRADE WARS BETWEEN ENGLAND, SPAIN, FRANCE. THEY ALL FOUGHT ABOUT THE FUR TRADE.

THE CHICKASAWS WERE LEGENDARY WARRIORS, AND SIDED WITH ENGLISH. THE FRENCH AND CHICKASAWS BATTLED. IN 1715 THE SHAWNEE ABANDONED THE AREA.
EVENTUALLY THEY SETTLED ALONG THE OHIO RIVER IN SOUTHERN OHIO. THE SHAWNEE FORGOT AND LIVED ALONGSIDE THE CHICKAMONGANS. IN 1755 A SHAWNEE WARRIOR CAPTURED A YOUNG WOMAN WHO HE MARRIED DURING A RAID. THIS COUPLE WAS THE PARENTS OF TECUMSEH, WHO WAS ONE THE GREATEST INDIAN LEADERS.

IN EARLY 1800'S TECUMSEH ALMOST SUCCEDED IN UNITING ALL INDIAN TRIBES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI TO FIGHT AGAINST LOOSING INDIAN LAND. HE SPOKE TO MANY INDIAN LEADERS. HE ALLIED WITH BRITISH DURING THE 1812 WAR AND DIED IN BATTLE IN 1813.

NATIVE NASHVILLE.ORG

CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING

YESTERDAY I WENT TO CHURCH AND PRAYED FOR ALL THE ALCOHOLICS AND ADDICTS OF THE WORLD TO SEEK REHABILITATION. OUR MINISTER WAS ENCOURAGING US TO BE WHO WE ARE AND DISCOVER MORE ABOUT WHO YOU REALLY ARE. THIS IS A MESSAGE THAT ERNEST HOLMES HAD WRITTEN.

THAT AFTERNOON I WENT TO A WOMAN'S CONVERSATION WHICH WAS ALMOST LIKE A TWELVE STEP MEETING IN THAT WE WERE GIVEN A CHANCE TO TELL A FIVE MINUTE STORY ABOUT WHAT WAS ON OUR MIND. MANY WOMEN HAD LONER STORIES AND CRIED ABOUT THEIR FEELING THAT WERE SO DEEPLY HURTING THEM. WE WERE EACH ASKED TO STAND UP IN FRONT OF THE GROUP AND NOT SMILE OR SAY ANYTHING FOR 1 1/2 MINUTES. IT SEEMED LIKE 5 MINUTES AS I STARED AT EACH PERSON'S EYES. I SAID IT WAS VERY DIFFERENT SINCE I HAD BEEN USED TO SPEAKING IN FRONT OF GROUPS VERSUS JUST STANDING THERE. THEN EVERYONE APPLAUDED US FOR WHO WE WERE! WE DID SOME CHANTS AND MEDITATIONS. WE ALSO HAD OTHER DISCUSSIONS ABOUT WHAT WAS THE BEST THING THAT HAPPENED TO US DURING THE LAST YEAR. AT THE END WE DID AN INTERACTIVE SONG AND TWO STEP WITH THE GROUP, AND FINISHED WITH "SO IT IS", AMEN. THE TWO WOMEN WHO PUT IT TOGETHER HAD BEEN TRAVELING THROUGHOUT THE U.S. TO SPIRITUAL LIVING CHURCH PUTTING ON THESE WORKSHOPS. MANY SPOKE ABOUT HAVING BEEN AN ALCOHOLIC OR HAD MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILY WHO WERE ALCOHOLIC.

OVERLOOK TRAIL IN SONOMA

THIS WEEKEND I HIKED UP A RUGGED TRAIL IN SONOMA CALLED THE OVERLOOK TRAIL. IT IS A WILDERNESS TRAIL AND HAS SEVERAL TURNS ONCE YOU GET UP TO THE OVERLOOK. THAT PART WAS CONFUSING. I CHOSE THE UPLAND TRAIL BUT SOON FOUND OUT THAT IT BECAME STEEP AND HAD NO SHADE, SO I WENT DOWN THE OTHER TRAIL. IT WAS A HOT DAY. THE TRAIL TAKES ABOUT AN HOUR EITHER WAY YOU GO. I MET THREE YOUNG GALS ON THE WAY UP WHO HAD BEEN THERE BEFORE - THEY BROUGHT NO WATER AND WERE BUSY TALKING THAT THEY MISSED THE FOX THAT HAD CAUGHT A MOUSE. WE SPOTTED A BLUE TYPE OF REPTILE OR SALAMANDER. I NOTICED THAT SOMEONE HAD PLCED NAMES ON THE TREES - BLUE OAKS, VALLEY OAKS, SAGE, MONKEYFLOWER, LOTS OF POISIN OAK, DOUG FIR, KNOBCONE PINE. IT IS A STEEP TRAIL WITH MANY ROCKS OF RED SANDSTONE.

BE SURE TO WEAR STURDY SHOES AS THEY NOTE THAT THEIR ARE RATTLESNAKES AND BOBCATS. I ALSO SAW TURKEY VULTURES AND A RED TAILED HAWK!

AFTER MY HIKE I COOLED DOWN IN THE CITY PARK NEARBY AND STOPPED TO VIEW THE SONOMA MUSEUM IN DEPOT PARK WHICH I NEVER KNEW EXISTED. THE MUSEUM WAS IN THE ORIGINAL HISTORIC DEPOT AND TWO OLDER VOLUNTEERS GREETED ME WITH SOME COOL WATER. ONE SAID SHE HAD ONLY BEEN UP THAT OVERLOOK TRAIL ONCE! THE MUSEUM WAS FULL OF OLD ARTIFACTS - A DENTISTS TOOL KIT FROM THE 1800'S, A PAIR OF BOOTS MADE OUT OF BEAR FEET, SOME TRAIN PHOTOS, POMO BASKETS OF WILLOW AND REDBUD WITH QUAIL FEATHERS, AND A COLLECTION OF PREHISTORIC OBSIDIAN AND CHERT TOOLS AND PROJECTILE POINTS.

