THESE INDIANS LIVE IN CENTRAL OREGON ALONG THE COAST. THEY PROTECT PREHISTORIC SITES AND BELIEVE THEY ARE THE VOICES OF THEIR ANCESTORS. THEY DO DANCE ON SOME ON SOME SITES AND USE SOME FOR SPIRITUAL CEREMONIES, FISHING, AND GATHERING. THEY DEPEND ON THEIR VOICE OF THEIR ANCESTORS FOR PHYSICAL AND SPIRITUAL DIRECTION.THEIR NATURAL RESOURCE DEPARTMENT MANAGES THE TIMBER ASSETS. THEY HAVE A FISH AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT THAT EXAMINES THAT EXAMINES THE HEALTH OF DEER AND ELK HERDS. THEY ALSO HAVE A RECREATION DEPARTMENT THAT ORGANIZES OPPORTUNITIES ON THE RESERVATION INCLUDING HIKING DAY USE.
THEIR TRIBE HONORS THOSE WHO CAME BEFORE. FOR MANY GRANDE RONDE THERE WAS A MYTH THAT OCCURRED BEFORE THE WORLD WHERE WE LIVE NOW. DURING THE MYTH AGE THAT OCCURRED THE EARTH WAS MADE READY FOR PEOPLE BY THE ANIMALS. COYOTE AND CROW WERE TWO OF THESE ANIMALS WHOSE STORIES ARE TOLD. EIGHT DIFFERENT LANGUAGES WERE BROUGHT TO THIS RESERVATION IN MID 1950'S BY THE TREATY SIGNING TIMES. CHINUK WAWA WAS ADOPTED BY THE TRIBE AS THE MAIN LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE FOUND VARIOUS ARTIFACTS HERE THAT ARE 1000'S OF YEARS OLD. BY THE TIME LEWIS AND CLARK CAME TO THE WILLAMETTE RIVER THEIR ANCESTORS HAD BEEN LIVING THERE 1000'S OF YEARS. THEY HAD PROPHESIES ABOUT CUTTING INTO THE EARTH FOR CROPS.
THEY HAD WAYS OF ENSURING THAT THEY HAD FOOD IN THE COMING YEARS. THEY HAD TRADITIONAL LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES INCLUDING THE USE OF FIRE FOR MANAGING HUNTING, HARVESTING, AND REGROWTH. THESE FIRES COOKED GRASSHOPPERS AND THEY ATE THEM. THE PLANK HOUSE WAS BUILT TO ACCOMMODATE THE EXTENDED FAMILY.
THE SETTLERS TOOK THEIR LAND UNFORTUNATELY AND THE GOVERNMENT APPROVED. IN 2002 JUNE OLSON EXPLAINS THE TREATY THAT MOVED 2000 INDIANS FROM THEIR HOMELAND. IN 1954 CONGRESS TERMINATED THEIR RIGHTS AS WELL. THEY HAVE A VISION TODAY OF BEING HONEST AND SELF SUFFICIENT TO GAIN SELF DEVELOPMENT. THEY FISH FOR EEL AND CRAB AND THEIR SENIORS ARE INVOLVED IN COMMUNITY AFFAIRS. IN 2000 THE TRIBE AND USFS SIGNED A MEMORANDUM IN ORDER TO WORK TOGETHER TO PROTECT CULTURAL AND NATURAL; RESOURCES.. HUCKLEBERRIES ARE QUITE IMPORTANT TO THIS TRIBE SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL. THE TRIBE HAS DEVELOPED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE USFS AN EFFORT TO REVITALIZE THE CAMAS PRAIRIE. THEY ARE PRESERVING ANCIENT CULTURE BY CONTINUING TO DIG ROOTS AND MAKE BASKETS, PLAY STICKS GAMES, ATTEND POWWOWS, AND ROUND DANCES AND MAKE CANOES, AND USE THE TRADITIONAL CHINUCK WAWA LANGUAGE.
GRANDE RONDE.ORG
Monday, February 28, 2011
CLATSOP NEHELEM TRIBE
THIS TRIBE IS STRONGLY ATTACHED TO THERE HOMELAND BY THE NORTHERN OREGON COAST. THEY HAVE A STRONG COMMITMENT TO THEIR CHILDREN'S CHILDREN AND THEIR ELDERS. THEY BUILD CANOES FOR OCEAN TRAVEL AND ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. MOST OF THESE FOLKS LIVED COMMUNALLY IN VILLAGES AND THEY ALL TOOK PART IN TRADING , VISITING OTHER TRIBES AND MANY GATHERED TOGETHER IN A VILLAGE AT SEASIDE OREGON. THEY WERE CULTURALLY, ECONOMICALLY, AND SOCIALLY INTEGRATED WITH EACH OTHER.
FRANZ BOAS VISITED THE VILLAGES OF THE SEASIDE AREA. HE NOTED FREQUENT INTERMARRIAGE. LATER WRITERS FOUND THE SIMILAR INTEGRATION BETWEEN TRIBES LIVING IN THE PLAINS. THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEAN ON THE NORTH COAST CREATED A NUMBER OF NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE CLATSOP AND MEHALEN PEOPLE BY 1851. GATHERING AT TANSY POINT ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER THE CLATSOP WANTED A TREATY NEGOTIATION WITH A SUPERINTENDENT FROM WASHINGTON DC. MANY OF THE CLATSOP AND NE HALEM PEOPLE REMAINED ON THEIR HOMELAND. AND WERE NOT PART OF THE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE.
AFTER THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY WHEN ANGLOS INVADED THEIR LANDS, THESE TWO TRIBES DECIDED TO SHARE POLITICALLY AS THEY BOTH MOVED FORWARD TO GAIN FEDERAL RECOGNITION. IN THE 1980'S THEY ENROLLED MEMBERS TOGETHER AND ESTABLISHED A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION TO COORDINATE TRIBAL EFFORTS. TODAY THEY HAVE A STRONG ATTACHMENT TO THEIR HOMELAND.
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FRANZ BOAS VISITED THE VILLAGES OF THE SEASIDE AREA. HE NOTED FREQUENT INTERMARRIAGE. LATER WRITERS FOUND THE SIMILAR INTEGRATION BETWEEN TRIBES LIVING IN THE PLAINS. THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEAN ON THE NORTH COAST CREATED A NUMBER OF NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE CLATSOP AND MEHALEN PEOPLE BY 1851. GATHERING AT TANSY POINT ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER THE CLATSOP WANTED A TREATY NEGOTIATION WITH A SUPERINTENDENT FROM WASHINGTON DC. MANY OF THE CLATSOP AND NE HALEM PEOPLE REMAINED ON THEIR HOMELAND. AND WERE NOT PART OF THE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE.
AFTER THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY WHEN ANGLOS INVADED THEIR LANDS, THESE TWO TRIBES DECIDED TO SHARE POLITICALLY AS THEY BOTH MOVED FORWARD TO GAIN FEDERAL RECOGNITION. IN THE 1980'S THEY ENROLLED MEMBERS TOGETHER AND ESTABLISHED A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION TO COORDINATE TRIBAL EFFORTS. TODAY THEY HAVE A STRONG ATTACHMENT TO THEIR HOMELAND.
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BURNS PAIUTE INDIANS
NINE THOUSAND YEARS AGO THE NORTHERN GREAT BASIN IN OREGON WHICH IS NOW DESERT WAS A LARGE LAKE . THEIR ANCESTORS LIVED IN CAVES NEAR THE SHORES. CAMELS, MAMMOTHS, BISON, ELK, AND DEER ROAMED THE HILLS. THEY COLLECTED HEMP, WILLOW, TULE, AND SAGEBRUSH BARK FOR SANDALS AND BASKETS AND ROPE. A BEAUTIFUL BLANKET WOVEN FROM RABBIT FUR WAS PRESERVED IN THE CAVE FOR 10,000 YEARS! ARCHAEOLOGISTS ALSO FOUND CLOTHING FROM DEER. THEY DETERMINED THAT THEY ATE FISH, SALMON, SMALL ANIMALS, PLANTS, AND AND SEEDS. DURING THE NEXT 2000 YEARS THE CLIMATE BEGAN TO DRY UP. BY 7500 CAMELS, LARGE MAMMALS BECAME EXTINCT. HERE. PEOPLE DECIDED TO SEASONAL MIGRATION.
SMALL FAMILY GROUPS TRAVELED SEPARATELY TO COLLECT SEEDS AND ROOTS AND HUNT FISH. THESE SMALLER GROUPS CAME TOGETHER TO HARVEST, SOCIALIZE AND INTERMARRY WITH OTHER PAIUTES. SPRING WAS A TIME TO FISH FOR SALMON IN RIVERS AND GATHERED ROOT CROPS. SUMMER WAS FOR BERRIES AND FRUIT WAS FOR STORING AND DRYING FOR WINTER. FAMILIES COMMUNALLY HUNTED DEER AND ANTELOPE BY DRIVING THEM INTO NETS. LATE FALL THEY MADE ARTISTIC ITEMS. AND COLLECTED SOME PLANT MATERIAL. IN LATE FALL THEY BUILT HOUSES BY THE SPRINGS TO LIVE DURING THE WINTER - THIS SEASONAL STRATEGY LASTED FOR 1000'S OF YEARS.
THE BURNS PAUITE TRIBE COLLECTED WADA SEEDS FOR FOOD. BANDS OF INDIANS WERE NAMED AFTER AN IMPORTANT FOOD IN THE AREA. ANOTHER BAND HAD OVER 52,000 SQUARE MILES.
BURNSPIUTE-NSN.GOV
SMALL FAMILY GROUPS TRAVELED SEPARATELY TO COLLECT SEEDS AND ROOTS AND HUNT FISH. THESE SMALLER GROUPS CAME TOGETHER TO HARVEST, SOCIALIZE AND INTERMARRY WITH OTHER PAIUTES. SPRING WAS A TIME TO FISH FOR SALMON IN RIVERS AND GATHERED ROOT CROPS. SUMMER WAS FOR BERRIES AND FRUIT WAS FOR STORING AND DRYING FOR WINTER. FAMILIES COMMUNALLY HUNTED DEER AND ANTELOPE BY DRIVING THEM INTO NETS. LATE FALL THEY MADE ARTISTIC ITEMS. AND COLLECTED SOME PLANT MATERIAL. IN LATE FALL THEY BUILT HOUSES BY THE SPRINGS TO LIVE DURING THE WINTER - THIS SEASONAL STRATEGY LASTED FOR 1000'S OF YEARS.
THE BURNS PAUITE TRIBE COLLECTED WADA SEEDS FOR FOOD. BANDS OF INDIANS WERE NAMED AFTER AN IMPORTANT FOOD IN THE AREA. ANOTHER BAND HAD OVER 52,000 SQUARE MILES.
BURNSPIUTE-NSN.GOV
CONFERATED TRIBE OF LOWER UMPQUA
THIS TRIBE LIVES BETWEEN THE CALLIPOGIA RANGE NEAR THE HEADWATERS OF THE SUISLAW AND UMPQUA RIVERS IN LANE COUNTY, OREGON. FOR MANY GENERATIONS THESE PEOPLE HAD LIVED IN THE MOUNTAINS AND TRAVELED TO THE COAST TO HUNT AND GATHER IN THE LAND. THEIR VILLAGES WERE COMPOSED OF NUMEROUS RELATED FAMILIES EACH WITH A HEADMAN. A GROUP OF RELATED CHIEFS COLLECTIVELY FORMED A TRIBAL COUNCIL - ANOTHER HIERARCHY BASED UPON THE CHIEF'S WEALTH.
LARGER VILLAGES CREATED GREATER ECONOMIC WEALTH AND POWER, BUT THE POWER OF PERSONAL CHARACTER AND FAMILY PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE CHIEF'S POSITION. THEY HAD A HIGH MODEL OF GROUP DECISION. MAKING IN A TALKING CIRCLE. THE MOST IMPORTANT PEOPLE WITHIN THE SOCIAL HIERARCHY SAT IN THE OUTER CIRCLE. EVERYONE COULD HAVE A VOICE IN DECISION MAKING. IT WAS A DEMOCRACY SO THAT ALL ADULTS PARTICIPATED.
THEY APPRECIATED NATURE AND THEIR LAND AND FOUND THAT IT WAS SPIRIT EXPRESSING ITSELF. THEY BELIEVED IN SHARING THEIR RESOURCES. VS. BEING AN INDIVIDUAL. THEY HAD POTLATCHES IN ORDER TO SHARE AND GIVE AWAY THEIR POSITIONS. THEIR LAND AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CREATED SUSTAINABLE HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN ALL OF OUR NEEDS. IT WAS A MANAGEMENT STYLE THAT CREATED SUSTAINABLE HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN ALL OF OUR NEEDS. IT WAS A MANAGEMENT STYLE THAT WAS BASED UPON REVERENCE TO THE NATURAL WORLD AND CONSIDERED THE SEVENTH GENERATION. WE RESPECTED THE LIVES OF SALMON PEOPLE AND THE ANIMALS WHO SHARED THEIR LAND.
THEY BUILT PERMANENT WINTER VILLAGES ALONG RIVERS THAT PROVIDED
FRESH WATER FISH AND THESE AREAS THAT WERE PROTECTED FROM STRONG WIND AND STORMS. THEY ALSO HAD SEASONAL CAMPS LOCATED UP RIVER TO CATCH SALMON AND EELS. EACH VILLAGE HAD EXTENDED FAMILY GROUPS WHO WERE RELATED BY BLOOD OR MARRIAGE.
THEY BUILT PLANK HOUSES FROM CEDAR AND NEEDED TO DIG A PIT SIX FEET DEEP. PLANKS AND POSTS WERE ABOVE GROUND AND COVERED WITH A PLANK ROOF OF CEDAR AND TULE MATERIAL. TULE MATS WERE PLACED ON THE FLOOR. THEY BUILT BENCHES ALONG THE WALLS AND STORAGE SHELVES. THEY PLACED BASKETS , DRIED FISH, DRIED MEAT AND ROOTS AND NUTS FOR THE WINTER.
THEY HAD SWEAT LODGES AND PLAYHOUSES AND STORAGE SHEDS. THEY STORED THEIR STONES, BONE, TOOLS, AND BASKETS HERE. MEN AND WOMEN HAD OWN SWEAT LODGES- MEN HAD MEETINGS IN THEIR SWEAT LODGES. WHEN A PERSON WAS OLD ENOUGH TO BE MARRIED, HE OR SHE WAS USUALLY SOUGHT A SPOUSE. FROM ANOTHER VILLAGE OR ANOTHER TRIBE. MARRIAGES WERE ARRANGED FROM BETWEEN THE PARENTS AND THE BRIDE AND GROOM. THE GROOM AND HIS FAMILY PAID TO MARRY THE BRIDE. WOMEN THEN LIVED AT THEIR HUSBAND'S VILLAGE.
CEDAR WAS THE MOST COMMON WOOD AND WAS USED TO BUILD CANOES AND HOUSES. THE PADDLES WERE HAND CARVED FROM HARDWOOD ASH AND MAPLE. THEY USED FLINT AND OBSIDIAN TOOLS. THEY MADE TOOLS SUCH AS MAULS, HAMMERS, FISH NETS, ANCHORS, AND AXES WERE SHAPED. ADZES FOR CARVING CANOES WERE TRADED FROM ANOTHER TRIBES. ELK ANTLERS WERE MADE INTO SPOONS. THE INNER BARK OF THE RED CEDAR WAS PEELED AND DRIED AND USED FOR BASKET MAKING. MAPLE BARK WAS USED IN BASKETRY AND FOR MAKING MAPLE BARK WAS USED IN BASKETRY AND FOR MAKING SKIRTS. BASKETS OF ALL KINDS WERE MADE FROM ALL KINDS OF ROOTS, SEDGES AND BARK. CANOES WERE IMPORTANT TRAVEL AND WERE MADE BY HOLLOWING OUT CEDAR LOGS WITH HOT COALS. THEY FINISHED THE CANOE WITH RED CLAY PAINT.
THEIR FOOD WAS VERY RICH WITH SALMON, EELS, STURGEON, HERRING, SEALS, WHALES, SEA BIRD EGGS, CRAB, ELK, DEER, SEAWEED, ROOTS, AND BERRIES. MEN HUNTED IN FALL AND FISHED WITH THE SEASONAL ROUND OF MIGRATIONS. THE HERRING WERE SO THICK YOU COULD WALK ACROSS THEM. THEY WERE DRIED FOR WINTER. WOMEN COLLECTED CAMAS AND OTHER ROOTS INCLUDING EDIBLE GREENS AND CLOVER AND WAPATO. CAMAS WAS BAKED IN AN EARTHEN OVEN AND A FIRE HEATED THE ROCKS THAT WERE PLACED IN THE OVEN. THE FOOD COOKED THIS WAY AND THEY USED GREEN LEAVES TO COVER THEIR FOOD AND THEN SOIL WAS PLACED ON TOP. CAMAS BAKED FOR ONE DAY. BUCKEYES ALSO WERE COOKED THIS WAY BUT THEY HAD TO BE LEACHED FIRST. BERRIES OF ALL KINDS WERE GATHERED FOR DRYING IN THE WINTER.
THEIR CLOTHES WERE MADE FROM MATERIALS INCLUDING ELK, DEER HIDES, AND A WIDE VARIETY OF PLANT FIBERS. MEN DID NOT WEAR MUCH UNLESS THE WEATHER WAS COLD OR VERY WET. MEN WORE A BUCKSKIN BREACH CLOTH, AND A HAT MADE FROM OF SOME ANIMAL HIDE. THEY WORE CATTAIL CAPES FOR RAIN COATS. WOMEN WORE CAPES AND SKIRTS MADE FROM A VARIETY OF MATERIALS. SEDGES MADE GOOD SKIRTS FOR WORKING AROUND WATER. BUCKSKIN DRESSES DON'T DO WELL IN WET CLIMATES, BUT ARE MADE FOR SPECIAL OCCASION. FIREWOOD FIBER WAS USED FOR CORDAGE. WOMEN MADE VERY FINE BASKET HATS IN RED, BROWN, YELLOW, BLACK, AND WHITE DESIGNS. THEY ALSO USED MAIDENHAIR FERN , ALDER BARK, OREGON GRAPE AND BEAR GRASS.
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LARGER VILLAGES CREATED GREATER ECONOMIC WEALTH AND POWER, BUT THE POWER OF PERSONAL CHARACTER AND FAMILY PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE CHIEF'S POSITION. THEY HAD A HIGH MODEL OF GROUP DECISION. MAKING IN A TALKING CIRCLE. THE MOST IMPORTANT PEOPLE WITHIN THE SOCIAL HIERARCHY SAT IN THE OUTER CIRCLE. EVERYONE COULD HAVE A VOICE IN DECISION MAKING. IT WAS A DEMOCRACY SO THAT ALL ADULTS PARTICIPATED.
THEY APPRECIATED NATURE AND THEIR LAND AND FOUND THAT IT WAS SPIRIT EXPRESSING ITSELF. THEY BELIEVED IN SHARING THEIR RESOURCES. VS. BEING AN INDIVIDUAL. THEY HAD POTLATCHES IN ORDER TO SHARE AND GIVE AWAY THEIR POSITIONS. THEIR LAND AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CREATED SUSTAINABLE HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN ALL OF OUR NEEDS. IT WAS A MANAGEMENT STYLE THAT CREATED SUSTAINABLE HUMAN COMMUNITIES IN ALL OF OUR NEEDS. IT WAS A MANAGEMENT STYLE THAT WAS BASED UPON REVERENCE TO THE NATURAL WORLD AND CONSIDERED THE SEVENTH GENERATION. WE RESPECTED THE LIVES OF SALMON PEOPLE AND THE ANIMALS WHO SHARED THEIR LAND.
THEY BUILT PERMANENT WINTER VILLAGES ALONG RIVERS THAT PROVIDED
FRESH WATER FISH AND THESE AREAS THAT WERE PROTECTED FROM STRONG WIND AND STORMS. THEY ALSO HAD SEASONAL CAMPS LOCATED UP RIVER TO CATCH SALMON AND EELS. EACH VILLAGE HAD EXTENDED FAMILY GROUPS WHO WERE RELATED BY BLOOD OR MARRIAGE.
THEY BUILT PLANK HOUSES FROM CEDAR AND NEEDED TO DIG A PIT SIX FEET DEEP. PLANKS AND POSTS WERE ABOVE GROUND AND COVERED WITH A PLANK ROOF OF CEDAR AND TULE MATERIAL. TULE MATS WERE PLACED ON THE FLOOR. THEY BUILT BENCHES ALONG THE WALLS AND STORAGE SHELVES. THEY PLACED BASKETS , DRIED FISH, DRIED MEAT AND ROOTS AND NUTS FOR THE WINTER.
THEY HAD SWEAT LODGES AND PLAYHOUSES AND STORAGE SHEDS. THEY STORED THEIR STONES, BONE, TOOLS, AND BASKETS HERE. MEN AND WOMEN HAD OWN SWEAT LODGES- MEN HAD MEETINGS IN THEIR SWEAT LODGES. WHEN A PERSON WAS OLD ENOUGH TO BE MARRIED, HE OR SHE WAS USUALLY SOUGHT A SPOUSE. FROM ANOTHER VILLAGE OR ANOTHER TRIBE. MARRIAGES WERE ARRANGED FROM BETWEEN THE PARENTS AND THE BRIDE AND GROOM. THE GROOM AND HIS FAMILY PAID TO MARRY THE BRIDE. WOMEN THEN LIVED AT THEIR HUSBAND'S VILLAGE.
