Thursday, September 29, 2011

SUQUAMISH TRIBE IN CANADA

THE SUQUAMISH TRIBE ARE A LUSHOOT SEED SPEAKING FOLK LIVING TRADITIONALLY ALONG THE KITSAP PENNISULA INCLUDING BLAKE'S ISLAND BY PUGET SOUND. MANY LIVE IN PORT MADISON INDIAN RESERVATION NEAR SUQUAMUSH. THE ANCESTRAL SUSQUAMISH HAVE LIVED IN CENTRAL PUGET SOUND FOR ABOUT 10,000 YEARS. THE MAJOR SUQUAMISH WINTER VILLAGE WAS ON THE SHORE OF AGATE PASSAGE. THEIR NAME MEANS "PEOPLE OF CLEAN SALT WATER". THESE PEOPLE DEPENDED UPON SALMON, COD, AND BOTTOM FISH, CLAMS, BERRIES, ROOTS, AND DUCKS AND LAND GAME. THEY HAD CEREMONIAL FEASTS. THEY DID NOT HAVE A MAJOR RIVER SO FOR SALMON THEY HAD TO TRAVEL TO A MAJOR RIVER SO FOR SALMON THEY HAD TO TRAVEL TO A MAJOR RIVER. THEY LIVED IN CEDAR PLANK HOUSES DURING THE WINTER. THE BEST KNOWN WINTER VILLAGE WAS AT OLD MAN HOUSE. THEY LEFT THESE HOUSES IN SPRING AND SUMMER BY CANOE TO GATHER PLANTS AND HUNT. THEY CREATED SEASONAL CAMPS. THESE WERE PORTABLE FRAMES OF TREE SAPLINGS COVERED WITH WOVEN CATTAIL MATS.

THE SUQUAMISH ARE WELL KNOWN FOR TRADIONAL BASKETRY. THEY MAKE HARD BASKETS FROM COILED CEDAR ROOTS. THESE WERE USED FOR GATHERING. THEY WERE WATER TIGHT AND WERE USED FOR COOKING. THEY WOULD HEAT STONES IN A FIRE PLACE AND THEN IN WATER FILLED BASKETS THEY WOULD MAKE SALMON AND WILD POTATOE SOUPS. THEY DECORATED THEIR BERRY BASKETS. THEY DECORATED THEIR BERRY BASKETS. THEY DECORATED BERRY BASKETS BY USING COLORED BARKS.

THEY TRAVELED IN DUGOUT CEDAR CANOES. THEY MADE THEM FROM CEDAR POLES. IT WAS FIRST CARVED AND THEN STEAMED AND SPREAD IT TO MAKE THE CANOE MORE BOUYANT AND FOR GREATER CARGO SPACE. THEY HAD A LARGE TRAIL NETWORK FROM THEIR VILLAGES TO CAMPING AREAS AND NEIGHBORS.

IN 1792 THEY WERE CONTACTED BY THE 1ST BRITISH CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER. HE TRADED WITH THEM. DURING THE NEXT THIRTY YEARS THEY ADAPTED TO CHANGES. FUR TRADERS, MISSIONARIES, AND SETTLERS FROM OREGON TRAIL CAME. BY 1850 THEIR TERRITORY WAS OPEN TO NONNATIVES BY THE CLAIM ACT. THE SUQUAMISH HELPED IN LOGGING INDUSTRY.

IN 1855 THEIR LEADERS AND CHIEF SEATTLE SIGNED THE TREATY OF POINT ELLIOT, GIVING UP THEIR TITLE TO LANDS. THEY DID RECEIVE A RESERVATION AT PORT WASHINGTON. AND HAVE 950 MEMBERS. THEIR CHILDREN WERE FORCED TO GO TO INDIAN BOARDING SCHOOLS FROM 1900 TO 1920. TODAY THEY ARE INVOLVED IN A CULTURAL RESERGENCE AND ARE PLANNING TO BEGIN CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW COMMUNITY HOUSE. THEIR PROGRAM HAS 240 EMPLOYEES.

IN 2005 THEY ORGANIZED A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION FOR TRIBAL PROJECTS. IN 1993 THEY BUILT THEIR FIRST MUSEUM WITH VOLUNTEERS. THEY HAVE COLLECTED 9500 BASKETS AND CULTURAL ITEMS FOR EXHIBITS. THEY ARE PLANNING A NEW MUSEUM AND A VISITOR CENTER.

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SONGISH INDIANS IN CANADA

THIS SONGISH ARE A TRIBE ABOUT VICTORIA, VANCOUVER ISLAND. AND ON THE WEST SHORE OF SAN JUAN ISLAND. THIS TRIBE SPEAKS A SALISH DIALECT SPOKEN BY THE SANETCH. POPULATION OF THE SONGISH IN 1906 180. THOSE TRIBES SPEAKING THE SONGISH DIALECT NUMBER 1000. THEY HAVE 10 BANDS.

THE CEDAR TREE WAS AND STILL IS SACRED TO THE SONGHEES DIALECT NUMBER 1000. THEY HAVE 10 BANDS. THE CEDARTREE WAS AND STILL IS SACRED TO THE SONGHEES. THEIR ANCESTORS MADE MANY THINGS, CLOTHING, HATS, BLACKETS, TOWELS, HOUSES, PADDLES, CANOES, AND TOTEM POLES AND PAINT BRUSHES. ROOTS AND BARK OF THIS TREE WAS USED TO WEAVE SUCH THINGS AS BASKETS AND CAPES AND ARE MADE TODAY.THEIR ELDERS GUIDE US AND GIVE US DIRECTIONS. THEY EAT SALMON, SOCKEYE, COHO AND PINK SALMON. THEY GATHER CLMS, CRAB, OYSTERS, EEL,SEAL, OCTOPUS, HERON, EGGS, SEAWEED, WHALE, DUCK, ELK, DEER, PHEASANT, BERRIES, CRABAPPLES, CHERRIES, CAMAS ROOTS, AQND OTHER HERBS. THEY ARE EXPERT CANOE MAKERS.

THE LEGEND OF HARLING POINT

HAYLAS AND HIS COMPANION RAVEN AND MINK CAME ACROSS TWO MEN HARPOONING SEALS OFF OF HARLING POINTS. ONE HARPOONER GOT UPSET BECAUSE THEY WERE SCARING AWAY A SEAL HE WAS HUNTING. HAYLAS TURNED HIM INTO INTO STONE JUST JUST TO THROW HIS HARPOON AND MADE HIM BOOS OVER THE SEALS. THERE IS A LARGE BOULDER ON THE BEACH AT HARLING POINT.

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SIKSIKANATION IN CANADA

THE SIKSIKA IS A FIRST NATION IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA, CANADA. THE NAME COMES FROM THE BLACKFEET WORLD. BLACK AND FOOT WITH A CONNECTOR BETWEEN THE TWO BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD'S. THEY ARE THE NORTHERNMOST OF THE BLACKFEET. ORIGINAL PEOPLE AND THEY SPEAK DIALECTS OF THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAGE.

THE EUROPEAN EXPLORERS TRAVELED WEST WHEN THEY MET THE SIKSIKA AND ASSUMED THEY WERE BLACKFOOT. THEIR NATION IN 2009 HAD 6000 PEOPLE. THE SIKSIKA NATION HAS BEEN IN A LAND CLAIM DISPUTE WITH THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT. IN 1991 THEY SIGNED A 4.9 MILLION AGREEMENT WI8TH THE GOVERNMENT TO COMPENSATE FOR LOST MINERAL RIGHTS.

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SKEKANI INDIANS IN CANADA

SEKANI INDIAN TRIBE ARE DWELLERS ON THE ROCKS WHO SPEAK ATHAPASCAN. THEY WERE ONCE PART OF THE TRIBE BECAUSE THEY SETTLE INTO SMALLER DISTINCT. THEY LIVED NEAR THE PEACE RIVER. THE WOMEN WEAR RINGS IN THEIR NOSES. THEIR CLOTHING CONSISTS OF COATS AND BREECHS OF MOUNTAIN GOAT OR BIG HORN SKINS. THEY SLEEP WITH GOAT SKINS SEWED TOGETHER WHICH COMMUNICATES A STRONG ODOR. THEY ARE ENTIRELY NOMADIC. THEY CAME FROM THE EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. THEY HAVE CHEEK BONES. THEY LIKE TO SLEEP IN BRUSH HUTS. THEY CAME FROM THE EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. THEY FOLLOW THE MOOSE, CARIBOU, AND BEAVER ON WHICH THEY SUBSIST. THEY EAT NO FISH AND DON'T LIKE IT. THEY ARE VERY HONEST AND TRUST WORTHY. IN 1893 THERE WERE 9 TRIBES. THERE IS AN EASTERN DIVISION WHO HAD IN 1820 A POPULATION OF 1000.

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SEECHELT TRIBE IN CANADA

THIS IS A SALISH TRIBE ON JERVIS AND SEECHELT INLETS, NELSON ISLAND, AND AND SOUTH PARTS OF TEXADO ISLAND, B.C. THEY SPEAK A DIALECT AND ARE THOUGHT BY HILL TOUT TO BE RELATED TO LILLOOET. IN ANCIENT TIMES THERE WERE FOUR DIVISIONS, BUT THEY ALL LIVE IN THE PRESENT TOWNS OF CHATELECH. THERE IS A ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSION THERE. IN 1909 THERE WERE 244 FOLKS. THEY NOW LIVE IN ALBERTA, CANADA ON THE UPPER BOW RIVER. THEY HAVE A POPULATION OF 950. ANOTHER SALISH TRIBE IN VICTORIA, VANCOUVER ISLAND CALL THEMSELVES LKUNGEN. THEIR POPULATION WAS ABOUT 1000 IN 1905.

THEY WERE NAMED AFTER THE FIRST NATIONS PEOPLE THE SHISHALH. THIS COMMUNITY HAS A COMMUNAL LIFESTYLE AND WISDOM OF THE ELDERS. SEECHELT IS THE LARGEST INLET. SEECHELT MEANS LAND BETWEEN TWO WATERS. INDIAN LEGEND HAS IT THAT THE CREATOR SENT BY DIVINE SPIRIT FORMED THEIR WORLD. LATER THE TRANSFORMERS, A MALE RAVEN AND A FEMALE MINK CHANGED DETAILS BY CARVING A TREE AND FORMING POOLS OF WATER. THE RAVEN IS INTEGRAL TO THE SEECHELT CULTURE. THIS SCENERY IS BEAUTIFUL WITH CLEAN BEECHES AND DRIFTWOOD. THEY HAVE MANY CREEKS AND WATERFALLS MAKING IT A PHOTOGRAPHER'S DELIGHT. THEIR THRIVING VILLAGE IS SURROUNDED BY BEAUTIFUL MOUNTAINS. THEY HAVE LIGHT SNOWFALLS. THEIR POPULATION IS 8,500.

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SHEWAP INDIANS IN CANADA

THE SHUSWAP WERE IN THE MOST IMPORTANT SALISHAN TRIBE OF B.C. HOLDING MOST OF THE TERRITORY BETWEEN COLUMBIA RIVER WATERSHED AND FRASER RIVER, THEY HAVE A NUMBER OF SMALL VILLAGE RESERVATIONS ATTACHED TO VARIOUS AGENCIES. THEIR POPULATION DECREASED TO HALF OF WHAT THEY HAD PRIOR TO THE MINERS. TODAY THEY HAVE 2100 FOLKS IN 3 BANDS. THEY SPEAK SHUSWAP. THEIR TIBAL COUNCIL IS BASED IN KAMLOOPS, BC.

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PASSAMAQUODDY INDIANS IN CANADA

PASSAMAQUODDY MEANS "A TRADITIONAL WAY OF CATCHING A POLLACK FISH" USING A SPEAR. THEY WERE PART OF THE WABANAKI CONFEDERACY WHO CONTROLLED NEW ENGLAND THEY WERE PART OF WABANAKI CONFEDERACY WHO NEW ENGLAND CANADIAN MARITIMES. THEY LIVED IN MAINE BEFORE THEY MOVED THEY MOVED TO CANADA. TODAY THEY LIVE ON THE BORDER THEY HAVE ONE TRIBE IN CANADA AND ONE ON A RESERVATION IN MAINE. EACH TRIBE HAS IT'S OWN GOVERNMENT AND THERE IS NO OFFICIAL FIRST NATION IN CANADA. AND THEY DON'T HAVE A GOVERNMENT. MOST OF THIS TRIBE SPEAKS ENGLISH. VERY FEW SPEAK NATIVE LANGUAGE. WHAT WAS THEIR CULTURE LIKE? BOTH MEN AND WOMEN HAD VERY STRICT ROLES. THE CHILDREN PLAYED, WENT TO SCHOOL AND HELPED WITH THE HOUSE. THE BOYS FISH WITH THEIR FATHERS. IN THE PAST THEY HAD MORE CHORES. THAN TOYS. THEY PLAYED A BALL KICKING GAME. THEIR MOMS CARRIED THEIR BABIES IN CRADLEBOARDS.

THEY LIVED IN BIRCHBARK WIGWAMS LONG AGO. TODAY THEY LIVE IN HOUSES. THE WOMEN WORE LONG SKIRTS AND DRESSES WITH REMOVEABLE SLEEVES. THEY MADE DELICATE BEADWORK. THEY DID NOT WEAR LONG FEATHER HEADRESSES. THEY WERE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR BIRCH BARK CANOES. TODAY FEW PEOPLE MAKE THEIR OWN CANOE.

THEY HAD NO HORSES UNTIL ANGLOS CAME HERE. THEY USED SLEDS AND SNOW SHOES TO VISIT THEIR TRIBES TODAY THEY USE CARS. THEY TRAVELED TO THE COAST IN SUMMER TO FISH, HUNT PORPOISES, AND PLANT CORN. IN WINTER THEY HUNT GAME. FISHING IS IMPORTANT TO THEIR DIET. THEY GATHERED NATIVE PLANTS AND MADE MAPLE SYRUP FROM TREES. THEY USED HARPOONS AND PRONGED SPEARS TO HUNT PORPOISES.

THEIR ARTISTS ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR BASKETWEAVING AND BEAD WORKING. THEY CRAFTED WAMPUM OUT OF WHITE AND PURPLE SHELL BEADS. WAMPUM BEADS WERE TRADED AS A CURRENCY, BUT THEY WERE MORE CULTURALLY IMPORTANT AS AN ART MATERIAL. THEY MADE DESIGNS ON WAMPUM BELTS AND TOLD A STORY.

THEY TRADED WITH NEW ENGLAND TRIBES AND FOUGHT WITH THE IROQUOIS. FIVE TRIBES FORMED AN ALLIANCE CALLED THE WABANSKI. BEFORE THIS ALLIANCE THEY WERE NOT ALWAYS FRIENDS WITH THESE TRIBES. ONCE THEY FORMED THE CONFEDERACY THE TRIBES NEVER FOUGHT EACH OTHER.

IN 1794 THE US SIGNED A TREATY WITH PASSAMAQUODDY PROMISING THEM RIGHTS TO FISH IN THEIR HOMELAND FOREVER. HOWEVER SINCE THEN THEY HAVE GIVEN THEM RESTRICTIONS. PORPOISES ARE ENDANGERED AND THAT IS AN ISSUE THAT IS STILL IN DEBATE..

THEIR RELIGION IS VERY COMPLEX AND SENSITIVE TO THEM. THEIR POPULATION IN MAINE IS ABOUT 2500 FOLKS. THERE IS A VIABLE POPULATION IN CANADA AS WELL. THE BAY OF PASSAMAQQUODDY BAY THAT STRADDLES THE US/CANADA BORDER. WAS NAMED FROM THIS TRIBE.

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OTTAWA INDIAN IN CANADA

THE OTTAWA INDIANS MEAN "TO TRADE, BUY, OR SELL" A TERM COMMON TO THE CREE AND CHIPPEWA.. THEY WERE NOTED FOR INTERTRIBAL TRADERS AND BARTERERS WITH CORNMEAL, FURS, RUGS, TOBACCO, AND MEDICINAL ROOTS.

THE OTTAWA ARE CALLED "CHEULUX RELEUEZ" BY FRENCH. CHAMPLAIN VISITED BY THE OTTAWA IN 1616. THEY VISITED THE OTTAWA IN 1616. THEY DRIED HUCKLEBERRIES FOR WINTER. THE MEN WERE WARRIORS, HUNTERS, AND CHIEFS. THEY PLANTED CORN AND OTHER PLANTS. THEY WENT 400 LEAGUES AWAY TO TRADE. THEY MADE THEIR RUGS. THE WOMEN COVERED THEIR BODIES THE MEN WERE UNCOVERED. THEY HAD FUR ROBES FOR THE WINTER. THEY ASKED CHAMPLAIN TO AID THEM AGAINST ENEMIES ON THE SHORE OF THE FRESH WATER SEA, 200 LEAGUES AWAY. THE OTTAWA, KISKAKON, AND OTTAWA SINAGO WAS A SINGLE TRIBE. THE OTTAWA CLAIMED THE RIVER BELONGED TO THEM, AND OTHER NATIONS MUST SEEK THEIR CONSENT TO USE IT. ALL THOSE WHO WENT TO THE FRENCH TO TRADE BORE THE NAME OTTAWA. THEY DID NOT GRASP CHRISTIANITY AND HAD LOOSE MARRIAGE TIES.

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Tuesday, September 27, 2011

OTTAWA INDIANS IN CANADA

THE OTTAWA MEANS TO TRADE BUY AND SELL A TERM COMMON TO THE CREEK TO TRADE, BUY OR SELL, A TERM COMMON TO THE CREE AND CHIPPEWA. THEY WERE NOTED FOR INTERTRIBAL TRADERS AND BARTERERS - WITH CORNMEAL, FURS, RUGS, TOBACCO, AND MEDICINL ROOTS. THE OTTAWA ARE CALLLED "CHENEUXCRELEUEZ" BY THE FRENCH. CHAMPLAIN VISITED THE OTTAWA IN 1616. THEY DRIED HUCKLEBERRIES FOR THE WINTER. THE MEN WERE WARRIORS , HUNTERS, AND CHIEFS. THEY WENT TO 400 LEAGUES AWAY TO TRADE. THEY MADE MATS FOR THEIR RUGS. THE WOMEN COVERED THEIR BODIES , THE MEN WERE UNCOVERED. THEY HAD FUR ROBES IN WINTER. THEY ASKED CHAMPLAIN TO AID THEM AGAINST ENEMIES ON THE SHORES OF FRESH WATER SEA, 200 LEAGUES AWAY. THE OTTAWA, KISKAKON, AND OTTAWA SINAGO WAS A SINGLE TRIBE. THE OTTAWA CLAIMED THE RIVER BELONGED TO THEM AND OTHER NATIONS MUST SEEK THEIR CONSENT TO USE IT. ALL THOSE WHO WENT TO THE FRENCH TO TRADE BORE THE NAME OTTAWA. THEY DID NOT GRASP CHRISTIANITY AND HAD LOOSE MARRIAGE TIES.