Thursday, August 4, 2011

CHICKASAW INDIANS IN TENNESSEE

THE CHICKASAW ARE NATIVE AMERICANS ORIGINALLY FROM MISSISSIPPI,ALABAMA, AND TENNESSEE. THEY SPEAK MUSKOGEAN. THEY ARE FEDERALLY ENROLLED. PRIOR TO EUROPEAN CONTACT, THE CHICKASAW MOVED OUT OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THE CHICKASAW ARE ONE IN FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES WHO WERE FORCED TO SELL THEIR TERRITORY IN 1832 AND MOVED TO OKLAHOMA . TODAY THEY ARE THE 13TH FEDERALLY REGULATED TRIBES IN THE U.S., CHICKASAW MEANS REBELS. THEIR HISTORY IS UNCERTAIN. THEY MAY NOT HAVE BEEN DESCENDANTS OF PREHISTORIC MISSISSIPI CULTURE. THE ORAL HISTORY SUPPORTS THIS AND THEY MOVED ALONG WITH THE CHOCTAW WEST OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER IN PREHISTORIC TIMES.

HERNANDO DE SOTO IN 1540 FIRST ENCOUNTERED THEM AT TUPELO, MISSISSIPPI. THE CHICKASAW ALLOTTED THEM NEARLY DESTROYING THE EXPEDITION THE CHICKASAW TRADED WITH THE BRITISH AFTER THE COLONY OF CAROLINA WAS FOUNDED. THE CHICKASAW WERE OFTEN AT WAR WITH FRENCH AND CHOCTAW. BY 1736 THE BRITISH DEFEATED THEM.

IN 1793 THE CHICKASAW FOUGHT UNDER GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE AGAINST INDIANS OF NORTHWEST TERRITORY. THEY WERE DEFEATED.

WASHINGTON AND GENERAL KNOX WANTED TO TRANSFORM THE NATIVES TO AN AMERICAN SOCIETY. THEY WANTED THEM TO BUILD HOMES, FARMS, AND EDUCATE CHILDREN, EMBRACE CHRISTIANITY SO THEIR GROUPS WOULD IMPROVE THEIR SOCIETY. THE GOVERNMENT APPOINTED AGENTS TO LIVE AMONG INDIANS AND TEACH THROUGH EXAMPLE HOW TO LIVE LIKE WHITES. THE CHICKASAWS DID ACCEPT WASHINGTON'S POLICY AND ESTABLISHED SCHOOLS AND FARMED AND CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY AND BUILT HOMES LIKE THEIRS. THEY SIGNED THE TREATY OF HOPEWELL IN 1786 SO THAT THE CHICKASAWS AND ANGLOS COULD SHARE PEACE.

A SCOTTISH TRADER SETTLED HERE AND MARRIED THREE CHICKASAW WOMEN IN HIS LIFE. HE HAD SEVEN SONS. THIS FAMILY WAS IMPORTANT IN TRIBAL CIVIC SERVICE AND CREATED A GOVERNMENT FOUNDATION FOR THE CHICKASAW NATION IN OKLAHOMA.

DURING THE REMOVAL ERA THEY WERE TO RECEIVE 3 MILLION DOLLARS FOR LANDS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THIS MONEY WENT UNPAID FOR 30 YEARS, THEY PURCHASED LAND FROM THE CHOCTAWS. IN 1847 THEY MET AT MEMPHIS WITH ALL THEIR BELONGINGS DURING THE REMOVAL ERA. THIS WAS CALLED THE TRAIL OF TEARS WHEN 3000 CHEROKEES CROSSED THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. MORE THAN 500 DIED OF DYSENTERY AND SMALLPOX. THEY MERGED WITH THE CHOCKTAW TRIBE. AFTER TWO DECADES OF MISTRUST THEY REGAINED THEIR NATION ESTABLISHING IT IN OKLAHOMA. THEY ALLIED WITH THE CONFEDERATE STATES . BECAUSE THEY SIDED WITH THE CONFEDERATED STATES OF AMERICA THEY HAD TO FIGHT FOR THEIR LAND CLAIM.

IN 1866 THE U,S, MADE A PEACE TREATY WITH THE CHICKASAW SO THAT THE BLACKS COULD ACCEPT FULL CITIZENSHIP.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

DAKOTA SIOUX INDIANS IN IOWA

LAKOTA AND DAKOTA ARE DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATION. THERE ARE 13 SIOUX POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS. SIOUX COMES FROM OJIBWA. MANY LAKOTAS AND DAKOTA SIOUX WHICH MEANS LITTLE SNAKES. MANY LAKOTAS USE SIOUX TO REFER TO THEMSELVES WHEN THEY'RE SPEAKING ENGLISH. THEIR ORIGINAL HOMELANDS WERE IN WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, SOUTH AND NORTH DAKOTA. THE SIOUX TRAVELED FREELY. TODAY MOST LIVE IN THE DAKOTAS, MINNEAPOLIS, NEBRASKA, AND SASKATCHEWAN. THE SIOUX HAVE 7 MAJOR TRIBES. EACH TRIBE HAS ITS OWN LAND AND LEADERSHIP AND MAKES DECISIONS SEPARATELY. THEIR POLITICAL LEADER IS CONSIDERED AN 'ITANCAN", OR CHIEF. THEIR LEADER CAN BE A MANOR A WOMAN.

NEARLY ALL DAKOTA SPEAK ENGLISH BUT 15,000 SIOUX ARE BILINGUAL AND SPEAK LAKOTA. AND DAKOTA PEOPLE CAN UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER. THE CHILDREN PLAY WITH EACH OTHER AND GO TO SCHOOL AND HELP AT THE HOUSE. MANY CHILDREN LIKE TO GO HUNTING. AND FISHING WITH THEIR FATHER. THE BOYS IN SOME BANDS LIKE TO PLAY LACROSSE AND CARRIED THEIR BABIES IN CRADLE BOARDS ON THEIR BACKS.

THEY LIVED IN BUFFALO HIDE TENTS CALLED TIPIS. TIPIS WERE EASY TO SET UP AND BREAK DOWN. TIPIS WERE 12 FEET HIGH. AFTER THEY GOT HORSES THEY BEGAN BUILDING THEM TWICE THAT SIZE. HERE ARE SOME TODAY THEY PUT THEM UP ONLY FOR FUN. MOST LIVE IN APARTMENTS OR HOUSES.