CEDAR WAS THE MOST COMMON WOOD AND WAS USED TO BUILD CANOES AND HOUSES. THE PADDLES WERE HAND CARVED FROM HARDWOOD ASH AND MAPLE. THEY USED FLINT AND OBSIDIAN TOOLS. THEY MADE TOOLS SUCH AS MAULS, HAMMERS, FISH NETS, ANCHORS, AND AXES WERE SHAPED. ADZES FOR CARVING CANOES WERE TRADED FROM ANOTHER TRIBES. ELK ANTLERS WERE MADE INTO SPOONS. THE INNER BARK OF THE RED CEDAR WAS PEELED AND DRIED AND USED FOR BASKET MAKING. MAPLE BARK WAS USED IN BASKETRY AND FOR MAKING MAPLE BARK WAS USED IN BASKETRY AND FOR MAKING SKIRTS. BASKETS OF ALL KINDS WERE MADE FROM ALL KINDS OF ROOTS, SEDGES AND BARK. CANOES WERE IMPORTANT TRAVEL AND WERE MADE BY HOLLOWING OUT CEDAR LOGS WITH HOT COALS. THEY FINISHED THE CANOE WITH RED CLAY PAINT.
THEIR FOOD WAS VERY RICH WITH SALMON, EELS, STURGEON, HERRING, SEALS, WHALES, SEA BIRD EGGS, CRAB, ELK, DEER, SEAWEED, ROOTS, AND BERRIES. MEN HUNTED IN FALL AND FISHED WITH THE SEASONAL ROUND OF MIGRATIONS. THE HERRING WERE SO THICK YOU COULD WALK ACROSS THEM. THEY WERE DRIED FOR WINTER. WOMEN COLLECTED CAMAS AND OTHER ROOTS INCLUDING EDIBLE GREENS AND CLOVER AND WAPATO. CAMAS WAS BAKED IN AN EARTHEN OVEN AND A FIRE HEATED THE ROCKS THAT WERE PLACED IN THE OVEN. THE FOOD COOKED THIS WAY AND THEY USED GREEN LEAVES TO COVER THEIR FOOD AND THEN SOIL WAS PLACED ON TOP. CAMAS BAKED FOR ONE DAY. BUCKEYES ALSO WERE COOKED THIS WAY BUT THEY HAD TO BE LEACHED FIRST. BERRIES OF ALL KINDS WERE GATHERED FOR DRYING IN THE WINTER.
THEIR CLOTHES WERE MADE FROM MATERIALS INCLUDING ELK, DEER HIDES, AND A WIDE VARIETY OF PLANT FIBERS. MEN DID NOT WEAR MUCH UNLESS THE WEATHER WAS COLD OR VERY WET. MEN WORE A BUCKSKIN BREACH CLOTH, AND A HAT MADE FROM OF SOME ANIMAL HIDE. THEY WORE CATTAIL CAPES FOR RAIN COATS. WOMEN WORE CAPES AND SKIRTS MADE FROM A VARIETY OF MATERIALS. SEDGES MADE GOOD SKIRTS FOR WORKING AROUND WATER. BUCKSKIN DRESSES DON'T DO WELL IN WET CLIMATES, BUT ARE MADE FOR SPECIAL OCCASION. FIREWOOD FIBER WAS USED FOR CORDAGE. WOMEN MADE VERY FINE BASKET HATS IN RED, BROWN, YELLOW, BLACK, AND WHITE DESIGNS. THEY ALSO USED MAIDENHAIR FERN , ALDER BARK, OREGON GRAPE AND BEAR GRASS.
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CHURCH OF RELIGIOUS SCIENCE
THIS WEEK KIM KAISER WAS THE REVEREND WHO SPOKE ABOUT THE THEME OF BEING GIVING. HE SAID WE ARE ALL INSPIRATIONS OF ONE SPIRIT AND WE BELIEVE IN THE INCARNATION OF THE SPIRIT.
MELODY IS A GREAT NOTE THAT IS IN LOVE WITH EACH OTHER. THE SOUL IS HOLY AND PURE. MUSAN SAID CHANGE OUR EXPERIENCE IN A LOVING WAY - NOT PRETENDING. IF YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR OUTER BEHAVIOR CHANGE HOW YOU RELATE TO OTHERS.
IT'S ABOUT PRACTICE AND HOW WE SOUND INWARDLY. GENEROSITY - AMERICANS FEAR BEING MADE A FOOL OF! PEOPLE WANT MOST TO BE ACKNOWLEDGED. WHAT YOU GIVE YOU GET. GIVE OPENLY WITH LOVE. WE LOVE COMPASSION FOR HOMELESS OR ANYONE. BE CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER. EQUANIMITY AS LONG AS WE ARE TRANQUIL, IT IS REMOTE FROM THIS SERVICE. BE LIKE A SURFER WHO RIDES THE WAVES IN EVEN KEEL . BE CENTERED IN YOURSELF AND BE POISED. SEE MORE THAT YOU MAY OTHERWISE FEEL. INSIST YOUR COMMUNICATION BE POSITIVE.
THE REAL POINT IS TO MAKE A CHANGE SO DEEP THAT YOU RESPOND SO INTUITIVELY. EMA HOPKINS WHO IS A MUSICIAN IS GOOD BECAUSE SHE HAS MADE A COMMITMENT TO BE GOOD AT PRACTICING PRAYER. SEE ONLY THE GOOD.
MELODY IS A GREAT NOTE THAT IS IN LOVE WITH EACH OTHER. THE SOUL IS HOLY AND PURE. MUSAN SAID CHANGE OUR EXPERIENCE IN A LOVING WAY - NOT PRETENDING. IF YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR OUTER BEHAVIOR CHANGE HOW YOU RELATE TO OTHERS.
IT'S ABOUT PRACTICE AND HOW WE SOUND INWARDLY. GENEROSITY - AMERICANS FEAR BEING MADE A FOOL OF! PEOPLE WANT MOST TO BE ACKNOWLEDGED. WHAT YOU GIVE YOU GET. GIVE OPENLY WITH LOVE. WE LOVE COMPASSION FOR HOMELESS OR ANYONE. BE CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER. EQUANIMITY AS LONG AS WE ARE TRANQUIL, IT IS REMOTE FROM THIS SERVICE. BE LIKE A SURFER WHO RIDES THE WAVES IN EVEN KEEL . BE CENTERED IN YOURSELF AND BE POISED. SEE MORE THAT YOU MAY OTHERWISE FEEL. INSIST YOUR COMMUNICATION BE POSITIVE.
THE REAL POINT IS TO MAKE A CHANGE SO DEEP THAT YOU RESPOND SO INTUITIVELY. EMA HOPKINS WHO IS A MUSICIAN IS GOOD BECAUSE SHE HAS MADE A COMMITMENT TO BE GOOD AT PRACTICING PRAYER. SEE ONLY THE GOOD.
Thursday, February 24, 2011
CUPENO INDIANS
THESES INDIANS ORIGINALLY LIVED ABOUT 50 MILES INLAND AND 50 MILES NORTH OF THE MEXICAN BORDER IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA . TODAY THEY MIX WITH THE LUISENO MISSION INDIANS CAHILLA INDIANS AND LOS COYOTE BAND. SEVERAL GROUPS COMBINED TO FORM CUPENO ABOUT 1000 - 1200 AD. THEY WERE RELATED TO CAHILLA CULTURE .
THEY LIVED IN TWO VILLAGES. THEY LIVED NEAR WARNER SPRINGS AND ALSO EAST OF LAKE HENSHAW. THEY MET SPANIARDS IN 1795 AND THEY TOOK CONTROL OF THEIR BY THE 19TH CENTURY. JUAN WARNER WAS A NATURALIZED AMERICAN -MEXICAN WHO HAD 45,000 ACRES OF THE LAND IN A GRANT FROM THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT IN 1844. HE DEPENDED UPON INDIANS FOR LABOR. THE INDIANS FROM CUPENO WORKED FOR HIM ON HIS RANCH. OF CATTLE. THE CUPENO CONTINUED TO LIVE AT AGUA CALIENTE AFTER AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA IN 1847. THEY BUILT AN ADOBE RANCH HOUSE AND BORN IN 1857. ACCORDING TO JULIO ORTEGA, ONE OF THE OLDEST MEMBERS OF THE CUPENO TRIBE SET ASIDE 16 MILES OF LAND AROUND THE HOT SPRINGS AS THE DOMAIN OF THE INDIANS. IN 1892 JOHN DEWEY, A GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA WANTED TO EVICT THE INDIANS FROM THE RANCH. IN 1903 THE COURT RULED AGAINST THE INDIANS AGAINST THE INDIANS. THE GOVERNMENT OFFERED THEM NEW LAND.
PRIOR TO THEIR EVICTION THE EUROPEAN CONTACT AND THE THE CUPENOS SOLD MILK , FODDER, AND SOME CRAFT WORK TO TRAVELERS ON THE SOUTHERN IMMIGRANT TRAIL AND TO PASSENGERS ON THE STAGECOACHES. THE WOMEN WASHED CLOTHES IN THE HOT SP[RINGS. THE MEN CARVED WOOD AND MANUFACTURED SADDLES FOR HORSES. IN 1903 THE CUPENO INDIANS WERE FORCED TO MOVE TO PALA ON THE SAN LUIS REY RIVER 75 MILES AWAY. MANY CUPENO BELIEVE THAT THEIR LAND WILL BE RETURNED TO THEM . THEY ARE SEEKING LEGAL RELIEF. THE CUPA SERVES AS A RALLYING POINT FOR THEIR LAND MOVEMENT OF THE CONTEMPORARY INDIANS.
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THEY LIVED IN TWO VILLAGES. THEY LIVED NEAR WARNER SPRINGS AND ALSO EAST OF LAKE HENSHAW. THEY MET SPANIARDS IN 1795 AND THEY TOOK CONTROL OF THEIR BY THE 19TH CENTURY. JUAN WARNER WAS A NATURALIZED AMERICAN -MEXICAN WHO HAD 45,000 ACRES OF THE LAND IN A GRANT FROM THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT IN 1844. HE DEPENDED UPON INDIANS FOR LABOR. THE INDIANS FROM CUPENO WORKED FOR HIM ON HIS RANCH. OF CATTLE. THE CUPENO CONTINUED TO LIVE AT AGUA CALIENTE AFTER AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA IN 1847. THEY BUILT AN ADOBE RANCH HOUSE AND BORN IN 1857. ACCORDING TO JULIO ORTEGA, ONE OF THE OLDEST MEMBERS OF THE CUPENO TRIBE SET ASIDE 16 MILES OF LAND AROUND THE HOT SPRINGS AS THE DOMAIN OF THE INDIANS. IN 1892 JOHN DEWEY, A GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA WANTED TO EVICT THE INDIANS FROM THE RANCH. IN 1903 THE COURT RULED AGAINST THE INDIANS AGAINST THE INDIANS. THE GOVERNMENT OFFERED THEM NEW LAND.
PRIOR TO THEIR EVICTION THE EUROPEAN CONTACT AND THE THE CUPENOS SOLD MILK , FODDER, AND SOME CRAFT WORK TO TRAVELERS ON THE SOUTHERN IMMIGRANT TRAIL AND TO PASSENGERS ON THE STAGECOACHES. THE WOMEN WASHED CLOTHES IN THE HOT SP[RINGS. THE MEN CARVED WOOD AND MANUFACTURED SADDLES FOR HORSES. IN 1903 THE CUPENO INDIANS WERE FORCED TO MOVE TO PALA ON THE SAN LUIS REY RIVER 75 MILES AWAY. MANY CUPENO BELIEVE THAT THEIR LAND WILL BE RETURNED TO THEM . THEY ARE SEEKING LEGAL RELIEF. THE CUPA SERVES AS A RALLYING POINT FOR THEIR LAND MOVEMENT OF THE CONTEMPORARY INDIANS.
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CHIMARIKO INDIANS
THESE FOLKS WERE A SMALL TRIBE LOCATED AT THE MOUTH OF LEW RIVER. THEY BECAME KNOWN TO THE WHITES WHO WERE MINERS IN 1850. THEY WERE FRIENDLY TO THE HUPA. THEY WERE AT WAR WITH THE WINTUN OF TRINITY RIVER. BY 1903 THEY NUMBERED 9. THEY DID NOT MAKE CANOES AND DID NOT USE DEER SKIN DANCES OF THE HUPA AND YUROK. THEY LIVED BY CATCHING SALMON AND EELS IN NETS, AND COLLECTED MANY NATIVE PLANTS.
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CHILULA INDIANS
THESE FOLKS ORIGINALLY LIVED NEAR REDWOOD CREEK WITH SOME 500 TO 600 YEARS BEFORE CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS. THEY LIVE MAINLY IN THE HOOPA RESERVATION. THEY ORIGINALLY HAD 18 VILLAGES. THIS TRIBE WAS A SEDENTARY HUNTER AND GATHERER TRIBE LOCATED JUST INLAND. THEY LOST THEIR LAND AS A RESULT OF THE GOLD RUSH AND WERE MASSACRED BY THE LASIK. THE REST MOVED TO HOOPA. IN 1700 THEY HAD 500 PEOPLE BUT TO DAY THERE ARE NO CHILULA REMAINING.
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MAIDU INDIANS
THEY ARE IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA IN THE DRAINAGE AREA OF THE FEATHER AND AMERICAN RIVERS. MAIDU MEANS PERSON. KROEBER ESTIMATED THAT THE TRIBE HAD ABOUT 9000 PEOPLE IN 1770. THEY WERE EXCEPTIONAL BASKET MAKERS. THE SIZE OF THEIR BASKETS WERE THIMBLE SIZE TO 10 FEET IN DIAMETER. THERE STITCHES ARE SO FINE YOU NEED A MAGNIFYING GLASS TO SEE THEM. TO WEAVE THE BASKETS THEY USED DOZENS OF PLANTS - BARKS, ROOTS, SEDGES, AND STEMS. THEY FREQUENTLY USED FERN ROOTS, RED BARK OF REDBUD, WHITE WILLOW TWIGS, AND TULE ROOTS, HAZEL TWIGS, YUCCA LEAVES, BROWN MARSH GRASS, SEDGE ROOTS, GRASS ROOTS.
THEY WERE ONLY HUNTERS AND GATHERS AND LIKE THE POMO AND MIWOK TENDED THE VEGETATION NEAR THEIR VILLAGE AND TENDED THE OAK TREES IN ORDER TO STORE LARGE QUANTITIES FOR HARDER TIMES. MUCH OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT WAS RICH IN IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS AND FISH IN RIVERS. THEY USED BASALT ROCK MORTARS AND PESTLES TO GRIND ACORNS.
THEIR HOUSES WERE SEMI-UNDERGROUND AND WERE 20 - 40 FEET IN DIAMETER. THE HOUSE FLOOR WAS DUG AND POLES WERE BUILT FOR A FRAMEWORK AND EARTH WAS PLACED ON TOP OF THE LOG FRAMEWORK. THEY BUILT A CENTRAL FIRE. SUMMER DWELLINGS WERE BUILT WITH SAPLINGS POSTS AND COVERED WITH BRUSH AND SOME DIRT WITH AN OPENING TO THE EAST. THEY LIVED IN SMALL VILLAGES WITH NO CENTRALIZED POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. THERE WERE MEN WHO HEALED THE KUKSU CULT. THEY NEGOTIATED MATTERS THAT AROSE BETWEEN VILLAGES.
THEIR RELIGION IN HISTORIC TIMES WAS BASED ON THE KUKSU CULT BUT GENERALLY DID NOT EXERCISE DAY TO DAY AUTHORITY. IT WAS A MALE SECRET DAY TO DAY AUTHORITY. IT WAS A MALE SECRET SOCIETY CHARACTERIZED BY BIG HEAD DANCES. THEY SPEAK A PENUTIAN LANGUAGE. MANY OF THEIR PEOPLE ARE NATURAL ARTISTS.
THE FIRST ANGLO CONTACT WAS IN 1830'S AND THEIR DISEASES KILLED MANY MAIDU. THE MINERS AND SETTLERS RESULTED IN A LACK OF NATIVE'S LANDS TO GATHER RESOURCES. IN SOME CASES IT RESULTED IN STARVATION. THE NEW STATE PASSED DISCRIMINATORY LAWS TO ALLOW RAIDS BY SLAVE TRADERS, A POLICY OF DEPORTATION TO RESERVATIONS, EXTERMINATED THOSE WHO REFUSED HERDING TO THE ROUND VALLEY RESERVATION IN 1863. THE COMCO MAIDU RECEIVED FEDERAL RECOGNITION.
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THEY WERE ONLY HUNTERS AND GATHERS AND LIKE THE POMO AND MIWOK TENDED THE VEGETATION NEAR THEIR VILLAGE AND TENDED THE OAK TREES IN ORDER TO STORE LARGE QUANTITIES FOR HARDER TIMES. MUCH OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT WAS RICH IN IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS AND FISH IN RIVERS. THEY USED BASALT ROCK MORTARS AND PESTLES TO GRIND ACORNS.
THEIR HOUSES WERE SEMI-UNDERGROUND AND WERE 20 - 40 FEET IN DIAMETER. THE HOUSE FLOOR WAS DUG AND POLES WERE BUILT FOR A FRAMEWORK AND EARTH WAS PLACED ON TOP OF THE LOG FRAMEWORK. THEY BUILT A CENTRAL FIRE. SUMMER DWELLINGS WERE BUILT WITH SAPLINGS POSTS AND COVERED WITH BRUSH AND SOME DIRT WITH AN OPENING TO THE EAST. THEY LIVED IN SMALL VILLAGES WITH NO CENTRALIZED POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. THERE WERE MEN WHO HEALED THE KUKSU CULT. THEY NEGOTIATED MATTERS THAT AROSE BETWEEN VILLAGES.
THEIR RELIGION IN HISTORIC TIMES WAS BASED ON THE KUKSU CULT BUT GENERALLY DID NOT EXERCISE DAY TO DAY AUTHORITY. IT WAS A MALE SECRET DAY TO DAY AUTHORITY. IT WAS A MALE SECRET SOCIETY CHARACTERIZED BY BIG HEAD DANCES. THEY SPEAK A PENUTIAN LANGUAGE. MANY OF THEIR PEOPLE ARE NATURAL ARTISTS.
THE FIRST ANGLO CONTACT WAS IN 1830'S AND THEIR DISEASES KILLED MANY MAIDU. THE MINERS AND SETTLERS RESULTED IN A LACK OF NATIVE'S LANDS TO GATHER RESOURCES. IN SOME CASES IT RESULTED IN STARVATION. THE NEW STATE PASSED DISCRIMINATORY LAWS TO ALLOW RAIDS BY SLAVE TRADERS, A POLICY OF DEPORTATION TO RESERVATIONS, EXTERMINATED THOSE WHO REFUSED HERDING TO THE ROUND VALLEY RESERVATION IN 1863. THE COMCO MAIDU RECEIVED FEDERAL RECOGNITION.
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MATTOLE INDIANS
MATTOLE ARE BEAR RIVER INDIANS ARE A GROUP OF NATIVE WHO TRADITIONALLY LIVE ON THE MATTOLE AND BEAR RIVERS NEAR CAPE MENDOCINO. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MATTOLE AND OTHER INDIANS IS THAT THE MEN HAD FACIAL, TATTOOS TO WOMEN. THEY SPOKE ATABASKAN LANGUAGE AND MAY HAVE RETALIATED TO THEIR EEL RIVER NEIGHBORS. KROEBER NOTED IN 1770 THE MATTOLE HAD 500 PEOPLE IN 1770. COOK ESTIMATED THE KATO, MATTOLE, MOGATL, AND SINKYONE TO BE ABOUT 4700 - 50 % HIGHER THAN KROEBER. THEY WERE SEDENTARY HUNTERS AND GATHERS WHO CAME FROM CANADA.
TODAY THEY ARE ON THE ROHNERVILLE RANCHERIA THAT IS ORGANIZED AS A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE WITH THEIR HEADQUARTERS IN LOLETA, CA. LIKE MOST NORTHWEST COAST INDIANS THEY ATE QUITE A BIT OF SALMON. TODAY THEY ARE INVOLVED IN FINDING NEW WAYS TO RESTORE THE SALMON HABITAT.
BY 1850 THEY, LIKE MANY OTHER GROUPS, WERE GREATLY AFFECTED BY GOLD MINERS AND INFLUX OF ANGLOS.
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TODAY THEY ARE ON THE ROHNERVILLE RANCHERIA THAT IS ORGANIZED AS A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE WITH THEIR HEADQUARTERS IN LOLETA, CA. LIKE MOST NORTHWEST COAST INDIANS THEY ATE QUITE A BIT OF SALMON. TODAY THEY ARE INVOLVED IN FINDING NEW WAYS TO RESTORE THE SALMON HABITAT.
BY 1850 THEY, LIKE MANY OTHER GROUPS, WERE GREATLY AFFECTED BY GOLD MINERS AND INFLUX OF ANGLOS.