ACCORDING TO TRADITION THE OTTAWA, CHIPPEWA, AND POTAWATAMI TRIBES WERE FORMERLY ONE PEOPLE WHO CAME FROM THE NORTH. THE OTTAWA WERE LOCATED ON THE SOUTH BAY OF GEORGIAN BAY.

THE OTTAWA WERE EXPERT CANOE MAKERS AND AND WERE BETTER MERCHANTS THAN WARRIORS. THEY TOLD A FRENCH FATHER IN 1700 THAT THEY WERE DERIVED FROM 3 FAMILIES, EACH HAD 500 PERSONS. THEY HAD MANY FOLK TALES AND MYTHOLOGIES. HE THOUGHT OF THE DECENDANTS SHOULD BE CREMATED AND SCATTER THEIR ASHES.

A PORTION OF THE OTTAWA LIVED ON MANITOULLIN RIVER NEAR LAKE HURON. THE FRENCH ESTABLISHED A MISSIONIN THE LATE 1600'S CALLED SAINT SIMON. BY 1680 MOST OF THE OTTAWA JOINED THE HURONS AT MACKINAW.

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ONONDAGA INDIANS IN CANADA

ONONDAGA MEANS ON THE TOP OF A MOUNTAIN. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT TRIBE OF THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERATION FORMERLY LIVING ON THE MOUNTAIN, LAKE, AND CREEK BEARING THEIR NAME. IN PRESENT ONONDAGA COUNTY AND TO LAKE ONTARIO THEY LIVE. THEIR MAIN VILLAGE WAS CALLED ONONDAGA CASTLE AND WAS ON INDIAN HILL BEFORE 1654 IN THE PRESENT TOWN OF POMPEY. THEY HAD 140 CABINS. THEY MOVED TO ONONDAGA CREEK IN 1720 JUST SOUTH OF THE LAKE.

THIS ONONDAGA RESERVATION HAS 9 CLANS. EACH CLAN HAS A CHIEFTAINSHIP. FIVE CLANS HAVE A FEDERAL CHIEFTAINSHIP WHILE OTHERS HAVE THREE AND TWO. IN THEIR CEREMONIAL AND SOCIAL ASSEMBLIES THE ONONDAGA HAVE "THREE BROTHERS", THE MOHAWK AND SENECA ARE THEIR TWO OTHER BROTHERS. EACH CHIEF DISCUSSES OR ARGUES THE ISSUE WITH THE COUNCIL. CHAMPLAIN RELATED THAT IN 1622 THE "HURONS HAD SOUGHT PEACE WITH THE IROQUOIS, BUT THEY ALSO HAD A DISTRUST BETWEEN THEM. THEY ASKED CHAMPLAIN TO HELP THEM MAKE PEACE WITH THE IROQUOIS. THEY WERE EXHAUSTED FROM THE WARS THEY HAD FOR 50 YEARS. BY 1605 THE ONONDAGA SENT DELEGATION WHO WENT TO QUEBEC TO CONFER WITH THE GOVERNMENT AND THE ALGONQUIN AND HURONS. THE ONONDAGA PRESENTED24 WAMPUM BELTS TO THOSE OTHER CHIEFS. THIS WAS AN IMPORTANT PEACE CONFERENCE. THEY ASKED FOR PRIESTS TO DWELL AMONG THEM FOR FRENCH SOLDIERS TO AID THEM IN WAR AGAINST THE ERIE.

IN 1657 THE ONONDAGO ASKED THE HURONS TO FORM A SINGLE PEOPLE. FINALLY THE HURONS SUBMITTED TO THE DEMANDS OF THE IROQUOIS. IN 1682 THE ALBANY AND ONONDAGA, MOHAWK, ONEIDA, AND CAYUGA AND SENECA ENTERED A PEACE TREATY FROM THE COLONY OF MARYLAND, NOT ONLY FOR WHITE SETTLERS BUT FOR PISCATAWAY INDIANS.

THESE FOLKS WERE EXPERT CANOE MAKERS AND USED THEM TO CROSS LAKE ONTARIO. THEY WERE 1 OF 5 NATIONS OF THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY. THEY WERE KNOWN AS "KEEPERS OF THE FIRE." ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE CARBON DATED SOME OF THEIR SITE TO 1200 A.D. THEY ORIGINATED IN NEW YORK, FLED TO ONTARIO IN THE 1700'S. THIS NATION HAD A TRIBAL COUNCIL CHOSEN BY THE CLAN MOTHERS. THEY WERE SUBJECT TO THE IROQUOIS COUNCIL. 14 ONONDAGA, CHIEFS, REPRESENTED TRIBES, INTERESTS IN THE COUNCIL. TODAY SOME LIVE ON A RESERVATION IN NEW YOPRK, AND OTHERS LIVE IN ONTARIO. ON THE SIX NATIONS RESERVE, WHICH THEY SHARE WITH IROQUOIS.

TODAY MOST OF SPEAK ENGLISH. THEIR ORIGINAL LANGUAGE IS COMPLEX. WHEN PEOPLE START TO HAVE INTEREST IN MARRIAGE, THEY LOOK TO PEOPLE OF OTHER CLANS. OTHER CLANS ARE THEIR TO ARE THERE TO HELP YOU IN SICKNESS AND IN TOUGH TIMES.

THE ELDERS REMIND US THE CREATOR GAVE US ALL A GIFT- TO BENEFIT THE COMMUNITY. USING THAT GIFT MAKES THE CREATOR HAPPY. GIFT MAKES THE CREATOR HAPPY. GIFTS ARE IN FORMS OF LEADERS SPEAKERS, HUNTERS, SINGERS, DANCERS, FARMERS, FISHERMEN, HEALERS, COOKS, TEACHERS, ETC. THEY ARE THEY ARE THANKFUL FOR THOSE GIFTS.

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OKANAGON INDIANS IN CANADA

OKANAGON IS DERIVED FROM THE OKANAGON RIVER NEAR OKANAGON FALLS, WHICH IS THE PLACE OF ORIGIN OF THE TRIBE. THEY BELONGED TO THE INTERIOR DIVISION OF THE SALISHIAN STOCK. THEY ARE THEY ARE LOCATED ALONG THE OKANAGAN LAKE. THEY HAVE THREE BANDS. THE HISTORY OF THE OKANAGON DIFFERED LITTLE FROM THE NEIGHBORING TRIBES. DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES, HOWEVER, THERE HAS BEEN A STEADY MOVEMENT OF THE TRIBE NORTHWARD WHERE THEY HAVE DISPLACED THE SHUSWAP. THERE ARE ABOUT 2200 OKANAGON IN 1780. BECAUSE OF THE SMALLPOX THEIR NUMBERS DECREASED AND BY 1906 THERE WERE 825.

THEY LIVED IN EARTHEN LODGES SOMETIMES KNOWN AS PITHOUSES. THESE HOMES ARE PARTIALLY UNDERGROUND. THEIR LODGES WERE SMALL AND ONLY A SINGLE FAMILY. TODAY THEY ONLY PUT UP A TEEPEE FOR FUN.

THEY WORE LEGGINGS WITH BUCKSKIN AND LEGGINGS., AND MOCCASINS. THEY MADE SOCKS WOVEN FROM TULE RUSH AND BLANKETS MADE OF MOUNTAIN GOAT WOOL. THEY MADE LIGHTWEIGHT BIRCHBARK CANOES ON THE RIVER.

THEIR TRADITIONAL FOOD WAS SALMON. THE MEN ALSO HUNTED ELK, BUFFALO, SMALL MAMMALS, AND MOUNTAIN SHEEP. THE WOMEN GATHERED ROOTS, AND BERRIES TO ADD TO THEIR FOOD. THEY MADE BASKETS AND WOODEN CRAFTS. THEY TRADED WITH TRIBES. THEY INTERMARRIED AND THEY WERE NOT WARLIKE. STORYTELLING IS VERY IMPORTANT TO OKANANGAN CULTURE.

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-NTLAKYAPUMUK INDIANS IN CANADA

THESE INDIANS ARE 1 OF 4 GREAT SALISH TRIBES LIVING IN B.C. THEY LIVE ON THE THOMPSON RIVER. IN 1809 SIMON FRASER PASSED THROUGH THE TERRITORY AND HE WAS FOLLOWED BY VARIOUS EMPLOYEES OF THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY. IN 1858 THE MINERS INVADED THIS TERRITORY. BY 1863 THEY WERE GREATLY AFFECTED BY SMALLPOX. THEY CONTINUE TO LIVE IN THEIR ANCESTRAL TERRITORIES. BUY 1780 THERE WERE 5000 FOLKS BUT THEY DROPPED TO 2000 BY 1900.

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RUSSIAN RIVER CLEANUP 2011

LAST SATURDAY I DECIDED TO HELP CLEANUP THE RUSSIAN RIVER BY VOLUNTEERING AT BURKES CANOE AREA. WE WERE GIVEN GLOVES AND GATHERED SOMEWHAT IN GROUPS AND WERE SHOWN WHERE TO CLEANUP BEACHES AND DUMPS IN THE AREA. THIS WAS A FUN AND VERY COOL DAY. I DECIDED NOT TO USE THE CANOES AS THE WATER TEMPERATURE WAS ABOUT 50 DEGREES IN THE MORNING AND I HAD USUALLY TIPPED OVER IN THE CANOES WHEN I DID THE CLEANUP IN ASTI AND GEYSERVILLE. ONE GROUP BOUGHT NEAT HAND CLIPPERS TO PICK UP SMALL TRASH WITHOUT BENDING DOWN AND WE CLEANED UP AN AREA WHERE THE HOMELESS HAD LIVED. SOME MEN BROUGHT UP TIRES AND HEAVY METAL EQUIPMENT PEOPLE HAD DROPPED OFF.. WE PICKED UP BOTTLES, BEER CAN, CARDBOARD CONTAINERS, PLASTIC, STYROFOAM, AND PLASTIC BAGS, ETC. IT WAS FULFILLING AS I GOT TO SPEAK TO A NUMBER OF PEOPLE ON BEACHES AND DISCOVERED SOME NICE BEACHES I HAD NOT HEARD OF. I PROBABLY WALKED ABOUT FIVE MILES OR MORE UP AND DOWN BEACHES. I DROVE TO SOME BEACHES THAT SOME FOLKS HAD NOT CLEANED. AND THERE WERE SMALL CHILDREN SWIMMING IN SHALLOW WATERS. ONE CLEAN UP GUY CRAWLED THROUGH POISON OAK! I MET A NUMBER OF HIPPIES WHO WERE GETTING TOO MUCH SUN AND WERE WRINKLED. THEY WERE SWIMMING AND SMOKING ON ONE BEACH THAT HAD ABOUT 6" OF WATER. THE RIVER SEEMED TO HAVE PRETTY CLEAN WATER. THE RIVER WAS COOL AND THE KIDS HAD SOME FUN. I DIDN'T SEE ANY CANOES TIP OVER HERE AS THERE WERE NO RAPIDS. I HAD EXPERIENCED MANY MORE RAPIDS IN GEYSERVILLE. I NOTICED SEVERAL MALLARDS FLY OVER THE RIVER. I TALKED TO SOME PEOPLE ABOUT MY HIKING TOURS. THERE NO PREHISTORIC ARTIFACTS IN THIS AREA. THE WATER WAS UNUSUALLY CLEAN. GUERNEVILLE BEACH HAD HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE WITH THEIR GEAR IN LINE - THERE MUST HAVE BEEN AN EVENT HAPPENING. GUERNEVILLE IS KNOWN FOR ITS GAY AND HIPPIE COMMUNITY.

Friday, September 23, 2011

OKANAGON IDIANS IN CANADA

OKANGON RIVER IS DERIVED FROM THE OKANAGON RIVER NEAR OKANAGON FALLS, WHICH IS THE PLACE OF ORIGIN OF THIS TRIBE. THEY BELONGED TO THE INTERIOR DIVISION OF THE SALISHAN STOCK. THEY ARE LOCATED ALONG THE SHORES OF OKANAGEON LAKE. THEY HAVE THREE BANDS. THE HISTORY OF THE OKANGON DIFFERRED LITTLE FROM THE NEIGHBORING TRIBES. DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES HOWEVER THERE HAS BEEN A STEADY MOVEMENT OF THE TRIBE NORTHWARD. WHERE THEY HAVE DISPLACED THE SHUSWAP. THERE ARE ABOUT 2200 OKANAGON IN 1780. BECAUSE OF SMALLPOX THEIR NUMBERS DECREASED AND BY 1906 THERE WERE 825 FOLKS.

THEY LIVED IN EARTHEN LODGES SOMETIMES KNOWN AS PITHOUSES. THESE HOMES ARE PARTIALLY UNDERGROUND THEIR LODGES WERE SMALL AND ONLY A SINGLE SINGLE FAMILY. TODAY THEY ONLY PUT UP A TEEPEE FOR FUN. THEY WORE LEGGINGS WITH BUCKSKIN MOCCASINS.

NTLAKYAPUMUK INDIANS IN CANADA

THE NTLAKYAPUMUK IS ONE OF FOUR GREAT SALISH TRIBES LIVING IN B.C. THEY LIVE ON THE THOMPSON RIVERS. IN 1809 SIMON FRASER PASSED THROUGH THE TERRITORY AND WAS FOLLOWED BY VARIOUS EMPLOYERS OF THE HUDSON BAY COMPANIES. IN 1858 THE MINERS INVADED THIS TERRITORY. BY 1863 THEY WERE GREATLY AFFECTED BY SMALLPOX. THEY CONTINUE TO LIVE IN THEIR ANCESTRAL TERRITORIES. BY 1780 THERE WERE 50000 FOLKS, BUT THEY DROPPED TO 2000 BY 1900.

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NOOTKA INDIANS IN CANADA

THE NOOTKA ARE KNOWN AS THE NUN-CHAI-NULTH. THEY LIVED ON THE COAST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND AND OLYMPIC PENNISULA OF WASHINGTON. THEIR NAME NOOTKA REFERS TO ALL SPEAKERS OF WAKASHAN LANGUAGE. THEY ARE LOCATED ON THE COAST AND GET 100" OF RAIN PER YEAR.

THEY HAD AN ABUNDANCE OF ELK, DEER, BEAR AND LARGE WATERFOWL. THEIR STAPLE DIET INCLUDED SALMON, NUTS, ROOTS, FERNS, LUPINE, BERRIES. WHATEVER GREW NATURALLY THEY GATHERED. MUCH COULD BE DRIED FOR WINTER USE. SALMON WAS TRAPPED WITH NETS. IN SUMMER THEIR SEVERAL VILLAGES WERE BY THE BEACHES SO THEY COULD ENGAGE IN FISHING AND CATCHING SEA ANIMALS. FISH OIL WOULD SERVE THREE PURPOSES - A VALUABLE TRADE ITEM, SIGNIFIES WEALTH, AND A DIP FOR EVERY MORSEL OF FOOD. SHELLFISH WITHIN THE SHORES WERE GATHERED IN QUANTITIES. WHALING TOOK PLACE IN THE SUMMER.

THEIR HOUSES RANGED FROM 40' TO 100' IN LENGTH AND 30 TO 40 FEET IN WIDTH. THEY WERE BUILT FROM CEDAR BEAMS AND HAND SPLIT BOARDS. THEY WERE OCCUPIED ALL WINTER AND ALL SPRING. THEY COULD BE TRANSPORTED FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE. THE CHIEF OF EACH LINEAGE WOULD OCCUPY THE RIGHT REAR CENTER. AND THEY HAD STORAGE BOXES STACKED AT THE BOUNDARIES. EARLY TRAVELERS WERE DISGUSTED FROM THE EARLY NOOTKAN'S UNCLEANLINESS. APPARENTLY THEY LEFT FISH ENTRAILS IN THEIR HOUSE!

THE MEN IN THE SUMMER ONLY WORE A FEW ORNAMENTS. THE WOMEN WORE SKIRTS FROM SHREDDED CEDAR BARK. IN RAINY WEATHER THEY BOTH WORE CEDAR BARK ROBES. THEY USUALLY WENT BAREFOOT. THEY MADE MASKS OF CEDAR AND HEADRESSES OF VARIOUS ANIMALS. THEIR SOCIETY WAS EXTREMELY ELITIST. THEY HAVE SLAVES FROM ANOTHER TRIBE.

POTLATCH WAS THE GREAT CEREMONY OF THE NORTHWEST COAST OF THE COAST INDIANS. IT UPDATED AN INDIVIDUAL'S RANK, AND DISTRIBUTED GIFTS. THE MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE HAD CERTAIN SEATS ON THE LONGHOUSE. ANOTHER PART OF THE POTLATCH WAS TO VALADATE PRIVILEDGES OR EXCHANGE SURPLUS. THESE WERE THE BEST TIMES FOR SOCIAL GROUPS AND WERE EQUALLY GOOD TO KNOW THE EVOLUTION OF AN ELDEST SON TO MATURITY.

CHILDBIRTH WAS A SPECIAL EVENT AND TOOK PLACE IN A SPECIAL HUT. FOR THE FIRST FOUR DAYS THEY HAVE TO STAY SECLUDED. THEY WOULD ONLY CORRECT CHILDREN BY TALKING TO THEM. WHEN TWO INDIVIDUALS DECIDED TO MARRY IT WAS AN ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE TWO FAMILIES. THE PROPOSAL WAS PERFORMED BY THE BOY'S PARENTS. THE MARRIAGE WOULD TAKE PLACE AND THE GIRL WOULD LIVE WITH THE GROOM'S FAMILY. THEY DID NOT BELIEVE IN A GOD YET THEY DID BELIEVE IN SUPERNATURALS.


DELRIODCCD.EDU

NOOKSAK INDIANS IN CANADA

THE NOOKSAK ARE A TRIBE LIVING IN MAINLY THE STATE OF WASHINGTON AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. THEY ORIGINALLY LIVED IN NOOTKA SOUND. THE NOOTKA WERE OF TWO BRANCHES OF THE WAKESHAN LANGUAGE FAMILY. THEY HAVE ABOUT 25 SUBDIVISIONS.

JUAN DE FUCO IN 1592 IS THE FIRST WHITE MAN TO HAVE VISITED THE THE NOOTKA TERRITORY. IN 1778 CAPTAIN COOK VISITED THIS TERRITORY. THE NOOTSAK KILLED THE PEOPLE FROM NEW ENGLAND IN 1803. SINCE 1843 THEY WERE MISSIONED BY THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.