THE WARRIORS WERE WELL KNOWN FOR EXPRESSIVE FEATHERED WAR BONNETS BUT THEY DIDN'T WEAR THEM IN EVERYDAY LIFE. BOTH SIOUX MEN AND WOMEN WORE THERE HAIR LONG. THE CHIEFS WERE KNOWN FOR THEIR FEATHERED WAR BONNETS. THEY PAINTED THEIR FACES AND ARMS WITH BRIGHT COLORS AND ANIMAL DESIGNS. THEY USED DIFFERENT PATTERNS. SIOUX MEN AND WOMEN WORE THEIR HAIR LONG. THE CHIEFS FEATHERED WAR BONNETTS. THEY PAINTED THEIR FACES AND ARMS WITH BRIGHT COLORS AND ANIMAL DESIGNS. THEY USED DIFFERENT PATTERNS.

THEY KNEW HOW TO MAKE BIRCH BARK CANOES AND TRAVELLED ON FOOT TO HELP THEM CARRY BELONGINGS. ONCE THE ANGLOS INTRODUCED HORSES THEY FOLLOWED THE MIGRATION OF THE BUFFALO, MOST OF THEIR DIET WAS MEAT. IT INCLUDESDEER, ELK, AND BUFFALO AND THEY COOKEDIT INTO PITS OR ORIGINALTHEY WERE CORN FARMERS AS WELL AS HUNTERS, BUT THEY ACQUIRED HORSES AND AND GAVE UP FARMING FOR THE BUFFALO. THEY COOKED MEAT IN PITS. THEY SET UP CONTROLLED FIRES TO HEARD THE ANIMALS INTO THE TRAPSOR OVER CLIFFS. THEY TRADED REGULARLY WITH OTHER TRIBES. THEY USED A SIGN LANGUAGE FOR COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER TRIBES.

THE SIOUX AND OTHER TRIBES.

THE SIOUX AND OTHER TRIBES FOUGHT WARSWITH OTHER TRIBES TO PROVE THEIR COURAGE AND RARELY TO DESTROY THEIR VILLAGES. THE CUSTOMS WERE TOUCHING AN OPPONENT WITH OUT HARMING HIM, STEALING A HORSE OR WEAPON. THEY FORCED THE OTHER WARRIORSTO RETREAT.

SIOUX WOMEN ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR QUILLWORK AND BEADWORK. THEMEN PAINT BUFFALO HIDES. THEY MAKE POTTERY AND CARVED PIPES FROM CATINITE.

THEY HAVE MANY SIOUX LEGENDS AND FAIRY TALES. STORY TELLING IS IMPORTANT. THEIR RELIGION WAS VERY COMPLICATED . THEY USED SNARES, SPEARS, AND BOWS AND ARROWS TO HUNT ANIMALS.

BIG ORRIN.ORG

MISSOURI INDIAN TRIBE IN IOWA

THE MISSOURI TRIBE IS OF THE SIOUAN FAMILY THAT SPEAKS ALGONQUIAN. THEY CALL THEMSELVES 'NIUTACHI'. THEIR MOST CLOSELY ALLIED TRIBES ARE THE IOWA AND THE OTO.

THEY HAVE PARTED FROM THE WINNEBAGO AT GREEN BAY. THE IOWA AND MISSOURI TRIBES MOVED WEST OF OF IOWA IOWA RIVER. A FRENCH EXPLOER MAPPED THEM ON THE MISSOURI RIVER IN 1673. BY THE 18TH CENTURY THE FRENCH FOUND THEM ON THE LEFT BANK OF MISSOURI RIVER, NEAR GRAND RIVER. THEY LIVED HERE UNTIL ABOUT 1800.

BY 1798 THEY WERE CONQUERED AND DISPERSED BY THE SAULK AND FOX TRIBES. BY 1805 LEWIS AND CLARK FOUND THEMM INVILLAGES SOUTH OF THE PLATTE RIVER AND ABONDONED THE GRAND RIVER VILLAGES BECAUSE OF SMALLPOX. IN 18 23 THEY HAD AN EPIDEMIC AGAIN AND THEY NUMBERED ONLY 80. IN 1842 THEIR VILLAGE WAS ON THE PLATTE RIVER, NEBRASKA. THEY ARE CLASSED WITH THE OTO AND TOGETHER NUMBER 360 IN 1905.

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WEDNESDAY NIGHT FARMERS MARKET IN SANTA ROSA

THIS IS A LARGE FARMER'S MARKET THAT COVERS 5 BLOCKS. IT HAS AT LEAST 3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BANDS. THERE ARE MANY VENDORS OF ORGANIC FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND GRANOLA AND BREAD. THERE ARE ALSO MANY RESTAURANT AND CATERING VENDORS. IT SEEMS AS THOUGH EVERYONE IS EATTING SOMETHING.

IT IS A POPULAR MARKET FOR THE 20 SOMETHINGS. THEY HAVE TATOO ARTISTS, MANY JEWELERS AND ARTISTS AND CRAFTS AS WELL AS HAIR BRAIDERS. FOR THE KIDS THEY HAVE FACE PAINTING AND JUMPING HOUSES AS WELL AS BALLON ARTISTS. THERE IS SO MUCH GOING ON YOU FEEL AS THOUGH YOU ARE IN AN AIRPORT WATCHING SO MANY PEOPLE GO BY. THE MUSIC IS VERY DIFFERENT AT EACH LOCATION.

SHAKAPEE-MDEWAKANTON INDIANS IN MINNESOTA

THIS COMMUNITY OF SIOUX ARE IN SCOTT COUNTY, MINNESOTA. THEY ONLY HAD 338 PERSONS ON THE RESERVATION. THEY NOW HAVE A CASINO AND HOTEL WHICH PRIVIDES MONEY FOR THE TRIBE. A MYSTIC LAKE IS A MAN- MADE LAKE HERE. THEY HAVE NO ALCOHOL HERE! THE UNIVERSITY MINNEAPOLIS HAS SCHOLARSHIPS FOR NATIVE AMERICANS.

THIS TRIBE IS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED IN 1969. THEIR MEMBERS ARE DESCENDANTS OF MDEWAKANTON DAKOTA FOLKS WHO LIVE NEAR THE LOWER MINNESOTA RIVER. THEY OWN OVER 300 ACRES NEAR THEIR ORIGINAL 1880 LANDS. ABOUT 1600 ARE ARE HELD BY THE U.S. GOVERNMENT. THEY HAVE A FULLL RANGE OF EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH SERVICES, PUBLIC WORKS, LAND ADMINISTRATION, VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES, AND MAINTENANCE OF OTHER SERVICES.