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SINKYONE INDIANS
THE SINKYONE INDIANS LIVED IN THE TERRITORY OF THE HUMBOLDT AND REDWOODS STATE PARK. ABOUT 15 VILLAGE SITES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THE PARK. THEY LEFT SOON AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE SETTLERS. BECAUSE OF THIS THERE IS LITTLE INFORMATION ABOUT THEM. ANTHROPOLOGISTS ARRIVED IN 1920 AND THEY ESTIMATED THEIR POPULATION TO BE ABOUT 2000 IN 1850. BY 1910 LESS THAN 100 REMAINED. TWO INFORMANTS OF THEIR TRIBE GEORGE BURT AND JACK WOODMAN SAID THEY DID NOT VENTURE FAR FROM THEIR VILLAGES. ONE MAN LIVED HIS ENTIRE LIFE WITHOUT GOING MORE THAN 20 MILES IN ANT DIRECTION.
THEY OCCUPIED TEMPORARY SEASONAL VILLAGE SITES EACH YEAR. THEY HUNTED LATE SPRING AND EARLY FALL IN THE PRAIRIE AND UPLAND AREAS. THEY HUNTED DEER AND ELK. THE FALL WAS A TIME TO SET UP TEMPORARY TEMPORARY FISHING VILLAGES TO CATCH SALMON AND STEELHEAD TROUT. WHEN THE EEL AND LOLANGKOK RIVERS GOT HIGH THEY MOVED TO A PERMANENT VILLAGE ALONG THE CREEK.
THEY COLLECTED ACORNS FROM TANOAKS AS A STAPLE. THEY INCLUDED BUCKEYE, GRASSHOPPERS AND SLUGS, AND BERRIES. THEY CAUGHT RACCOON, BEAR, RABBIT, AND GAME BIRDS, THEY WERE DIVIDED INTO BAND AND FAMILIES AND GROUPS OF RELATIVES LIVED NEAR EACH OTHER. THE GROOM PURCHASED HIS WIFE ! IF THE MAN WAS POOR HE COULD WORK FOR HIS IN LAWS TO MAKE A PAYMENT. DIVORCE WAS COMMON. THE HAD SOME STRANGE MORALS ABOUT COMMUNICATION IN THE VILLAGE.
THEIR HOUSES WERE CONICAL AND CIRCULAR DWELLINGS BUILT WITH SLABS OF REDWOOD. YOU CAN SEE SOME OF THESE SHELTERS AT PRAIRIE CREEK REDWOODS STATE PARK. ANOTHER HOUSE WAS BUILT FOR DANCING AND ANOTHER FOR SWEAT BATHES. THEY BUILT BRUSH SHELTERS AT SUMMER CAMPS. THERE WARFARE WAS BETWEEN TRIBES AND BETWEEN SETTLERS. APPARENTLY 300 SINKYONE WERE MASSACRED BY SETTLERS AT SQUAW CREEK.
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THEY OCCUPIED TEMPORARY SEASONAL VILLAGE SITES EACH YEAR. THEY HUNTED LATE SPRING AND EARLY FALL IN THE PRAIRIE AND UPLAND AREAS. THEY HUNTED DEER AND ELK. THE FALL WAS A TIME TO SET UP TEMPORARY TEMPORARY FISHING VILLAGES TO CATCH SALMON AND STEELHEAD TROUT. WHEN THE EEL AND LOLANGKOK RIVERS GOT HIGH THEY MOVED TO A PERMANENT VILLAGE ALONG THE CREEK.
THEY COLLECTED ACORNS FROM TANOAKS AS A STAPLE. THEY INCLUDED BUCKEYE, GRASSHOPPERS AND SLUGS, AND BERRIES. THEY CAUGHT RACCOON, BEAR, RABBIT, AND GAME BIRDS, THEY WERE DIVIDED INTO BAND AND FAMILIES AND GROUPS OF RELATIVES LIVED NEAR EACH OTHER. THE GROOM PURCHASED HIS WIFE ! IF THE MAN WAS POOR HE COULD WORK FOR HIS IN LAWS TO MAKE A PAYMENT. DIVORCE WAS COMMON. THE HAD SOME STRANGE MORALS ABOUT COMMUNICATION IN THE VILLAGE.
THEIR HOUSES WERE CONICAL AND CIRCULAR DWELLINGS BUILT WITH SLABS OF REDWOOD. YOU CAN SEE SOME OF THESE SHELTERS AT PRAIRIE CREEK REDWOODS STATE PARK. ANOTHER HOUSE WAS BUILT FOR DANCING AND ANOTHER FOR SWEAT BATHES. THEY BUILT BRUSH SHELTERS AT SUMMER CAMPS. THERE WARFARE WAS BETWEEN TRIBES AND BETWEEN SETTLERS. APPARENTLY 300 SINKYONE WERE MASSACRED BY SETTLERS AT SQUAW CREEK.
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WAILAKI INDIANS
TODAY THE WINTU AND WAILAKI LIVE ON THE GRINDSTONE RANCHERIA AND ARE RECOGNIZED FEDERALLY. THE RANCHERIA WAS FOUNDED IN 1907 AND HAS 120 ACRES WITH 162 MEMBERS LIVING HERE IN ELK CREEK. THEY SPEAK A PENUTIAN LANGUAGE BUT FEW SPEAK IT TODAY. THEY LIVED ON THE EEL RIVER WHERE MANY VILLAGES WERE LOCATED. AFTER FIGHTING WITH ANGLOS THEY MOVED TO COVELO ROUND VALLEY. THEY DID NOT BUILD CANOES, BUT LIVED BY THE RIVER IN WINTER DURING WET MONTHS, WHEN THEIR CHIEF'S OCCUPATION WAS FISHING. THE SUMMER MONTHS WERE SENT ON THE SIDE AND TOPS OF RIDGES WHERE THE WOMEN GATHERED BULBS, SEEDS, NUTS. THEIR WOMEN GATHERED BULBS, SEEDS, AND NUTS. THEIR WOMEN TATTOOED THEIR NOSES, CHEEKS, AND CHINS. COYOTE WAS PRINCIPAL TO THEIR MYTHOLOGY. HE SECURED FOR ME DAYLIGHT AND THE STARS, AND FIRE WHICH HE SUCCEEDED IN STEALING FROM THEIR GUARDIANS. HE ESTABLISHED FIRE FOR THEM. HE ORDAINED SOCIAL AND OTHER CUSTOMS. THE ADOLESCENT WERE RESTRICTED TO THEIR FOOD, DRINK AND SLEEP FOR MANY DAYS. THEIR TRAINING TOOK PLACE UNDER TWO OR MORE OLD SHAMANS.
LARGE CONICAL DANCE HOUSES WERE BUILT AND CEREMONIES WERE DEDICATED WITH SINGING . COYOTE IS CLEVER AND RECKLESS AND GETS HIMSELF IN TROUBLE AND THE PEOPLE AROUND HIM GET IN TROUBLE WITH INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR. WAILAKI COYOTE STORIES RANGE FROM HUMOROUS TO MISCHIEF TO SERIOUS LEGENDS ABOUT THE WORLD.
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LARGE CONICAL DANCE HOUSES WERE BUILT AND CEREMONIES WERE DEDICATED WITH SINGING . COYOTE IS CLEVER AND RECKLESS AND GETS HIMSELF IN TROUBLE AND THE PEOPLE AROUND HIM GET IN TROUBLE WITH INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR. WAILAKI COYOTE STORIES RANGE FROM HUMOROUS TO MISCHIEF TO SERIOUS LEGENDS ABOUT THE WORLD.
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WINTU INDIANS
THE WINTU ARE PART OF A LOOSE ASSOCIATION COLLECTIVELY AS A TRIBE OF PEOPLE KNOWN COLLECTIVELY AS A TRIBE THEY SPEAK PENUTIAN. THEY PRIMARILY LIVED HISTORICALLY ON THE UPPER PORTION OF SACRAMENTO, MC CLOUD, AND TRINITY RIVER. MANY LIVE ON THE ROUND VALLEY RESERVATION JEDEDIAH SMITH AGAIN MET THEM FIRST IN 1826. IN 1830 MANY DIED FROM MALARIA THAT KILLED ABOUT 75% OF THEIR POPULATION. IN THE FOLLOWING YEARS THEY FELL VICTIM TO THE DEPLETION OF RESOURCES BY SETTLERS. THE ANGLOS CATTLE AND SHEEP ATE THEIR FOOD SUPPLY. THE MINERS POLLUTED THE RIVERS. THE WINTU WERE FORCED TO WORK AS LABORERS. IN A 'FRIENDSHIP FEAST' IN 1850 THE ANGLOS SERVED POISONED FOOD TO LOCAL INDIANS KILLING 150 PEOPLE. TODAY THERE ARE ABOUT 2500 WINTU. THE TRADITIONAL TRIBE INHABITED THEIR ANCESTRAL FROM MOUNT SHASTA TO THE MC CLOUD RIVER AREA.
STORY OF THE SALMON
WE FIRST BUBBLED OUT OF THE SACRED SPRING ON MOUNT AT THE TIME OF CREATION. WE WERE HELPLESS AND UNABLE TO SPEAK. SALMON TOOK PITY ON US HUMANS AND GAVE US OUR VOICE. IN RETURN WE PROMISED TO SPEAK FOR THEM.
THE MC CLOUD RIVER WAS THE MOST FERTILE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS FOR CATCHING TROUT AND SALMON. A FISH CULTURIST WHO CAME HERE SAID HE COULD HAVE WALKED ON THE BACKS OF THE FISH ACROSS THE RIVER. THIS MAN LIVINGSTONE ESTABLISHED A HATCHERY TO BREED PACIFIC SALMON TO REPLENISH THE ATLANTIC STOCK THAT WAS DWINDLING. HE EXPORTED EGGS AROUND THE WORLD. THE NATIVES WERE UNHAPPY ABOUT THE HATCHERY BECAUSE HE TOOK THE SALMON TO REPRODUCE THEM. HE STRUCK A DEAL WITH THEM - HE COULD USE SOME FOR BREEDING AND HE PROMISED THEIR SACRED FISH WOULD ALWAYS BE ABLE TO RETURN HOME.
DURING WW II THE SHASTA DAM WAS CONSTRUCTED AND BLOCKED THE PASSAGE OF SALMON SPAWNING RUN. THE MC CLOUD RIVER SALMON INTERBRED WITH THOSE FROM SACRAMENTO RIVER, OR THEY DIED OUT. IN ANY CASE THEY DIED OUT. IN ANY CASE THEY WENT TO NEW ZEALAND TO CAPTURE MC CLOUD RIVER EGGS ONCE AGAIN. THEY HELD A FOUR DAY CEREMONY IN NEW ZEALAND. THEY MADE A DOCUMENTARY ABOUT THIS RECAPTURE OF SALMON EGGS FOR THE MC CLOUD RIVER.
THE SALMON ARE VITAL TO THE MC CLOUD RIVER AND KEEP WATERS CLEAN. THEY GO FROM FRESHWATER TO SALT WATER AND BRING NUTRIENTS TO THE EARTH TREES AND FAUNA. THE SALMON ALSO LEFT A SPIRITUAL LOSS IN THE WINTU HEARTS AND THE RETURNING OF SALMON GAVE THEM HOPE FOR THE SALMON BUT ALSO HOPE FOR THE WINTU. THEY BELIEVE THEY WERE BORN FROM WATER AND FIGHT TO PROTECT IT.
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STORY OF THE SALMON
WE FIRST BUBBLED OUT OF THE SACRED SPRING ON MOUNT AT THE TIME OF CREATION. WE WERE HELPLESS AND UNABLE TO SPEAK. SALMON TOOK PITY ON US HUMANS AND GAVE US OUR VOICE. IN RETURN WE PROMISED TO SPEAK FOR THEM.
THE MC CLOUD RIVER WAS THE MOST FERTILE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS FOR CATCHING TROUT AND SALMON. A FISH CULTURIST WHO CAME HERE SAID HE COULD HAVE WALKED ON THE BACKS OF THE FISH ACROSS THE RIVER. THIS MAN LIVINGSTONE ESTABLISHED A HATCHERY TO BREED PACIFIC SALMON TO REPLENISH THE ATLANTIC STOCK THAT WAS DWINDLING. HE EXPORTED EGGS AROUND THE WORLD. THE NATIVES WERE UNHAPPY ABOUT THE HATCHERY BECAUSE HE TOOK THE SALMON TO REPRODUCE THEM. HE STRUCK A DEAL WITH THEM - HE COULD USE SOME FOR BREEDING AND HE PROMISED THEIR SACRED FISH WOULD ALWAYS BE ABLE TO RETURN HOME.
DURING WW II THE SHASTA DAM WAS CONSTRUCTED AND BLOCKED THE PASSAGE OF SALMON SPAWNING RUN. THE MC CLOUD RIVER SALMON INTERBRED WITH THOSE FROM SACRAMENTO RIVER, OR THEY DIED OUT. IN ANY CASE THEY DIED OUT. IN ANY CASE THEY WENT TO NEW ZEALAND TO CAPTURE MC CLOUD RIVER EGGS ONCE AGAIN. THEY HELD A FOUR DAY CEREMONY IN NEW ZEALAND. THEY MADE A DOCUMENTARY ABOUT THIS RECAPTURE OF SALMON EGGS FOR THE MC CLOUD RIVER.
THE SALMON ARE VITAL TO THE MC CLOUD RIVER AND KEEP WATERS CLEAN. THEY GO FROM FRESHWATER TO SALT WATER AND BRING NUTRIENTS TO THE EARTH TREES AND FAUNA. THE SALMON ALSO LEFT A SPIRITUAL LOSS IN THE WINTU HEARTS AND THE RETURNING OF SALMON GAVE THEM HOPE FOR THE SALMON BUT ALSO HOPE FOR THE WINTU. THEY BELIEVE THEY WERE BORN FROM WATER AND FIGHT TO PROTECT IT.
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Wednesday, February 23, 2011
TOLOWA INDIANS
THE TOLOWA TRIBE STILL ARE IN THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORY IN SMITH RIVER AND ELK VALLEY RANCHERIA. THEY LIVED IN EIGHT EIGHT VILLAGES THAT WERE PERMANENT. IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHERN OREGON. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS ATHABASKAN. THEIR SUBSTANCE WAS ORIENTED AROUND RIVERINE FISH, OCEAN FISH AND SEAWEED AND ACORN.
THEY HAD A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION THAT WAS LED BY A HEADMAN. JEDIDIAH SMITH AND HIS LIFE PARTY WERE THE FIRST TO CONTACT THE TRIBE IN 1828. DURING 1850'S OVER 1/2 OF THE TOLOWA DIED FROM DISEASES AND MASS MURDERS BY ANGLOS. IN 1860 ALL 600 TOLOWA WERE FORCIBLY RELOCATED TO THE COVELO RESERVATION.
A TOLOWA LEGEND
THERE WAS A GREAT RAIN A LONG TIME AGO AND IT WAS A GREAT RAIN A LONG TIME AGO AND IT WAS TERRIFIC. THE NATIVES FLED TO THE HIGH LANDS. THE WATER ROSE AND ALL BUT ONE MAN AND ONE WOMAN DROWNED IN THE FLOOD. THEY CLIMBED TO THE HIGHEST PEAK AND WERE SAVED. THEY ATE FISH FROM THE RIVER WATERS ONCE THE FLOOD WAS GONE. THE CHILDREN OF THESE INDIANS DIED AND BECAME SPIRITS OF DEER, BEAR , AND INSECTS, AND SO THE ANIMALS CAME TO EARTH AGAIN. THE MAN AND WOMAN HAD NO FIRE. THE SPIDER AND SMOKE INDIANS PLANNED TO STEEL FIRE BY WEAVING A LIGHT BALLOON AND FASTENING A ROPE TO THE EARTH. THEY CLIMBED INTO THE BALLOON AND STARTED FOR THE MOON. BUT INDIANS OF THE MOON WERE SUSPICIOUS AND SAID WE CAME TO THE SPIDER INDIANS AND GAMBLED WITH THEM. THEY SAT BY THE FIRE.
THE SNAKE INDIANS SENT A MAN TO CLIMB UP THE LONG ROPE FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON. HE CLIMBED THE ROPE DARTED FROM THE EARTH AND TO THE MOON. HE CLIMBED THE ROPE AND DARTED FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON. HE CLIMBED THE ROPE AND DARTED THROUGH FIRE BEFORE THE MOON INDIANS UNDERSTAND WHAT HE HAD DONE. HE SLID DOWN TO THE EARTH AGAIN. AS HE TOUCHED THE EARTH HE3 GAVE FIRE TO EACH THING HE PASSED. EVERYTHING HE PASSED. EVERYTHING HE TOUCHED BECAME FIRE. SO THE WORLD BECAME BRIGHT AGAIN. THEY WERE IMMEDIATELY PUT TO DEATH, SINCE THE TRIBES WERE AFRAID THE MOON INDIANS WANTED REVENGE.
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THEY HAD A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION THAT WAS LED BY A HEADMAN. JEDIDIAH SMITH AND HIS LIFE PARTY WERE THE FIRST TO CONTACT THE TRIBE IN 1828. DURING 1850'S OVER 1/2 OF THE TOLOWA DIED FROM DISEASES AND MASS MURDERS BY ANGLOS. IN 1860 ALL 600 TOLOWA WERE FORCIBLY RELOCATED TO THE COVELO RESERVATION.
A TOLOWA LEGEND
THERE WAS A GREAT RAIN A LONG TIME AGO AND IT WAS A GREAT RAIN A LONG TIME AGO AND IT WAS TERRIFIC. THE NATIVES FLED TO THE HIGH LANDS. THE WATER ROSE AND ALL BUT ONE MAN AND ONE WOMAN DROWNED IN THE FLOOD. THEY CLIMBED TO THE HIGHEST PEAK AND WERE SAVED. THEY ATE FISH FROM THE RIVER WATERS ONCE THE FLOOD WAS GONE. THE CHILDREN OF THESE INDIANS DIED AND BECAME SPIRITS OF DEER, BEAR , AND INSECTS, AND SO THE ANIMALS CAME TO EARTH AGAIN. THE MAN AND WOMAN HAD NO FIRE. THE SPIDER AND SMOKE INDIANS PLANNED TO STEEL FIRE BY WEAVING A LIGHT BALLOON AND FASTENING A ROPE TO THE EARTH. THEY CLIMBED INTO THE BALLOON AND STARTED FOR THE MOON. BUT INDIANS OF THE MOON WERE SUSPICIOUS AND SAID WE CAME TO THE SPIDER INDIANS AND GAMBLED WITH THEM. THEY SAT BY THE FIRE.
THE SNAKE INDIANS SENT A MAN TO CLIMB UP THE LONG ROPE FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON. HE CLIMBED THE ROPE DARTED FROM THE EARTH AND TO THE MOON. HE CLIMBED THE ROPE AND DARTED FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON. HE CLIMBED THE ROPE AND DARTED THROUGH FIRE BEFORE THE MOON INDIANS UNDERSTAND WHAT HE HAD DONE. HE SLID DOWN TO THE EARTH AGAIN. AS HE TOUCHED THE EARTH HE3 GAVE FIRE TO EACH THING HE PASSED. EVERYTHING HE PASSED. EVERYTHING HE TOUCHED BECAME FIRE. SO THE WORLD BECAME BRIGHT AGAIN. THEY WERE IMMEDIATELY PUT TO DEATH, SINCE THE TRIBES WERE AFRAID THE MOON INDIANS WANTED REVENGE.
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YUKI INDIANS
YUKI INDIANS WERE THE FIRST SETTLERS IN COVELO AT LEAST 4000 YEARS AGO. THESE FOLKS SETTLED IN THE ROUND VALLEY AS FAR SOUTH AS HOOD MOUNTAIN IN SONOMA COUNTY. THEY CALL THEMSELVES THE AUTONYM 'UKOMMO'M OR VALLEY PEOPLE. UNLIKE MOST OTHER VALLEY PEOPLE THEY ATTACKED THEIR NEIGHBORS! BY 1850 THE SETTLERS DROVE THEM OFF FROM THEIR LANDS. THE NATIVES DIED DURING THE RAIDS AND SOME WERE CAPTURED INTO SLAVERY. IN 1856 THE GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED THE ROUND VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION . THOUSANDS WERE FORCED ONTO THESE LANDS WITH OTHER TRIBES, WITHOUT SUFFICIENT SUPPORT FOR THE TRANSITION.THESE EVENTS LED TO THE MENDOCINO WAR OF 1859 WHERE US FORCES KILLED HUNDREDS OF YUKI AND TOOK THEM CAPTIVE TO THE NOME CULT FARM IN COVELO. KROEBER ESTIMATED THE 1770 POPULATION TO BE 2000 TO 3000. TODAY ONLY 100 YUKI INDIANS REMAIN. ONLY 12 PEOPLE KNOW THEIR LANGUAGE.. THE PEOPLE THEIR LANGUAGE. THE YUKI PEOPLE RESEMBLED THE POMO IN APPEARANCE . THEY ARE SHORT, BROAD,AND SOMETIMES FAT. THEY HAVE A ;LONGER HEAD FORM THAN OTHER NORTHERN CALIFORNIA INDIANS. THE WOMEN TATTOO THEIR FACES ACROSS THEIR CHEEKS, AND ON THE CHIN. THEY ARE CLOSEST IN CULTURAL RESEMBLANCE.TO THE WAILAKI. MOST OF THEIR FOOD WAS VEGETAL, ALONG WITH HUNTING AND FISHING. THEIR SECRET SOCIETY MEMBERS PERFORM CEREMONIES WHOSE MEMBERS REPRESENT SPIRITS OF THE DEAD. THEY BELIEVE THE WORLD WAS CREATED BY A BEING HUMAN IN SHAPE, CALLED TAIKOMOL. HE IS ASSISTED BY COYOTE. THIS DIETY IS REPRESENTED IN A CEREMONY.