IN 1780 THEY HAD 6000 MEMBERS. THE NOOKSAK WERE THE ONLY INDIANS WHO HUNTED WHALES ON THE WHALES ON THE COAST, EXCEPT FOR SEVERAL NEIGHBORS. THEY MADE CANOES FROM SMALL CLAMMING BOATS TO OCEAN GOING WAR CANOES. THEY RELIED PRIMARILY ON SEAFOOD WHILE INTERIOR TRIBES SUPPLEMENTED THEIR DIET WITH MAMMALS. ALL ATE SALMON. THEY TRADED SMOKED FISH AND SSHELLS, CANOES, METALS, GOA6T PRODUCTS AND MEDICINE.

CANADIANGENEOLOGY.NET

NEUTRAL INDIANS IN CANADA

THE NEUTRAL WERE AN IMPORTANT CONFEDERATION OF AN IROQOUIAN TRIBE LIVING IN THE NORTH OF LAKE ERIE IN ONTARIO. THEY HAVE FOUR VILLAGES SOME BY LAKE ST. CLAIR. THE FRENCH CALLED THEM NEUTRALS BECAUSE THEY WERE NEUTRAL IN WARS. CHAMPLAIN REPORTED IN 1610 THE NEUTRALS HAD 4000 WARRIORS THEY ADDED THE OTTAWA AGAINST SMALL PRAIRIE PEOPLE. THEY RAISED TOBACCO AND TRADED SKINS, FURS, AND PORCUPINE QUILLS, AND QUILLWORK.

THEY DECIDED TO CLEAR THE LAND BY CUTTING DOWN TREES AND BURNED THEM SO THEY COULD HAVE FIELDS. THEY PLANTED THEIR GRAINS IN EACH HILL AND SO THEY HAVE PLENTY OF FOOD. IN 1626 THERE WAS A REVERAND FATHER JOSE THAT TAUGHT THEM CHRISTIANITY. THE SIXTH TRIBE WHOSE CHIEF WAS TSOHAHISSAN. HE WAS CHIEF OF 28 VILLAGES. THIS CHIEF HAD BEEN AT WAR 17 TIMES USING A WAR CLUB AND BOW AND ARROW.

THEIR LAND WAS ABUNDANT WITH SMALL MAMMALS AND BIRDS AS WELL AS FISH. THEY ALSO PLANTED THE THREE SISTERS. THEIR LODGES WERE COVERED BY ARBORS AND WERE 8" BY 10' WIDE. IN WINTER THEY LAY ON MATS BY THE FIRE. THE NUETRALS FEARED THEIR IROQUOIS. THE HURONS ATTACKED THEM. BY 1640 THE HURONS OFFERED THEIR CHIEFS SOME HATCHELS TO REDUCE ANYMORE FIGHTS. THE NEUTRALS REFUSED THEM. THEY OCCUPY 28 VILLAGES IN 1636. IN 4 MORE YEARS THEY HAD 12,000 FOLKS.

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NAHANE INDIANS IN CANADA

THE NAHANES MEANS'PEOPLE OF THE WEST'. THEY ARE ALSO CALLED GONNA. THEY SPEAK ATHAPASKAN. IN NORTHERN BC AND YUKON TERRITORY BETWEEN THE COAST RANGE3 AND THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS SOME BANDS EXTEND TO MACKENZIE TERRITORY. THEY HAD 8 SUBDIVISIONS MANY MAY HAVE BEEN DISPLACED. IN 1789 THE EASTERNMOST BANDS OF NAHANE MAY HAVE BEEN MET BY MACKENZIE IN 1789. FORT SIMPSON AT THE JUNCTION OF LAIRD AND MACKENZIE BECAME THE BASE OF OPERATIONS FOR EXPLOITATION OF THE NAHANE COUNTRY. THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY BUILT SEVERAL FORTS. THE NAHANE WERE POWERFULLY AFFECTED BY THE THE KLONDIKE RUSH. IN 1780 THERE WERE ABOUT 2000 NAHANE IN BC AND 400 MOUNTAIN INDIANS.

CANADIANGENEOLOGY.NET

MUNSEE INDIANS IN CANADA

MUNSEE INDIANS MEANS "AT THE PLACE WHERE STONES ARE GATHERED" THEY HAVE THREE DIVISIONS IN DELAWARE, UNILASHTIGO, AND UNAMI. THE WOLF HAS BEEN THEIR TOTEM.
THEY ORIGINALLY OCCUPIED THE HEADQUARTERS OF DELAWARE RIVER IN NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA AS WELL AS THE WEST BANK OF THE HUDSON RIVER. THEIR COUNCIL VILLAGE WAS IN MUNISINK IN NEW JERSEY. THEY HAD SIX SUBTRIBES. THE MUNSEE AND MINISINK HAVE OFTEN BEEN CONFOUNDED. THE BANDS ON THE HUDSON WERE PROMINENT BUT AS WHITE SETTLEMENTS INCREASED MOST OF THEM JOINED THEIR RELATIVES ON THE DELAWARE. IN 1756 THOSE MUNSEE IN NEW YORK WERE PLACED WITH THE MOHAWK. A FRAUDULENT TREATY KNOWN AS THE 'WALKING PURCHASE' THE MUNSEE WERE FORCED TO REMOVE IN 1740 TO LANDS ASSIGNED TO THEM BY THE IROQUOIS. SOON THEY MOVED TO PENNSYLVANIA. SOME MOVED WEST WITH THE DELAWARE TO INDIANA WHEREE THEY VEIWED THE CHIPPEWA, SHAWNEE, AND OTHERS SO THE MUNSEE CEASED TO EXIST. MANY MOVED TO CANADA WHERE THEY CEASED TO EXIST. MANY MOVED TO CANADA WITH THEIR RELATIVES. THEY WERE KNOWN AS CHRISTIANS. THEY SETTLED NEAR MIDDLESEX COUNTY, ONTARIO AND THEY NUMBERED 119.

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MORAVIAN INDIANS IN CANADA

THE MORAVIANS FOLLOW THE TEACHINGS OF THEIR ELDERS AND GATHERED LAND AND VILLAGES APART FROM THEIR TRIBES. IN 1740 THE MORAVIAN MISSIONARIES BEGAN THEIR WORK AFTER MAHICAN VILLAGE OF SHEKOMEKO IN NEW YORK. THEY HAD MANY OBSTACLES AND MOVED TO PENNSYLVANIA. THEY WERE MORE SUCCESSFUL IN OHIO. BY 1770'S THEY HAD SEVERAL IN OHIO. THEY WENT TO THEIR ABANDONED VILLAGES TO GATHER CORN WHEN THEY WERE ATTACKED BY A PARTY OF BORDER RUFFIANS AND MASSACRED AND THEIR VILLAGES BURNED. THE REMAINING MORAVIANS MOVED TO CANADA 1791 UNDER THEIR CHIEF, ZEISBERGER. THEY BUILT A VILLAGE ON THE RETRENCHE RIVER. AGAIN IN 1812 THE ANGLOS MASSACRED THEM. THEY MOVED TO KENT COUNTY, ONTARIO. THEIR POPULATION WAS 275. BY 1906 THEY HAD INCREASED TO 348.

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Tuesday, September 20, 2011

MONTAGNAS INDIAN IN CANADA

THEY CALL THEMSELVES INNU MEANING "THE PEOPLE". THE WORD MONTAGNAS MEANS "MOUNTAIN PEOPLE". THEIR NEIGHBORS THE NISKAPI SPOKE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT. THE MONTAGNAS LIVE ON RESERVATIONS IN THE U.S. TODAY. EACH BAND HAS A CHIEF. THEY MADE POLITICAL DECISIONS BY CONSENSUS. THEY KEPT TALKING UNTIL ALL MEMBERS COULD AGREE. THEY SPEAK EITHER MONTAGNAS OR NASKAPI, WHICH ARE SIMILAR BUT NOT UNDERSTANDABLE.

THEY ARE INDIGENOUS TO CANADA AND QUEBEC. THEY STILL LIVE HERE ON RESERVATIONS. THEIR CHIEFS ARE CHOSEN.

BIGORRIN.ORG

MALICITE INDIANS IN CANADA

MALICITE INDIANS ARE CALLED "BROKEN TALKERS". .IT ALSO MEANS MICMAC OR SLOW TONGUES. THEY BELONG TO THE ABENAKI GROUP OF ALGONQUIAN STOCK. THEY ARE CLOSE TO THE PASSAMOQUODDY.

ALTHOUGH NEW BRUNSWICK COAST WAS VISITED BY ANGLOS BY 1850'S, CHAMPLAIN NOTED THEM IN HIS VOYAGE OF 1604. THEY RECEIVED THE FRENCH THE FRENCH WITH HOSPITALITY. THEY MADE THEM A FEAST AND SMOKED BEFORE DINNER. THEY HAD A DINNER OF VENISON OF GAME. THEY SANG AND DANCED ALL THROUGH THE NIGHT UNTIL MORNING. BOTH THE MALICITE AND FRENCH WERE ENEMIES OF THE ENGLISH. BY 1850 THE ENGLISH CLAIMED MUCH LAND AND THE MALICITE ONLY GOT 15 ACRES FROM ALL THEIR OREVIOUS ACREAGE! BY 1884 THEIR POPULATION WAS 770.

SOME OF THESE INDIANS LIVED IN MAINE. THEIR CHIEF IS CHOSEN BY COUNCIL MEMBERS AND IS CALLED A SAKOM. MOST PEOPLE SPEAK FRENCH TODAY BUT SOME SPEAK MALICET-PASSAMAQDODDY. THEY LIVED IN WIGWAMS MADE OUT OF WHITE BIRCH BARK. THEY ALSO USED BIRCH FOR CANOES. THEIR CLOTHING WAS FROM DEER AND MOOSE SKIN AND BEADED. THEY WERE EXPERT FISHERMEN. THEY HUNTED DEER AND MOOSE AND THE WOMEN COLLECTED FRUITS, NUTS, AND TUBERS. THEY PLANTED CORN AS WELL.

THESE NATIVES ARE NOTED FOR THEIR BEADWORK. THEY ALSO WOVE BASKETS FROM BIRCHBARK. THEY SHAPED WAMPUM. THEY SHAPED WAMPUM FROM WHITE AND PURPLE SHELLS. THEY TRADED WITH MANY OF THEIR NEIGHBORS. THEY DID HAVE SOME ENEMIES. THE NATIVES AND NON-NATIVES HAVE MANY CONFLICTS ABOUT LAND RIGHTS. THE MALICITES HAD TO PAY THE GOVERNMENT FOR THEIR FISHING/HUNTING/ AND LOGGING RIGHTS. THEIR RELIGION WAS VERY COMPLEX.

BIGORRIN.ORG
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LILLOOET INDIANS IN CANADA

THE LILLOOET INDIANS ARE ALSO CALLED STATIMC INDIANS. THEY LIVE NORTH OF VANCOUVER ON LILLOOT RIVER. THEN LIFE IS INSEPARABLE. FROM THEIR LAND. THEIR PEOPLE USE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS TO PLAN TRIPS,HUNT, FISH, HARVEST FOOD, AND GATHER MEDICINES. THE LESSONS OF HOW TO LIVE ON THE LAND ARE PASSED DOWN FROM THE ELDERS. THEY LIVE A RICH LIFE FISHING AND DEFEND CONTROL OF A RICH RESOURCE THAT SEEDS OUR PEOPLE. THEIR FISH ARE A VALUE D STAPLE FOR TRADE WITH NEIGHBORS. THEY CAN THINK OF NO BETTER PLACE TO LIVE. THEY HAVE ALWAYS BEEN OWNERS OF THEIR TERRITORY AND AS PROCLAIMED BY THEIR ANCESTORS THEY HAVE ALWAYS LIVED BY HUNTING, GATHERING AND FISHING.

THEIR VISION IS ONE OF OF RESPECT FOR EACH OTHER AND A RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LAND. THEY RESPECT THEIR TRADITIONS. THEY PUT THE HEALTH OF THE AIR, WATER, PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND LAND BEFORE ALL ELSE. THEIR RESOURCES CONTINUE TO PROVIDE SUSTENANCE IN OLD AND NEW WAYS FOR EVERYONE.

THEY ARE PROTECTING THEIR CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ECOLOGY OF THE LAND BEFORE ALL ELSE. THEIR RESOURCES CONTINUE TO PROVIDE SUSTENANCE FOR EVERYONE. THEY ARE PROTECTING THEIR CULTURAL HERITAGE AND LAND ECOLOGY. ALL OF THEIR LANDS ARE CONSIDERED A CULTURAL PROTECTION AREA. MOST OF THEIR SITES ARE SACRED AND SPIRITUAL. THEY PROTECT THE ROOT PEOPLE , THE BERRIES AND OTHER PLANTS.

STATIMC.NET

KUTCHIN INDIANS IN CANADA

THIS IS A GROUP OF ATHAPASKANS LIVING IN ALASKA AND THE YUKON. THEY HAVE LOST HAVE OF THEIR POPULATION DUE TO WARS BETWEEN TRIBES AND KILLING OF FEMALE CHILDREN. CHIEFS AND TWO MEDICINE MEN HAVE 2 TO 3 WIVES. THEY HAVE DANCES AND CHANT TO THEIR SONGS. BOYS WRESTLE AND CHANT TO THEIR SONGS. THEY HAVE BOUTS OF UNTIL THE STRONGEST OR FRESHEST MAN WINS. THE WOMEN ALSO WRESTLE. THEY HAVE GUESTS FOR MONTHS AND THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY TAKES HIS TURN IN FEASTING. THE FAMILY THEN FASTS UNTIL THEY LEAVE. THEY HAVE 11 TRIBES.

KUTCHIN MEANS ONE WHO DWELLS. BY THE FRENCH THEY ARE CALLED LOUCHEUX. THEY ALSO CALL THEMSELVES DINT11-ZHUU OR "SMALL PEOPLE".

THEY ARE KNOWN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SNOWSHOES, BIRCH BARK CAQNOES, SLEDS AND ORNATE BEADWORK. THEY SEW CLOTHING WITH CARIBOU SKIN. THEY HAVE MANY BANS.
THEY HAVE 2 MAJOR CLANS THE FIRST CLAN IS CALLED NANTSAU OR FIRST ON THE LAND. THE SECOND CLAN IS CALLED TENJERAAATSA11 MEANING "INDEPENDENTS". THE CLAN SYSTEM IS NO LONGER USED. THEY HAVE A SYSTEM OF ABOUT 9000 FOLKS IN 5 COMMUNITIES.

THE KUTCHIN HAVE A STRONG ORAL HISTORY AND STORYTELLING. ONE STORY IS ABOUT HOW KUTCHIN HAS A YOUNGER BROTHER WHO BECAME SNAGGED. IT IS A COMICAL ADVENTURER OF A KUTCHIN MISFIT WHO BATTLES LICE ON A GIANTS HEAD. HE PLAYS THE FOOL TO THE CUNNING FOX AND EATS A SCAB FROM HIS ANUS UNKNOWINGLY. THEY HAVE MANY FOLK TALES THAT BEGIN "IN ANCIENT DAYS"..

THEY HAD A RELIGION SIMILAR TO ANIMISM. THE WAY OF VIEWING THE WORLD WAS STRONGLY STEEPED IN NATURAL MYSTICISM AND MAGICAL TRADITION. THEY HAD A TRADITION CONSIDERED AN INHERENT BELIEF THAT THEY COULD COMMUNICATE WITH ANIMALS FOR MUTUAL BENEFITS CONSIDERED AN INHERENT BELIEF THAT THEY COULD COMMUNICATE WITH THE ANIMALS FOR MUTUAL BENEFIT. THEY HAD NO CONCEPT OF GOD. ALL LIFE AND NATURAL ENTITIES - AIR, STONES, WATER, FIE, AND PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAD A LIFE FORCE. THEY DIDN'T BELIEVE IN A PRIEST. SHAMANS WERE GIFTED AND POWERFUL IN SOME ASPECT OF LIFE.

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WIKIPEDIA.ORG

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CHILLAWACK INDIANS IN CANADA

THESE INDIANS ARE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, 90 MINUTES EAST OF VANCOUVER. THEIR LANDS SURROUND THE SNOW CAPPED MOUNTAIN RANGE. BETWEEN 5000 - 10,000 YEARS AGO THE STOLO ARRIVED IN THE CHILLAWACK AREA. THERE WERE ABOUT 30,000 AT THE TIME THE EUROPEANS ARRIVED. THEIR NAME MEANS QUIET WATERS. AND IT IS A GEOGRAPHIC AREA. IT CAN ALSO MEAN BACKWATERS. BY 1837 GOLD WAS DISCOVERED AND ABOUT 30,00 GOLD SEEKERS CAME HERE. BY 1860 FARMS WERE BUILT AND STEAMBOATS THEY HAD STEAMBOATS. THE INITIAL SETTLEMENT WAS CALLED ALONG THE FRASER RIVER IN CHILLAWACK LANDING.

TOURISMCHILLAWACK.COM
WIKIPEDIA.ORG

MY SKATING ACTIVITIES AS A GIRL AND TEEN

WHEN I WAS GROWING UP IN OHIO THE WINTERS WERE COLD AND THERE WERE MANY MONTHS OF COLD AND ICY DAYS. AS A GIRL I LEARNED TO ICE SKATE THROUGH PRACTICING AT A LARGE ICE SKATING RINK INDOORS THAT WAS ALSO AN AUDITORIUM FOR PERFORMANCES. I HAD MANY FALLS AND WE WORE GLOVES SO IT WASN'T SO BAD. I REMEMBER MANY TIMES WATCHING PROFESSIONAL SKATERS AT EVENTS.

THEN LATER I WENT WITH A GIRLFRIEND TO SKATE ON SOMEW SMALL LAKES. AS A TEEN I MET SOME CLASSMATES AT THE SKATING RINK FOR HOURS OF FUN AND PRACTICE.

MY VISIT TO JACK LONDON STATE PARK

THIS PAST WEEKEND I ATTENDED AN INTERPRETIVE WALK AT JACK LONDON STATE PARK. I LEARNED THAT 70 STATE PARKS WILL PROBABLY BE CLOSED THIS YEAR WITH BUDGET CUTS. THIS IS 25% OF THE PARKS IN CALIFORNIA. IT'S THE FIRST TIME IN 100 YEARS WE LEARNED THAT LONDON WAS BORN IN 1913 IN SAN FRANCISCO AND HAD BEEN MARRIED ONCE BEFORE AT AN EARLY AGE. HE LIVED HIS LIFE TO THE FULLEST EXTENT THAT HE COULD BY TRAVELING BY SHIP TO ALASKA. ON THIS TRIP HE AND SOME CREW MEMBERS GOT SICK WITH A GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE AND STAYED IN A HOSPITAL FOR A MONTH. I GUESS THEY DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO TREAT SO HE RETURNED TO THE RANCH TO WRITE. HE ALSO BUILT A SHIP TO TRAVEL TO SAMOA AND THESE ISLANDS.