MILLIONS ARE PUT INTO THEIR ECONOMY EACH YEAR AS A RESULT OF THEIR SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS ENTERPRISE. THE SIOUX COMMUNITY IS THE AREA'S LARGEST EMPLOYER IN THE COUNTY.

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SHAKOPEEDAKOTA.ORG

PRAIRIE ISLAND INDIANS IN MINNESOTA

THEY ARE CALLED MDEWKANTON, OR 'THOSE WHO BORN OF THE WATERS' HAVE LIVED HERE FOR NUMEROUS GENERATIONS. THEY HAVE LIVED HERE FOR NUMEROUS GENERATIONS. THEY LIVE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA AND VERMILLION RIVERS, A SPIRITUAL POLACE.

THEY OPERATE A RESORT AND CASINO WHICH GIVES THEM ECONOMIC POSSIBILITIES. THE PRAIRIE ISLAND FOLKS ARE PART OF A GROUP CALLED "DWELLERS OF SPIRIT LAKE". THEY ARE ONE OF SEVEN TRIBES WHO ARE AND ALLIANCE OF SEVEN COUNCIL FIRES MOST OF THE WORLD KNOWS US AS SIOUX WHICH COMES FROM OJIBWA,'LITTLE SNAKE'. THE FRENCH CHANGED IT TO SIOUX, THEY CALL THEMSELVES THE 'FRIENDS'. THEY HAVE RESERVATIONS IN NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA, MINNESOTA, NEBRASKA, AND MONTANANA.

IN 1992 THEY PURCHASED A BISON FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. BY 2005 THEY HAVE A HERD OF 40 AND IT IS ON ABOUT 200 ACRES OF TRIBAL LAND. IT PROVIDESSOME MEAT TO FAMILILIES,

PRAIRIEISLAND.ORG

CHEROKEE INDIANS IN TENNESSEE

THERE ORIGINAL HOME OF THE CHEROKEE WAS IN THE SOUTH APALACHIAN MOUNTAINS INCLUDE TENNESSEE AND OTHER STATES. TODAY MANY LIVE IN OKLAHOMA, NORTH CAROLINA, MISSOURI, ARKANSAS, GEORGIA, AND ALABAMA.

ABOUT 1000 A.D. THEY ARRIVED IN SMOKEY MOUNTAINS. THEY WERE A BRANCH OF OF THE IROQUOIS WHO MOVED FROM NORTH ENGLAND.THERE WERE SEVEN CLANS, AND THE SMOKEY MOUNTAINS WERE BELIEVED TO BE SACRED ANCESTRAL HOME. THEIR LIVES WERE BASED ON HUNTING,TRADING,AND AGRICULTURE.. THEY MET THE FIRST ANGLOS IN 1540 WHEN HERNANDO DE SOTO LED AN EXPLORATION THROUGH CHEROKEE TERRITORY. CHEROKEE LAND COVERED MUCH OF SOUTHEAST U.S.

THEY LIVED IN SMALL COMMUNITIES ON FERTILE RIVER BOTTOMS. HOMES WERE WOODEN AND PLASTERED WITH MUD. THEY HAD A TOWN SQUARE CALLED THE COUNCIL HOUSE. EACH TRIBE HAD TWO CHIEFS WHO MADE DECISIONS IN TIME OF WAR. THE CHIEFS DID NOT RULE EVERYTHING. TRIBAL MEMBERS HAD A VOICE.

THEY LIVED NEAR THE SMOKEYS AND THEIR SOCIETY WAS MATRIARCHY. THE PROPERTY PASSED ON ACCORDING TO CLAN ALLIANCE. BY THE 1800'S THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS ARRIVED IN GREAT NUMBERS. BY 1818'S CADES COVE WAS PART OF CHEROKEE NATION. THEY CALLED IT 'PLACES OF THE RIVER OTTER'. THEY HUNTED HERE. IN 1808 A CHEROKEE SILVER SMITH INVENTED A SYSTEM FOR WRITING.

SOME CHEROKEES REFUSED TO MOVE AND LIVED IN THE WILDERNESS. IN 1859 THEY DEVELOPED A SECT OF 56,000 ACRES FOR THESE CHEROKEES NOW CALLED THE EASTERN BAND. THEIR ARE NOW 11,000 DESCENDANTS. IT IS CALLED QUALLA INDIAN RESERVATION. ONE MAN WHOWAS HIDING IN THE WILDERNESS WAS A HERO BECAUSE HE RESISTED FORCED REMOVAL. TSALI HAD KILLED SOLDIERS AND HE AGREED TO SURRENDER AND FACE EXECUTION. ALL THOSE IN HIDING EVENTUALLY CAME TO THIS EASTERN BAND OF CHEROKEE.

ALLSMOKEYMOUNTAINSVACATION.ORG

LAKOTA INDIANS IN NEBRASKA

LAKOTA ARE A NATIVE AMERICAN CONFEDERATION OF SEVEN SIOUX TRIBES. THEY ORIGINATED IN SOUTH DAKOTA AND MIGRATED WEST TO NEBRASKA. AFTER 1700'S THEY ADOPTED HORSES FROM ANGLOS AND THEIR LIFE CENTERED ON BUFFALO ABOUTTHEY STILL SPEAK LAKOTA AND HAD 20,000 FOLKS IN 1750'S.

THE LARGE AND POWERFUL TRIBES OF HIDATSA AND ARIKAWA PREVENTED THEM TO CROSS THE MISSOURI RIVER. THEY WERE GREATLY INFECTED BY SMALL POX. IN 1855 THE GOVERNMENT ATTACKED A VILLAGE KILLING 100 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN. THERE WERE MANY CONFLICTS AND THEY ARE NOW ON FIVE RESERVATIONS IN SOUTH DAKOTA. IN 1980 THE GOVERNMENT GAVE THEM $122 MILLION TO EIGHT BANDS OF SIOUX INDIANS FOR LAND COMPENSATION.