THE ROUND VALLEY INDIAN TRIBE IS A GROUP OF SIX TRIBES WITH ABOUT 3000 PEOPLE IN COVELO!
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THE ROUND VALLEY INDIAN TRIBE IS A GROUP OF SIX TRIBES WITH ABOUT 3000 PEOPLE IN COVELO!
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Tuesday, February 22, 2011
TORONTO ANTHROPOLOGY MEETING
WHEN I WAS IN THE LATE 1970'S A GROUP OF US DROVE TO TORONTO TO ATTEND A PROFESSIONAL MEETING OF ANTHROPOLOGISTS. WE ENJOYED MAKING THIS TRIP AND SEEING A DIFFERENT CITY. WE ENJOYED MAKING THIS TRIP AND SEEING A DIFFERENT CITY. IT WAS CRAZY. WE WENT TO VARIOUS TALKS AND GAINED A LITTLE FROM EACH; IT DID COST SOME FOR FOOD AND MEALS, BUT WE BROUGHT FOOD INTO THE ROOM. I THINK WE WERE THERE FOR THREE DAYS.
I REMEMBER MEETING MARGARET MEAD. SHE WAS IN HER 70'S AND WALKED WITH A CANE. WE ALL SHOOK HER HAND AND THAT INSPIRED US TO BE ANTHROPOLOGISTS. WE KNEW SHE WAS QUITE FAMOUS. I DON'T THINK I ATTENDED HER TALK THOUGH..
MARGARET MEAD WAS BORN INTO IN 1901 IN PHILADELPHIA AND GOT HER PHD IN ANTHROPOLOGY FROM COLUMBIA. SHE DID HER FIELDWORK IN POLYNESIA. SHE MARRIED THREE TIMES. HER THIRD HUSBAND LEFT HER AND SHE WAS DEVASTATED FROM IT. HER THIRD HUSBAND LEFT HER AND SHE WAS DEVASTATED BY IT. SHE WORKED FOR 20 YEARS AS THE CURATOR OF ETHNOLOGY IN THE CHICAGO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. HER DAUGHTER WROTE A BOOK THAT SAID SHE WAS BISEXUAL WITH THE TWO WOMEN WHO SHE LIVED WITH TOWARD THE END OF HER LIFE. HER BOOK "SEX AND TEMPERAMENT IN THREE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES" WAS THE CORNERSTONE OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT.
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I REMEMBER MEETING MARGARET MEAD. SHE WAS IN HER 70'S AND WALKED WITH A CANE. WE ALL SHOOK HER HAND AND THAT INSPIRED US TO BE ANTHROPOLOGISTS. WE KNEW SHE WAS QUITE FAMOUS. I DON'T THINK I ATTENDED HER TALK THOUGH..
MARGARET MEAD WAS BORN INTO IN 1901 IN PHILADELPHIA AND GOT HER PHD IN ANTHROPOLOGY FROM COLUMBIA. SHE DID HER FIELDWORK IN POLYNESIA. SHE MARRIED THREE TIMES. HER THIRD HUSBAND LEFT HER AND SHE WAS DEVASTATED FROM IT. HER THIRD HUSBAND LEFT HER AND SHE WAS DEVASTATED BY IT. SHE WORKED FOR 20 YEARS AS THE CURATOR OF ETHNOLOGY IN THE CHICAGO MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. HER DAUGHTER WROTE A BOOK THAT SAID SHE WAS BISEXUAL WITH THE TWO WOMEN WHO SHE LIVED WITH TOWARD THE END OF HER LIFE. HER BOOK "SEX AND TEMPERAMENT IN THREE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES" WAS THE CORNERSTONE OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT.
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THE ESSELEN INDIAN TRIBAL
THE ESSELEN TRIBE IS A FAMILY OF MEMBERS WHO LIVE NEAR MONTEREY. IN 1770 THEY WERE BROUGHT TO THE MISSION. THEY BECAME CIVILIZED BY BEING ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARMELO MISSION. THEIR TERRITORRY WAS PROBABLY IN THE MOUNTAINS. THE RUMSEN INDIANS OF CARMEL STATE THAT THE ESSELEN LIVED AT AGUA CALIENTE, NEAR THE HEAD OF CARMEL. THEY WERE BORDERED BY SALINIAN, AND COSTONOAN TRIBES. THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT SOME OF THEIR MEMBERS ESCAPED THE MISSIONS BY RETREATING TO THE MOUNTAINS. A SMALL GROUP SURVIVED UNTIL 1840 BEFORE FILTERING INTO RANCHES AND TOWNS. A NEW BOOK IN 2004, THE ESSELEN INDIANS OF THE BIG SUR COUNTRY, BY COYOTE PRESS CONTAINS A GREAT AMOUNT OF INFORMATION ON THE NATURAL HISTORY.
THEY BELIEVE IN RESPECT FOR OUR NATURAL HISTORY AND OUR CREATOR ARE THE KEY ELEMENTS IN TRADITIONAL NATIVE PHILOSOPHIES. THEY BELIEVED ALL THINGS ARE CONNECTED. WE COME TO SEE THAT WE DO OURSELVES HARM WHEN WE DO NOT FOLLOW THIS PRINCIPAL. NATIVE TRADITIONS ARE FULL OF THINGS THAT REFLECT THIS PRINCIPAL. WHEN THEY COLLECT FOOD IT WAS DONE RESPECTFULLY. THIS REMINDS US NOT TO TAKE THINGS IN A RECKLESS MANNER.
RESPECT FOR OURSELVES AND FOR EACH OTHER IS A BASIC LAW THAT IS SEEN IN GOOD RELATIONSHIPS. GOOD THOUGHTS BRING GOOD MEDICINE FOR OURSELVES AND OTHERS. SOME TRIBES MAKE PAYMENT TO TEACH EACH OTHER TO SET THINGS RIGHT AND BRING THEIR RELATIONSHIP INTO BALANCE. THEIR TRADITIONAL CEREMONIAL DANCES BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER. GENEROSITY IS A GOOD QUALITY ON BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER TO HELP US THINK OF OTHER PEOPLE AS WELL! THEY HAVE RESPECT FOR ELDERS. TH ELDERS TEACH THEIR CHILDREN THAT WHEN THEY LIVE AND GROW OLD MAY YOUR YOUNG ONES TREAT YOU WITH RESPECT AND HONOR. THEIR BELIEF IS THAT ALL THINGS MOVE IN CIRCLES. ANY POINT IN THE CIRCLE IS AS IMPORTANT IN THE CIRCLE AS ANY OTHER. TREATING OTHERS WITH RESPECT AND HONOR TEACH YOUNG ONES HOW TO REACH FOR THE BEST. AS LONG AS WE SING AND DANCE TOGETHER OUR PEOPLE WILL FLOURISH. DANCES ARE FOR PRAYER, MAKING THE WORLD RIGHT, MARK A PASSAGE OF A STAGE IN LIFE, SOME FOR EMOTIONAL WELL BEING, SOME FOR THANKSGIVING, SOME FOR HEALING, AND SOME SOCIAL. DANCES ARE GOOD MEDICINE FOR ALL. DANCES AFFIRM OUR CONNECTION TO THE EARTH, CREATOR, OUR PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE.
THE TALKING FEATHER , OR TALKING STAFF , WAS USED AROUND 1900 TO BRING DIFFERENT TRIBES TOGETHER. THEY CAME TOGETHER IN A PEACEFUL WAY TO EXCHANGE OPINION AND DISCUSS PLANS FOR THE FUTURE. TALKING FEATHER RULES ARE SIMPLE - NO DRUGS OR ALCOHOL PERMITTED. THE EVENT IS CLOSED WITH A PRAYER AND PEOPLE ENJOY EACH OTHERS COMPANY.
ACCESS-GENEOLOGY
THEY BELIEVE IN RESPECT FOR OUR NATURAL HISTORY AND OUR CREATOR ARE THE KEY ELEMENTS IN TRADITIONAL NATIVE PHILOSOPHIES. THEY BELIEVED ALL THINGS ARE CONNECTED. WE COME TO SEE THAT WE DO OURSELVES HARM WHEN WE DO NOT FOLLOW THIS PRINCIPAL. NATIVE TRADITIONS ARE FULL OF THINGS THAT REFLECT THIS PRINCIPAL. WHEN THEY COLLECT FOOD IT WAS DONE RESPECTFULLY. THIS REMINDS US NOT TO TAKE THINGS IN A RECKLESS MANNER.
RESPECT FOR OURSELVES AND FOR EACH OTHER IS A BASIC LAW THAT IS SEEN IN GOOD RELATIONSHIPS. GOOD THOUGHTS BRING GOOD MEDICINE FOR OURSELVES AND OTHERS. SOME TRIBES MAKE PAYMENT TO TEACH EACH OTHER TO SET THINGS RIGHT AND BRING THEIR RELATIONSHIP INTO BALANCE. THEIR TRADITIONAL CEREMONIAL DANCES BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER. GENEROSITY IS A GOOD QUALITY ON BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER TO HELP US THINK OF OTHER PEOPLE AS WELL! THEY HAVE RESPECT FOR ELDERS. TH ELDERS TEACH THEIR CHILDREN THAT WHEN THEY LIVE AND GROW OLD MAY YOUR YOUNG ONES TREAT YOU WITH RESPECT AND HONOR. THEIR BELIEF IS THAT ALL THINGS MOVE IN CIRCLES. ANY POINT IN THE CIRCLE IS AS IMPORTANT IN THE CIRCLE AS ANY OTHER. TREATING OTHERS WITH RESPECT AND HONOR TEACH YOUNG ONES HOW TO REACH FOR THE BEST. AS LONG AS WE SING AND DANCE TOGETHER OUR PEOPLE WILL FLOURISH. DANCES ARE FOR PRAYER, MAKING THE WORLD RIGHT, MARK A PASSAGE OF A STAGE IN LIFE, SOME FOR EMOTIONAL WELL BEING, SOME FOR THANKSGIVING, SOME FOR HEALING, AND SOME SOCIAL. DANCES ARE GOOD MEDICINE FOR ALL. DANCES AFFIRM OUR CONNECTION TO THE EARTH, CREATOR, OUR PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE.
THE TALKING FEATHER , OR TALKING STAFF , WAS USED AROUND 1900 TO BRING DIFFERENT TRIBES TOGETHER. THEY CAME TOGETHER IN A PEACEFUL WAY TO EXCHANGE OPINION AND DISCUSS PLANS FOR THE FUTURE. TALKING FEATHER RULES ARE SIMPLE - NO DRUGS OR ALCOHOL PERMITTED. THE EVENT IS CLOSED WITH A PRAYER AND PEOPLE ENJOY EACH OTHERS COMPANY.
ACCESS-GENEOLOGY
SAN XAVIER MISSION
I VISITED THIS MISSION WITH MY HUSBAND WHEN WE FIRST CAME TO ARIZONA FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL IN THE LATE 1970'S. WE WENT TO SCHOOL AT ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY. THE DAY WE PASSED THROUGH THIS MISSION WE WERE WE WERE ON OUR WAY TO TUCSON FOR A VISIT. SAN XAVIER HAD MANY PEOPLE PIMA AND PAPAGO NATIVES DRESSED IN COSTUMES AND THEY WERE DANCING TO THE BEAT OF SOME ANCIENT MUSIC. THEY HAD MELONS IN THEIR HANDS AND THEY WERE CELEBRATING THE GIFTS OF THEIR PLANTINGS.
THIS MISSION HAS A BEAUTIFUL WHITE MORRISH INSPIRED DESIGN WITH TOWERS THAT RISE IMPOSINGLY ABOVE THE DESERT. THE ENTRANCE IS ORNATELY DECORATED. SOME SAY IT'S THE FINEST MISSION AROUND. INSIDE THERE ARE FRESCOES COVERING THE ALTAR, WALLS, AND CEILING. SPANISH MISSIONARIES BUILT SAN XAVIER MISSION IN THE PLACE THE TOHONO OODHAM PEOPLE CALLED BAC - WHERE THE WATER APPEARS. THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER RUNS UNDERGROUND AND SURFACES NEARBY.
FATHER KINO FOUNDED THE CHURCH IN THE 1700'S AND USED IT AS A BASE FOR EXPLORING THE AREA. TODAY IT'S AN ACTIVE CHURCH FOR ALL. THE CONSTRUCTION WAS COMPLETED IN 1787. SOUTHERN ARIZONA WAS PART OF NEW SPAIN. MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE WAS GRANTED IN 1821, AND THE MISSION BECAME PART OF MEXICO. WITH THE GADSON PURCHASE THE MISSION JOINED THE U.S. IN 1992 CONSERVATORS BEGIN A FIVE YEAR RESERVE EFFORT. THE CHURCH IS CONSTRUCTED OF LOW FIRE BRICK, STONE AND LIMESTONE MORTAR. IT'S ROOFED WITH MASONRY VAULTS, MAKING IT AMONG ONE OF THE OLDEST SPANISH COLONIAL BUILDINGS WITHIN THE U.S. BORDERS. IN 1992 THEY HAD TO RESTORE THE BUILDING. IT'S WONDERFUL TO VISIT THIS CHURCH AS IT HAS MANY BEAUTIFUL ASPECTS OUTSIDE AS WELL AS INSIDE. AND THEIR FESTIVALS ARE WONDERFUL FOR TOURISTS AS WELL!
THIS MISSION HAS A BEAUTIFUL WHITE MORRISH INSPIRED DESIGN WITH TOWERS THAT RISE IMPOSINGLY ABOVE THE DESERT. THE ENTRANCE IS ORNATELY DECORATED. SOME SAY IT'S THE FINEST MISSION AROUND. INSIDE THERE ARE FRESCOES COVERING THE ALTAR, WALLS, AND CEILING. SPANISH MISSIONARIES BUILT SAN XAVIER MISSION IN THE PLACE THE TOHONO OODHAM PEOPLE CALLED BAC - WHERE THE WATER APPEARS. THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER RUNS UNDERGROUND AND SURFACES NEARBY.
FATHER KINO FOUNDED THE CHURCH IN THE 1700'S AND USED IT AS A BASE FOR EXPLORING THE AREA. TODAY IT'S AN ACTIVE CHURCH FOR ALL. THE CONSTRUCTION WAS COMPLETED IN 1787. SOUTHERN ARIZONA WAS PART OF NEW SPAIN. MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE WAS GRANTED IN 1821, AND THE MISSION BECAME PART OF MEXICO. WITH THE GADSON PURCHASE THE MISSION JOINED THE U.S. IN 1992 CONSERVATORS BEGIN A FIVE YEAR RESERVE EFFORT. THE CHURCH IS CONSTRUCTED OF LOW FIRE BRICK, STONE AND LIMESTONE MORTAR. IT'S ROOFED WITH MASONRY VAULTS, MAKING IT AMONG ONE OF THE OLDEST SPANISH COLONIAL BUILDINGS WITHIN THE U.S. BORDERS. IN 1992 THEY HAD TO RESTORE THE BUILDING. IT'S WONDERFUL TO VISIT THIS CHURCH AS IT HAS MANY BEAUTIFUL ASPECTS OUTSIDE AS WELL AS INSIDE. AND THEIR FESTIVALS ARE WONDERFUL FOR TOURISTS AS WELL!
LESSON OF PRACTICING TO TAME OUR INNER ADVERSARY
LAST WEEKEND WE LEARNED OF THE JEWISH PATH OF GENEROSITY. MOST OF US HAVE AN INNER ADVERSARY AND EMBARK ON A JOURNEY AND TRY TO DO SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE NOT ATTEMPTED BEFORE. SOME OF OUR SELF DOUBTS ARISE AND OUR INNER HEAD SAYS"NO". WE OFTEN HAVE RANGES ABOUT OUR HIGHEST AND LOWEST POTENTIAL. WE WAVER IN OUR HEADS BETWEEN DOING SOMETHING OR NOT DOING IT. LOOK AT THE PLACES WHERE YOU ARE CHALLENGED. USE YOUR CORE STRENGTHS TO OVERCOME CHALLENGES.
DR. EDWARD SPOKE ABOUT WHAT ARE OUR ETHICS? TAKING A PEN FROM WORK IS DIFFERENT THAN TAKING SOMEONE'S DIGNITY AWAY. WHAT AM I TELLING MYSELF WHEN YOU DO THIS? ASK YOURSELF WHAT AM I LETTING MYSELF GET AWAY WITH. IT'S A FIELD OF UNCERTAINTY WHERE WE ARE NOT SURE .. STEP IT UP AND GROW TO THE HIGHEST VIEW OF LIFE POSSIBILITIES. PRAY FOR AFFIRMITY. PRAY ABOUT WHAT WHAT IS MISSING FOR INTIMATE RESPECT, PAY ATTENTION TO EVERYTHING THAT RAISES UP. PRAY FOR PROSPERITY. WRITE A RECORD OF WAVERING AND LOOK FOR THE THEMES THAT REOCCUR. ANCHOR YOURSELF IN WHAT YOU RE GOOD AT!
DR. EDWARD SPOKE ABOUT WHAT ARE OUR ETHICS? TAKING A PEN FROM WORK IS DIFFERENT THAN TAKING SOMEONE'S DIGNITY AWAY. WHAT AM I TELLING MYSELF WHEN YOU DO THIS? ASK YOURSELF WHAT AM I LETTING MYSELF GET AWAY WITH. IT'S A FIELD OF UNCERTAINTY WHERE WE ARE NOT SURE .. STEP IT UP AND GROW TO THE HIGHEST VIEW OF LIFE POSSIBILITIES. PRAY FOR AFFIRMITY. PRAY ABOUT WHAT WHAT IS MISSING FOR INTIMATE RESPECT, PAY ATTENTION TO EVERYTHING THAT RAISES UP. PRAY FOR PROSPERITY. WRITE A RECORD OF WAVERING AND LOOK FOR THE THEMES THAT REOCCUR. ANCHOR YOURSELF IN WHAT YOU RE GOOD AT!
CHILD TEEN COUNSELOR
AS AN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT I WORKED AS A PART TIME COUNSELOR FOR TEENS AND JUNIOR HIGH KIDS ANONYMOUSLY. THIS CENTER WAS IN DAYTON AND I WORKED A SHIFT FROM 10 TO 2 OR 3 AM. WE DIDN'T GET MANY CALLS, BUT THERE WAS USUALLY 1 OR 2 KIDS THAT WOULD CALL EACH NIGHT TO EXPRESS THEIR FEELINGS. SOME KIDS JUST NEEDED SOMEONE TO CHAT WITH AND MAY HAVE BEEN LONELY. WE USUALLY DIDN'T COUNSEL PEOPLE WHO WALKED BUT REFERRED THEM TO OTHER SOURCES. I NEVER ASKED ABOUT THEIR SITUATIONS BUT I KNEW IT WAS A GOOD FEELING TO TALK WITH THEM AND REFER THEM TO DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES OR OTHER RESOURCES THAT THEY MAY FIND HELPFUL. THERE WAS NO WAY TO TRAIN FOR THIS TYPE OF TRAIN FOR THIS TYPE OF WORK, BUT TO LEARN ON THE JOB. IT WAS IRONICAL BECAUSE SEVERAL OF THE COUNSELORS WERE EXPERIENCING DEPRESSION AS WELL IN THEIR TWENTIES. AND I REMEMBER ONE GUY COMING BACK FROM VIETNAM. HE WAS OLDER THAN MOST OF US. HE PROBABLY HAD BEEN THROUGH QUITE A BIT. I DID NOT ASK HIM MANY QUESTIONS BUT I THINK HE SLEPT A LOT OF THE TIME. COLLEGE IS A TRYING AGE. AND COUNSELING OTHERS HELPED US TO REALIZE HOW WE ARE A SELF -CENTERED SOCIETY. OUR NATIVE AMERICANS HAD SO MANY EXTENDED FAMILY MEMBERS TO HELP RAISE A FAMILY AND SHARE GENERATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE. SO DOES THE HISPANIC CULTURE. THEY REALIZE THAT HAVING THEIR EXTENDED FAMILY LIVE WITH THEM IS USUALLY BENEFICIAL TO HELPING WITH RAISING THE CHILDREN, AND IT GIVES THEIR ELDERS SOMETHING TO DO AND THEY ARE APPRECIATED AS WELL.