HIS MAIN PROJECT WAS BUILDING THE WOLF HOUSE USING BASALT STONES FROM THE LOCAL TERRAIN AND REDWOOD BEAMS. IT WAS A GRAND HOUSE WITH A REFLECTING POOL IN THE CENTER THAT WAS COMPLETED IN 1913. THE WORKERS WERE POLISHING THE REDWOOD WITH LINSEED OIL AND THEY THREW THE RAGS INTO THE FIREPLACE AND THE WHOLE HOUSE BURNT DOWN! WE SIGHTED A RATTLESNAKE CURLED IN A TREE LOG ON OUR HIKE. JACK NEVER GOT OVER HIS DEPRESSION FROM THAT EVENT. THEY LIVED IN THE FARMHOUSE COTTAGE AFTER THAT. HE WAS A HEAVY SMOKER AND DRINKER AND HAD DIFFERENT HOURS FOR SLEEPING THAN CHARMAIN SO THEY HAD SEPARATE BEDROOMS. CHARMAIN LIVED 40 YEARS BEYOND JACK AND HAD THE HOUSE OF HAPPY WALLS BUILT FROM HIS BOOK SALES. SHE PLACE A LOT OF WOODEN CARVINGS THEY HAD BOUGHT FROM [POLYNESIA AND TAPA CLOTH FROM SAMOA. HE HAD A PIG PALACAE AND THEY ENTERTAINED MANY GUESTS. JACK BECAME WORLD FAMOUS IN HIS SHORT LIFE OF 40 YEARS.

I HIKED TO THE LAKE ND AROUND THE COTTAGE AND THEIR WERE FEW HIKERS. IT WAS VERY HOT. WE TOOK A TOUR TO THEIR CEMETERY WHERE THEY BOTH WERE CREMATED. HE GOT VERY SICK FROM WITH OPEN WOUNDS ON ONE SHIP TRIP AND TREATED THEM WITH MERCURY MAKING IT WORSE.

JOHN MCDOUGAL

I ATTENDED TO A LECTURE LAST WEEK. HE HAS WRITTEN 11 BOOKS AND MONTHLY NEWSLETTERS. HE HAS BEEN SPEAKING ABOUT 30 YEARS. HE SPEAKS ABOUT HOW ONE'S DIET CAN REVERSE DIABETES. WE EAT FOR CALORIES AND GET ENERGY FROM PROTIEN. CARBOHYDRATES ARE OUR PRIMARY SOURCES OF ENERGY. BEANS, PEAS, GRAINS, POTATOES HAVE LLOTS OF STORED ENERGY. FRUITS HAVE SIMPLE SUGAR. WE ARE DESIGNED AS STARCH SEEKERS.HE RECOMMENDS AN ALL POTATOE DIET FOR SOME PEOPLE TO LOOSE WEIGHT. IN THE ANDES THEY THRIVE ON FREEZE DRIED POTATOES. THE NEANDERTHAL 105,000 YEARS AGO ATE A STARCH BASED DIET. THE "ICE MAN" THEY FOUND ABOUT 5 YEARS AGO WAS MOSTLY VEGAN, AS THEY STUDIED THE REMAINS IN HIS STOMACH. 20% OF OUR CALORIES POWER OUR BRAIN.
CHIMPANZEES PRIMARILY ATE FRUIT AND VEGIS. IT COSTS $3 DOLLARS PER DAY TO BE ON A VEGETARIAN DIET OF POTATOES OF 70% STARCH.

Friday, September 16, 2011

KITKSAN INDIANS IN CANADA

THEIR MAIN NAME MEANS PEOPLE OF THE SKEENA RIVER. THEY ARE ONE OF THE THREE GREAT TRIBES OF THE CHIMMESYAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY.

ACCORDING TO THE BARBEAU IN 1929 MANY OF THEIR FAMILIES CAME FROM THE NORTH, FROM ATHAPASKAN. AFTER 1922 THEY WERE INTIMATE WITH ANGLOS. IN 1904 THERE WERE 1100 KITKSAN.

CANADIANGENEOLOGY.NET

KAWCHODINNE TRIBE IN CANADA

THIS ATHAPASKAN LIVES IN GREAT BEAR LAKE, MACKENZIE TERRITORY IN CANADA. THEY WERE SMALL TRIBE WHO LIVE ON PEACE RIVER IN 1869 THEY RESIDED ON FORT GOOD HOPE ON THE MACKENZIE RIVER. THEY EAT FISH, REINDEER, AND EAT HARES. MOST OF THEIR OLD CUSTOMS ARE NOW EXTINCT . THEY ARE FRIENDLY WITH THE ESKIMO . THEY ARE A PEACEFUL TRIBE. IN 1840'S MANY DIED FROM STARVATION..

ACCESSGENEOLOGY.COM

BEOTHUNKANKAN FAMILY IN CANADA

BEOTHUNKAN FAMILY SIGNIFIED HUMAN BEING. THEY COLORED THEMSELVES WITH RED OCHRE. THEY LIVED IN NEW FOUNDLAND. THEY WERE CLASSIFIED ALGONQUIAN. BY 1497 THEY WEREMET BY A FRENCH EXPLORER AND HE DISCOVERED NEWFOUNDLAND. THEY BECAME EXTINCT BECAUSE OF HOSTILITY TO FRENCH. THE MICMAC ALSO HELPED TO ERADICATE THEM, AS THE FRENCH OFFERED THEM A REWARD!

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BELLABELLA IN CANADA

BELLABELLA AREA KWAIKIUTL TRIBE. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT TRIBE LIVING IN B.C WITH THREE CLANS. THEY SPEAK A SPECIAL LANGUAGE - A DIALECT OF THE KWAIKIUTL. IN ANCIENT TIMES THEY WERE WARLIKE. AND THEIR NEIGHBORS CONSTANTLY RAIDED EACH OTHER. MOST OF THESE TRIBES HAVE BEEN CHRISTENED BY PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES AND THEIR ANCIENT RITUALS AND CULTURES ARE NOW ABANDONED.

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ETCHAREOTLINE IN CANADA

ETCHAREOTLINE ARE ATHAPASKAN SPEAKING OCCUPYING THE COUNTRY ATHAPASCAN OCCUPYING THE COUNTRY OF GREAT SLAVES AND UPPER MACKENSIE RIVER TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. THEY ONCE LIVED ON THE SHORES OF ATHABASCA. THEY ARE A TIMID PEOPLE INDICATING A RIPARIAN FISHERY.

THEY WERE PLUNDERED BY THE CREE NEIGHBORS. THE CREE CALLED THEM SLAVES! BY THE
18TH CENTURY THEY LEFT THEIR HOME AND WERE SENT TO THE NORTH TO GREAT SLAVE LAKE. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE SLAVORY OR ETCHAREOTTINE FOLKS WERE THERE FOR AT LEAST 3000 YEARS. THEIR ECONOMY WAS BASED ON HARVESTING FISH, GAME, MOOSE, CARIBOU AND BERRIES. IN WINTER THEY CAMPED IN THE SMALL GROUPS . IN SUMMER THE GROUPS CAME TOGETHER NEAR THE SHORES OF A MAJOR LAKE TO FORM 200 PEOPLE.

IN 1789 ANGLOS CAME HERE AND ESTABLISHED TRADING POSTS. AFTER 1821 THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY MADE FORT SIMPSON IT'S MAJOR TERMINUS FOR THE MACKENSIE REGION. CATHOLIC MISSIONS WERE ESTABLISHED. APPARENTLY BY THE END OF WWII THEY LIVED IN SMALL KIN BASED COMMUNITIES OF HUNTERS AND GATHERERS.

CANADIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM

ETCHATTINE INDIANS IN CANADA

THE ETCHATTINE INDIANS BELONGED TO THE ATHAPASKAN LANGUAGE STOCK THEY LIVED IN THE VALLEY OF MAKENZIE. THE ATHAPASKANS LIVED IN THE VALLEY OF MACKENZIE RIVER. IN ANCIENT TIMES THEY LIVED IN AS FAR SOUTH AS LAKE ATHABASKA. THE CREE HAD GUNS AND DROVE THEM OUT OF THAT REGION. BY EARLY 18OO'S TRADING POSTS WERE WERE BUILT. THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY AND MISSIONAIRIES CHANGED THESE TRIBES. IN 1670'S THEY HAD A POPULATION OF ABOUT 1200. THE CREE WERE ALWAYS MORE DOMINANT THAN THEM.

CANADIAN GENEOLOGY.NET

THE CELESTINE PROPHECY

THIS IS AN INTERESTING BOOK WHICH I GOT AT A THRIFT STORE. IT IS ABOUT THE DISCOVERY OF AN ANCIENT MANUSCRIPT THAT HAS BEEN DISCOVERED IN PERU. A YOUNG LADY FROM THE U.S. HAS HEARD ABOUT THIS MANUSCRIPT THAT TELLS US ABOUT WHY WE ARE HERE AND ABOUT OUR PROCESS OF LEARNING HOW TO CREATE A CULTURE OF LOVE AND A NEW SPIRITUAL AWARENESS. SHE DECIDES TO FLY TO PERU TO LEARN MORE AND ON THE PLANE SITS BY A MAN WHO IS GOING THERE FOR THE SAME PURPOSE. IT IS AN INTERESTING MANUSCRIPT THAT TELLS ABOUT ENERGY FIELDS AND HOW THEY WORK FOR VARIOUS PEOPLE WHO READ THE BOOK. IT IS HOWEVER, A MANUSCRIPT THAT THE PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT DOES NOT APPROVE OF.

THE TEXT FOLLOWS AS A MYSTERY AS THIS LADY IS THREATENED IN SEVERAL INSTANCES. THE STORY IS FILLED WITH ADVENTURE AND IS A MYSTERY. THE MANUSCRIPT TELLS ABOUT WAYS YOU ARE GUIDED AND PERCEPTIONS OF WHERE YOU ARE NOW.

JAMES REDFIELD

COWICHAN INDIANS IN CANADA

THE COWICHAN INDIANS HAVE OWNED AND OCCUPIED THEIR TERRITORY FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS. ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES SAY THEY HAVE BEEN HERE FOR AT LEAST 4500 YEARS. THEIR FOLKLORE SAYS THEY HAVE BEEN THERE SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL. MOST OF THE MEMBERS HAVE BEEN EVOLVED INTO MODERN SOCIETY, BUT OUR CULTURAL PRACTICES AND TRADITIONS HAVE BEEN CARRIED ON FOR GENERATIONS AND ARE STILL WOVEN INTO THEIR CULTURE TODAY.

PRIOR TO EUROPEAN CONTACT THERE SOCIETY CENTERED ON HOME VILLAGES ALONG THE COWICHAN AND KOKSILAH RIVERS. THEIR ANCESTORS TRAVELED TO SMALLER CAMPS TO PROCURE FISH, HUNT MAMMALS, OR COLLECT PLANTS OR GO TO A CEREMONIAL LOCATION. THEIR TERRITORY COVERED THE ENTIRE COWICHAN VALLEY. THEY TRAVELED ON WATER IN HAND MADE CANOES.

EACH YEAR THEY RELIED GREATLY ON SALMON. THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES WAS MANAGED BY ELDERS THROUGH USE OF FISH WEIRS. THE WEIRS ALLOWED FISH TO REACH THEIR SPAWNING BEDS ALL OF THEIR RESOURCES WERE MANAGED FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. OUR ANCESTORS TOUCHED THE LANDS LIGHTLY. THEIR ANCESTOR'S SITES THAT WERE SACRED TO THEM AND USED THEM CEREMONIALLY.HAVE LITTLE EVIDENCE AS THEY RESPECTED THE EARTH. THEY HAD ABOUT 15,000 FOLKS AND WERE THE MOST POWERFUL ON THE SOUTHERN COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. EACH SUMMER THEY TRAVELED WITH RELATIVES AND NEIGHBORS TO CATCH SOCKEYE SALMON. THEY BUILT A LARGE SUMMER VILLAGE NEAR THE MOUTH OF THEIR RIVER. THEIR HOMES WERE MADE OF PLANK OF BOUND TOGETHER WITH LEATHER STRIPS. THEY COULD BE MOVED FROM CAMP TO CAMP.

THEY WERE ANCHORED IN THEIR FAMILIES. WE ARE RELATED TO FRIENDS THROUGH TRADITIONAL TERRITORY. THE CHILDREN WOULD LISTEN TO THE ELDERS WHEN READY. THE BASIS OF THEIR SOCIETY WAS THE HOUSEHOLD WITH SEVERAL RELATED FAMILIES IN A LONGHOUSE. EACH VILLAGE HAD A HEREDITARY CHIEF. THEY WERE ROOTED IN SPIRITUALITY, AND RITES WHICH ARE PRACTICED TODAY. SOME CHILDREN WERE SELECTED AS HISTORIANS TO PASS DOWN HISTORY.

THEIR TRADITIONAL HISTORY IS THAT EACH FIRST ANCESTOR FELL FROM THE SKY TO THE EARTH AT VARIOUS PLACES. ONE FIRST ANCESTOR FELL FROM THE SKY TO THE COWICHAN LANDS HAD SPECIAL POWERS. HE BROUGHT IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE FOR THEIR SURVIVAL. THEY TAUGHT THEM HOW TO BUILD FISH WEIRS. THIS MYTH PURPORTS TO ACCOUNT FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE RACE. HE ALSO TAUGHT THEM HOW TO CATCH DEER. THE ANCESTORS GAVE THEM THEIR CEREMONIES AND SPIRITUAL PRACTICES. MANY OF THEIR HISTORIES TELL OF MORAL AND AND CULTURAL TEACHINGS.

COWHICHAN TRIBES.COM

MIKISEW CREE IN CANADA

THE MIKESEW CREE LIVED IN THE NORTHEAST ALBERTA SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL. THE PEACE ATHABASKA DELTA IS IN THE CENTER OF OUR TRADITIONAL LANDS. IT IS AN UNIQUE INTERNATIONAL DELTA. WHEN A TRADING FORT WAS ESTABLISHED ON THIS AREA THE MIKISEW WERE THOSE WHO FIRST TRADED FURS.

THE LANDS ARE IN AN AREA WHERE THE ATHABSKA OIL SAND DEPOSITS WERE FOUND. THEY SHARE THIS WITH FOUR OTHER FIRST NATIONS THAT MAKE UP OUR TRIBAL COUNCIL. IT HAS THE LARGEST POPULATION OF THE FIVE POPULATION OF THE FIVE ATHABASKAN COUNCIL NATIONS. IN 1986 THEY SIGNED A TREATY WITH CANADA THAT CREATED SEVERAL RESERVES. IN 2005 THEY WON A LEGAL BATTLE GIVING THEM TITLE TO AREAS OF WOOD BUFFALO NATIONAL PARK. THEY ARE PROUD OF THEIR HERITAGE.

MIKISEW.ORG

Thursday, September 15, 2011

ALVARADO STREET BREAD SALES

WHEN I WAS RAISING MY YOUNG SON I BECAME A PROFICIENT SALES DEMONSTRATOR OF HEALTHY FOODS PART TIME. I WENT TO VARIOUS MARKETS AND TOLD ABOUT THE BENEFITS OF THE AMY'S PRODUCTS OR ALVARADO BREADS. I LEARNED A LOT ABOUT HOW TO HAVE CONVERSATIONS WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF PEOPLE. WE TALKED ABOUT THEIR NEEDS TO IMPROVE THEIR HEALTH. I WAS COMFORTABLE WITH THIS AS MY DAD HAD SOLD VITAMINS AND OTHER PRODUCTS AND I HAD BEEN A SALESPERSON FOR MY ARTISTIC FOUNTAINS AS WELL.

I SET UP MY OWN HOURS AND VENUES TO HAVE THESE DEMONSTRATIONS AS I WAS A SEPARATE BUSINESS PARTNER WITH THESE COMPANIES. IT FIT WELL WITH MY SCHEDULE AS A BUSY MOM AND A LECTURER. AS I BECAME MORE FAMILIAR WITH THE BREADS I WAS ABLE TO SELL MORE QUANTA TIES AND ADDRESS EACH INDIVIDUALS NEEDS AS THEY HAVE A VARIETY OF BREADS. I FELT VERY GOOD ABOUT THE PRODUCTS I SOLD AS I IMMEDIATELY GOT POSITIVE FEEDBACK.

Wednesday, September 14, 2011

NAHANE INDIANS IN CANADA

THESE PEOPLE OF THE WEST SPEAK ATHAPASKAN. THEY LIVE BETWEEN THE COAST RANGE AND ROCKY COAST RANGE AND ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND YUKON TERRITORY. THEY FORM A MAJOR DIVISION OF THIS LINGUISTIC STOCK. SOME EASTERN BANDS NAHANE MAY HAVE BEEN MET BY MACKENZIE IN 1789. FORT SIMPSON BECAME THE JUNCTION OF EXPLORATION ON THE MACKENZIE RIVER. IT WAS BUILT IN THE EARLY 1800'S. THERE WAS FORT LIARD AND FORT NELSON IN THIS TERRITORY. THE NAHANE DESTROYED ONE OF THE FORTS. IN 1838 A SCOTCH OFFICER OFFICER BUILT A TRADING POST HERE. HOWEVER, IT WAS BURNED BY THE COASTAL TRIBE.

IN 1780 THERE WERE ABOUT 2000 NAHANE INDIANS IN THE PRESENT B.C. AND IN YUKON ANOTHER 800 FOLKS. THE NAHANE WERE AFFECTED BY THE KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH.
THEY DAILY USED CANOES AND DID LITTLE WALKING. MOST WERE EXPERT SWIMMERS.AND THEY DIVE INTO THE ROUGH SEAS AND BRING OUT WOUNDED SEALS TO EAT. THE AUTHOR BELIEVES THE HYDA WERE MORE HANDSOME. ALL WERE DESTROYED BY ANGLO SMALLPOX. THEY USED TO WEAR SEA OTTER CLOCKS TO KEEP WARM WITH BREECH CLOTH AND LEATHER GARMENTS. THE MEN WEAR HATS. THEY USED TO WEAR SEA OTTER CLOAKS TO KEEP WARM WITH BREECHCLOTH AND LEATHER GARMENTS. THE MEN WEAR HATS, THE WOMEN RARELY DO. THE ELDERLY WOMEN WEAR HATS WOVEN FROM SPRUCE. MOST OF THE FOLKS BARE FOOT IN SUMMER. ALL ARE TATTOED ON ARMS AND LEGS. IT REPRESENTS A TRIBAL OR FAMILY TOTEM. DURING DANCES THEY PAINT THEIR FACES. MEDICINE MEN ARE FOND OF ORNAMENTS. THE WOMEN ADORN THEMSELVES WITH SILVER BRACELETS, FEATHERS, ABALONE, SHELLS, AND DEER TOES.