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NORTHERN CHEYENNE IN WYOMING

THE CHEYENNE NAME MEANS RELATIVES OF THE CREE. THEIR LANGUAGE IS CALLED TSITSISTAS OR 'THE PEOPLE'. THESE FOLKS LIVE IN FIVE STATES IN THE PLAINS. IN THE 1800'S THE GOVERNMENT FORCED THEM TO RELOCATE TO THE CHEYENNE, BUT SOME OF THEM ESCAPED. TODAY THEY LIVE IN OKLAHOMA AND MONTANA. BOTH OF THE TRIBES HAVE THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT.

IN THE PAST THEY WERE LEAD BY 44 CHIEFS, FOUR FROM EACH BAND. THEY REALLY VALUE HARMONY. THEIR ELDERS SPEAK A MUSICAL LANGUAGE. THEIR CHILDREN HELP THEIR PARENTS AND THE BOYS GO HUNTING AND FISHING. THE GIRLS HAD CHORES AS WELL. THEY ALSO PLAYED MANY SIMPLE GAMES. THE WOMEN BUILT THE HOUSE OF POSTS MEN WERE HUNTERS AND WARRIORS. PREVIOUSLY THEY LIVED IN WIGWAMS AND TIPIS OF BUFFALO. THEY MOVED FREQUENTLY. THE WOMEN MADE LEATHER CLOTHING FOR BOTH SEXES. THEIR LEADERS ORIGINALLY WORE TALL FEATHER HEADDRESSES. THEY BUILT RAFTS FOR RIVER TRAVEL BUT USED DOGS TO HELP THEM CARRY THEIR BELONGINGS.

THEY WERE A FARMING PEOPLE - WHO PLANTED CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH. THE MEN HUNTED. THEY COLLECTED SEEDS, BERRIES AND TRADED FOOD WITH TRIBES. THEY EXCELLED IN QUILL EMBROIDERY, BEAD WORK, PIPESTONE CARVING AND POTTERY. THEY LOVED STORYTELLING AS WELL. THEY HAD SWEAT LODGES.

BIGORRIN.ORG

Wednesday, August 3, 2011

HANA ROAD TRIP IN MAUI

ONE SPRING OUR FAMILY AND MY MOM VISITED MAUI FOR A WEEK OR SO. WE STAYED IN A RENTAL HOUSE OVERLOOKING THE OCEAN AND LAHAINA. WE COULD WATCH THE HUMPBACK WHALES FLIPPING OUT OF THE OCEAN AND THEY ARE 45 FEET LONG! THEY PREFER THE SHALLOW WATERS OF MAUI THAT ARE 300 FEET DEEP AND AVERAGE 75 DEGREES. THEY HAVE FEW PREDATORS HERE.

WE RENTED A CAR AND TRAVELED TO HANA A SMALL VILLAGE, AND RENTED A BED AND BREAKFAST FROM A GUY FROM CALIFORNIA. THE ROAD IS MOSTLY DIRT AND HAS MANY TWISTS AND TURNS. WE SETTLED IN AND BOUGHT SOME GROCERIES AND EXPLORED WAI'ANAPAI STATE PARK. IT HAS A SERIES OF BLOW HOLES, AND MANY BIRDS. THE AREA DOES HAVE MANY MOSQUITOS AND I WASN'T PREPARED FOR THAT! WE WENT ON A RUGGED HIKE AND THEN WENT SWIMMING IN THE LAGOONS. THERE ARE SEVERAL OTHER BEACHES THAT HAD SOME STRONG WAVES. WE STOPPED AT SEVERAL STANDS WHERE MY MOM ANF I GOT BEAUTIFUL LEIS FOR ONLY 50 CENTS! WE HAD A GOOD TIME. MY MOM FREAKED OUT AT SOME GECKOS THAT CRAWL ON THE WALLS.

WE ALSO WENT TO THE LARGE AQUARIUM WHERE YOU CAN SEE MANY GIANT TURTLES AND A WIDE VARIETY OF FISH AND SEA CREATURES.

ARAPAHO IN NEBRASKA

THIS PLAINS INDIANS OCCUPIED THIS AREA FOR 1,000'S OF YEARS. THIS STATE HAD EIGHT INDIAN TERRITORIES, BUT ONLY SIX EXIST TODAY. THE ARAPAHO LIVED HERE IN THE WEST PART OF THIS STATE. IN PREHISTORIC TIMES THE ARIKARA LIVED HERE.

THE ARAPAHO AND PAWNEE SIGNED TREATIES IN 1854. FROM 1854 TO 11892 18 TREATIES WERE MADE BY THE GOVERNMENT AND NEBRASKA. THE ARAPAHO LIVED IN THE SOUTHWEST NEBRASKA AND WEST CENTRAL NEBRASKA SOUTH OF AND NORTH OF PLATTE RIVER. THEY HAVE NOT RECEIVED FEDERAL RECOGNITION. THEY SPEAK ALGONQUIAN AND ARE CLOSE TO THE CHEYENNE. THEY HAVE AN ANNUAL DANCE. THEY ARE A TYPICAL PLAINS TRIBE. HUNTING WAS IMPORTANT FOR FOOD, SHELTER, TRADE AND CLOTHING. THEY HUNTED BUFFALO . THEY ALSO GATHERED PLANTS AND BERRIES. THEY MADE THEIR UTENSILS FROM BONES. THEY LIVED IN TIPIS FROM BUFFALO HIDES LONG AGO. THEY MADE BEDS BY WEAVING WILLOW RODS THAT WERE PEELED AND RAWAS ABOUT 1' FROM THE FLOOR. DURING WINTER WOMEN BUILT WINDBREAKS AROUND TIPIS TO KEEP OUT SNOW AND WIND. SMALL TREES WERE TIED TOGETHER FOR SNOW BREAKS..

THEY MADE CLOTHING FROM DEERSKIN. THEY MADE JEWELRY FROM SHELL, BONE, AND FEATHERS. THEY BELIEVED PEOPLE WERE GIVEN THE ABILITY TO THINK BY THE CREATOR. THEY USED DOGS TO PULL THEIR SLEDS AND MOVE BELONGINGS.

OPS.ORG
WIKIPEDIA.COM

UPPER SIOUX IN MINNESOTA

THEY CALL THER LAND PERJUHUTAZZI KAPI (THE PLACE WHERE THEY DIG FOR YELLOW). THIS HAS BEEN THEIR HOME FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS BORDERING THE MINNESOTA RIVER. THE DAKOTA INDIANS EITHER FLED OR WERE REMOVED FROM THEIR AREA.