Monday, February 21, 2011
MAMMOTH SITE IN HOT SPRINGS
THIS IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST MAMMOTH SITE AND VISITORS CAN EXPERIENCE AN ACTIVE PALEONTOLOGICAL DIG SITE TO VIEW ICE AGE FOSSILS AS THEY ARE FOUND IN SITU.WHEN WE LIVED THERE IN THE 1970'S IT WAS JUST BECOMING A TOURIST ATTRACTION. AND THEY HAD NO VISITOR CENTER. THEY HAVE GUIDED TOURS.. EARTHWATCH COMES DURING THE SUMMER TO LEARN AND PICK AWAY THE FOSSILS. THEY HAVE UNEARTHED 55 GIANT MAMMOTHS, SHORT FACED BEAR, CAMEL, LLAMA, FISH, RABBIT, PRAIRIE DOG, MAMMALS, AND PLANTS HAVE BEEN PRESERVED AS FOSSILS FROM 26,000 YEARS AGO.
THE AREA WAS A SINKHOLE FORMED WHEN WHEN A CAVERN IN THE LIMESTONE COLLAPSED. THE COLLAPSE CAUSED A VERTICAL SHAFT OF BRECCIA PIPE TO FORM. THE GROUND SURFACE OF SPEARFISH SHALE ALSO CAVED IN . THIS OPENED UP A 65 FOOT DEEP BY 120 FOOT BY 150 FOOT SINKHOLE. THE PIPE PROVIDED A CHIMNEY-LIKE OPENING FOR A WARM ARTESIAN SPRING TO PERCOLATE UP TO CREATE A STEEP SIDED POND.
THE POND WAS A WARM WATER HOLE WITH VEGETATION 26,000 YEARS AGO AND THE MAMMOTHS AND OTHER ANIMALS CAME HERE TO BATH, EAT, AND DRINK. THEY ENTERED AND COULD NOT ESCAPE BECAUSE THEY HAD NO FOOTHOLD TO SCALE THE STEEP SIDES OF THE SHALE BANKS. ALL THESE ANIMALS BECAME TRAPPED IN IN THE PIT AND DIED OF EXHAUSTION TRAPPED IN THE PIT. AND DIED OF EXHAUSTION OR DROWNED. ABOUT 400 TO 700 YEARS AGO AND IT SLOWLY FILLED WITH LAYERS OF SILT, SEDIMENTS AND MUD, TRAPPING THE ANIMALS. IT EVENTUALLY FILLED OVER 1000'S OF YEARS AGO THE HARDENED MUD PLUG INSIDE THE DRIED UP POND HAS REMAINED STABLE. IT BECAME A HILL. DR. LARRY AGENBROAD HAS LED THE RESEARCH ALONG WITH VISITING SCHOLARS.
THESE FOSSILS WERE BURIED UNTIL A BULLDOZER EXPOSED SOME MAMMOTH TEETH WHILE EXCAVATING FOR A HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN 1976. TODAY THEIR MUSEUM IS A CLIMATE - CONTROLLED BUILDING AROUND THE ENTIRE SINKHOLE WITH WALKWAYS TO ALLOW CLOSE UP VIEWS. OF THE FOSSILS.
MAMMOTHSITE.COM
THE AREA WAS A SINKHOLE FORMED WHEN WHEN A CAVERN IN THE LIMESTONE COLLAPSED. THE COLLAPSE CAUSED A VERTICAL SHAFT OF BRECCIA PIPE TO FORM. THE GROUND SURFACE OF SPEARFISH SHALE ALSO CAVED IN . THIS OPENED UP A 65 FOOT DEEP BY 120 FOOT BY 150 FOOT SINKHOLE. THE PIPE PROVIDED A CHIMNEY-LIKE OPENING FOR A WARM ARTESIAN SPRING TO PERCOLATE UP TO CREATE A STEEP SIDED POND.
THE POND WAS A WARM WATER HOLE WITH VEGETATION 26,000 YEARS AGO AND THE MAMMOTHS AND OTHER ANIMALS CAME HERE TO BATH, EAT, AND DRINK. THEY ENTERED AND COULD NOT ESCAPE BECAUSE THEY HAD NO FOOTHOLD TO SCALE THE STEEP SIDES OF THE SHALE BANKS. ALL THESE ANIMALS BECAME TRAPPED IN IN THE PIT AND DIED OF EXHAUSTION TRAPPED IN THE PIT. AND DIED OF EXHAUSTION OR DROWNED. ABOUT 400 TO 700 YEARS AGO AND IT SLOWLY FILLED WITH LAYERS OF SILT, SEDIMENTS AND MUD, TRAPPING THE ANIMALS. IT EVENTUALLY FILLED OVER 1000'S OF YEARS AGO THE HARDENED MUD PLUG INSIDE THE DRIED UP POND HAS REMAINED STABLE. IT BECAME A HILL. DR. LARRY AGENBROAD HAS LED THE RESEARCH ALONG WITH VISITING SCHOLARS.
THESE FOSSILS WERE BURIED UNTIL A BULLDOZER EXPOSED SOME MAMMOTH TEETH WHILE EXCAVATING FOR A HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN 1976. TODAY THEIR MUSEUM IS A CLIMATE - CONTROLLED BUILDING AROUND THE ENTIRE SINKHOLE WITH WALKWAYS TO ALLOW CLOSE UP VIEWS. OF THE FOSSILS.
MAMMOTHSITE.COM
SOUTH DAKOTA AUCTIONS
IN THE 1970'S MY HUSBAND AND I DECIDED TO START AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BUSINESS OF OUR OWN N HOT SPRINGS AFTER WORKING WITH A COMPANY FROM MONTANA. THERE WAS A LARGE NUMBER OF OIL AND GAS COMPANIES NEEDING ARCHAEOLOGICAL CLEARANCE IN TH8IS REGION AND WE MADE CONTRACTS WITH SOME OF THEM AND DID OUR RESEARCH TO MEET PEOPLE AND WE WERE THE ONLY PRIVATE FIRM IN WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA AT THAT TIME. WE HAD GOOD LUCK MEETING A NUMBER OF COMPANIES AND MINERS WHO NEEDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL CLEARANCE. AT THE SAME TIME I FINISHED WRITING MY THESIS.
WE SETTLED IN HOT SPRINGS AS IT APPEALED TO US FOR SEVERAL YEARS AND ALSO MOVED TO RAPID CITY. THE MAIN ENTERTAINMENT IN THE SMALL TOWN OF HOT SPRINGS WAS THE FRIDAY NIGHT AUCTIONS. THESE WERE VERY EXCITING AND AS ANTIQUE BUFFS, WE USUALLY ATTENDED THEM AND GAVE THEM THINGS WE DIDN'T NEED ANYMORE. THE AUCTIONEER WAS A FUNNY GUY AND THESE ACTIONS LASTED SEVERAL HOURS. IT WAS A HUGE RECYCLE SHOP. YOU NEVER KNEW WHAT THEY WOULD BE SELLING. SOMETIMES THEY HAD OLD DISHES, ANTIQUES OF WOOD, CHAIRS, AND OTHER FURNITURE, AND VARIOUS OLD METAL CONTRAPTIONS. WE ALWAYS WAITED UNTIL THE LAST HOUR OF THE AUCTION WHICH WAS A NUMBER OF BOXES OF UNKNOWN ITEMS FOR $I.OO! SOMETIMES THEY HAD ANTIQUE RUGS, JEWELRY AND SOME DAYS IT WAS ITEMS FROM AN ESTATE SALE. MOST OF THE TIME WE JUST GOT A NUMBER AND WATCHED THIS TOWN'S ENTERTAINMENT AND PERHAPS PURCHASED AN UNKNOWN BOX. WE DID WE DID HOWEVER PURCHASE A BED FRAME, A LAMP, A VACUUM CLEANER, AND A DESK CHAIR, A DRESSER, A DESK AND A DESK CHAIR. SOME OF THESE WE GAVE BACK TO THEM ONCE WE MOVED BACK TO PHOENIX. HOT SPRINGS AUCTIONS WERE EVEN ATTENDED BY VISITORS WHO CAME TO THE BLACK HILLS. THEY SEEMED TO ALWAYS HAVE A GOOD TIME ORGANIZING THINGS DURING THE WEEK. THIS TOWN WAS ATTRACTIVE TO VISIT BECAUSE OF THE HOT SPRINGS INDOOR SWIMMING POOL AND THE MINERALS IN THE SPRING WATER IN TOWN. THE TOWN WAS BEAUTIFUL BECAUSE OF THE HISTORIC NATIVE PINK SANDSTONE BUILDINGS.
THE LAKOTA AND CHEYENNE FOUGHT OVER CONTROL OF THESE WATERS. APPARENTLY, THEY HAD A BATTLE IN THE BLACK HILLS ON A MOUNTAIN CALLED BATTLE MPOUNTAIN. WE FOUND MANY SITES THERE. IN 1876 SETTLERS CAME HERE AND CALLED THE TOWN MINNEKATA OW WARM WATER.
HOTSPRINGS-SD.COM
WE SETTLED IN HOT SPRINGS AS IT APPEALED TO US FOR SEVERAL YEARS AND ALSO MOVED TO RAPID CITY. THE MAIN ENTERTAINMENT IN THE SMALL TOWN OF HOT SPRINGS WAS THE FRIDAY NIGHT AUCTIONS. THESE WERE VERY EXCITING AND AS ANTIQUE BUFFS, WE USUALLY ATTENDED THEM AND GAVE THEM THINGS WE DIDN'T NEED ANYMORE. THE AUCTIONEER WAS A FUNNY GUY AND THESE ACTIONS LASTED SEVERAL HOURS. IT WAS A HUGE RECYCLE SHOP. YOU NEVER KNEW WHAT THEY WOULD BE SELLING. SOMETIMES THEY HAD OLD DISHES, ANTIQUES OF WOOD, CHAIRS, AND OTHER FURNITURE, AND VARIOUS OLD METAL CONTRAPTIONS. WE ALWAYS WAITED UNTIL THE LAST HOUR OF THE AUCTION WHICH WAS A NUMBER OF BOXES OF UNKNOWN ITEMS FOR $I.OO! SOMETIMES THEY HAD ANTIQUE RUGS, JEWELRY AND SOME DAYS IT WAS ITEMS FROM AN ESTATE SALE. MOST OF THE TIME WE JUST GOT A NUMBER AND WATCHED THIS TOWN'S ENTERTAINMENT AND PERHAPS PURCHASED AN UNKNOWN BOX. WE DID WE DID HOWEVER PURCHASE A BED FRAME, A LAMP, A VACUUM CLEANER, AND A DESK CHAIR, A DRESSER, A DESK AND A DESK CHAIR. SOME OF THESE WE GAVE BACK TO THEM ONCE WE MOVED BACK TO PHOENIX. HOT SPRINGS AUCTIONS WERE EVEN ATTENDED BY VISITORS WHO CAME TO THE BLACK HILLS. THEY SEEMED TO ALWAYS HAVE A GOOD TIME ORGANIZING THINGS DURING THE WEEK. THIS TOWN WAS ATTRACTIVE TO VISIT BECAUSE OF THE HOT SPRINGS INDOOR SWIMMING POOL AND THE MINERALS IN THE SPRING WATER IN TOWN. THE TOWN WAS BEAUTIFUL BECAUSE OF THE HISTORIC NATIVE PINK SANDSTONE BUILDINGS.
THE LAKOTA AND CHEYENNE FOUGHT OVER CONTROL OF THESE WATERS. APPARENTLY, THEY HAD A BATTLE IN THE BLACK HILLS ON A MOUNTAIN CALLED BATTLE MPOUNTAIN. WE FOUND MANY SITES THERE. IN 1876 SETTLERS CAME HERE AND CALLED THE TOWN MINNEKATA OW WARM WATER.
HOTSPRINGS-SD.COM
Friday, February 18, 2011
ARCOSANTI IN ARIZONA
ARCOSANTI WAS STARTED IN THE SEVENTIES WHEN WE FIRST MOVED TO PHOENIX FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL. WE VISITED IT WHEN IT WAS BEING BUILT AND ATTENDED A JAMES TAYLOR CONCERT THERE ANOTHER TIME. WE GOT STUCK IN THE MUD ON OUR HONEYMOON TRIP TO THE GRAND CANYON AND DROVE ON THERE DIRT ROAD. ITALIAN ARCHITECT PABLO SOLERI SOUGHT AN ALTERNATIVE TO CAR DOMINANT HYPERCONSUMERISM SOCIETY. AT 88 HE BUILT THIS SELF CONTAINED COMMUNITY TO BE SELF SUSTAINING. THEY HAVE FOOD FROM ORGANIC GARDENS. AND SOLAR POWER, BUILDING MATERIALS FROM NEARBY NATURAL SURROUNDINGS. IT IS SIMILAR TO A PUEBLOAN CLIFF DWELLING OF SORTS. HE HOPES TO RUN A CITY WITH CONTRIBUTING RESIDENTS. WHO HAVE EVERYTHING THEY NEED ON 15 ACRES. IT INCLUDES A CAFE, A BAKERY, APARTMENTS AND DORMS FOR RESIDENT GUESTS HOUSES. APARTMENTS, A FOUNDRY, SWIMMING POOL, AMPHITHEATRE AND CERAMIC STUDIOS. ARCOSANTI AIMS TO CHANGE BEHAVIOR THROUGH WORKSHOPS, TOURS, CONVERSATIONS, HIKES, AND TOURS.
IT IS BOTH A SUCCESS AND A FAILURE. A FAILURE BECAUSE THE FOUNDER WANTED IT TO BE AN EXTRAORDINARY SUCCESS IN THAT THE PEOPLE HERE CHANGED THEIR LIVES. IT'S GREATEST SUCCESS HAS BEEN IN IT'S ARCHITECTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT. IT WAS MADE AS A BEE HIVE FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE WITHOUT CARS. IT DOES HAVE ARTFUL DETAILING AND IT IS IN A BEAUTIFUL AREA OF ARIZONA. SOLANI HAS SOLD MANY BRONZE BELLS WHICH ARE FAMOUS. THERE ARE MANY OTHER ARTISTS AND VISITING COLLEGE STUDENTS HERE. THEY ALSO RAISE FUNDS THROUGH THE SALE OF WORKSHOPS. IT IS ONLY 5% COMPLETE. AND ONE IS ABLE TO STAY THERE AND VISIT OVERNIGHT. IT IS STILL ON THE GRID AND THEY STILL ORDER FOOD FROM OUTSIDE. SOLERI GOT HIS IDEAS FROM FRANK LOYD WRIGHT AND WRIGHT GOT HIS IDEAS FROM NATURE - NATURE WAS HIS RELIGION. THERE IS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST THERE WHO FOUND HUNDREDS OF PETROGLYPHS. THEY ARE ON NEARBY ROCKS AND STONE WALLS BUILT BY PREHISTORIC INDIANS ABOUT 1300 AD. HE LEADS TOURS IN THE DESERT. WE REMEMBER SEEING TWO TARANTULAS FIGHTING IN THE DESERT WHILE WE WERE WAITING TO GET IN A JAMES TAYLOR CONCERT.
WASHINGTON POST.COM
IT IS BOTH A SUCCESS AND A FAILURE. A FAILURE BECAUSE THE FOUNDER WANTED IT TO BE AN EXTRAORDINARY SUCCESS IN THAT THE PEOPLE HERE CHANGED THEIR LIVES. IT'S GREATEST SUCCESS HAS BEEN IN IT'S ARCHITECTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT. IT WAS MADE AS A BEE HIVE FOR PEOPLE TO LIVE WITHOUT CARS. IT DOES HAVE ARTFUL DETAILING AND IT IS IN A BEAUTIFUL AREA OF ARIZONA. SOLANI HAS SOLD MANY BRONZE BELLS WHICH ARE FAMOUS. THERE ARE MANY OTHER ARTISTS AND VISITING COLLEGE STUDENTS HERE. THEY ALSO RAISE FUNDS THROUGH THE SALE OF WORKSHOPS. IT IS ONLY 5% COMPLETE. AND ONE IS ABLE TO STAY THERE AND VISIT OVERNIGHT. IT IS STILL ON THE GRID AND THEY STILL ORDER FOOD FROM OUTSIDE. SOLERI GOT HIS IDEAS FROM FRANK LOYD WRIGHT AND WRIGHT GOT HIS IDEAS FROM NATURE - NATURE WAS HIS RELIGION. THERE IS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST THERE WHO FOUND HUNDREDS OF PETROGLYPHS. THEY ARE ON NEARBY ROCKS AND STONE WALLS BUILT BY PREHISTORIC INDIANS ABOUT 1300 AD. HE LEADS TOURS IN THE DESERT. WE REMEMBER SEEING TWO TARANTULAS FIGHTING IN THE DESERT WHILE WE WERE WAITING TO GET IN A JAMES TAYLOR CONCERT.
WASHINGTON POST.COM
JUANENO INDIANS
THESE FOLKS LIVE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA IN ORANGE AND SAN DIEGO COUNTIES. THEY ARE CLOSE TO THE MISSION SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO. THEY ARE KNOWN AS THE JUANEAO BAND OF MISSION INDIANS. THEIR SPANISH SETTLEMENT IS AT SAJAVIT OCCUPIED DURING LATE PALEO INDIAN PERIOD CONTINUING TO PRESENT DAY . THE NAME COMES FROM PEOPLE WHO MINISTERED BY THE PADRES OF SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO. THEIR INDIGENOUS NAME IS ACJACHEMEN. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS RELATED TO LUISENO TRIBE. IT IS BEING REVIVED THANKS TO SOME RESEARCH AND ANTHROPOLOGIST HARRINGTON. MOST OF THE PEOPLE LIVED IN THE SAN JUAN CREEK AND SAN MATEO CREEK. SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO MISSION WAS ALONG THE SAN JUAN CREEK.
EACH CLAN WAS INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER, BUT IT JOINED TOGETHER FOR OCCASIONS AND WERE POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT. THE CLAN CHIEF WAS NOTA, WHO REGULATED CEREMONIAL LIFE. THE CLAN DECIDED UPON MATTERS SUCH AS THE PLACEMENT OF CEREMONIAL HOUSE (VANQUESH) IN THE VILLAGE AND THE CHIEF'S HOUSE. THESE WERE CENTRALLY LOCATED. A FRANCISCAN SCHOLAR RECORDED THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF PREHISTORIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO VALLEY. THERE RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE WAS SECRET. THEIR RELIGION PLACED CHIEFS AS RELIGIOUS LEADERS. THE INDIGENOUS FOLKS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES = THE COASTAL PLAYANOS AND THE SERRANOS. BOTH OF THE GROUPS HAD DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES ABOUT HOW THE EARTH, ANIMALS, AND HUMANS WERE CREATED. TODAY THIS BAND IS STILL SEEKING FEDERAL RECOGNITION REGARDING TRIBAL STATUS. IT HAS 2800 PEOPLE IN THE TRIBE.
NOCOMA IS THEIR CREATOR GOD, WHO CREATED THE EARTH, AND STUCK A BLACK ROCK CALLED TOSANT THROUGH IT'S CENTER TO KEEP IT IN PLACE.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
EACH CLAN WAS INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER, BUT IT JOINED TOGETHER FOR OCCASIONS AND WERE POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT. THE CLAN CHIEF WAS NOTA, WHO REGULATED CEREMONIAL LIFE. THE CLAN DECIDED UPON MATTERS SUCH AS THE PLACEMENT OF CEREMONIAL HOUSE (VANQUESH) IN THE VILLAGE AND THE CHIEF'S HOUSE. THESE WERE CENTRALLY LOCATED. A FRANCISCAN SCHOLAR RECORDED THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF PREHISTORIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO VALLEY. THERE RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE WAS SECRET. THEIR RELIGION PLACED CHIEFS AS RELIGIOUS LEADERS. THE INDIGENOUS FOLKS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES = THE COASTAL PLAYANOS AND THE SERRANOS. BOTH OF THE GROUPS HAD DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES ABOUT HOW THE EARTH, ANIMALS, AND HUMANS WERE CREATED. TODAY THIS BAND IS STILL SEEKING FEDERAL RECOGNITION REGARDING TRIBAL STATUS. IT HAS 2800 PEOPLE IN THE TRIBE.
NOCOMA IS THEIR CREATOR GOD, WHO CREATED THE EARTH, AND STUCK A BLACK ROCK CALLED TOSANT THROUGH IT'S CENTER TO KEEP IT IN PLACE.
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KITANEMUK INDIANS
THE KITANEMUK PEOPLE ARRIVED IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ABOUT 2500 YEARS AGO AS PEACEFUL HUNTER AND GATHERS OF MOUNTAIN AND DESERT. THEY LIVED IN THE TEHACHIPI MOUNTAINS AND THE NORTHWESTERN EDGE OF THE ANTELOPE VALLEY. THEY WERE DEPENDENT UPON ACORNS FROM THE WESTERN EDGE FROM THE WESTERN PORTION OF THEIR RANGE FACING THE DESERT. THEY LIVED IN PERMANENT VILLAGES. THEY PICKED PINON NUTS ON THE SLOPES ON THE EASTERN SIDE OF THE RANGE. THEIR GROUPS HAVE 50 - 80 MORE PEOPLE. THE COMMUNITIES WOULD DISPERSE INTO SMALLER GROUPS FOR FOOD PRODUCING HABITATS.
THEIR TREES INCLUDE JOSHUA TREE, PINYON PINE, MESQUITE, CALIFORNIA JUNIPER , CALIFORNIA PALM OASES.