THEY HAVE POOR SOCIAL RELATIONS. THEY ARE QUIET AND PEACEFUL. ONCE UNDER INFLUENCE OF THE MISSIONARIES THEY ARE MORE SOCIALLY TRAINED. THEY MARRY WHEN THEY ARE ARE UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE. THE PARENTS OFTEN ARRANGE MARRIAGES. THE COUPLE BEGINS LIVING TOGETHER WITHOUT CEREMONY. IF THE COUPLE ARE CHRISTIAN THEY HAVE A MARRIAGE WITH THE JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. POLYGAMY USED TO BE COMMON BUT NOT NOW. MOST WOMEN HAVE AS MUCH VOICE IN FAMILY AFFAIRS AS MEN.

POTLATCHES ARE COMMON AMONG ALL NORTHWEST TRIBES IT DISTRIBUTES PROPERTY AMONG THE NORTHWEST TRIBES. THEY ARE GIVEN TO THE COMMUNITY TO ACQUIRE POPULARITY FOR COMPENSATION OF LABOR PERFORMED. CHIEFS HOLD LARGE POTLATCHES AND 100'S OF BLANKETS ARE DISTRIBUTED.

NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
ACCESS-GENEOLOGY.COM

NANAIMO INDIANS OF CANADA

THE NAME MEANS GREAT PEOPLE. THEY WERE PART OF FIVE TRIBES LIVING IN SCLALUP. BEFORE THE WHITE MAN THE NANAIMO INDIANS LIVED HERE. THEY WERE KEEPING WATCH FOR THE HIDAS WHO WERE WHO WERE A POWERFUL TRIBE. THEY FILLED THEIR CANOES AND STARTED OFF FROM DEPARTURE BAY TO JOIN THE REST OF THE TRIBE. THREE BRANCHES OF THE TRIBE OF THE TRIBE UNITED. THEY CALLED THEIR GODDESS OF WAR TO GIVE THEM VICTORY TELLING ALL THE TRIBE. THE WAR DRUMS DRUMS SOUNDED AND ALL THEIR CHIEFS DREW UP THEIR WARRIORS IN BATTLE. THE HIDAS WENT TO NANAIMO RIVER AS THEY NEEDED FRESH WATER AND FORCED BATTLE THERE WHERE NUMBER 1 MINE IS TODAY. VICTORY WAS FOR THE NANAIMO TRIBE. THE HIDAS RETREATED AND MANY OF THEIR FOLKS HAD DIED.

AFTER THE BATTLE THEIR WAS A GREAT FEASTING FOR SEVERAL DAYS. THE CHIEF'S DAUGHTER WAS OFFERED AS A SACRIFICE TO THE GODDESS OF WAR FOR BRINGING VICTORY. SHE WAS NAMED NANAMAH. THIS WAS THE WORD SHE BLEATED AFTER BIRTH. AFTER THE FEAST THE CHIEF CARVED ON THE FEAST.

ROOTSWEB.ANCESTRY.CON

SUQUAMISH IN CANADA

THE SUQUAMISH SPEAK LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE IN PUGET SOUND AND WASHINGTON. THEY ARE COAST SALISH. DURING WINTER THEY MADE A WINTER VILLAGE AROUND THEIR LARGEST LONGHOUSE. IN SUMMER THEY WERE WIDELY DISPERSED. IN THE 1800'S THE BRITISH BUILT TRADING POSTS.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1853 AND THE GOVERNMENT SIGNED TREATIES WITH THE AREA TRIBES. IN 1855 THE SQUAMISH CEDED MOST OF THEIR LAND. THEY RETURNED SOME LAND ON THEIR RESERVATION. BOTH KITSAP AND SEALTH ARE CALLED CHIEF.

WIKIPEDIA,COM

THLINGCHADINNE INDIANS OF CANADA

THE THLINGCHADINNE INDIANS OF CANADA SPOKE ATHAPASCAN. THEY LIVED ON THE SEAL RIVER. THEY DID NOT TRADE WITH THE FRENCH AND DID NOT LIKE MASKEGON. THEY ALSO LIVED NEAR MACKENZIE RIVER.

THE TRIBE ORIGINATED BY A UNION OF SUPERNATURAL DOG MAN WITH A TINNE WOMAN. ONCE COPPER WAS FOUND BY TWO WOMEN THE TALE GOES ON AND ON. AFTER AWHILE THE DOGS BECAME CHILDREN AS THEY REACHED THE LIGHT. IN THE 1850'S THEY HAD ABOUT 925 FOLKS.

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TUKKUTHKUTCHIN INDIANS IN CANADA

THE TUKKUTHKUTCHIN INDIANS LIVE IN YUKON TERRITORY, CALGARY. THEY LIVE BY BARTER. THEY ARE GOOD HUNTERS, THEY RARELY LACK FOOD. THEY EXCHANGE BEADS FOR PELTS ETC. THEY ARE INTELLIGENT. THEY PRIMARILY EAT CARIBOU. THEY WERE NUMEROUS BY 1866 THEY WERE REDUCED TO FORTY MEN.

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KUTANAI INDIANS IN CANADA

THE KUTENAI ARE INDIGENOUS TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. THEY ARE ONE OF THREE TRIBES OF CONFEDERATED SALISH AND KOTENAI IN MONTANA. THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT THEY FORMERLY LIVRD IN THE EASTERN PLAINS AND WERE DRIVEN INTO MOUNTAINS BY BLACKFEET.

THE KUTENAI LIVE IN B.C., WASHINGTON, IDAHO, AND MONTANA. THERE IS A CULTURAL DISTINCTION AROUND THE BANDS IN THE INVERNMERE AND WINDEMERE, BC, AND LOWER KOOTENAY IN CRANBROOK, B.C. THE KUTANAI ARE CALLED WATER PEOPLE. ALL OF THE KOOTENAY MAY HAVE GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE UPPER KOOTENAY AND ARE IN THE TRIBAL COUNCIL.

THE ORIGIN OF THE KUTNAXA IS THAT THEY LIVED ON THE PRAIRIES AND WERE DRIVEN ACROSS THE ROCKIES BY THE BLACKFOOT OR BY FAMINE OR DISEASE. THEY CROSSED THE ROCKIES FOR THE BISON HUNT. THEY WERE KNOWN TO THE BLACKFEET AND SOMETIMES THEY HAD WARS. THEY ALSO GOT SMALLPOX FROM ANGLOS.

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD OF KTUNAXA IN B.C. HAS SOME OF THE OLDEST MAN MADE ARTIFACTS IN CANADA. THEY LEFT QUARRIES AND TOOLS DATING BEFORE 11,000 YEARS AGO. DR. WAYNE CHOQUETTE'S RESEARCH INDICATES CONTINUOUS INHABITATION FROM 11,000 YEARS AGO TO PRESENT TIME. THEY WERE NEVER DISPLACED THROUGH THE MILLENIA.
STONE TECHNOLOGY CHANGED AND BECAME MORE COMPLEX AND DIFFERENTIATED. EARLY ON THEY HUNTED LARGE GAME. AS TEMPERATURES WARMED THEY FISHED, AND WERE FOUND IN WARMER CLIMATES. THEY BECAME FOCUSED ON FISHING WHILE STILL USING SOME HUNTING TECHNIQUES. THE UPPER KOOTENAY WERE NOT AS AVID FISHERMEN AS THE LOWER KOOTENAY.

IN 1850 LIFE WAYS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD WERE DRAMATICALLY CHANGING AS THE EUROPEANS EXPANDED THEIR COMMERCE AND RESOURCE EXPLOITATION. THE KTUNAXA LIFE WAS FULL AND RICH AS ANGLOS FIRST SAW THEM. THEY HAD A RICH SOCIAL LIFE. THEIR LIFE FOCUSED ON FISHING WITH FISH TRAPS AND TRAVELING ON RIVERS/OCEANS WITH CANOES. THEY HAD RITUAL HUNTS FOR BEAR, DEER, CARIBOU, GOPHERS, GEESE, AND OTHER FOWL. THE UPPER KOOTENAY CROSSED THE ROCKIES TO HUNT BISON.

THE KUTENAI HAD VISION QUESTS USING TOBACCO, A SUN DANCE, GRIZZLY BEAR DANCE, BLUE JAY DANCE, AND OTHER SOCIAL ACTIVITIES. THEY HAD A SHAMAN'S SOCIETY. THEIR STURGEON NOSED CANOE IS INTERNATIONALLY FAMOUS.. THEY USE THE BARK OF A TREE FROM THE HIGH MOUNTAINS. A MAN CLIMBS THE TREE AND CUTS A RING AROUND IT WITH HIS ELK HORN CHISEL. AND HIS HELPER CUTS A RING ON THE LOWER BASES. AN INCISION IS MADE DOWN THE HEIGHT OF THE TREE. A STICK IS USED TO PRY THE BARK FROM THE TREE. THE BARK WAS WRAPPED SO IT WOULD NOT DRY OUT ON THE WAY TO CAMP. THE INSIDE OF THE BARK WAS THE OUTSIDE OF THE CANOE. THE BARK WAS USED IMMEDIATELY. BY THE TURN OF THE
20TH CENTURY CHRISTIANITY WAS BROUGHT TO THE NATIVES BY EUROPEANS. THEY ALSO ENCOUNTERED CHINESE IROQUOIS SENT BY HUDSON BAY COMPANY.

IN 1845 A FRENCH PRIEST WAS THE FIRST MISSIONARY TO TOUR THE REGION. HE WANTED TO ESTABLISH MISSIONS HERE. THE KUTANAI DID NOT BECOME INTERESTED UNTIL 1850'S. THE GOLD RUSH OF 1863 BY ANGLOS DID NOT INTEREST THE NATIVES. THEY SERVED AS HUNTERS AND GUIDES FOR MINER'S AT RIODEL. THE RICHEST MINE WAS DISCOVERED IN 1893. THE NATIVES HERE WERE MOSTLY PEACEFUL TO EUROPEANS. THE KUTANAI WERE ALSO CALLED KTUNAXA.

THROUGH LONG YEARS THE KUTANAI HAVE LOST SOME TRADITION IMPORTANT TO THEM. THEY ARE TAKING STEPS TO RECTIFY THIS. THERE ARE ONLY 10 SPEAKERS OF THIS LANGUAGE. IN 1975 THE TRIBE DECLARED WAR ON THE U.S. GOVERNMENT. THEY ASKED MOTORISTS TO PAY A TOLL AS THEY DRIVE THROUGH THEIR LAND. THEY USED THIS MONEY FOR THEIR ELDERS. MOST TRIBES CANNOT DECLARE WAR ON THE U.S. BECAUSE OF THE TREATIES. THE DISPUTED GAVE THEM 12 ACRES THAT WOULD BE THE KUTANAI RESERVATION.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

MICMAC INDIANS IN CANADA

THE FRENCH CALLED THEM SOURGIEO, IT IS AN IMPORTANT ALGONQUIAN TRIBE. THEY LIVE IN NOVA SCOTIA, AND NEW BRUNSWICK. THEY MAY HAVE BEEN THE IST INDIANS OF NORTHEAST COAST VISITED BY EUROPEANS. IN 1497 SEBASTIAN CABOT BROUGHT 3 NATIVES TO ENGLAND. THEY HAD A FIERCE AND WARLIKE CHARACTER AND WERE HOSTILE TO THE ENGLISH THE BRITISH HAD NO SETTLEMENTS HERE. ONE MISSIONARY SAID IN 1600 HE COULD NOT TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOUNG MEN AND GIRLS. THEY WORE ELKSKIN CLOTHES. THEY MADE SHOES AS WELL. THE MEN ONLY WEAR LOIN CLOTHES....

THEY BUILT CONICAL WIGWAMS COVERED WITH BARK AND MATTING. THEY WERE EXPERT CANOE BUILDERS AND USED THEM TO CATCH FISH. THEY DID NOT HAVE AGRICULTURE. THEY HAVE DIFFICULT DIALECTS. IN 1760 THEY HAD A 3000, BUT SOMEONE HAD ANGLO SMALLPOX. THEY HAD ABOUT 24 VILLAGES. TODAY THEY HAVE ABOUT 40,000.

THEY ORIGINALLY HAD 7 DISTRICTS. THEY FORMED A HIEROGLYPHIC FORM OF WRITING. THE MICMAC WERE ALLIANCED WITH FOUR OTHER ALGONQUIAN NATIONS. IN 1610 THEIR GRAND CHIEF WAS BAPTIZED. THEY ALLIED WITH THE FRENCH. DURING FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR THE MICMAC USED MILITARY FORCE TO RESIST THE FOUNDING OF THE BRITISH SETTLEMENTS IN THEIR AREA. IN 1779 THEY SIGNED PEACE TREATIES WITH GREAT BRITAIN. IN 1776 THEY CONCLUDED THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY.

IN 2010 CANADA AND NOVA SCOTIA SIGNED AN HISTORIC AGREEMENT WITH THE MIKMAQ IN A PROCESS WHEREBY THEY MUST CONSULT WITH MICMAC COUNCIL. IN PRE-CONTACT TIMES THEY ESTIMATED THEIR POPULATION WAS 50 TO 100,000 FOLKS. SMALLPOX, WARS, AND ALCOHOLISM LED TO FURTHER DECLINE OF POPULATION IN THE 1600'S. THE POPULATION GREW SLIGHTLY AFTER THAT.

OCTOBER IS CELEBRATED AS MICMAC. HISTORY MONTH AND THE ENTIRE NATION CELEBRATES TREATY DAY ON OCTOBER IST. THEY FIRST CELEBRATED IN 1752 WITH PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP TREATY.

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WIKIPEDIA.COM

HEIRLOOM FESTIVAL IN SONOMA COUNTY

LAST NIGHT I WENT TO A NATIONAL HEIRLOOM EXPOSITION HELD AT THE COUNTY FAIRGROUNDS. THEY HAD SAMPLING DEMONSTRATIONS FROM CHEFS, FARMS, AND RESTAURANTS. THEY HAD 250 SEED COMPANIES AND VENDOR BOOTHS. I WENT AT NIGHT AND MISSED SOME OF THESE. I WENTTO HEAR A SPEAKER ON GMO FOODS AND HOW THEY AFFECT TEST RATS ANS US. THEY RUIN CELLULAR STRUCTURES IN OUR BODIES AND CAN CAUSE CANCER.

THERE WERE SOME TASTY TOMATOES AND DRIED FRUITS. MOST OF THE FOODS WERE VEGETABLES, CHEESE AND FRUITS. THEY HAD AN ARTISTIC FALL DISPLAY IN THE HALL OF FLOWERS. I PRAISED A CHEF/ARTIST WHO HAD 30 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE AND WAS CARVING MELONS AND SQUASHES INTO MASTERFUL ROSES AND FLOWER DESIGNS.

MANY SEED COMPANIES FEATURED HEIRLOOM TOMATOES, ROSES, LILIES, AND VEGETABLES. THEY HAD FLORAL CONTESTS AND HEIRLOOM SEED EXCHANGES. THE EXHIBIT ALSO HAD SEVERAL ENTERTAINING BANDS AND FOLK SINGERS. THERE WERE ACTIVITIES FOR KIDS. THEY DEMONSTRATED CHEESE MAKING AND BUTTER MAKING AS WELL AS BEEKEEPING.

Monday, September 12, 2011

TARAHUMARA INDIANS IN MEXICO

THE TARAHUMARA IS AN UTO-AZTECAN SPEAKING GROUP OF OVER 60,000. THEY LIVE IN CHIHUAHUA AND ALONG THE SIERRA MADRES MOUNTAINS. THEY HAVE SEVERAL DIALECTS.
THEY HAVE LIVED HERE FOR OVER 2000 YEARS. BY 1600 THE SPANISH CONTACTED THEM AND THE TEPEHUAN. THE SPANISH NOTICED THEIR COUNTRY HAD HAD RICH DEPOSITS OF GOLD AND SILVER. THESE FOLKS BROUGHT DISEASES THAT DECIMATED THE LOCAL INDIANS. THEY SERVED AS FORCED AND FREE LABORERS. BY 1639 THEY ADOPTED LIVESTOCK AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES. MOST OF THEM DID NOT BECOME CATHOLIC. DURING THE 17TH CENTURY THEY HAD SEVERAL REVOLTS.THE TARAHUMARA RAIDED THE SPANISH VILLAGES AND MOVED INTO INACCESSIBLE AREAS. SINCE LATE 1800'S MINING, AGRICULTURE,AND LUMBERING HAVE DISPLACED THIS TRIBE FROM THE SIERRAS. INTERMARRIAGE BETWEEN VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS IS RARE. MANY MARRIAGES ARE PREARRANGED. HOUSEHOLDS HAVE NUCLEAR FAMILIES AND EXTEND TO INCLUDE RELATIVES OF EITHER SPOUSE. THEY SHARE FOOD AND WORK.

THEY BELIEVE EACH STAR IN THE SKY IS ONE OF THEIR TRIBE'S SOUL - MEN HAVE 3 AND WOMEN HAVE 4. RESIDENT PRIESTS REVEAL THIS. THEY CALL THEMSELVES "RARAMURI" THEY RETREATED 500 YEARS AGO FROM THE SPANISH. THESE TRIBES LIVE LONG DISTANCES FROM EACH OTHER IN SMALL HOMES OR CAVES. THEY BREW AN ALCOHOL FROM CORN. THEIR FIELDS ARE PLOWED BY HAND AND THEY GROW - CORN, BEANS, SQUASH. THEY USE THIS DRINK DURING CELEBRATIONS AND PASS IT IN GOURDS. THEN SLEEP IT OFF. THEY RAISE CATTLE,SHEEP, AND GOATS.

THEY ARE ENDURANCE RUNNERS, HAVING LIVED ON MOUNTAIN PATHS FOR GENERATIONS. THEIR NAME MEANS FOOTRUNNER. THEY BEAT AMERICAN ULTRA RUNNERS. THEY CAN RUN 120 MILES IN 2 DAYS! THEY REGARD WORK AS A NECESSITY FOR SURVIVAL. THEY HAVE HIGH VALUE FOR SPIRITUAL OBLIGATIONS. THEY BARTER FOR FOOD. THEY ARE ONE OF THE LARGEST GROUPS IN MEXICO. THEY LIKE JAPANESE INSTANT NOODLES AND COKE.. THE MAJORITY LIVE IN THE COPPER CANYON IN ISOLATION, EXCEPT FOR THE TOURIST TRAIN THAT WINDS ITS WAY THROUGH THIS CANYON..THERE ARE DOZENS OF CANYONS LIKE THIS ONE IN THE SIERRA MADRE. I MET THIS GROUP PLAYING NATIVE INSTRUMENTS WHEN I TOOK THE TRAIN FROM CHIHUAHUA TO LOS MOCHIS. SOME ARE DEEPER THAN THE GRAND CANYON. THE NARCO INDUSTRY IS INCREASING IN THESE CANYONS FOR MARIJUANA AND OPIUM CULTIVATION! THE GOVERNMENT TRIES TO BRING THE ROADS CLOSER TO SCHOOLS AND BOOKS FOR THEIR CHILDREN.THE TRAIN BRINGS TEQUILA, GUNS AND JUNK FOOD.. THEIR MEN WEAR HEADBANDS AND LOIN COVERINGS EVEN WHEN ITS FREEZING! MANY WEAR BLUE JEANS AND COWBOY HATS. THEIR WOMEN WEAR HEAD SCARVES AND BILLOWT SKIRTS, BUT SOME WEAR BLUE JEANS.