IN 1938 ONLY 75O ACRES WERE RETURNED TO THE UPPER SIOUX, AND THEIR INDIAN COMMUNITY CAME INTO EXISTENCE. THEY ELECTED A BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO CARRY OUT RESPONSIBILITIES. SINCE IT'S ORIGINALCOMMUNITY, THEY HAVE STRUGGLED WITH POVERTY, SUBSTANDARD HOUSING AND POOR HEALTH CARE. THEY WERE GIVEN SOME FEDERAL MONIES TO IMPROVE THEIR LIFE. BY LATE 1980'S THEY BECAME A SOVERIGHN NATION. BY 1990 THEY DECIDED AS MANY TRIBES DO, TO OPEN A CASINO. SINCE THEN THEY HAVE HAD MANY BUSINESSES TO ENERGIZE THE SIOUX COMMUNITY AND BECOME ECONOMICALLY INDEPENDENT. THEY NOW HAVE 482 PEOPLE. THEY ALSO BOUGHT BACK SOME SOME LAND LAND AT 1440 ACRES.

UPPERSIOUXCOMMUNITY.ORG

LOWER SIOUX IN MINNESOTA

THE TRIBE IS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED INDIAN TRIBE IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND MINNESOTA. ABOUT 45 FAMILIES ARE LIVE ON 1743 ACRES. A TOTAL OF 982 RESIDE ABOUT 10 MILES FROM THE SERVICE AREA.

LOWER SIOUX WAS THE NAME GIVEN TO OUR BAND AFTER TREATIES IN THE LOWEER SIOUXBECAME PART OF MIDEWAKANTON BAND OF DAKOTA. DAKOTAS TRANSLATES TO FRIEND. THEIR TRADITIONAL HOME WAS (CANSA-YAPI. OR 'WHERE THEY MARKED THE TREES RED). THEY HAVE PRIDE IN THEIR CULTURAL HISTORY.

THEIR HISTORY IS IN MINNESOTA OR A PLACE WHERE WATER REFLECTS THE SKY. THE DAKOTA HAVE TRAINED HERE SINCE PREHISTORIC TIMES. PRIOR TO 1862 THE MINNESOTA DAKOTA KNOWN BY THE FREWNCH TERM "SIOUX" CONSISTED OF FOUR BAND WHO LIVED ALONG THE MINNESOTA RIVER.

IN 1862 THEY FOUGHT A WAR AGAINST THE US FOR NOT FUFILLING TREATIES, FOR NOT PROVIDING MONIES FOR LANDS, HEALTH CARE AND FOOD. THE U.S. KILLED SO MANY SIOUX AND NULLIFIED THE TREATIES AND REMOVED ALL DAKOTAS FROM MINNISOTA. IN 1863 THE U.S. GAVE UP TO 80 ACRES TO EACH EACH LOYALIST INDIAN WHO KEPT UP THE LAND. IN 2006 THEY CREATED A TRIBAL HISTORICAL PRESERVATION OFFICE TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE CULTURAL RESOURCES. THEY STILL HAVE LOOTING OF SOME SITES.

LOWERSIOUX.COM

IOWA TRIBE IN MINNESOTA

THE FRENCH CALLED THEM 'AYUHWA' OR SLEEPY ONES. SKINNER STATE THAT IOWA WAS THEIR PREFERED NAME. THEY ALSO HAD AN ALGONQUIN NAME MEANING 'DAKOTA OF THE PRAIRIES'. THE IOWA WERE OF THE SIOUAN STOCK AND OF THE CHIWERE SUBDIVISION.

THEY MOVED ABOUT A GREAT DEAL WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES. IN EARLY HISTORICAL PERIOD THE IOWA WERE WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AS WELL AS THE UPPER IOWA. LATER THEY MOVED TO NORTHWEST IOWA AND PROBABLY EXTENDED INTO SOUTHWEST MINNESOTA. BY 1690'S THEY SETTLED NEAR COUNCIL BLUFFS. ABOUT 1760'S THEY MOVED EAST TO THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND ALONG THE DES MOINES RIVER.

IN THE 1800'S THEY CAME INTO CONTACT WITH THE DAKOTAS AND SUFFERED CONSIDERABLY. AFTER TREATIES WERE CEDED THEY GAVE MOST OF THE LAND IN MINNESOTA, MISSOURI, AND IOWA AWAY.

THE IOWA LANGUAGE IS CALLED 'BA-KHO-JE (GREAT SNOW). THE ORAL HISTORY RELATES HOW OUR VILLAGES IN WINTER WERE COVERED WITH FIRE SMOKED GRAY SNOW. THEIR ELDERS WERE COVERED BY TELL THAT THEIR LANDS WERE BEYOND THE GREAT WATERS WHERE THE SUN RISES REDDENING THE LAND. IOWA STATE WAS NAMED AFTER THESE INDIANS.

IN THE 1600'S THE IOWAS DESCENDANTS OF THE ONEOTA, WERE IN SOUTHWEST MINNESOTA.
THEY LIVED IN SPIRIT LAKE REGION. THEY MOVED SOUTH TO THE VICINITY OF COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA. MANY LIVED ON THE DES MOINES RIVER, GRAND AND PLATTE RIVERS. A TREATY OF 1836 ASSIGNED PART OF THEM TO A RESERVATION ALONG THE MEMAHA RIVER IN NEBRASKA. BY 1883 THE ORIGINAL IOWA RESERVATION IS IN OKLAHOMA WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO TRIBES.

THE WAY OF LIFE WITHIN THE THE IOWAY PEOPLE HAS SURVIVED BY A DEEP SPIRITUALITY AND STRENGTH THAT ENABLED THEM TO CONCIEVE IN THEIR OWN WAY HOE TO SUSTAIN HARDSHIPS AND CHALLENGES.

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IOWANATION.ORG

ILLINOIS TRIBE IN IOWA

THE ILLINOIS WAS A CONFEDERACY OF ALGONQUIN TRIBES FORMALLY OCCUPYING SOUTHERN WISCONSIN, ILLINOIS, AND MISSIPPI. THE JESUIT RELATION FOR 1660 REPRESENTED THEM AS LIVING IN IN 60 VILLAGES IN GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN. THEY HAD ABOUT 70,O0O FOLKS.