MOHAVEDESERT.NET
THEIR TREES INCLUDE JOSHUA TREE, PINYON PINE, MESQUITE, CALIFORNIA JUNIPER , CALIFORNIA PALM OASES.
MOHAVEDESERT.NET
KAWAIISU INDIANS
THE KAWAIISU LIVED IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TEHACHAPI VALLEY AS WELL AS THE PASS IN THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS. TO THE NORTH NEAR LAKE ISABELLA. THEY TRAVELED EAST TO GATHER FOOD TO THE DESERT OF DEATH VALLEY. THEY HAD PERMANENT VILLAGES OF THE 100 PEOPLE. THEY OFTEN DIVIDED INTO SMALLER GROUPS DURING THE WARMER MONTHS OF THE YEAR TO GATHER NUMEROUS NATIVE PLANTS IN THE DESERT, MOIUNTAINS, AND ALONG CREEKS USING BASKETS. THEY WERE RELATED TO THE PAIUTE OF SOUTHWEST NEVADA AND CHEMEHUEVI OF THE EASTERN MOHAVI DESERT OF CALIFORNIA. PERHAPS 2000 YEARS AGO THEY LIVED IN THE DESERT BEFORE COMING TO THE MOUNTAINS. THEY ARE PART OF THE UTE-AZTECAN LANGUAGE FAMILY. IN 1770 THE POPULATION MUST HAVE BEEN ABOUT 1500 AND IN 1910 ABOUT 500.
ABSOLUTE-GSEROME-YUT.COM
ABSOLUTE-GSEROME-YUT.COM
MASTODON SITE IN DAYTON
IN 1970'S AS AN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT I WORKED AT THE DAYTON MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR A FEW YEARS WHILE I WAS ON A STUDENT WORK PROGRAM. I GOT PAID FROM A GOVERNMENT WORK STUDY PROGRAM. I HAD VOLUNTEERED AT THE MUSEUM EXCAVATING AN ADENA-HOPEWELL SITE THE SUMMER BEFORE. I WAS A FRESHMAN AT WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY.
DICK MILLS WAS A BIOLOGY COLLEGE TEACHER WHO SUPERVISED THE MASTODON SITE EXCAVATION. IT HAD BEEN DISCOVERED BY A FARMER WHO OWNED THE LAND AND IT WAS A LARGE BOG SITE. MY BROTHER, 1 YEAR OLDER THAN ME , HELPED THE FIRST YEAR. OHIO HAS VERY HUMID SUMMER'S AND WE DROVE TO THE COUNTRYSIDE EVERY DAY WITH OUR CREW FROM THE MUSEUM. THERE WERE ABOUT 6 TO 7 OF US WHO HELPED TO EXCAVATE THE SITE AND MOST OF US WERE UNDERGRADUATES AND A COUPLE OF GRADUATE STUDENTS. EVENTUALLY WE WERE ABLE TO STAY OVERNIGHT IN A TRAILER LOCATED NEAR THE SITE. IT WAS IN THE COUNTRY AND IT WAS MY FIRST EXPERIENCE LIVING IN THE COUNTRY. IT WAS BY A SMALL CREEK AND I BROUGHT MY BLOW UP BOAT AND HAD SOME COOL FUN FLOATING ON IT AFTER HOT DAYS. WE WENT TO A NEARBY BOG SITE WHERE WE FLOPPED AROUND IN MUD HIP DEEP. IT WAS FUN TO LOOK AT THE VENUS FLY TRAPS AND UNUSUAL PLANTS THERE.
OUR TIME SPENT DIGGING IN THIS 10,000 YEAR OLD SITE WAS TEDIOUS. OUR CREW WORKED ON DIGGING UNITS ON ONE SIDE WHILE ANOTHER CREW WORKED ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE. WE FOUND SOME UNUSUAL FISH BONES, VARIOUS SMALL RODENT BONES, MASTODON GIANT BEAVER BONES, AND MANDIBLES AND TEETH, AND SOME CHERT AND FLINT ARTIFACTS. IT WAS HARD WORK BUT WE ALL HAD FUN. THERE WAS A LARGE PILE OF DIRT THAT THE FARMER HAD DUG TO MAKE HIS POND. WE DUG THROUGH THIS PILE AND HAD TO KEEP THESE BONE FRAGMENTS SEPARATE. THERE WERE MANY PLEISTOCENE MAMMAL BONES. WE FOUND GIANT BEAVER, GIANT SLOTHS, AND MASTODON BONES. THIS DIRT PILE WAS QUITE LARGE AND WE DID NOT DIG THROUGH IT ENTIRELY. DURING MY SCHOOL YEAR IN THE FALL, MY JOB WAS TO IDENTIFY, CLEAN, PRESERVE, SORT AND CATALOGUE EACH BONE AND FRAGMENT FROM THIS SITE. WE EVENTUALLY MADE A BIG EXHIBIT TO SHOW THE PUBLIC WHAT WE HAD BEEN FOUND HERE AND INFORM THEM ABOUT OUR FINDS.
DICK MILLS WAS A BIOLOGY COLLEGE TEACHER WHO SUPERVISED THE MASTODON SITE EXCAVATION. IT HAD BEEN DISCOVERED BY A FARMER WHO OWNED THE LAND AND IT WAS A LARGE BOG SITE. MY BROTHER, 1 YEAR OLDER THAN ME , HELPED THE FIRST YEAR. OHIO HAS VERY HUMID SUMMER'S AND WE DROVE TO THE COUNTRYSIDE EVERY DAY WITH OUR CREW FROM THE MUSEUM. THERE WERE ABOUT 6 TO 7 OF US WHO HELPED TO EXCAVATE THE SITE AND MOST OF US WERE UNDERGRADUATES AND A COUPLE OF GRADUATE STUDENTS. EVENTUALLY WE WERE ABLE TO STAY OVERNIGHT IN A TRAILER LOCATED NEAR THE SITE. IT WAS IN THE COUNTRY AND IT WAS MY FIRST EXPERIENCE LIVING IN THE COUNTRY. IT WAS BY A SMALL CREEK AND I BROUGHT MY BLOW UP BOAT AND HAD SOME COOL FUN FLOATING ON IT AFTER HOT DAYS. WE WENT TO A NEARBY BOG SITE WHERE WE FLOPPED AROUND IN MUD HIP DEEP. IT WAS FUN TO LOOK AT THE VENUS FLY TRAPS AND UNUSUAL PLANTS THERE.
OUR TIME SPENT DIGGING IN THIS 10,000 YEAR OLD SITE WAS TEDIOUS. OUR CREW WORKED ON DIGGING UNITS ON ONE SIDE WHILE ANOTHER CREW WORKED ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE. WE FOUND SOME UNUSUAL FISH BONES, VARIOUS SMALL RODENT BONES, MASTODON GIANT BEAVER BONES, AND MANDIBLES AND TEETH, AND SOME CHERT AND FLINT ARTIFACTS. IT WAS HARD WORK BUT WE ALL HAD FUN. THERE WAS A LARGE PILE OF DIRT THAT THE FARMER HAD DUG TO MAKE HIS POND. WE DUG THROUGH THIS PILE AND HAD TO KEEP THESE BONE FRAGMENTS SEPARATE. THERE WERE MANY PLEISTOCENE MAMMAL BONES. WE FOUND GIANT BEAVER, GIANT SLOTHS, AND MASTODON BONES. THIS DIRT PILE WAS QUITE LARGE AND WE DID NOT DIG THROUGH IT ENTIRELY. DURING MY SCHOOL YEAR IN THE FALL, MY JOB WAS TO IDENTIFY, CLEAN, PRESERVE, SORT AND CATALOGUE EACH BONE AND FRAGMENT FROM THIS SITE. WE EVENTUALLY MADE A BIG EXHIBIT TO SHOW THE PUBLIC WHAT WE HAD BEEN FOUND HERE AND INFORM THEM ABOUT OUR FINDS.
COVELO IN MENDOCINO COUNTY
COVELO IS A SMALL TOWN IN THE BACKWOODS OF MENDOCINO COUNTY AND IT IS WHERE A NUMBER OF NATIVE AMERICANS STILL LIVE. IN THE 1930'S WHEN THE PIONEERS FORCED MOST NATIVE AMERICANS OFF OF THEIR TERRITORY, THEY WALKED ON A TRAIL OF TEARS TO THIS SMALL TOWN WHERE THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TRIBES. SOME OF THESE PEOPLE ARE STILL ANGRY ABOUT BEING FORCED OFF OF THEIR ANCESTRAL LANDS. I HAVE COMPLETED MANY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS.HERE AND AND RECORDED SOME SMALL TEMPORARY CAMPSITES AND A NUMBER OF HISTORIC CAMPSITES.
AS AN HISTORIC TOWN IT BEGAN IN 1860 WITH THE OPENING OF THE TOWN'S FIRST STORE. THERE TOWN WAS NAMED AFTER A TOWN IN SWITZERLAND. THERE ARE ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE THERE OF WHICH 40% ARE INDIANS. THE COVELO INDIAN RESERVATION IS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED. THEIR TOTAL POPULATION WAS 300 IN 2000. THERE ARE MANY TRIBES HERE INCLUDING YUKI, WHO ORIGINALLY LIVED HERE.THE FOLLOWING TRIBES WERE FORCED INTO THE LANDS - CONCOW, MAIDU, LITTLE LAKE, AND OTHER POMO, NOMLAKI, CAHTO, WAILAKI, AND PIT RIVER TRIBES. THE NOME CULT FARM BEGAN IN 1856 BUT PRIOR TO THAT IT WAS OCCUPIED PREHISTORICALLY. THE INDIANS WERE SEGREGATED BY THE SETTLERS. INDIANS WERE "DRIVEN" FORCIBLY TO COVELO LIKE HERDS OF CATTLE. THE ELDERLY AND SICK DID NOT SURVIVE.
NOMLAKI.COM
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AS AN HISTORIC TOWN IT BEGAN IN 1860 WITH THE OPENING OF THE TOWN'S FIRST STORE. THERE TOWN WAS NAMED AFTER A TOWN IN SWITZERLAND. THERE ARE ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE THERE OF WHICH 40% ARE INDIANS. THE COVELO INDIAN RESERVATION IS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED. THEIR TOTAL POPULATION WAS 300 IN 2000. THERE ARE MANY TRIBES HERE INCLUDING YUKI, WHO ORIGINALLY LIVED HERE.THE FOLLOWING TRIBES WERE FORCED INTO THE LANDS - CONCOW, MAIDU, LITTLE LAKE, AND OTHER POMO, NOMLAKI, CAHTO, WAILAKI, AND PIT RIVER TRIBES. THE NOME CULT FARM BEGAN IN 1856 BUT PRIOR TO THAT IT WAS OCCUPIED PREHISTORICALLY. THE INDIANS WERE SEGREGATED BY THE SETTLERS. INDIANS WERE "DRIVEN" FORCIBLY TO COVELO LIKE HERDS OF CATTLE. THE ELDERLY AND SICK DID NOT SURVIVE.
NOMLAKI.COM
WIKIPEDIA.COM
OLD TOWN SACRAMENTO
I HAVE TRAVELED TO OLD TOWN SACRAMENTO WITH MY FAMILY A NUMBER OF TIMES. IT IS A FUN PLACE TO VISIT AND THEY HAVE MANY MUSEUMS. ONE IS A TRAIN MUSEUM WHERE MY SON HAD A LOT OF FUN. THEY HAVE A MOVABLE OLD TRAIN AND YOU CAN EXPERIENCE THE MOTION OF RIDING ON OLD RAILS. YOU CAN UNDERNEATH AN ENGINE AS THEY HAVE BUILT A SMALL TUNNEL SO YOU CAN SEE ALL THE PARTS UNDER THE TRAIN THAT ARE REQUIRED TO BE GREASED AND MAINTAINED, THEY HAVE MANY ENGINES OF OLD TRAINS IN THIS MUSEUM. MOST YOUNG BOYS LOVE THIS MUSEUMS. INSIDE THERE ARE EXHIBITS THAT PRESENT INFORMATION ABOUT HOW MANY PEOPLE IT TOOK TO OPERATE AND MAINTAIN THE TRAINS THAT WERE USED DURING THE GOLD RUSH DAYS, AND THE VARIOUS TYPES OF TRAINS THAT THEY BUILT IN CALIFORNIA.
THE OLD TOWN HAS BEEN RECONSTRUCTED AND REPAIRED AND IS VISITED BY MANY TOURISTS IN CALIFORNIA AND FROM OTHER STATES. THEY HAVE MANY RESTAURANTS, GIFT STORES, A SALOON, ANTIQUE STORES, SEVERAL HOTELS, LEATHER STORES, SEVERAL HOTELS, A FIRE STATION AND CHURCHES. THEY HAVE A STEAMBOAT YOU CAN RIDE ON THE SACRAMENTO RIVER. SOME OF THE OLD HARDWARE STORES TELL STORIES WHO OWNED THEM AND THEY HAVE OLD TIME CANDIES, AND LEATHER GOODS AS THEY DID WHEN COWBOYS ROAMED HERE. THEY HAVE SIDEWALKS MADE OF OLD WOOD AND IT IS FUN FOR KIDS TO RUN AROUND AND SEE SOME OF THE OLD TIME MOVIES IN AN HISTORIC SETTING.
IN 1839 JOHN SUTLER ARRIVED ON THE SHORE OF THE AMERICAN RIVER NEAR ITS CONFLUENCE WITH THE SACRAMENTO RIVER. WITH HIS LANDING PARTY HE ESTABLISHED SUTTER'S FORT TO ALERT BUSINESSMEN LOOKING FOR OPPORTUNITIES. HE CREATED A COMMERCIAL CENTER, BUT IN 1848 IT WAS THE GOLD RUSH THAT CREATED DEVELOPED THE CENTER. JOHN MARSHALL DEVELOPED A GOLD MINE IN THE NEARBY HILLS, AND SAM BRANDON RUSHED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE WATER FRONT LOCATION. THIS WAS SUTTER'S EMBARCADERO AND SOON BECAME SACRAMENTO. THE CITY GREW RAPIDLY FOR MINERS OUTFITTING THEMSELVES. IN 1850 IT WAS DEVASTATED BY A FLOOD AND AGAIN IN 1852. THEY DECIDED TO RAISE THE STREET LEVEL WHICH WAS AN AMBITIOUS ADVENTURE. YOU CAN STILL SEE THE ORIGINAL STREET LEVEL THROUGHOUT OLD SACRAMENTO UNDER BOARD WALKS. THE COMMERCIAL CENTER GRADUALLY MOVED EAST AND THE ORIGINAL SUTTER'S EMBARCADERO WAS A BAD SKID ROW. IN 1960 A PLAN WAS DEVELOPED TO REESTABLISH THIS HISTORIC BUILDINGS WITHIN 28 ACRES AND IT IS ON THE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK. TODAY IT IS THRIVING ONCE AGAIN. THEY HAVE ART MUSEUMS, HISTORY MUSEUMS, AUTO MUSEUMS AND THE STATE INDIAN MUSEUM.
THE CALIFORNIA STATE INDIAN MUSEUM DISPLAYS EXHIBITS OF THE STATES PREHISTORIC PEOPLE OF OVER 150 DISTINCT TRIBAL GROUPS REPRESENTING 500,000 PEOPLE.
THE CALIFORNIA MUSEUM INHIBITS BEADWORK, JEWELRY, BASKETRY, CLOTHING, AND ARTIFACTS OF ALL KINDS. THEY HAVE A HANDS ON EXHIBIT WHERE THE VISITOR CAN USE A MORTAR AND PESTEL AND OPERATE A PUMP DRILL AND TOUCH VARIOUS PLANTS. IT IS A SMALL MUSEUM I HAVE BEEN IN THE LARGE STATE COLLECTIONS MUSEUM OPERATED BY CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS WHERE BURIAL REMAINS AND ARTIFACTS ARE KEPT.
OLD SACRAMENTO ALSO HAS OLD THEATRES, OLD SCHOOLHOUSE, AS WELL AS 10 LANDMARKS, INCLUDING THE PACIFIC RAILROAD FREIGHT DEPOT, INCLUDING THE PACIFIC RAILROAD FREIGHT DEPOT. THEY HAVE A PRIVATE ENTERPRISE THAT TAKES PEOPLE ON STAGE COACH RIDES.
OLDSACRAMENTO.COM
THE OLD TOWN HAS BEEN RECONSTRUCTED AND REPAIRED AND IS VISITED BY MANY TOURISTS IN CALIFORNIA AND FROM OTHER STATES. THEY HAVE MANY RESTAURANTS, GIFT STORES, A SALOON, ANTIQUE STORES, SEVERAL HOTELS, LEATHER STORES, SEVERAL HOTELS, A FIRE STATION AND CHURCHES. THEY HAVE A STEAMBOAT YOU CAN RIDE ON THE SACRAMENTO RIVER. SOME OF THE OLD HARDWARE STORES TELL STORIES WHO OWNED THEM AND THEY HAVE OLD TIME CANDIES, AND LEATHER GOODS AS THEY DID WHEN COWBOYS ROAMED HERE. THEY HAVE SIDEWALKS MADE OF OLD WOOD AND IT IS FUN FOR KIDS TO RUN AROUND AND SEE SOME OF THE OLD TIME MOVIES IN AN HISTORIC SETTING.
IN 1839 JOHN SUTLER ARRIVED ON THE SHORE OF THE AMERICAN RIVER NEAR ITS CONFLUENCE WITH THE SACRAMENTO RIVER. WITH HIS LANDING PARTY HE ESTABLISHED SUTTER'S FORT TO ALERT BUSINESSMEN LOOKING FOR OPPORTUNITIES. HE CREATED A COMMERCIAL CENTER, BUT IN 1848 IT WAS THE GOLD RUSH THAT CREATED DEVELOPED THE CENTER. JOHN MARSHALL DEVELOPED A GOLD MINE IN THE NEARBY HILLS, AND SAM BRANDON RUSHED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE WATER FRONT LOCATION. THIS WAS SUTTER'S EMBARCADERO AND SOON BECAME SACRAMENTO. THE CITY GREW RAPIDLY FOR MINERS OUTFITTING THEMSELVES. IN 1850 IT WAS DEVASTATED BY A FLOOD AND AGAIN IN 1852. THEY DECIDED TO RAISE THE STREET LEVEL WHICH WAS AN AMBITIOUS ADVENTURE. YOU CAN STILL SEE THE ORIGINAL STREET LEVEL THROUGHOUT OLD SACRAMENTO UNDER BOARD WALKS. THE COMMERCIAL CENTER GRADUALLY MOVED EAST AND THE ORIGINAL SUTTER'S EMBARCADERO WAS A BAD SKID ROW. IN 1960 A PLAN WAS DEVELOPED TO REESTABLISH THIS HISTORIC BUILDINGS WITHIN 28 ACRES AND IT IS ON THE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK. TODAY IT IS THRIVING ONCE AGAIN. THEY HAVE ART MUSEUMS, HISTORY MUSEUMS, AUTO MUSEUMS AND THE STATE INDIAN MUSEUM.
THE CALIFORNIA STATE INDIAN MUSEUM DISPLAYS EXHIBITS OF THE STATES PREHISTORIC PEOPLE OF OVER 150 DISTINCT TRIBAL GROUPS REPRESENTING 500,000 PEOPLE.
THE CALIFORNIA MUSEUM INHIBITS BEADWORK, JEWELRY, BASKETRY, CLOTHING, AND ARTIFACTS OF ALL KINDS. THEY HAVE A HANDS ON EXHIBIT WHERE THE VISITOR CAN USE A MORTAR AND PESTEL AND OPERATE A PUMP DRILL AND TOUCH VARIOUS PLANTS. IT IS A SMALL MUSEUM I HAVE BEEN IN THE LARGE STATE COLLECTIONS MUSEUM OPERATED BY CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS WHERE BURIAL REMAINS AND ARTIFACTS ARE KEPT.
OLD SACRAMENTO ALSO HAS OLD THEATRES, OLD SCHOOLHOUSE, AS WELL AS 10 LANDMARKS, INCLUDING THE PACIFIC RAILROAD FREIGHT DEPOT, INCLUDING THE PACIFIC RAILROAD FREIGHT DEPOT. THEY HAVE A PRIVATE ENTERPRISE THAT TAKES PEOPLE ON STAGE COACH RIDES.
OLDSACRAMENTO.COM
PIKES PEAK IN COLORADO
MY MOM, DAD, BROTHER AND I TOOK OUR SMALL TRAILER OUT WEST ON A SUMMER VACATION WHEN I WAS ABOUT 15. WE WENT TO HIKE AROUND SEVERAL NATIONAL PARKS IN ARIZONA AND IN COLORADO AS WELL AS YELLOWSTONE. WE WENT TO HIKE AROUND THE GARDEN OF THE GODS, AN ORANGE SANDSTONE PARK THAT HAD ROCKS BALANCED ON ROCKS. WE CAMPED IN OUR TRAILER IN AN RV CAMPGROUND NEARBY. MY DAD DECIDED TO TAKE OUR SMALL TRAILER WITH HIS FORD CAR UP THE ROAD TO PIKES PEAK. WE HAD COLLECTED SOME ROCKS IN IT TOO! THE ROAD BECAME STEEP AND AT ABOUT 1/4 THE WAY UP WE BECAME AWARE THAT THE ROAD WAS NOT SUITABLE FOR TRAILERS. LUCKILY WE FOUND A SMALL TURN AROUND PLACE AND WE GOT OUT TO GUIDE MY DAD TO TURN AROUND. THE BRAKES WERE GETTING HOT AND STARTED TO SMELL TOO. FINALLY WE DECIDED TO KEEP THE TRAILER PARKED BELOW THE PEAK IN THE PARKING LOT AND HIKE AROUND THE BASE OF THE MOUNTAIN LANDS.