OFFICIALS IN CHIHUAHUA ARE COURTING INVESTORS FOR BUNGY JUMPING, HOTELS AND AN INDIAN VILLAGE FOR THE DISPLAY OF CEREMONIES AND RITUALS. THIS VILLAGE IS PLANNED TO BE BUILT ALONG THE RAILWAY. THE WOMEN AND GIRLS SELL BASKETS, BRACELETS AND WEAVINGS TO THE TOURISTS. THIS PLAN IS CONTROVERSIAL. THEY ONE HOTEL, OWNED BY A STATE TOURISM DIRECTOR, DUMPED SEWAGE INTO THE CANYON - A SENSITIVE PROBLEM FOR THE ECOLOGY.

NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM
EVERYCULTURE.ORG
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG

HYDAH INDIANS IN CANADA

THE ISLANDS HAVE ABOUT 800 HYDAH WHO AREA REMARKABLE TRIBE. THEY STAND ABOUT 5 '7". THEY USE THE CANOE DAILY THEY DO LITTLE WALKING. MANY ARE EXPERT SWIMMERS, LIFTING OUT WOUNDED SEALS. WHICH HAVE SUNK TO THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN. THEY ARE INTELLIGENT.THEY WERE AFFECTED BY SMALLPOX. THEIR SOCIAL SKILLS ARE LACKING. THEY TREAT CHILDREN WELL. THEY MARRY WHEN QUITE YOUNG. THEIR MARRIAGES MAY BE PRE ARRANGED. WHEN A YOUNG MAN FALLS IN LOVE, HE TELLS HIS MOTHER. HIS MOTHER GOES TO THE GIRL'S MOTHER AND TELLS OF HER SON'S DESIRE TO MARRY. IF THEY ACCEPT THE PROPOSAL. THEY SET A TIME TO MARRY AND HAVE A CEREMONY. IF THEY ACCEPT THE PROPOSAL THEY SET A TIME TO MARRY AND HAVE A CEREMONY AT THE BRIDE'S HOUSE. SOME ARE CHRISTIAN AND HAVE A JUSTICE OF THE PEACE MARRY THEM.

HYDAH POTLATCHES ARE PROCEEDED BY A FEAST. THIS CUSTOM DISTRIBUTES PROPERTY AMONG THE TRIBES. THE POTLATCH IS A MEANS OF ACQUIRING POPULARITY AND INFLUENCE FOR LABOR DONE. SOME ARE GIVEN SOME ITEMS ARE GIVEN FOR POPULARITY AND INFLUENCE. THE BEST POTLATCHES ARE GIVEN BY CHIEFS. SOMETIMES HUNDREDS OF BLANKETS ARE DISTRIBUTED . SOME TIMES FEAST ARE HELD WHEN A GREAT TOTEM POLE IS ERECTED OR A HOUSE IS FINISHED WHEN EVERYONE ASSISTS. ALSO THEY HAVE A POTLATCH FOR WOMEN WHO ARRIVE AT MATURITY, AS WELL AS FOR FUNERALS.

THEY HYDAH ARE FOND OF DANCING AND DEVISE MANY FANCIFUL COSTUMES REPRESENTING BIRDS, BEASTS, AND FISH WHO HAVE HEADS WITH MOVING EYES. THEY WEAVE BLANKETS FROM THE WOOL OF MOUNTAIN GOAT. THEY VARVE MANY WHISTLES TO IMMITATE OWLS, WILD GEESE, EAGLES, AND OTHER ANIMALS. THEY HAVE MANY DANCES FOR VARIOUS REASONS. SOME HAVE BEEN ABANDONED DUE TO MISSIONARIES. THEY HAVE 5 TOTEMS OR CRESTS AMONG THEIR PEOPLE TO AVOID CLOSE RELATIONS. MARRIAGE IS FORBIDDEN BETWEEN PEOPLE OF THE SAME TOTEM.

THEY HAVE NO FORM OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP. THEY BELIEV IN A GREAT SPIRIT, A FUTURE LIFE, AND A TRANSMIGRATION OF SOULS. WHITES CAME HERE AND PAID THEIR WOMEN FOR PROSTITUTION.

THEY HAVE MANY FAIRY TALES PASSED DOWN THROUGH GENERATIONS.. THEIR MOST CREATIVE CHIEF IS CALLED "NEKILSTLAS", WHO TRANSFORMS HIMSELF INTO MEN, CHILDREN, BEASTS AND FISH AND PERFORMS MIRACLES.

THEY LIVE PRIMARILY BY EATING FISH AND BIRDS. LATELY THEY HAVE TRADED FOR FLOUR, RICE, SUGAR, COFFEE, AND CRACKERS. HALIBUT, SALMON, AND HERRING , ETC. ARE DRIED AND SMOKED. THEY GATHER BERRIES AND CRABAPPLES, AS WELL AS BULBS AND OTHER ROOTS.

WIKIPEDIA.ORG

BLOOD TRIBE IN CANADA

THE KAINAI ARE MEMBERS OF THE BLACKFOOT CONFEDERACY THAT INCLUDES PAGAN. THEY HAVE OVER 10,000 FOLKS AND OCCUPY 550 SQUARE MILES. IT EXTENDS FROM ROCKY MOUNTAINS O SAND HILLS AND NORTH SASKATCHEWAN AND YELLOWSTONE SOUTH. THEIR OFFICE IS IN STAND OFF.

THEY ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE OLDEST TRIBE OF THE WESTERN PRAIRIE REGION. THE PLAINS HUNTING CULTURE DATES TO THE 11,000 YEARS B.P. THE WESTERN BLOOD TRIBE WAS VIBRANT AND SELF RELIANT AND SELF SUFFICIENCY. THEY HAVE RICH NATURAL RESOURCES AND A WELL DEVELOPED SOCIAL STRUCTURE, AS WELL AS CULTURAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS THAT ALLOWED A FULL CIRCLE OF LIFE. THEY ALLIED WITH THE BLACKFOOT AND PAGANS FORMING A BLACKFOOT CONFEDERACY. LEWIS AND CLARK CIRCUMVENTED THEIR TERRITORITY. IN 1855 THE TRIBES ENTERED A TREATY WITH THE AMERICANS. IT WAS A PEACE TREATY. THEY ATE AND HUNTED BUFFALO. THE BLOOD TRIBE'S SPOKESPERSON, RED CROW, SELECTED LAND IN SAINT MARY'S RESERVATION AND SOUTH TO THE CANADIAN AND U.S. BORDER. THE BLOODS CONTINUED TO HAVE INDEPENDANCE AND A FIERCE PRIDE IN THEIR IDENTITY.

BLOOD TRIBE.ORG

TLAPANESE INDIANS IN MEXICO

TLAPNECO SPEAK OTO-MANGUEAN LANGUAGE AND THERE ARE FOUR VARIETIES OF THE LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE ABOUT 120,000 SPEAKERS. THEY LIVE IN THE GUERRERO. THEIR LANGUAGE IS PART OF AN EXTINCT LANGUAGE. IN PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES THEY WERE ISOLATED IN MOUNTAINS OF COSTA CHICA NEAR ACAPULCO. THEY NEVER WERE CONQUERED BY AZTECS. THEIR MAIN CITY IS CALLED TLAPAN, THEY HAVE MYTHS SUCH AS THE CREATION OF THE SUN, THE MOON, AND FOR GODS WHO WERE BORN ON THE BANK OF THE RIVER. THEY WERE RAISED BY GODDESSES OF THE SWEATBATH. ANOTHER ELEMENT IS NAGUALISM - WHICH MEANS WHEN A BABY IS, AN ANIMAL IS BORN WHICH IS THE NAHUAL OF THE CHILD. THE NAHUAL WILL SHOW ITSELF IN THE THE CHILD'S DREAMS.

NATIVE-LANGUAGE.ORG
WIKIPEDIA.COM

SIX STREET IMPROV PLAYS

LAST WEEK I ATTENDED AN IMPROV PLAY AND MET SOME OLD FRIENDS THAT I HAD NOT SEEN FOR SEVERAL YEARS. THEY HAD A BLACK MUSICIAN PLAYING AN ELECTRIC KEYBOARD AND THEIR IMPROV CAST WAS THE SAME AS THE LAST TIME I CAME THERE. THERE MISSION IS TO CREATE AN OPPORTUBITY FOR THE AUDIENCE TO PARTICIPATE IN A FUN FILLED EVENT. IT IS VERY CLEVER HOW THE CAST ACTS OUT SMALL SKITS WITH WORDS TAKEN FROM THE AUDIENCE. MANY OF THE CAST HAVE VARIOUS TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THEATRICAK ARTS AND TEACHING AND HAVE MANY YEARS DOING IMPROV AT VARIOUS THEATRES.

Friday, September 9, 2011

ZAPOTEC INDIANS OF MEXICO

THEY SPEAK OTO MANGUEAN LANGUAGE OF MEXICO. ACTUALLY THEY ARE SOMEWHERE BETWEEN 12 AND 60 ZAPOTEC LANGUAGES. THERE ARE AT LEAST 400,000 SPEAKERS IN MEXICO.

THE ZAPOTEC WERE THE LARGEST INDIAN GROUP OF OAXACA FROM 800 BC TO 1600 AD. THE ZAPOTECS WERE SEDENTARY AND HAD PEOPLE WHO FARMED AND WORSHIPPED MANY GODS THEY HAD A FERTILITY GOD AND SERPENT SYMBOLS IN THEIR CULTURE. THEIR LEGEND WAS THAT THEY HAD BEEN BORN DIRECTLY FROM ROCKS, TREES, AND JAGUARS. THEIR PRIESTS HIERARCHY REGULATED RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES WITH SOME HUMAN SACRIFICES. THEY WORSHIPPED THEIR ANCESTORS. THEY HAD AFFINITIES WITH THE OLMEC AND THE TOLTEC. BY 200 B.C. THEY WERE USED A BAR AND DOT SYSTEM FOR MATH USED BY THE MAYA. TH MIXTECS WERE FROM THE NORTH, REPLACED BY THE ZAPOTECS AT MONTE ALBAN.

BY THE 15TH CENTURY THEY KEPT THE AZTECS FROM GAINING CONTROL OF THEIR CITIES IN CHIAPAS AND GUATEMALA. UNDER THEIR KING, COSJUEZA THE ZAPOTECS WITHSTOOD A LONG SIEGE ON THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

BY 1521 WHEN THE SPANISH ARRIVED THEY CHANGED EVERYTHING IN THE VALLEY OF OF OAXACA. WITH THE SPANISH CONQUEST THE ZAPOTECS MOSTLY WERE TRANSFORMED AS CATHOLIC LIVE IN THE MOUNTAIN VILLAGES IN THE ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC OR MOUNTAIN COMMUNITIES.

THEIR WEAVING TRADITION DATES FROM PRE-HISPANIC TIMES. ZAPOTEC CULTURE DOMINATES LIFE IN TEOTITLAN WHICH MEANS MAGICAL PLACE. TODAY THERE ARE A WIDE VARIETY OF TAPATES AND SERAPES IN THEIR MARKETPLACE. MONTE ALBAN IS THE PRIMARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE WHERE ZAPOTEC HISTORY HAS BEEN UNEARTHED.

THEY DEVISED SOPHISTICATED SYBBOLS THAT ARE MESOAMERICA'S EARLIST WRITING SYSTEM. THEIR THEMES INVOLVE POWER AND HISTORY. THEIR SYBOLISM ALLOWED THEM TO EXPRESS THEIR IDENTITIES AND REFERENCE THEMSELVES TO TIME AND SPACE. POWER IS ILLUSTRATED WITH CLOTHING ADORNMENTS AND POSTURES, AS WELL AS WEARING MASKS AND HEADDRESSES. PRIESTS WEAR THEM. ZAPOTEC ART FLOURISHED - PRODUCING CARVED STONES, CERAMICURNS, PAINTED MURALS, STUCCOED SCULPTURES AND BONES AND STONE. THEY DEVELOPED A 260 DAY CALENDAR. THEIR TIME WAS CENTERED ON A 260 DAY CALENDAR- A RITUAL CALENDAR. SOLAR CALENDERS FROM PRE-HISPANIC TIMES ARE STILL USED TODAY. BY WEARING A MASK THEY GOT MORE POWER.

URNS WERE USED FOR MORTUARY RITUALS. COCJO, THE RAIN GOD, WAS A CLASSIC URN. ZAPOTEC URNS REPRESENTED POWERS OF GODS. SOME SYMBOLS REPRESENTED CERTAIN POWERS.

THEY SELL RUGS, FROM MANY WEAVERS. THEY USE ONLY NATURAL DYES. THEY HAVE A COOP OF WEAVERS WHO FORMED TO BRING BACK THE ANCESTRAL TECHNIQUE. THEY SHARE IDEAS, TECHNIQUES, AND NEW DISCOVERIES. IT TAKES COMMITMENT AND TIME TO USE NATURAL DYES. THEY SPIN AND DYE YARN THAT THEY BUY AND WEAVE ON LARGE FLOOR LOOMS. THEY HAVE TO CLEAN IT FORST IN THE RIVER.

NATIVE-LANGUAGES.COM
CELERING.COM

FORT FOLLEY BAND IN CANADA

FORT FOLLY BAND IS IN NEW BRUNSWICK AND THEY HAVE 40 HECTARS OF LAND. THEY HAVE 106 MEMBERS. ABOUT 7000 YEARS AGO THE MI KMAQ PEOPLE RESIDED ON THIS PIECE OF LAND. THE OTHER OTHER FOLKS WERE BEOTHUK, MALISEET, PASSAMAQUODDY, EASTERN ABENKIMONTAGNAIS AND INUIT. ABOUT 1000 YEARS AGO THEY CALLED THEMSELVES THE MI'KMAQ. IN 1840 THE RESERVE SYSTEM OF FORT FOLLEY WAS CREATED.

FORT FOLLEY.NB.CA

ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS AND DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA

THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE IN CANADA REORGANIZING THREE GROUPS OF FIRST NATIONS - INDIANS, METIS, AND INUIT. EACH ONE HAS DISTINCT HISTORIES, LAMGUAGES, AND CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL BELIEFS. OVER ONE MILLION FOLKS IN CANADA CALL THEMSELVES ABORIGINAL. THEY'RE LOCATED IN CITIES, REMOTE AND RURAL AREAS.

TREATY NEGOTIATIONS ARE MADE FOR RESOLVING LONG STANDING CLAIMS AND DISPUTES FOR IMPROVED COOPERATION BETWEEN FIRST NATIONS AND THE GOVERNMENT.

THE EDUCATIONAL REFORM HAS RESULTED IN ACHIEVEMENTS THROUGH THE REFORM AGENDA. THE GOVERNMENT FORMED A NATIONAL PANEL TO ENGAGE IST NATIONLEADERS, PARENTS, PARENTS AND STUDENTS IN PROVING WAYS TO IMPROVE THEIR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.

THROUGH LAND CLAIMS AND SELF GOVERNMENT AND AGREEMENTS THE NATIVES CONTINUE TO LEARN HOW TO MANAGE THEIR LANDS AND ENVIRONMENT. THE DEPARTMENT OF ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS HAS IMPORTANT ROLES IN DEVELOPING NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.

THEY HAVE MANY SUCCESS STORIES TO IMPROVE CLEAN ENERGY. NUNAVUT SIVUNIKSAUUT (NS) IS AN 8 MO COLLEGE PROGRAM BASED IN OTTAWA. IN COMBINATION WITH CULTURAL TEACHINGS THE NS PROGRAM GIVES STUDENTS A CHANCE TO LEARN ABOUT THEIR LEADERS AND HISTORY. THEY LEARN ABOUT GOVERNMENT RELATIONS, LAND CLAIMS AND OTHER CONTEMPORARY ISSUES.

AINC-INAC.GC

ALGONQUIN INDIANS IN CANADA

ALGONQUIN REFERS TO THE GROUP OF NATIVE AMERICANS WHO HAVE UNIQUE IDENTITY AND INDEPENDENT POLITICAL STATUS. IT IS A FRENCH NAME MEANING "OUR ALLIES". THEY LIVE IN AND ARE THE ABORIGINAL NATIVES OF THE OF QUEBEC AND EASTERN ONTARIO. EACH COMMUNITY LIVES ON ITS OWN RESERVATION. SOME FOLKS SPEAK ENGLISH. ALGONQUIN IS A MUSICAL LANGUAGE WITH COMPLEX WORKS.

THEIR LEADERS ARE CALLED OGIMA. THEY ARE ELECTED LIKE OUR GOVERNORS. FOR MOST OF THE YEAR THEY LIVED IN BIRCH BARK HOUSES CALLED "WAGINOGANS" OR WIGWAMS. DURING THE YEAR'S WINTER THEY WENT IN FAMILY UNITS AND BUILT CAMPS FOR HUNTING. THE WIGWAM WAS CONE SHAPED. TODAY THEY LIVE IN MODERN HOUSES. THE WOMEN WORE LONG DRESSES SLEEVES SLEEVES AND MEN WORE BREACH CLOTHES WITH REMOVABLE LEGGINGS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN WORE MOCCASINS ON THEIR FEET. IN BAD WEATHER THEY WORE CLOAKS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN WORE THEIR HAIR IN LONG BRAIDS. SOME WARRIORS SHAVED THEIR HEADS. SOME WORE A PORCUPINE ROACH - NOT THE SHARP QUILLS. SOME CHIEFS BEGAN WEARING A FEATHERED HEADDRESS. THEY PAINTED THEIR FACES AND ARMS WITH COLORS.. THEY USED DIFFERENT PATTERNS FOR WAR PAINT. SOME MEN WORE TRIBAL TATTOOS. TODAY THEY WEAR A BEADED SHIRT. SOME WEAR JEANS. THE ALGONQUIN ARE FAMOUS FOR FOR THEIR BIRCH BARK CANOES. TODAY THEY STILL BUILD MANY CANOES. TO TRAVEL OVER LAND THEY USE DOGS AS PACK ANIMALS. THEY USED SLEDS AND SNOWSHOES.