THE ANGLOS FIRST CAME INTO CONTACT IN 1667 FOR TRADE. SOME VILLAGES WERE ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE MISSISSIPPI. THE ILLINOIS WERE CONSTANTLY HARASSED BY THE THE SIOUX, FOXES AND OTHER NORTH TRIBES. ABOUT THE SAME TIME THE FRENCH WEAKENED THEM WITH LIQUOR AND THE IROQUIOS RAGED WAR WITH THEM.

IN 1750 THERE WERE ONLY ABOUT 2000 FOLKS LEFT. IN 1769 THE LAKE TRIBES ON THE ILLINOIS RIVER BEGAN A WAR WITH THE ILLINOIS AND REDUCED THEM TO VERY FEW. ALL THE NEIBORING TRIBES TOOK POSSESSION OF OF THEIR COUNTRY. BY 1850 THERE WERE ABOUT 150 ILLINI LEFT, REPRESENTED BY KASKASKIA AND PEORIA. THEY SOLD THEIR LAND MOVED WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND ARE NOW IN OKLAHOMA WITH THE WEA AND OPIAKSHAWE. MANY HAVE MARRIED ANGLOS.

AAANATIVE ARTS.COM
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Monday, August 1, 2011

NORTHERN ARAPAHO IN WYOMING

THE ARAPAHO IN WYOMING ARE ONE IN FOUR GROUPS WHO LIVED IN THE HEADWATERS OF THE ARKANSAW AND PLATTE RIVERS. THEY SPEAK ALGONQUIN. THEY ARE CULTURALLY RELATED TO THE PLAINS INDIANS AND SOCIALLY ARE DISTINCT. IN 1851 THEY SHARED THE LAND OF 1/6TH OF WYOMING. BY 1868 THE TREATY LEFT THEM WITHOUT A LAND BASE AND THEY WERE PLACED WITH THE SHOSHONI IN WEST CENTRAL WYOMING. THEY ARE A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE. THEY WERE KNOWN AS GREAT BUFFALO HUNTERS. BEFORE WYOMING THEY CAME FROM MINNISOTA BEFORE EUROPEAN EXPANSION FORCED THEM WESTWARD. THEY BECAME A SEDENTARY PEOPLE WITH AGRICULTURE. HOWEVER THAT CHANGED WHEN THEY MOVED WEST AND WERE MORE NOMADIC FOLLOWING BUFFALO HERDS.

THEY CALL THEMSELVES THE INUNA-INA THAT TRANSLATES TO
'OUR PEOPLE'. THEY ALLIED WITH THE CHEYENNES AND LOOSELY WITH THE SIOUX. THEE BUFFALO PROVIDED MUCH OF WHAT THEY NEEDED. THEY GATHERED VBERRIES TOO. THEY PARTICIPATED IN THE SUN DANCE AND FASTED BEFORE IT, PAINTING THEIR BODIES IN DIFFERENT COLORS. THEY ARE GREATLYSPIRITUAL AND BELIEVED IN 'BEHETEIHT'. THEY HAVE A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEMSELVES, THE ANIMALS AND THEIR LAND.

THEY WERE AT PEACE WITH THE SIOUX, KIOWA, AND COMANCHE, BUT ALWAYS UNFRIENDLY TO THE SHOSHONE AND PAWNEE. BY 1868 THEY WERE PLACED ON A RESERVATION WITH SHOSHONI IN WYOMING DUE TO LOOSING THEIR LAND.

TODAY THE NORTHERN ARAPAHO LIVE ON WIND RIVER RESERVATION NEAR LANDER, WYOMING. IT HAS 2.2 MILLION ACRE RESERVE AND IS SHARED BY EASTERN SHOSHONI AND NORTHERN ARAPAHO. ONE SIFGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THEIR INDUSTRIES IS THAT MANY HAVE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SO THAT THEIR COMPANIES FOR ECOTOURISM, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, POWER GENERATION, OIL, GAS AND MINERAL DEVELOPMENT ARE VALUABLE.

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NORTHERNARAPAHO.COM
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CHEYENNE INDIANS IN WYOMING

CHEYENNE INDIANS IN WYOMING SPEAK ALGONQUIN AND ARE ACTUALLY TWO NATIONS. THE SUTAIO AND THE TSITSISPAIS. THEY BRANCHED OFF OTHER TRIBES IN PRESENT DAY MINNESOTA ABOUT 1500 A.D.. IN HISTORIC TIMES THEY MIGRATED WEST ACROSS THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND INTO NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. IN THE 19TH CENTURY THE CHEYENNE FORMED A UNIQUE AUTHORITY WITH RITUAL CEREMONIES. THEY SETTLED IN THE BLACK HILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA AND MONTANA AND WERE INTRODUCED TO THE HORSE IN 1730.

THEY FORMED INTO 10 BANDS ACROSS THE PLAINS FROM SOUTH DAKOTA TO COLORADO. THEY DANCED THE SUN DANCE. SOME BANDS BEGAN TO SPLIT. SOME BANDS CHOSE TO REMAIN NEAR THE BLACK HILLS.

THE NORTHERN CHEYENNE, CALLED NOTAMEO-HMESEHESES, MEANS NORTHERN EATERS. TODAY THEY LIVE IN NORTHERN CHEYENNE INDIAN RESERVATION IN SOUTHEAST MONTANA. THEY HAVE ABOUT 4000 PEOPLE.

THE SOUTHERN CHEYENNE MEANS "ROPED PEOPLE" TOGETHER WITH THE SOUTHERN ARAPAHO. THEY HAVE FEDERAL RECOGNITION IN WESTERN OKLAHOMA. THEY HAVE ABOUT 12,000 FOLKS INCLUDING ARAPAHO. THEY HAVE INTERMARRIED SO IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEPARATE THE TRIBES.

THE CHEYENNE NATION'S 2 TRIBES HAD ALWAYS TRAVELED TOGETHER. THE CHEYENNE OF MONTANA AND OKLAHOMA SPEAK CHEYENNE. ONLY A HANDFUL OF FOLKS KNOW HOW THESE TWO TRIBES DIFFER.