PIKES PEAK IS A MOUNTAIN IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. IT WAS NAMED EL CAPITAN BY AN EXPLORER FROM SPAIN IN 1806. IT IS 14,000 FEET HIGH. DRIVERS RACE UP THE MOUNTAINS IN AN ANNUAL RACE. IT IS ALSO THE SITE OF A FAMOUS FOOT RACE ON BEAR TRAIL. THE UPPER PARK IS A NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK. YOU CAN SEE THE PEAK FROM DENVER OVER 100 MILES AWAY. THE PEAK IS MADE OF GRANITE, WHICH MEANS IT HAS FELDSPAR IN IT.
IN 1859 THERE WAS A MAJOR STRIKE OF GOLD AT PIKES PEAK AND COLORADO CITY PROCESSED MUCH OF THE ORE. THE AFFLUENT WHO HAD FOUND GOLD BUILT HOUSES IN COLORADO SPRINGS. COLORADO CITY REMAINED THE COUNTY SEAT UNTIL 1873, THEN IT MOVED TO COLORADO SPRINGS. IT WAS NAMED AFTER ZEBULON PIKE WHO FIRST TRIED TO CLIMB TO THE SUMMIT. HE FAILED AS IT WAS IN WINTER AND THERE WERE SNOW DRIFTS. FINALLY EDWIN JAMES REACHED THE PEAK IN A SUMMER CLIMB.
THE SPANISH SETTLERS OF THE DE ANZA EXPEDITION WERE THE FIRST NON NATIVES TO SIGHT THE PEAK IN 1779. IT WAS NAMED AFTER ZEBULON PEAK WHO FIRST TRIED TO CLIMB TO THE SUMMIT. HE FAILED AS IT WAS WINTER AND THERE WERE SNOW DRIFTS. FINALLY EDWIN JAMES REACHED THE PEAK IN A SUMMER CLIMB.
EARLIER NON NATIVES TO SIGHT THE PEAK WERE THE SPANISH SETTLERS OF THE DE ANZA EXPEDITION OF 1779. BEFORE THESE SETTLERS WERE THE UTE, COMANCHE, KIOWA, CHEYENNE, AND ARAPAHO WERE DOCUMENTED HERE WELL BEFORE 1500 AD.
IN 1860 THE GRUBER AND COMPANY BEGAN MINTING COINS IN DENVER WITH THE PEAKS ON IT! KATHERINE BATES TRAVELED TO THE TOP OF PIKES PEAK IN 1893 AND WROTE " AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL". THEY PUT A PLAQUE UP ON THE PEAK WITH THE SONG'S WORDS.
TODAY THERE ARE SEVERAL VISITOR CENTERS ON THE PEAK AND A RESTAURANT. THERE IS A VISITOR CENTER AT THE SUMMIT. CARS CAN BE DRIVEN TO THE SUMMIT ON A 19 MILE ROAD. THE PEAK HAD A SKI RESORT THERE FOR ABOUT 40 YEARS, BUT IT IS GONE NOW. IT WAS TOO EXPENSIVE TO MAKE SNOW. SOME DAY I'LL GO BACK TO SEE THIS REMARKABLE PEAK.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
PIKES PEAK IS A MOUNTAIN IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. IT WAS NAMED EL CAPITAN BY AN EXPLORER FROM SPAIN IN 1806. IT IS 14,000 FEET HIGH. DRIVERS RACE UP THE MOUNTAINS IN AN ANNUAL RACE. IT IS ALSO THE SITE OF A FAMOUS FOOT RACE ON BEAR TRAIL. THE UPPER PARK IS A NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK. YOU CAN SEE THE PEAK FROM DENVER OVER 100 MILES AWAY. THE PEAK IS MADE OF GRANITE, WHICH MEANS IT HAS FELDSPAR IN IT.
IN 1859 THERE WAS A MAJOR STRIKE OF GOLD AT PIKES PEAK AND COLORADO CITY PROCESSED MUCH OF THE ORE. THE AFFLUENT WHO HAD FOUND GOLD BUILT HOUSES IN COLORADO SPRINGS. COLORADO CITY REMAINED THE COUNTY SEAT UNTIL 1873, THEN IT MOVED TO COLORADO SPRINGS. IT WAS NAMED AFTER ZEBULON PIKE WHO FIRST TRIED TO CLIMB TO THE SUMMIT. HE FAILED AS IT WAS IN WINTER AND THERE WERE SNOW DRIFTS. FINALLY EDWIN JAMES REACHED THE PEAK IN A SUMMER CLIMB.
THE SPANISH SETTLERS OF THE DE ANZA EXPEDITION WERE THE FIRST NON NATIVES TO SIGHT THE PEAK IN 1779. IT WAS NAMED AFTER ZEBULON PEAK WHO FIRST TRIED TO CLIMB TO THE SUMMIT. HE FAILED AS IT WAS WINTER AND THERE WERE SNOW DRIFTS. FINALLY EDWIN JAMES REACHED THE PEAK IN A SUMMER CLIMB.
EARLIER NON NATIVES TO SIGHT THE PEAK WERE THE SPANISH SETTLERS OF THE DE ANZA EXPEDITION OF 1779. BEFORE THESE SETTLERS WERE THE UTE, COMANCHE, KIOWA, CHEYENNE, AND ARAPAHO WERE DOCUMENTED HERE WELL BEFORE 1500 AD.
IN 1860 THE GRUBER AND COMPANY BEGAN MINTING COINS IN DENVER WITH THE PEAKS ON IT! KATHERINE BATES TRAVELED TO THE TOP OF PIKES PEAK IN 1893 AND WROTE " AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL". THEY PUT A PLAQUE UP ON THE PEAK WITH THE SONG'S WORDS.
TODAY THERE ARE SEVERAL VISITOR CENTERS ON THE PEAK AND A RESTAURANT. THERE IS A VISITOR CENTER AT THE SUMMIT. CARS CAN BE DRIVEN TO THE SUMMIT ON A 19 MILE ROAD. THE PEAK HAD A SKI RESORT THERE FOR ABOUT 40 YEARS, BUT IT IS GONE NOW. IT WAS TOO EXPENSIVE TO MAKE SNOW. SOME DAY I'LL GO BACK TO SEE THIS REMARKABLE PEAK.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
SANTE FE ARTIST SQUARE AND TOURIST ATTRACTION
I HAVE BEEN TO SANTE FE'S SQUARE WHEN I WAS AN ARCHAEOLOGIST AT 18 AND EXCAVATED AT SALMON RUINS. WE ALSO TOURED HERE WITH MY MOM, MY BROTHER, AND SISTER IN LAW ABOUT SEVEN YEARS AGO. THEY HAVE MANY GALLERIES OF OF DIFFERENT ARTS AND SOUVENIRS AND PUEBLOAN POTTERY IN THE STORES. IT IS A TOURIST PARADISE. THEY EVEN HAVE SCULPTURES CREATED FROM JUNK. I REMEMBER SEEING HOPI AND NAVAJO WOMEN SELLING THEIR TURQUOISE JEWELRY. SANTE FE PRICES ARE QUITE EXPENSIVE. IT IS THE OLDEST STATE CAPITOL IN THE U.S.A. AND WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1598. NEW MEXICO'S FLAG HAS A ZIA OR INDIAN SUN SYMBOL THAT IS ALSO ON THE BUILDINGS IN THE SQUARE.
THEY HAVE A NEAT OLD ADOBE CATHOLIC CHURCH THAT IS PAINTED NICELY IN INDIAN COLORS INSIDE. OUTSIDE OF THE SQUARE IS OJO CALIENTE MINERAL SPRINGS AND SPA THAT I HAVE NOT VISITED. THEIR SPRINGS ARE 109 DEGREES. IT HELPS ARTHRITIS. THEY HAVE A SWIMMING POOL AS WELL AS A MUD POOL THAT PULLS TOXINS OUT OF YOUR BODY, THEY HAVE PRIVATE BATHS AS WELL.
WE LOOKED INTO ALL THE ART GALLERIES OF THE SQUARE AND MY MOM WAS DETERMINED TO BUY AN INDIAN RING. SHE FINALLY WENT BACK TO A GALLERY AND BOUGHT A $250 RING WITH OPALS, TURQUOISE, AND A PURPLE CUT STONE IN THE CENTER. THE ARTISTS HAD MADE BEAUTIFUL POTTERY FROM COIL AND SCRAPE METHODS AND HAD PAINTED WITH NATURAL PIGMENTS IN ORDER TO FIRE THE POTS IN AN OUTSIDE KILN. THE MODERN POTTERS LIKE TO REPLICATE PREHISTORIC DESIGNS.
HELLOSANTE.COM
THEY HAVE A NEAT OLD ADOBE CATHOLIC CHURCH THAT IS PAINTED NICELY IN INDIAN COLORS INSIDE. OUTSIDE OF THE SQUARE IS OJO CALIENTE MINERAL SPRINGS AND SPA THAT I HAVE NOT VISITED. THEIR SPRINGS ARE 109 DEGREES. IT HELPS ARTHRITIS. THEY HAVE A SWIMMING POOL AS WELL AS A MUD POOL THAT PULLS TOXINS OUT OF YOUR BODY, THEY HAVE PRIVATE BATHS AS WELL.
WE LOOKED INTO ALL THE ART GALLERIES OF THE SQUARE AND MY MOM WAS DETERMINED TO BUY AN INDIAN RING. SHE FINALLY WENT BACK TO A GALLERY AND BOUGHT A $250 RING WITH OPALS, TURQUOISE, AND A PURPLE CUT STONE IN THE CENTER. THE ARTISTS HAD MADE BEAUTIFUL POTTERY FROM COIL AND SCRAPE METHODS AND HAD PAINTED WITH NATURAL PIGMENTS IN ORDER TO FIRE THE POTS IN AN OUTSIDE KILN. THE MODERN POTTERS LIKE TO REPLICATE PREHISTORIC DESIGNS.
HELLOSANTE.COM
SANTE FE'S INTERNATIONAL FOLK ART MUSEUM
MY HUSBAND SON AND I TRAVELED HERE WHEN WE MADE A SUMMER TRIP TO FIVE NATIONAL PARKS. IT IS DIFFICULT TO LOCATE. THEY HAVE SOME GUEST LECTURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS SUCH AS SPINNING WOOL, MUSIC DEMONSTRATIONS SUCH AS FOLK ART OF PERU. WE REMEMBER THE MUSEUM HAVING SOME VERY UNIQUE EXHIBITS OF MEXICO - SOME REPLICAS OF DIFFERENT MEXICAN MARKETS, SOME TOWN SQUARES, DOLLS FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES, HAND LOOMED WALL TEXTILES, AND SOME QUILTED FROM ALL DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. WE SAW REPLICAS OF MEXICAN CHURCHES AS THEY WERE CELEBRATING CHRISTMAS, THEY WERE ALL DRESSED UP AND THE PEOPLE HAD HAND WOVEN BELTS. THEY HAD VARIOUS MELONS, CORN, AND TORTILLAS FOR SALE OUTSIDE OF THE CHURCH.. THEY HAVE EXHIBITS OF TOYS BEADWORK, EMBROIDERED CLOTHING, AND TRADITIONAL BASKETS FROM NEPAL, BOLIVIA., PERU, SWAZILAND, INDIA, KENYA, SOUTH AFRICA, KENYA, AND NEPAL.
THEY HAVE A WINTER CELEBRATION OF COLLECTIONS OF FOLK ART WITH AN INTERACTIVE GALLERY. THEY ALSO HAVE A GALLERY THAT DISPLAYS TOYS AND FOLK ART FROM 100 COUNTRIES. THEY ALSO HAVE WOODEN FOLK ART COLLECTION FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES THAT MAKE MASKS, WALL DECORATIONS AND SCULPTURES. THEY HAVE AMULETS THAT ARE OBJECTS OF POTENCY THAT ARE PRESENTED AS GIFTS TO SUPERNATURAL BEINGS IN RECIPROCATION OF FAVORS RECEIVED . THEY HAVE PAINTERS THAT HAVE PAINTED NARRATIVE SCROLLS AND PERFORM SONGS FROM WEST BENGAL. THEY HAVE A NICE BOOK ABOUT THEIR ART. THE MUSEUM HAS ENAMELED EARTHENWARE FROM SPAIN AND CHINA. THEY ALSO HAVE A VARIETY OF JAPANESE WOOD BLOCK PRINTS FROM THE 1800'S. THEY ALSO HAVE HANDMADE WOVEN CLOTH (SOME CEREMONIAL) FROM THE CONGO, CHINA, ASIA AND AMERICA.
INTERNATIONAL FOLK ART.ORG
THEY HAVE A WINTER CELEBRATION OF COLLECTIONS OF FOLK ART WITH AN INTERACTIVE GALLERY. THEY ALSO HAVE A GALLERY THAT DISPLAYS TOYS AND FOLK ART FROM 100 COUNTRIES. THEY ALSO HAVE WOODEN FOLK ART COLLECTION FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES THAT MAKE MASKS, WALL DECORATIONS AND SCULPTURES. THEY HAVE AMULETS THAT ARE OBJECTS OF POTENCY THAT ARE PRESENTED AS GIFTS TO SUPERNATURAL BEINGS IN RECIPROCATION OF FAVORS RECEIVED . THEY HAVE PAINTERS THAT HAVE PAINTED NARRATIVE SCROLLS AND PERFORM SONGS FROM WEST BENGAL. THEY HAVE A NICE BOOK ABOUT THEIR ART. THE MUSEUM HAS ENAMELED EARTHENWARE FROM SPAIN AND CHINA. THEY ALSO HAVE A VARIETY OF JAPANESE WOOD BLOCK PRINTS FROM THE 1800'S. THEY ALSO HAVE HANDMADE WOVEN CLOTH (SOME CEREMONIAL) FROM THE CONGO, CHINA, ASIA AND AMERICA.
INTERNATIONAL FOLK ART.ORG
MONTEZUMA CASTLE NATIONAL MONUMENT
WE VISITED THE MONUMENT AS GRADUATE STUDENTS. THE PREHISTORIC CLIFF DWELLING VILLAGE VILLAGE IS LOCATED IN FORT VERDE STATE HISTORIC PARK. IT WAS BUILT BY A CULTURE WHO LIVED HERE ABOUT 700 AD. IT IS A BEAUTIFUL PUEBLON VILLAGE AND NAMED DISCOVERED IT IN 1860 AFTER THE AZTEC EMPEROR MONTEZUMA. THEY MISTAKENLY BELLIEVED THAT THE EMPEROR WAS CONNECTED TO THIS CASTLE. IT IS A MONUMENT PRESERVED FOR TOURISTS. IT IS ONE OF THE BEST PRESERVED DWELLINGS IN NORTH AMERICA. THE SINAGUA BEFORE 1125 AD RAISED CROPS AND HUNTED AND COLLECTED GRAINSON HILLS NEARBY. AFTER 1125 THEY SETTLED IN VERDE VALLEY AND USED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS LEFT BY THE HOHOKAM. THE SINAGUA LEFT THIS AREA ABOUT 1425 AD. POSSIBLY THEY ABANDONED IT BUT NO ONE KNOWS FOR SURE. POSSIBLY WARFARE OR DROUGHT.
THIS VILLAGE HAD FIVE STORIES OF STONE AND MORTAR WITH 20 ROOMS AND PROBABLY HOUSED 50 PEOPLE. AN EVEN LARGER CLIFF DWELLING WAS NEARBY BUT DID NOT SURVIVE. IN 1906 IT WAS DECLARED A NATIONAL MONUMENT. LOCATED 11 MILES NORTHEAST OF THIS CASTLE IS MONTEZUMA'S WELL, A NATURAL LIMESTONE SINKHOLE. 1,400,00 GALLONS OF WATER FLOW EACH DAY THROUGH THESE SPRINGS. IT IS VERY SACRED TO THE YAVAPAI WHO BELIEVE THEY EMERGED INTO THE WORLD FROM THE WELL. IT IS USED TO IRRIGATE FIELDS SINCE THE 8TH CENTURY.
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THIS VILLAGE HAD FIVE STORIES OF STONE AND MORTAR WITH 20 ROOMS AND PROBABLY HOUSED 50 PEOPLE. AN EVEN LARGER CLIFF DWELLING WAS NEARBY BUT DID NOT SURVIVE. IN 1906 IT WAS DECLARED A NATIONAL MONUMENT. LOCATED 11 MILES NORTHEAST OF THIS CASTLE IS MONTEZUMA'S WELL, A NATURAL LIMESTONE SINKHOLE. 1,400,00 GALLONS OF WATER FLOW EACH DAY THROUGH THESE SPRINGS. IT IS VERY SACRED TO THE YAVAPAI WHO BELIEVE THEY EMERGED INTO THE WORLD FROM THE WELL. IT IS USED TO IRRIGATE FIELDS SINCE THE 8TH CENTURY.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
PETRIFIED FOREST IN ARIZONA
MY HUSBAND AND I VISITED THIS UNUSUAL NATIONAL PARK PARK NEAR HOLBROOK WHILE WE WERE IN GRADUATE SCHOOL FOR ARCHAEOLOGY I GOT A PART TIME JOB AT THE MUSEUM OF NORTHERN ARIZONA AS A FRESHMAN AND THAT SUMMER WE TRAVELED TO A MUSEUMS, NATIONAL MONUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREAS. THE PETRIFIED NATIONAL FOREST LARGE TREES THAT ARE PETRIFIED THROUGH A SPECIAL PROCESS. THEY LIVED 225 MILLION YEARS AGO WITH PRONGHORNS, COYOTES, AND BOBCATS AS WELL AS AMPHIBIANS IN THE PUERCO RIVER. ABOUT 1/2 OF THE 360 SQUARE MILES IN THE PUERCO RIVER. ABOUT 1/2 OF THE 360 SQUARE MILES IS WILDERNESS AND PART BADLANDS. THERE ARE FOSSILS THAT LIVED IN THE LATE TRIASSIC. THE FOSSILS INCLUDE FERNS, CYCADS, GINKOS, AND MANY OTHER PLANTS AND GIANT REPTILES AND DINOSAURS. SINCE 1900'S PALEONTOLOGISTS HAVE BEEN STUDING IN THE PARK.
THE FIRST INHABITANTS LIVED HERE IN 8000 YEARS AGO AND WERE PALEO- INDIAN HUNTERS AND GATHERERS. BY 1500 AD THEY BEGAN TO GROW CORN AND BY 2000 AD THEY BECAME AGRICULTURALISTS. THEY HAVE FOUND 600 SITES IN THIS AREA THAT ARE PROTECTED. THE STREAMS THAT FLOWED 200 MILLION YEARS AGO DEPOSITED INORGANIC MATERIAL INCLUDING TREES, PLANTS, ANIMALS THAT FELL INTO THE WATER, SOME OF THE MATERIAL WAS BURIED SO QUICKLY THAT IT BECAME FOSSILIZED. THEY SEDIMENTS ARE PART OF THE CHINLE FORMATION. DURING A PERIOD OF MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO A LARGE LAKE COVERED MUCH OF NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA. THERE WERE VOLCANOES THAT ERUPTED NEARBY AND IN NEVADA.
THE CLIMATE CHANGED AND FARMING BECAME DIFFICULT FROM 750 - 900 AD. BASKET MAKERS MOVED AWAY. THE PUEBLO BUILDERS CONSTRUCTED ABOVE GROUND PUEBLOS.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
THE FIRST INHABITANTS LIVED HERE IN 8000 YEARS AGO AND WERE PALEO- INDIAN HUNTERS AND GATHERERS. BY 1500 AD THEY BEGAN TO GROW CORN AND BY 2000 AD THEY BECAME AGRICULTURALISTS. THEY HAVE FOUND 600 SITES IN THIS AREA THAT ARE PROTECTED. THE STREAMS THAT FLOWED 200 MILLION YEARS AGO DEPOSITED INORGANIC MATERIAL INCLUDING TREES, PLANTS, ANIMALS THAT FELL INTO THE WATER, SOME OF THE MATERIAL WAS BURIED SO QUICKLY THAT IT BECAME FOSSILIZED. THEY SEDIMENTS ARE PART OF THE CHINLE FORMATION. DURING A PERIOD OF MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO A LARGE LAKE COVERED MUCH OF NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA. THERE WERE VOLCANOES THAT ERUPTED NEARBY AND IN NEVADA.