THE HISTORY OF FOOD WAS HUNTING DEER AND GAME ANIMALS AND GATHERING WILD FOODS. THEY USED SPEARS TO STAB FISH. THEY FISHED IN WINTERS .

THEIR CHILDREN ARE ARE LIKE MOST. MANY GO HUNTING WITH THEIR FATHERS. THE GIRLS HELP KEEP HOUSE. THE MOM'S CARRY THEIR BABIES ON THEIR BACKS IN A CRADLE BOARD. TODAY MANY PARENTS USE FABRIC CHILD CARRIERS FOR PACKS. THE WOMEN GATHERED PLANTS AND COOKED THEM. MEN HUNTED AND SOMETIMES WENT TO WAR. BOTH WERE STORYTELLERS , THEY PLAYED MUSIC AND DID ARTWORK. THEIR CHIEFS WERE MEN AND SOME WOMEN WERE CHIEFS

THEY ARE KNOWN FOR BEADWORK AND BASKETRY. THEY WAMPUM OF WHITE AND PURPLE SHELLS. THEY WERE TRADED A CURRENCY. THEY MADE PICTURES ON WAMPUM BELTS THAT HAVE PICTOGRAPHIC SHAPES OF HUMAN AND HOUSES. THE ALGONQUINS ARE RELATED TO THE OJIBWAY AND OTTAWA INDIANS. STORYTELLING AND THEIR RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS WERE IMPORTANT.

THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF THE EASTERN ALGONQUIN WERE CAUGHT UP IN DEITIES OR OBJECTS, ANIMATE OR INANIMATE. THEY BELIEVED IN A CULTURE HERO WHO CREATED AND CONTROLLED THE WORLD. MICHABO WAS A GREAT RABBIT. AND WAS A BENEFICIARY DEITY. HE DREATED THE WORLD BY MAGIC. HE OVER CAME OPPOSITION. HE 0PEOPLED IT WITH A GAME AND ANIMALS AND TAUGHT AND TAUGHT HIS FAVORITE PEOPLES THE ART OF THE CHASE.

OBJECTS OF NATURE WERE DEITIES. - THE SUN, THE MOON, FIRE, TREES, THE LAKES. THEY PAID RESPECT TO THE SOUL AND FOUR CARDINAL POINTS. PRIESTS AND CONJURERS WERE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS.

BIGORRIN.ORG
FACULTY.MARANOPOLIS.EDU

SIKSIKA INDIANS IN CANADA

SIKSIKA ARE CALLED BLACKFEET INDIANS (ENGLISH TRANSLATION). THEY WORE DARK COLORED MOCCASINS. THEY LIVE IN MONTANA, IDAHO, AND ALBERTA. THEY HAVE THREE BANDS IN CANADA EACH WITH ITS OWN RESERVATION THAT THEY OWN. EACH IS LIKE A SMALL COUNTRY.

IN THE PAST IT WAS LEAD BY A COUNSEL OF CHIEFS, FROM EACH CLAN. THEY VALUE HARMONY. THEY HAVE 25,000 FOLKS. ABOUT 10,000 LIVE IN THE U.S. MOST SPEAK ENGLISH AND 1/2 SPEAK BLACKFOOT LANGUAGE THAT IS MUSICAL. THEIR SOURCE OF LIFE IS CALLED "ITS-TSI-DAH-TA-PII-OD". BLACKFEET MOMS CARRY THEIR BABIES ON THEIR BACKS IN A CRADLEBOARD THEY MAKE WITH REEDS AND WILLOW. THE WOMEN BUILD THE HOUSES AND DRAG THE POSTS TO THE LOCATION OF THE TIPI. THE MEN ARE HUNTERS AND WENT TO WAR . MOST BLACKFEET CHIEFS WERE MEN. BOTH GENDERS DID ARTWORK, TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, AND TOLD STORIES.

THEY LIVED IN TIPIS MADE FROM BUFFALO HIDE. THEY FREQUENTLY MOVED. TODAY THEY LIVE IN MODERN HOMES. THEY WORE DEERSKIN DRESSES AND LEGGINGS AND TUNICS. THEIR WAR SHIRTS HAD FRINGE AND WERE DECORATED WITH PORCUPINE AND ELK TEETH. THEY WORE BUFFALO HIDE ROBES. LATER THEY WERE EUROPEAN DRESSES AND FELT HATS.

THEY BUILT RAFTS TO TRAVEL IN AND THEY USED DOGS TO PULL A TRAVOIS TO CARRY THEIR BELONGINGS. THEIR STAPLE FOOD WAS BUFFALO. THEY HUNTED THEM BY DRIVING THEM OFF CLIFFS, OR SHOOTING THEM WITH BOW AND ARROWS. ONCE ANGLOS TRADED HORSES THEY BEGAN TO HUNT THEM COMMUNALLY. THEY ALSO PICKED NUTS, BERRIES AND ROOTS.

THEY ARE KNOWN FOR FINE QUILL EMBROIDERY AND BEADWORK, FOR SHIRTS AND BAGS. THEY MADE BOWS AND ARROWS AND FOUGHT WITH CLUBS, HIDES, AND SHIELDS. MOST WARRIORS WERE MEN BUT SOME WOMEN WERE ALSO. THEY HAD MANY LEGENDS ; ONCE OLD MAN WAS TRAVELING AROUND AND CAME TO THE SUN'S LODGE. SUN ASKED HIM TO STAY AROUND. ONE DAY THE MEAT WAS ALL GONE. WOULD YOU LIKE TO KILL SOME DEER SUN ASKED? SUN TOOK DOWN A BAG WITH A PAIR OF LEGGINGS EMBROIDERED. SHE SAID THESE ARE MY HUNTING LEGGINGS. THESE ARE GREAT MEDICINE. I JUST PUT THEM ON AND WALK NEAR A BUSH AND SET IT ON FIRE AND OUT COME THE DEER. THE OLD MAN SAID HOW WONDERFUL. THEY WENT OUT TO HUNT. A LOT OF DEER CAME OUT AND ALOT OF DEER CAME OUT AND THEY EACH SHOT ONE. THE OLD MAN SAW WHERE SUN PUT HER LEGGINGS WHEN SUN WAS ASLEEP HE STOLE THEM AND WENT AWAY. HE TRAVELED A LONG WAY AND MADE A PILLOW AND SLEPT. IN THE MORNING HE HEARD SUN SAY, WHY ARE MY LEGGINGS UNDER MY HEAD? HE NOTICED HE WAS IN SUN'S LODGE AND THE OLD MAN SAID" I COULDN'T FIND PILLOW AND SO I PUT THESE UNDER MY HEAD.NIGHT CAME AND HE STOLE THE LEGGINGS AGAIN AND RAN OFF. YOU SEE WHAT A FOOL HE WAS , AS THE WHOLE WORLD WAS SUN'S LODGE. NO MATTER HOW FAR HE RAN HE COULD NOT GET OUT OF SUN'S SIGHT.. WHEN MORNING CAME SUN SAID SINCE YOU LIKE MY LEGGINGS YOU MAY KEEP THEM. THE OLD MAN WAS GLAD AND WENT AWAY.ONE DAY HE PUT THE LEGGINGS ON TO CATCH A DEER, HE SET A BUSH ON FIRE,BUT HIS LEGGINGS CAUGHT ON FIRE TOO. HE CAME TO A RIVER TO JUMP IN AN HIS LEGGING WERE BURNED UP. SUN DID THIS TO TEACH HIM A LESSON.

BIG ORRIN.ORG

Tuesday, September 6, 2011

CUICATEC INDIANS IN MEXICO

THESE FOLKS LIVE IN NORTHEAST OAXACA AND IT RAINS IN THE HILLS. THEY SPEAK MIXTECAN. THEY ARE AGRICULTURALISTS AND GROW CORN, BEANS, SQUASH AND CHILIS. THEY RAISE CHICKENS. PEOPLE LIVE IN THE VILLAGES WITH THATCHED ROOFS AND WALLS OF STICKS. THEY MAKE POTTERY, BASKETS, ROPES, AND NETS. THEY NO LONGER WEAVE AS MUCH AS BEFORE. THEY STILL WEAVE HUIPILES - LONG TUNICS. THEY WEAVE NATIVE IDOLS. THEY BELIEVE ELVES AND GOBLINS ARE THOUGHT TO BE IN CAVES. THEY HAVE SPECIAL RITES OF KINSHIP AND SOME HAVE CONVERTED TO CATHOLICISM.

THE CIUCATEC SPEAK OTO MANGUEAN. THEY HAVE TWO SEPARATE LANGUAGES. THEY HAVE 12,000 SPEAKERS TODAY.

WIKIPEDIA.COM
NATIVE-LANGUAGE.COM
BRITTANICA.ORG

YUCATEC MAYAN IN MEXICO

MIDDLE AMERICAN INDIANS IN THE YUCATAN PENNISULA LIVED IN EASTERN MEXICO. THEY RANGE FROM GROUPS HIGHLY CONSERVATIVE AND CIVILIZED TO GROUPS MODERNIZED. ABOUT 10% SPEAK ONLY MAYAN, 50% SPEAK OTHER DIALECTS. MANY PARTICIPATE IN THE HENEQUIN -FIBER INDUSTRY. MANY LIVE IN SPANISH STYLE TOWNS AND RAISE CORN, BEANS AN SQUASH. THEY USE SLASH AND BURN TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE THEIR FIELDS FERTILITY. THEY USE DIGGING STICKS, HOES AND MACHETES.

THE TRADITIONAL MAYAN RELIGION IS A SOUTHEASTERN VARIANT OF MESOAMERICAN RELIGION. IT A A SYMBIOSIS. IT IS A SYMBIOSIS WITH ROMAN CATHOLIC. THEIR RELIGION HAS EXISTED FOR MORE THAN TWO MILLENIA. IT INTERACTS WITH VARIOUS MAYAN MOVEMENTS. ALL THE PEOPLE WHO SHARED THEIR KNOWLEDGE WITH OUTSIDERS (ANTHROPOLOGISTS) AND CONTINUE TO DO SO TODAY.
KNOWLEDGE OF PRE SPANISH TIMES: 1) 3 SURVIVING AUTHENTIC HIEROGLYPHIC BOOKS DATING FROM POST CLASSIC PERIOD (900 AD TO...), PETROGRAPHIC TEXTS FROM 200 TO 900 A.D.
2) PRIMARY SOURCES FROM 16TH CENTURY; 3) SECONDARY SOURCES, SPANISH BOOKS FROM COLONIAL PERIOD; 4) ARCHAEOLOGY STUDIES ; 5) ANTHROPOLOGICAL REPORTS. MAYAN RELIGION IS A COMPLEX PRACTICE. THEY BELIEVE THAT SPECIAL MOUNTAINS, WELLS, AND CAVES ARE ASSIGNED TO ANCESTORS. MANY RITUALS TAKE PLACE NEAR THESE LANDMARKS. RITUALS WERE GOVERNED BY GEOGRAPHICAL LAYOUT, SHRINES, TEMPLES AND ALSO BY THE PROJECTION OF CALENDRICAL MODELS. THEY HAVE SHRINES IN MODELS. THERE WERE CALENDARS GOVERNING RITUALS.

PURIFICATION WAS IMPORTANT IN PRE SPANISH PAST. THEY FASTED, ABSTAINED FROM SEX, CONFESSED THEIR WRONGS. PRAYERS ACCOMPANIED THE OFFERING OF ANIMAL SACRICES. THEY HAD RAIN MAKING RITUALS. THEY HAD CLAIMS ON TERRITORY BY SOCIAL GROUPS.

UNIVERELUUMACADEMIC.RU
WIKIPEDIA.COM

TRIQUE INDIANS IN MEXICO

THE TRIQUE ARE INDIGENOUS TO WEST PART OF OAXACA STATE IN JUXTLAHUACA, PUTLA AND TLAXICACO. THEY HAVE ABOUT 23,000 PEOPLE WHO HAVE 23,000 PEOPLE WHO SPEAK MIXTECAN LANGUAGE. MANY ARE FAMOUS FOR DISTINCTIVE WOVEN HUILES, BASKETS, AND MORRALES (PURSES). THEY LIVE MOUNTAINOUS REGION. THEY LIVE IN A MOUNTAINOUS REGION. THEY LIVE AT AN ELEVATIONOF 1500 TO 3000 FEET. BECAUSE OF THEIR ELEVATION THEY HAVE CLOUDS IN THE AFTERNOON. THEIR MEN MOVE TEMPORARILY TO OAXACA, MEXICO CITY, AND THE U.S. TO BE MIGRANT LABORERS.

ONE OF THEIR CUSTOMS IS THE FEMALE DOWRY. IN PRECOLONIAL TIMES THIS WAS A COMMON PRACTICE OF THE TRIQUE PEOPLE. IT IS MONEY THAT THE GROOM OFFERS TO THE BRIDE'S FAMILY. THE MIXTECS ALSO OFFER A BRIDE'S FAMILY FOOD, OR OTHER PRODUCTS IN EXCHANGE FOR THE BRIDE'S HAND. THERE ARE THREE VARIETIES OF TRIQUE WHICH ARE CONSIDERED SEPARATE LANGUAGES.

BRITANNICA.COM

POPOLOCA INDIANS IN MEXICO

POPOLOCA ARE IN SOUTHERN PUEBLA STATE IN CENTRAL MEXICO. THEIR LAND IS FLAT AND DRY, SEMI DESERT LIKE. THEIR FARMS GROW CORN, BEANS, FRUIT, AND GRAINS. THEY HAVE VILLAGE CENTERS. THEIR HOUSES ARE BUILT OF VERTICAL PLACED POLES OR LUMBER WITH THATCHED ROOFS. THIER CRAFTS ARE CERAMICS. PALM FIBER WEAVING, AND TEXTILE WEAVING. THEIR COSTUMES HAVE ALMOST DISAPPEARED. THEIR RELIGION IS ROMAN CATHOLIC NOW. THEY HAVE FERTILITY RITUALS.

BRITANNICA.COM

YAQUI IN MEXICO

YAQUI ORIGINALLY LIVED IN RIO YAQUI IN SONORA, MEXICO. SOME LIVE IN ARIZONA. THEY CALL THEMSELVES YOREME OR A PEOPLE. THEY SPEAK A UTO AZTECAN FAMILY. MANY CONVERTED TO CATHOLICISM IN COLONIAL MEXICO.

THEY GREW BEANS, CORN, AND SQUASH. THE YAQUI WHO LIVED IN THE RIO YAQUI FISHED AND MADE COTTON PRODUCTS. THEY HAVE ALWAYS BEEN SKILLED IN WARFARE.

THEY CONCEIVED THE WORLD AS 5 SEPARATE WORLDS: THE DESERT, THE MYSTICAL WORLD, FLOWER WORLD, DREAM WORLD, AND NIGHT WORLD. THE DEER SONG AND DANCE IS PERFORMED BY A PASCOLA. THEY PERFORM MANY TIMES A YEAR. THEIR DEER SONGIS MORE CENTRAL TO THE ROMAN CATHOLIC BELIEFS. FOWERS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE YAQUI CULTURE.

THE YAQUI NEVER WERE CONQUERED BY THE SPANISH AS THEY WERE GOOD WARRIORS. THEY WERE CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANS BY MISSIONS IN THE 19TH CENTURY TO SETTLE INTO EIGHT TOWNS. BY 1730 THE SPANISH ALTERED THEIR RELATIONSHIP AND ORDERED ALL MISSIONARIES TO LEAVE SONORA. THE YAQUI REBELLED. IN 1833 THE SPANISH KILLED A YAQUI LEADER. THEIR NATION SUFFERED A SUCCESSATION OF BRUTALITIES. IN 1820 THEY FORMED A SEPARATE ALLIANCE. BY 1868 THE MEXICANS MASSACRED THEM. THE MEXICANS ORDERED SOME TO GO TO EUROPE AND THE U.S., AND THEY TRANSFERRED 1000'S TO YUCATAN! SOME WORKED AS SLAVES ON PLANTATIONS IN MEXICO.

IN 1918 THE CALVERY WAS INVOLVED IN A FIRE FIGHT WITH THE YAQUI JUST WEST OF NOGALES. BY 1964 THE GOVERNMENT GAVE THEM 202 ACRES NEARTUCSON, AZ. THEY FORMERLY THEY WERE FORMALLY RECOGNIZED IN 1978. TUBAC, ARIZONA HAD TAQUI FOLKS. ABOUT 40% OF THE TOWN OF GUADELUPE IS YAQUI. THERE ARE SOME IN TEXAS AND CALIFORNIA AS WELL TOTALING 11,000 FOLKS.

WIKIPEDIA.ORG

Monday, September 5, 2011

MIXE LANGUAGES IN MEXICO

THE MIXE IS A MIXE ZOQUEAN LANGUAGE OF MEXICO. THERE ARE BETWEEN 3 AND 8 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES THAT THE NATIVES CANNOT UNDERSTAND. 90,000 SPEAK THE TWO POPOLUCA MIXEAN LANGUAGES. THEY CALL THEMSELVES AYUUIJKAAY OR PEOPLE WHO SPEAK THE MOUNTAIN LANGUAGE. A MOUNTAIN TRIBE IN SOUTHERN MEXICO ARE NOTED FOR EXTREME CONSERVATIISM. THEY OCCUPY A NUMBER OF VILLAGES IN SOUTHERN OAXACA. THERE POPULATION IS ABOUT 25,000. THEY WERE NOT SUBDUED BY THE SPANISH. THEY STILL HAVE THEIR OWN ANCIENT RIGHTS AND CUSTOMS. THEY HAVE A CHURCH AND A PRIEST. IN 1521 THEY WERE BROUGHT UNDER SUBJECTION BY SPANIARDS. THEY WERE STILL ATTACHED TO THEIR ANCIENT RELIGIONS. IDOLS WERE BURIED UNDER THE CROSS IN FRONT OF THE CHAPEL, SO THEY MIGHT WORSHIP IN SECRET UNDER THE PRETENSE OF DEVOTION. THEY HAD SACRIFICES AND THEIR PAGAN SITES STILL PREVAIL.

THE MIXE ARE ACTIVE AND MANY WEAR BEARDS. THEY MADE THEIR ROADS RUN STRAIGHT UP AND DOWN THE MOUNTAINS. BECAUSE OF THEIR STUBBORNESS! THEIR VILLAGES ARE IN THE HIGHLANDS VS THE VALLEYS. THEIR HOUSES ARE LIGHT THATCHED STRUCTURES TO WELL BUILT LOG OR ADOBE, ROOFED WITH TILES. THEY ARE FARMERS OF CORN SUGAR, COFFEE, BANANAS. THE WOMEN ARE NOTED FOR THE THEIR POTTERY, WEAVING ARTS, PRODUCING SILK AND COTTON WITH ANIMALS AND BIRD DESIGNS IN FADELESS COLORS. THEY HAVE MANY PAGAN CUSTOMS, WITH BIRD, AND ANIMAL SACRIFICES. FOOD IS BURIED WITH THE DEAD. OFFERINGS ARE MADE SECRETLY TO THE SHRINES AND HIDDEN IN CAVES.