THE EARLIEST HISTORICAL RECORD IS A GROUP OF CHEYENNE VISITING A FRENCH FORT NEAR CHICAGO IN 1650'S. THEY WERE DRIVEN FROM THIS AREA BY ASSIMBOINE, THE MOST PROMINENT OF THE ANCIENTS. CHEYENNE VILLAGE IS IN EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA ALONG THE CHEYENNE RIVER. THEY ADOPTED PATTERNS OF THE MANDAN HIDATSA AND ARIKARA NATIONS. THE LAKOTA TOOK OVER CHEYENNE LAND IN THE BLACK HILLS BY 1776.

THEY HAD FOUR MEMBER COUNCIL TO DELIBERATE AT TRIBAL GATHERINGS. THEY DEVELOPED A CEREMONY CALLED THE SACRED ARROWS WHEN THEY WAGED TRIBAL LEVEL WAR. BY 1800'S THEY REPLACED SEDENTARY LIFE WITH NOMADIC CULTURE AND TIPIS. THEY KILLED BISON AND COLLECTED WILD FRUITS AND BERRIES.

BY 1800 THEY HUNTED AND TRADED HORSES SOUTH TO THE ARKANSAS RIVER. THEY TRADED WITH SPANISH, FRENCH, AND OTHER NORTH AMERICAN TRIBES. UNTIL 1860'S THEY CONTINUED WARFARE WITH NEIGHBORING NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES. IN 1825 A TREATY OF HENRY ATKINSON AND AGENT BEN O FALLON ACCOMPANIED A MILITARY ESCORT OF 476 MEN. THEY NEGOTIATED TREATIES OF FRIENDSHIP AND TRADED WITH THE TRIBES.

THE TREATIES VOWED PERPETUAL FRIENDSHIP U.S. AND TRIBES. IT GAVE THE U.S. THE RIGHTS TO REGULATE TRADE. DURING THE GOLD RUSH, EMIGRANTS BROUGHT CHOLERA AND ABOUT 1/10TH OF THE MINERS DIED FROM IT. ABOUT 1/2 TO 2/3RDS OF CHEYENNE DIED FROM IT TOO.

IN 1856 CHEYENNE ATTACKED TRAVELERSAND THE US CALVALRY.

A CHEYENNE WOMAN HAS HIGHER STAUS IF SHE IS PART OF AN EXTENDED FAMILY WITH DISTINGUISHED ANCESTORS AND GETS ALONG WELL WITH OTHERS. AND HER STATUS INCREASES IF SHE IS SKILLED IN CRAFTS AND THEIR HISTORY.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

CROW INDIANS IN WYOMING

THE TRIBE OF CROW GAVE THEMSELVES THE NAME APSAALOOKE - "CHILDREN OF THE LARGE BEAKED BIRD". THE CHILDREN DO WHAT WE DO TODAY. THEY LIKE TO GO HUNTING AND FISHING AND HELP AROUND THE HOUSE. THEY PLAY THE HOOP GAME. THE MOTHER'S CARRY THEIR BABIES ON THEIR BACK!

THE CROW WOMEN WERE IN CHARGE OF THE HOME, RESPONSIBLE FOR FEEDING AND DEFENDING THEIR FAMILIES. SOMETIMES A CROW MIGHT RIDE INTO BATTLE WIH THE MEN OR EVEN BECOME CHIEF (RARE). BOTH TOLD STORIES, PLAYED MUSIC AND DID ART WORK.

THEIR HOUSES WERE TALL AND CONE SHAPED BUFFALO HIDE TIPIS. SINCE THE CROW MOVED FREQUENTLY IN THE PAST, A TIPIS WAS DESIGNED TO BREAK DOWN QUICKLY AND MOVE EASILY. TODAY THEY OBNLY BUILD THEM FOR FUN. THE WOMEN WORE LONG DEERSKIN MOCCASINS AND DRESSES AND THE MEN WORE BREACHCLOTHS OR LEATHER LEGGINGS. THEIR CLOTHING WAS FRINGED. THEY BEADED THEIR CEREMONIAL SHIRTS. THEIR LEADERS SOMETIMES WORE LONG WARBONNETS AND THEY ARE FAMOUS FOR THEM.

THEY ONLY CUT THEIR HAIR WHEN MOURNING SOME MEN WOVE THEIR HAIR LONGER BY USING HORSEHAIR. CROW MEN AND WOMEN WORE THEIR HAIR LOOSE OR IN TWO BRAIDS. THEY PAINTED THEIR FACES, THEY USED DIFFERENT PATTERNS FOR WAR PAINT. THEY USED DOGS TO PULL TRAVOIS. THEY WERE HUNTERS OF DEER, ELK, AND BUFFALO. SOME BANDS RAISED CORN IN GARDENS AND OTHERS GREW TOBBACCO. SOMETIMES THEY TRADED CORN. THE WOMEN GATHERED FRUIT AND OTHER PLANTS.

THE CROW TRADED WITH OTHERS AS WELL ASFOUGHT WARS. THEY FOUGHT TO PROVE THEIR COURAGE RATHER THAN TO GAIN LAND.

SO THEY PLAINS WAR PARTIES RARELY FOUGHT TO DESTROY EACH OTHER. THEY COULD STEAL A HORE OR WEAPON, OR FORCE THE OTHER TRIBE TO RELOCATE. SOMETIMES THEY WERE ALLIES AND OTHER TIMES FIGHTING.

THEY ARE KNOWN FOR EMBROIDERY, BEADWORK, AND CARVING ARTS. STORYTELLING IS IMPORTANT TO THEM. THEIR RELIGION WAS VERY COMPLEX.

BIGORRIN.ORG

CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING

THIS WEEK'S THEME WAS DIVERSITY. DIVERSITY ATTACTS WHAT WE DO AND COLLECT. OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH OURSELVES IS WHAT WE TELL OURSELVES. FEAR LIKRS TO SHARE THE CENTER STAGE. HOWEVER WE ALWAYS HAVE POTENTIAL TO REINVENT OURSELVES. STAND NEXT TO PEOPLE EVEN THOUGH YOU HAVE FEAR, PRAY EVEN WHEN YOU ARE DOING WELL, AS YOU MAY NEED IT LATER.

JESUS SAID USE THE BIBLE IN HARMONY. WITH THE LORD'S PRAYER HE SAID LET ME TAKE RESPONSIBILITY