THE CLIMATE CHANGED AND FARMING BECAME DIFFICULT FROM 750 - 900 AD. BASKET MAKERS MOVED AWAY. THE PUEBLO BUILDERS CONSTRUCTED ABOVE GROUND PUEBLOS.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
WUPATKI, AZ
WUPATKI IS A PREHISTORIC ADOBE RUIN IN THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF JUST 12 MILES NORTHEAST OF FLAGSTAFF. IT WAS BUILT BY THE PUEBLOAN CULTURE. IT IS A UNIQUE MULTI-STORY VILLAGE WHERE THE PUEBLOAN CULTURE EXISTED AT LEAST 800 - 1100 YEARS AGO. THEY WERE PRIMARILYHUNTERS AND GATHERERS, IT IS LOCATED ON THE COLORADO PLATEAU AND IT IS ONE OF THE WARMEST AND DRIEST PLACES ON THE COLORADO PLATEAU. THEY HAVE A VISITOR CENTER THERE NOW. BUT WHEN MY HUSBAND AND I VISITED THERE THEY HAD NOT BUILT A VISITOR CENTER. THEY BUILT A 100 ROOM PUEBLO THERE AND THERE ARE SEVERAL OTHERS. WAPATKI HAD A COMMUNITY ROOM AND BALLCOURT. POSSIBLY 100 PEOPLE LIVED AT THIS LARGE PUEBLO, AND WITHIN WITHIN A DAYS WALK OF THE PUEBLO, AND WITHIN A DAYS WALK OF THE PUEBLO THERE WERE SEVERAL THOUSAND. THE HOPI BELIEVE THAT THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED HERE REMAIN AS SPIRITUAL GUARDIANS. STORIES ABOUT WAPATKI ARE PASSED AMONG MOST OF ARIZONA TRIBES AND THE ZUNI. THE HOPI CLANS RETURN NOW AND THEN TO ENRICH THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR CLAN HISTORY.
THERE ARE SEVERAL BLOWHOLES HERE WHERE AIR FLOWS IN AND OUT OF THE GROUND. MOST OF THE SITES ARE CALLED KAYENTA ANCESTRAL PUEBLOAN, OTHERS ARE COHONINA, AND SINAGUA. THERE IS A WAPUTKI SPRING 100 M FROM THE PUEBLO. TODAY IT IS DRY BUT IT PRODUCED 500 GALLONS PER DAY. THEY ALSO STORED RAIN WATER AND COLLECTED IT UNDER ROCK OVER HANGS AND MADE NATURAL RESERVOIR'S UNDER ROCK OVERHANGS AND MADE NATURAL RESERVOIR'S BEFORE RAINS. THE TEMPERATURE WAS ABOUT THE SAME AS IN PREHISTORIC TIMES. THEY HAD 8 INCHES OF RAIN PER SUMMER. THEY GREW 1/2 OF THEIR FOODS - CORN, BEANS, SQUASH AND GOURDS IN FIELDS AND GARDENS. THEY COLLECTED WILD SEEDS AND GRAINS AND SPRING GREENS. THEY HUNTED DEER, RABBITS, PRONGHORN, AND RODENTS. THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND POTTERY THICKLY LAYERED OVER THE GROUND. THIS AREA WAS A HOME TO NUMEROUS GROUPS OF PEOPLE OVER 1000'S OF YEARS. SOMEHOW AMIDST THE EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURES AND SCARCE WATER, THESE PEOPLE CREATED SELF SUSTAINING LIVES. THEY HAVE A WIDE VARIETY OF HABITATS FOR PLANTS AND ANIMALS. THE SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS JUST NORTH OF FLAGSTAFF WERE NAMED IN 1629 BY FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES IN HONOR OF ST. FRANCISCO OF ASSISI.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
THERE ARE SEVERAL BLOWHOLES HERE WHERE AIR FLOWS IN AND OUT OF THE GROUND. MOST OF THE SITES ARE CALLED KAYENTA ANCESTRAL PUEBLOAN, OTHERS ARE COHONINA, AND SINAGUA. THERE IS A WAPUTKI SPRING 100 M FROM THE PUEBLO. TODAY IT IS DRY BUT IT PRODUCED 500 GALLONS PER DAY. THEY ALSO STORED RAIN WATER AND COLLECTED IT UNDER ROCK OVER HANGS AND MADE NATURAL RESERVOIR'S UNDER ROCK OVERHANGS AND MADE NATURAL RESERVOIR'S BEFORE RAINS. THE TEMPERATURE WAS ABOUT THE SAME AS IN PREHISTORIC TIMES. THEY HAD 8 INCHES OF RAIN PER SUMMER. THEY GREW 1/2 OF THEIR FOODS - CORN, BEANS, SQUASH AND GOURDS IN FIELDS AND GARDENS. THEY COLLECTED WILD SEEDS AND GRAINS AND SPRING GREENS. THEY HUNTED DEER, RABBITS, PRONGHORN, AND RODENTS. THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND POTTERY THICKLY LAYERED OVER THE GROUND. THIS AREA WAS A HOME TO NUMEROUS GROUPS OF PEOPLE OVER 1000'S OF YEARS. SOMEHOW AMIDST THE EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURES AND SCARCE WATER, THESE PEOPLE CREATED SELF SUSTAINING LIVES. THEY HAVE A WIDE VARIETY OF HABITATS FOR PLANTS AND ANIMALS. THE SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS JUST NORTH OF FLAGSTAFF WERE NAMED IN 1629 BY FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES IN HONOR OF ST. FRANCISCO OF ASSISI.
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TUMACACORI NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK
I VISITED THIS MISSION SEVERAL TIMESMY MOM AND HUSBAND. THIS PARK PROTECTS THREE SPANISH COLONIAL MISSION RUINS IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA. IT IS A 310 ACRE PARK AND IT HAS A VISITOR CENTER. THE NAME TUMACACORI MAY BE DERIVED FROM OODHAM WORDS (PIMA AND PAPAGO). IT IS THE OLDEST MISSIONIN THE STATE. THERE WERE 22 MARRIED COUPLES IN THE CENSUS BOOK, 12 WIDOWERS, AND 10 ORPHANS. MORE THAN 20 MISSIONS WERE ESTABLISHED BY FATHER KINO.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FRANCISCAN CHURCH AT TUMACACORI TOOK PLACE WAS BUILT AT BETWEEN 1800 AND 1822 AND THEY USED 90,000 ADOBE BRICKS. THEY HAVE A TRAIL BETWEEN TUMACACORI AND THE TUBA PRESIDIO STATE HISTORIC PARK. IT FOLLOWS THE RIVER IN THE SHADE OF MESQUITE, HACK BERRY ELDERBERRY, COTTONWOOD, AND WILLOW TREES. THE MESQUITE BOSQUE AND DESERT SCRUB PROVIDES SHELTER TO MORE THAN 200 SPECIES OF BIRDS. COYOTES, JAVELINA, RACOONS, FERILE BOARS, REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. THEIR HISTORIC ORCHID IS BEING RE-ESTABLISHED. THEIR WATER COMES FROM A CANYON SOUTHWEST OF NOGALES. THE SPANISH WHO CAME HERE CALLED THE OODHAM INDIANS THE PIMA. THE JESUIT MISSIONARIES CALLED THIS AREA PIMERIA ALTA.
BY 1908 WHEN THIS PARK WAS DESIGNATED A NATIONAL MONUMENT BY ROOSEVELT IT WAS PRESERVED AND STABILIZED. A MUSEUM WAS BUILT IN 1937 WITHIN WHAT WAS THEN AN INTERPRETIVE DISPLAY. IT HA INFORMATION ON 3 HISTORIC MISSIONS.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
NPS.GOV
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FRANCISCAN CHURCH AT TUMACACORI TOOK PLACE WAS BUILT AT BETWEEN 1800 AND 1822 AND THEY USED 90,000 ADOBE BRICKS. THEY HAVE A TRAIL BETWEEN TUMACACORI AND THE TUBA PRESIDIO STATE HISTORIC PARK. IT FOLLOWS THE RIVER IN THE SHADE OF MESQUITE, HACK BERRY ELDERBERRY, COTTONWOOD, AND WILLOW TREES. THE MESQUITE BOSQUE AND DESERT SCRUB PROVIDES SHELTER TO MORE THAN 200 SPECIES OF BIRDS. COYOTES, JAVELINA, RACOONS, FERILE BOARS, REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. THEIR HISTORIC ORCHID IS BEING RE-ESTABLISHED. THEIR WATER COMES FROM A CANYON SOUTHWEST OF NOGALES. THE SPANISH WHO CAME HERE CALLED THE OODHAM INDIANS THE PIMA. THE JESUIT MISSIONARIES CALLED THIS AREA PIMERIA ALTA.
BY 1908 WHEN THIS PARK WAS DESIGNATED A NATIONAL MONUMENT BY ROOSEVELT IT WAS PRESERVED AND STABILIZED. A MUSEUM WAS BUILT IN 1937 WITHIN WHAT WAS THEN AN INTERPRETIVE DISPLAY. IT HA INFORMATION ON 3 HISTORIC MISSIONS.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
NPS.GOV
COLUMBUS SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD
WHEN I WAS A LITTLE GIRL MY BROTHER AND PARENTS VISITED THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD OUTSIDE OF A MALL IN COLUMBUS. THIS AMAZING GROUP OF ARTISTIC LANDMARKS. SOME INCLUDED THE EIFFEL TOWER IN PARIS, FRANCE; THE LEANING TOWER OF PIZA IN PIZA, ITALY; THE PYRAMIDS OF CHEOPS AND THE SPHINX IN EGYPT; THE TAJ MAJOL IN AGRA INDIA; THE TREVI FOUNTAIN , ROME; THE NIAGRA FALLS, IN NEW YORK; AND THE GRAND CANYON IN ARIZONA. IT WAS A FUN PLACE TO LEARN ABOUT THE WORLD AND WHY THEY WERE FAMOUS.
MY FAMILY TOOK MOVIES OF US AS KIDS AND THEY ENJOYED PHOTOGRAPHY AND TAKING MOVIES OF US I DON'T REMEMBER VISITING THE CAPITOL IN COLUMBUS, BUT I KNOW MY DAD WENT TO GRADUATE SCHOOL HERE.
THE DEVELOPERS WERE DON CASTRO AND HIS SON . A NOTED ARTIST AND DESIGNER CONSTRUCTED THIS FEAT. THEY ALSO INCLUDED CARLSBAD CAVERNS IN NEW MEXICO AND THE PARTHENON IN ACROPOLIS, GREECE.
THE CONSTRUCTION COST $165,000 TO $250,000 AND WAS BUILT IN THE LATE 1950'S. IT DETERIORATED BY THE LATE 1960'S. THE EIFFEL TOWER WAS MOVED TO THE OWNER'S PROPERTY. BY 1985 A PORTION OF THE PARKING LOT COLLAPSED INTO THE NIAGRA FALLS EXHIBIT.
LATE1.COM
MY FAMILY TOOK MOVIES OF US AS KIDS AND THEY ENJOYED PHOTOGRAPHY AND TAKING MOVIES OF US I DON'T REMEMBER VISITING THE CAPITOL IN COLUMBUS, BUT I KNOW MY DAD WENT TO GRADUATE SCHOOL HERE.
THE DEVELOPERS WERE DON CASTRO AND HIS SON . A NOTED ARTIST AND DESIGNER CONSTRUCTED THIS FEAT. THEY ALSO INCLUDED CARLSBAD CAVERNS IN NEW MEXICO AND THE PARTHENON IN ACROPOLIS, GREECE.
THE CONSTRUCTION COST $165,000 TO $250,000 AND WAS BUILT IN THE LATE 1950'S. IT DETERIORATED BY THE LATE 1960'S. THE EIFFEL TOWER WAS MOVED TO THE OWNER'S PROPERTY. BY 1985 A PORTION OF THE PARKING LOT COLLAPSED INTO THE NIAGRA FALLS EXHIBIT.
LATE1.COM
ADIRONDACK MOUNTAIN
WHEN MY HUSBAND AND I MET IN A STATE PARK STATE PARK DIG IN NEW YORK WE WENT ON SOME TRIPS DURING THE WEEKEND. WE DROVE AND HIKED UP TO THE MOUNTAINS JUST NORTH OF THE CATSKILLS, HAD VISITED BEFORE. THE ADIRONDACKS HAVE MANY HIGH MOUNTAINS AND THEY HAVE CLEAR LAKES WHERE PEOPLE CAN CANOE. WE JUST WENT TO HIKE AND CAMPED OVERNIGHT. THEY HAVE MANY TRAILS IN FORESTED LANDS AS WELL AS UP TO THE MOUNTAINS. IT WAS HOT AND WE SWEATED ON TH TRAIL IN THE SUMMER. THEY HAVE 46 PEAKS THAT GET SNOW COVERED IN THE WINTER. IT IS A LARGE TOURIST ATTRACTION. THEY HAVE TRAILS FOR MOUNTAIN BIKING , CROSS COUNTRY SKIING, , SNOW MOBILING, AND CAMPING, AS WELL AS CANOE ROUTES. THEY ALSO HAVE A VARIETY OF RETREATS AND SPAS.
IN THE SPRING THEY HAVE AN ARTIST'S CELEBRATION. IT LASTS FOR THREE DAYS OF THEATRE, DANCE, MUSIC, AND ART SHOWS. THEY ALSO HAVE THE FAMOUS SARATOGA SPRINGS HERE WITH A PERFORMING ARTS CENTER. THIS AREA HAS THE WORLD'S LARGEST SKATING ARENA INDOORS WHICH WAS BUILT IN 1980 FOR THE USA-RUSSIA MIRACLE ON ICE. THEY ALSO HAVE NEW YORK'S LARGEST THEME PARKS.
ADIRONDACKS.COM
IN THE SPRING THEY HAVE AN ARTIST'S CELEBRATION. IT LASTS FOR THREE DAYS OF THEATRE, DANCE, MUSIC, AND ART SHOWS. THEY ALSO HAVE THE FAMOUS SARATOGA SPRINGS HERE WITH A PERFORMING ARTS CENTER. THIS AREA HAS THE WORLD'S LARGEST SKATING ARENA INDOORS WHICH WAS BUILT IN 1980 FOR THE USA-RUSSIA MIRACLE ON ICE. THEY ALSO HAVE NEW YORK'S LARGEST THEME PARKS.
ADIRONDACKS.COM
Monday, February 14, 2011
SERPENT MOUND
THIS IS AN UNUSUAL MOUND BUILT IN PREHISTORIC TIMES NEAR CHILLICOTHE, OHIO. IT IS IN THE SHAPE OF A SNAKE WITH AN EGG OUTSIDE OF THE MOUTH. I VISITED THE MOUND WHEN I WAS IN JUNIOR HIGH FOR OUR HISTORY CLASS. IT IS A CEREMONIAL EFFIGY MOUND. I BECAME INTERESTED IN ARCHAEOLOGY WHEN I WAS IN FORTH GRADE. THIS MOUND INSPIRED ME TO DESIGN A SCULPTURE OF A TURTLE MOUND IN ART CLASS AT WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY. I WAS AN ART MINOR AND ANTHROPOLOGY MAJOR. I SAW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ART AND ANTHROPOLOGY AND LOVED STUDYING PREHISTORIC DESIGNS THAT WERE SCULPTED, PAINTED ON POTTERY AND CARVED ON ROCKS OR PETROGLYPHS. THIS LED ME TO RESEARCH THE MEANING OF PREHISTORIC SYMBOLS. AND SUBSEQUENTLY I STUDIED MANY TRIBAL BELIEFS AND MYTHOLOGIES.
THIS MOUND IS THE LARGEST AND FINEST SERPENT EFFIGY IN THE U.S. IT IS 1/4 MILE LONG AND REPRESENTS AN UN COILED SERPENT. NEARBY ARE BURIAL MOUNDS WITH IMPLEMENTS OF THE PREHISTORIC ADENA OF 800 BC - AD 100. IT PROBABLY SYMBOLIZES A RELIGIOUS OR MYTHICAL PLACE FOR IT'S BUILDERS.
BASED ON 1996 STUDIES AND CARBON DATING, SCHOLARS BELIEVE IT WAS BUILT BY FORT ANCIENT CULTURE ABOUT 1070 CE. THERE IS STILL MUCH TO LEARN ABOUT THIS AREA. OR PERHAPS FORT ANCIENT PEOPLE COULD HAVE REFURBISHED THE EARTHWORK AS MANY PEOPLE FIX UP THEIR HOUSES
STATE PARKS.COM
WIKIPEDIA.COM
THIS MOUND IS THE LARGEST AND FINEST SERPENT EFFIGY IN THE U.S. IT IS 1/4 MILE LONG AND REPRESENTS AN UN COILED SERPENT. NEARBY ARE BURIAL MOUNDS WITH IMPLEMENTS OF THE PREHISTORIC ADENA OF 800 BC - AD 100. IT PROBABLY SYMBOLIZES A RELIGIOUS OR MYTHICAL PLACE FOR IT'S BUILDERS.
BASED ON 1996 STUDIES AND CARBON DATING, SCHOLARS BELIEVE IT WAS BUILT BY FORT ANCIENT CULTURE ABOUT 1070 CE. THERE IS STILL MUCH TO LEARN ABOUT THIS AREA. OR PERHAPS FORT ANCIENT PEOPLE COULD HAVE REFURBISHED THE EARTHWORK AS MANY PEOPLE FIX UP THEIR HOUSES
STATE PARKS.COM
WIKIPEDIA.COM
CAT SHOW IN SANTA ROSA
ON SATURDAY I SPENT MY DAY AT THE CAT SHOW. THERE WERE FOUR RINGS FOR SHOWING VARIOUS CATS. THEY HAD A WIDE VARIETY OF CATS AND MANY COLORS AND FUR THICKNESSES. WE SAW SIAMESE THAT WERE HAIRLESS! THEY WERE VERY SKINNY AS WELL. THERE WERE PERSIANS THAT WERE VERY SKINNY. MAINE COONS THAT HAD LONG FLUFFY HAIR THAT WERE OF ALL COLORS. SOME LOOKED LIKE SMALL LEOPARDS. ONE WAS BLACK AND GREY STRIPED AND WEIGHED ABOUT 15 POUNDS. THERE WERE SMALL CALICO KITTENS THAT WERE PLAYFUL. THEY HAD SOME RESCUE CATS AS WELL. THERE WAS A LADY WITH A CHINESE CAT. AND A RUSSIAN CAT. I'M NOT SURE THAT I BELIEVE THAT ALL THE CATS COME FROM EGYPT! THERE WAS A VARIETY OF PEOPLE VIEWING THE SHOW INCLUDING A FILIPINO, SOME CHINESE, SEVERAL NATIVE AMERICANS - PROBABLY 75% NATIVE, HISPANICS, BLACKS AND MANY ANGLOS. THERE WERE ABOUT 140 CATS IN THE SHOW, AND ABOUT 300 PEOPLE WATCHING THE JUDGING. THE CATS CAME FROM ALL DIFFERENT STATES.
FOLK MUSIC OF PALESTINE AND EGYPT
LAST NIGHT I WENT TO A PRESENTATION OF MUSIC FROM EGYPT AND AND ISRAEL. THEY HAD MANY COSTUMES AND UNUSUAL DRESSES AS WELL AS DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS. THEY ALSO HAD A TURKISH FOLK SONG. THEY HAD MANY SINGERS OF DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES. AND THEY HAD A VARIETY OF SONGS AS WELL.
I REALLY ENJOYED THE VARIETY OF FOLK MUSIC!
THEY HAD A YOUNG GIRL MAKE A LONG READING ADAPTATION TAKEN FROM THE WRITINGS OF RACHAEL CORRIE. IT WAS A DRAMA ABOUT HER TRAVELS TO EUROPE AND THEN TO PALESTINE. SHE SAW MANY STRANGE THINGS WITH PEOPLE BEING SHOT AND IT WAS HARD FOR HER TO ADAPT TO THIS COUNTRY. HOWEVER SHE FELT COMPELLED TO GO THERE. SHE HAD A LAPTOP THAT SHE USED TO EMAIL HER MOM ABOUT HOW SHE LOVED HER AND HOW SHE WAS DOING. IN THE END SHE WAS KILLED. SHE CAME BACK ON STAGE TO AND GOT A STANDING OVATION AND ROSES!
WE THEN HAD A DELICIOUS SPINACH WRAP WITH GARBANZO BEANS AND LETTUCE AND TOMATOES AND ONIONS.
I REALLY ENJOYED THE VARIETY OF FOLK MUSIC!
THEY HAD A YOUNG GIRL MAKE A LONG READING ADAPTATION TAKEN FROM THE WRITINGS OF RACHAEL CORRIE. IT WAS A DRAMA ABOUT HER TRAVELS TO EUROPE AND THEN TO PALESTINE. SHE SAW MANY STRANGE THINGS WITH PEOPLE BEING SHOT AND IT WAS HARD FOR HER TO ADAPT TO THIS COUNTRY. HOWEVER SHE FELT COMPELLED TO GO THERE. SHE HAD A LAPTOP THAT SHE USED TO EMAIL HER MOM ABOUT HOW SHE LOVED HER AND HOW SHE WAS DOING. IN THE END SHE WAS KILLED. SHE CAME BACK ON STAGE TO AND GOT A STANDING OVATION AND ROSES!
WE THEN HAD A DELICIOUS SPINACH WRAP WITH GARBANZO BEANS AND LETTUCE AND TOMATOES AND ONIONS.
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