THEIR ARE IS RUGGED AND IS PART OF THE SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL. THEY LIVE IN LARGE CENTER ABOUT 2400 M AND GROW CORN, BEANS, POTATOES, AND SQUASH. THEY ARE CENTERED AROUND ZACATEPEC WHERE THEY GROW COFFEE AND CHILI PEPPERS. THEIR ANCESTORS WERE PROBABLY OLMECS BUT THEY DO NOT ASSOCIATE THEMSELVES WITH OLMECS.. ACCORDING TO THEIR LEGENDS THEY CAME FROM SOUTH AMERICAN ANDEES. THEY ARRIVED IN MEXICO BY BOAT. IN THEIR MIGRATION MYTH THEY CAMPED TO SETTLE AT THE HOLEY MOUNTAIN. COMPAATEPETALE. VERY FEW ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS ARE LEFT.

WIKIPEDIA.COM
NATIVELANGUAGES.ORG
NEWADVENT.ORG

CHUJ INDIANS IN MEXICO

CHUJ INDIANS SPEAK MAYAN AND THEY HAVE ABOUT 40,000 IN GUATEMALA AND MEXICO. BOTH NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CHUJ CAN UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER. THEY HAVE OCCUPIED THEIR TERRITORY FOR MILLENIA. THEY HAVE LIVED IN GUATEMALA SINCE PROTO MAYA. IT BEGAN IT'S DIFFERENTIATION INTO MODERN MAYA LANGUAGES 4000 YEARS AGO.

CHUG WAS APPLIED TO THE GROUP BY THE SPANISH, MEANING "LOOSE WOOL OVER GARMENT BY MEN". TZELTAL, CHUJ REFERS TO PRINTED COTTON CLOTH. THE CHUJ KNOW THE WORD IS SWEAT BATH. THEY LIVE IN THE CHUMATAN MOUNTAINS. THEY PLANT COFFEE. POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN GUATAMALA IN THE 80'S FORCED THEM TI LIVE IN TOWN CENTERS AND BUILD VILLAGES IN ISOLATED MOUNTAINS. SOME HAVE MOVED TO L.A.

THEY HAVE ABOUT 16,000 IN SANMATEO AND ABOUT 9000 IN SAN SEBASTIAN COATAN. THEY ARE CORN AGRICULTURALISTS. THERE LANDS ARE IN 3 CXLIMATES - COLD, TEMPERATE AND HOT. IN COLD COUNTRY THEY PASTURE CATTLE PLUS OTHER FARM ANIMALS, AND COLLECT PLANTS AND WOOD. IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE THEY PLANT CORN, BEANS, SQUASH AND CHILIS. IN HOT COUNTRY THEY PLANT SUGARE CANE, HENEQUIN, REEDS AND BANANAS. HUNTING IS LESS IMPORTANT AS GAME HAS BECOME SCARCE. IN SPRING TIME THEY HAVE MIGRATIONS OF BIRDS. AT MOUNTAIN TOPS AT NIGHT THEY ATTRACT THE FLOCKS OF BIRDS WHICH THEY CLUB, ROAST, AND EAT. HOMES KEEP CHICKENS AND OTHER AND OTHER FARM ANIMALS. RED MEAT MUST BE EATEN TO PREVENT SOUL LOSS DURING 5 DAYS AT THE END OF YEARAFTER 18 MONTHS. ALL FAMILIES PROCURE ANIMALS AT THAT TIME.

ORIGINALLY THEY RELIED ON THE TRADE OF THE SALT. AFTER 1960 WHEN THE ROAD WAS BUILT COMMERCIAL SALT BECAME AVAILABLE. SAN MATENOS REVERTED TO SUBSISTENCE MAIZE FARMING. THEIR INCOME WENT FROM HIGHEST TO LOWEST. MANY CHUJ LEFT THE TOWN AND LIVE IN LOWLAND VILLAGES. THE EMIGRANTS LIVE LIVE IN HOT COUNTRY AND GROW THE TRILOGY OF CROPS.

CHUJ WOMEN DO NOT WEAVE, BUT THEY EMBROIDER ON COTTON BROADCLOTH. IN A WOMEN'S COOPERATIVE SHE HAS MARKED THEIR EMBROIDERIES AND BLOUSES AND TOURIST ITEMS IN THE CAPITAL CITY.

EVERY FIVE DAYS THEY HELD MARKETS. SANMATEO HAS A MARKET EVERY WEEK. MANY TRAVELTO SAN ANTONIO HUISTA FOR TRADE.

CHUJ MEN WORK OUTSIDE THE HOME IN AGRICULTURE. CHILDREN SCARE OFF THE BIRDS. ALL OF THE FAMILY HARVESTS THE CROPS. WOMEN MAINTAIN THE HOUSE AND HAVE RITUALS. MEN WORKED ON THE COAST ALSO. THEY OWN SMALL PLOTS OF LAND.

EVERYCULTURE.COM
NATIVELANGUAGE.ORG.

JACALTECO INDIANS IN MEXICO

JACULTECO SPEAK MAYAN AND HAVE ABOUT TWO TRIBES, EASTERN AND WESTERN WHO CAN UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER. THEY LIVED IN THE MOUNTAINS SINCE PRECOLOMBIAN TIMES AT 1400 M HIGH. IT IS A MARKET CENTER. IT IS "THE PLACE OF THE BIG WHITE ROCK SLABS". IT WAS PHYSICALLY THE MOST REMOTE FROM SPANISH CENTERS. ELECTRICITY CAME IN 1979. THEY STILL HAVE MANY CUSTOMS THATHAVE BEEN LOST ELSEWHERE. THEY USE A BLOW GUN FOR HUNTING.

MUCH OF THEIR LAND WAS TAKEN IN BY GUATEMALA'S FEDERAL GOVERMENT LAND PROGRAMLAND PROGRAM. THEY BECAME MIGRANT LABORERS. IN THE 80'S MANY JAKATEKO RELOCATED TO U.S. TO ESCAPE THIS LOW ECONOMIC SITUATION.

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POINT REYES HIKE

YESTERDAY I WENT TO POINT REYES TO HIKE THE BEAR VALLEY TRAIL. IT TOOK ABOUT FOUR HOURS TO HIKE. I PAUSED AT MANY TIMES TO VIEW THE VEGETATION AND TO TALK TO SOME PEOPLE. THERE WERE SOME CHINESE STUDENTS, HISPANICS, PEOPLE FROM SACRAMENTO AND NAPA. IT WAS SO COOL IN TEMPERATURE THAT IT WAS SO INVIGORATING. I MET A LADY WHO HAS PEOPLE ANALYZE THEIR DREAMS. WE CHATTED AND HIKED. WE NOTICED A RACCOON BY AN OLD BAY TREE. THERE WERE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF SAGEBRUSH. THE EIGHT MILE HIKE HAS NO WATER FOR DRINKING. A NUMBER OF PEOPLE HAD BACKPACKED AND WENT CAMPING OVER NIGHT. APPARENTLY THEY HAVE WATER AT THE CAMPGROUNDS. IT REALLY WAS NOT THAT CROWDED. I NOTICED THE OAK TREES THERE HAD ACORNS, AND OURS IN SONOMA COUNTY DON'T! THEIR WERE HORSE DROPPING. I ALSO SAW A GREY EGRET..

ONCE I GOT TO THE ARCHES ROCK IT WAS A PARTIALLY CLEAR VIEW TO POINT REYES LIGHTHOUSE. I FELT THE MOVEMENT OF THE TIDES COMING INTO AND UNDERNEATH THIS ROCK WHICH IS AN ARCH. I SAW MUCH MIDDEN SOIL. THE LAST TIME I WAS HERE WAS ABOUT EIGHT YEARS AGO, AND MY FAMILY BIKED HERE, THEN HIKED TO THE ARCH ROCK AND WENT UNDERNEATH THE ROCK. THIS WEEKEND THE TIDES WERE VERY STRONG. I HAD A GOOD TIME MEETING NEW PEOPLE AND SEEING A COOL HIKE.

Friday, September 2, 2011

MAM INDIANS IN MEXICO

THE MAM LIVE IN HIGHLANDAS CHIAPA AND GUATEMALA. IN 2000 THEY HAD 480,000 SPEAKERS. THEY LIKE LITERACY SKILLS. THEY HAVE MANY DIALECTS. MAM ARE RELATED TO THE TEKITAK LANGUAGE. 617,000 LIVE IN GUATEMALA. IN PRECOLUMBIAN TIME. THEY WERE PART OF MAYAN CULTURE. THEIR CAPITAL WAS ZACULEU. MANY LIVE IN SMALL HAMLETS AND HAVE NATIVE TRADITIONS. MANY SPEAK SPANISH AND MAM.

DURING PREHISPANIC TIMES MAM VIED FOR CONTROL OF THEIR LANDS WITH MORE POWERFUL KICHE LORDS TO THE EAST. IN 1524 SPANISH MILITIA PASSED THROUGH THE AREA. THEY SUBDUED THE NORTHERN MAM IN THE LATE 1525. THE SOUTHERN MAM ESCAPED THE CONQUEST. FOLLOWING THIS TIME THE UNACCESSABILITY OF THEIR AREA ATTRACTED FEW SPANISH. LATER THE MISSIONARIES CONVERTED MAM TO CATHOLICISM. THEY WERE RAVAGED BY ANGLO DISEASES. THEY REMAINED ISOLATED. BY THE 1800'S THEY WERE INCORPORATED INTO THE COFFEEE COMMERCIAL ECONOMY OF GUATEMAL. THE HIGHLAND MAM WERE FORCED INTO MIGRATORY WAGE LABOR TO HARVEST THE CROP.

GROWING POLITICAL VIOLENCE WITH THE GUATEMALA GOVERNOR SUBJECTED THEM TO BRUTAL VIOLENCE. IN 1980. THEY REMAINED 2ND CLASS CITIZENS OR SUBSISTENCE FARMERS. THEY ARE STILL SEEKING A BETTER LIFE FOR THEMSELVES.

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MIXTEC INDIANS IN MEXICO

MIXTEC IS AN OTO-MANGUEAN SPEAKING TRIBE. THEY HAVE 12-60 DIFFERENT MIXTEC LANGUAGES. THERE ARE 400,000 SPEAKERS. THERE ARE 400,000 SPEAKERS OF MIXTEC LANGUAGES TODAY. THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THESE LANGUAGES BEGUN BY 4400 B.C. THE MIXTEC AND ZAPOTECOS WERE ACTUALLY KINDRED PEOPLE SEVERAL 1000 YEARS AGO. BY 1521 THE ZAPOTEC AND MIXTEC INHABIT. THE MIXTEC SPLIT INTO 100'S OF INDEPENDENT VILLAGE SITES. THE MIXTEC GROUP HAS 57 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. 400 YEARS AFTER CONQUEST THE OAXACAN INDIANS WERE SEEKING NATIVE LANGUAGE.

AFTER THE 8TH CENTURY A.D. THE ZAPOTEC CULTURE PEAKED. THEN SOON AFTER THE MIXTECS BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE REGION, DISPLACING ZAPOTECS. THERE WAS MINIMAL LIFE AT MONTE ALBON, EXCEPT THAT THE MIXTECS ARRIVED IN THE VALLEY BETWEEN 1100 AND 1350, THEY REUSED OLD TOMBS AT THE SITE TO BURY DIGNITARIES. THEY LIVED IN THE SOUTHERN PORTIONS OF THE STATES OF GUERRORO AND PUEBLA. HERE THEY BECAME BUILDERS AND ENCROACHED INTO THE ZAPOTECS. BUT THE MIXTECS PROMINENCE WAS SHORT.

THE AZTECS GAINED CONTROL OF OAXACA FOR A FEW DECADES. AZTECS ESTABLISHED A FORT ON THE HILL OF HUAXYCICAC OVERLOOKING OAXACA. IT LASTED A FEW DECADES. MIXTECS WORKED THE FIELDS AND PAID TRIBUTE TO THEIR RULERS. TODAY THE MIXTEC INDIANS ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LINGUISTIC GROUPS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO OCCUPYING AN IMPORTANT LINGUISTIC GROUPS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO. OCCUPYING AN IMPORTANT TERRITORY OF 40,000 SQ. KM.

THE MIXTEC ALTA OR HIGHLAND MIXTEC OCCUPY APPROXIMATELY 38 CITIES WEST OF OAXACA. IN 2000 MIXTECO INDIANS IN OAXACO NUMBERED 241,000. BOTH THE ZAPOTECS AND MIXTECS IN FACT ARE GAINING EMPLOYMENT IN BAJA, CA.

IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT BY 2010 MIXTECS AND ZAPOTECS WILL COMPRISE 20% OF THE AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCES IN CALIFORNIA. THE MIXTECS BUILT SUCCESSFUL CIVILIZATIONS LONG BEFORE THE AZTECS WERE HERE.

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OTOMI INDIANS IN MEXICO

OTOMI LIVE IN MEXICO IN THE CENTRAL PLATEAU REGION. THERE ARE ABOUT 250,000 OTOMI. THEY SPEAK AT LEAST FOUR RELATED LANGUAGES. A LARGE NUMBER OF MODERN OTONOMI NO LONGER SPEAK THE LANGUAGE. THERE ARE FIVE TO TWELVE OTONOMI LANGUAGE.

THEY ARE FARMERS AND RAISE LIVESTOCK. THEY EAT CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH. THEIR WORK IS DONE WITH A SORT OF COMBINATION OF A HOE AND DIGGING STICK. THEY PLANTED WHEAT WHEAT BARBEQUE USING PLOUGH AND OXEN.!THE MAGUEY IS ALSO CULTIVATED USING A VARIETY OF ISSUES. THEY RAISE SHEEP, GOATS, CHICKENS, TURKEYS, AND HOGS. THEIR CRAFTS INCLUDE SPINNING, WEAVING, POTTERY, BASKETRY, AND ROPE MAKING. DRESSES VARY FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN. THEY USUALLY HAVE WHITE COTTON SHIRTS AND PANTS, A SERAPE AND SANDALS AND HAT FOR MEN. THE WOMEN WEAR EMBRIODERED COTTON BLOUSE AND REBOSO FOR WOMEN.

RITUAL KINSHIP REQUIRED A GODPARENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADULTS OF A FAMILY AND A CHILD OF ANOTHER. THEIR MAJOR RITUALS AND MYTHS ARE BASICALLY CHRISTIAN. THE OTAMI, MIXTEC, NAHUA, AND TARASCO EMPHASIZE INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. MOST MUSIC IS TRADITIONAL WITH SINGING. SOME OF THEIR DANCES INCLUDE FLYING ACROBATS. THE FLYERS DANCE AROUND A POLE WITH THEIR MUSICIAN AND ACROBATS. THEIR ARE FOUR DANCERS, AND THE OTOMI HAVE SIX. THEY CLIMB UP A ROPE LADDER AND SEAT THEMSELVES ON A FRAMEWORK. UNDER SPANISH CENTRAL. EACH DANCES ON A TWO FOOT PLATFORM.

QUERETARA WAS FOUNDED BY OTAMI INDIANS IN 1446. BY 1531 THE SPANISH CONTROLLED IT. IT IS NOTED FOR ITS MULTI-ETHNIC BLEND.

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POPOLUCA INDIAN IN MEXICO

POPOLUCA IS A NAHUALE TERM FOR PEOPLES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN VERA CRUZ AND OAXACA. 30,000 PEOPLE SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF MIXE ZOQUE. OTHERS SPEAK MAZATECAN WHICH IS POPOLOCAN.

THEY LIVE IN TWO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. THE SIERRA GROUP LIVES AT 100 - 800 M WITH MUCH RAIN FORESTS. THE OLIVITA ARE NEAR SEA LEVEL AND IT IS VERY DRY AND DUSTY, LIKE A SAVANAH. DESPITE EARLY CONQUESTS BY NAHUA AND SPANISH THEY HAD LITTLE OTHER CONTACT. WHEN THE SOCIAL AGITATION CAUSED BY THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION, THEY WERE FORCED TO GROUP WITH OTHER FOLKS.

THEY HAVE BEEN FARMERS OF CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH, TOMATOES, PINEAPPLES, CHAYOTES, YAMS, MANIOC, AND OTHER FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES. THEY ALSO GROW COFFEE TO SELL FOR CASH. THEY USE SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE. THEY ALSO GROW COFFEE TO SELL FOR CASH. THEY USE SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE AND TWO CROPS ARE PLANTED PLANTED ANNUALLY. FIELDS ARE USUALLY PLANTED WITH DIGGING STICKS, AND A FEW PLOWS. THEY HAVE PIGS, POULTRY. SOME MEN HUNT WITH ARROWS TAKING DEER, BOARS, RABBITTS. SOME MEN HUNT WITH ARROWS TAKING DEER, BOARS, RABBITS, AND FISH. FISH ARE CAUGHT. THEY HAVE NO MARKETS BUT BUY AND SELL TO ITINERANT TRADERS FROM OUTSIDE THEIR SOCIETY. SOME TOWNS HAVE ZAPOTEC TRADERS THAT SELL ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. THERE IS USUALLY VERY LITTLE WEALTH LEFT WHEN THE EXPENSES OF LIVING HAVE BEEN MET, SO LITTLE IS SPENT ON FIESTAS.

THE SUPERNATURAL WORLD IS PRECOLUMBIAN AND VERY SIMILAR TO THE AZTECS, ZAPOTEC, AND MAYA. A SACRED MAYAN TEXT HAS PRESERVED THE THEIR BELIEFS. SOME INCLUDE MAIZE GODS, HURRICANE GODS, AND DANGEROUS SPIRITS WHO LIVE IN SPECIFIC PLACES. THE NAGUAL OR WITCH MAY BE SUPERNATURAL AND TRANSFORM HIMSELF INTO AN ANIMAL. THEY MAKE OFFERINGS TO SUPERNATURAL BEINGS SO THAT MAIZE WILL GROW WELL OR THEIR HUNTING AND FISHING EXPEDITIONS WILL BE SUCCESSFUL. ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY SUPERNATURAL INTRUSION OF OBJECTS INTO THE BODY AND LOS OF SOUL. WOMEN DELIVER BABIES OUTIDE OF HOSPITALS.A GROOM ASKS A PROSPECTIVE BRIDE FOR HER HUSBAND FOR HER HAND IN MARRIAGE. ONCE ACCEPTED THEY HAVE A FEAST.

THEY BURY PEOPLE WITH GRAVE GOODS FOR THE JOURNEY TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION.

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