FLATHEAD INDIAN RESERVATION

THIS RESERVATION SUPPORTS THREE TRIBES - THE SALISH, THE PEND D'ORIELLE AND THE KOOTENAI. THEY ORIGINALLY HAD 1.2 MILLION ACRES BY THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. THE FLATHEAD RIVER RUNS THROUGH THIS RESERVATION AS WELL AS THE FLATHEAD LAKE. THE SALISH PEND D' OREILLE AND KOOTENAI TRIBES LIVE HERE. SELIN IS ALSO CALLED SALISH - OR THE PEOPLE. THE ABORIGINAL NAME FOR THE KOOTENAI TRIBE IS KUTANAXA (LICKS THE BLOOD). TODAY THEY ARE KNOWN AS THE CONFEDERATED SALISH AND KOOTENAI TRIBES. AFTER THE RESERVATION PERIOD, SOME OF THESE LANDS WERE OPENED TO HOMESTEADING IN 1910. MANY NON-INDIANS LIVED ON THE RESERVATION AFTER THIS PERIOD. THEIR STORY BEGINS WHEN THE CREATOR PUT THE ANIMAL PEOPLE ON EARTH. HE SENT COYOTE AHEAD AS THIS WORLD WAS FULL OF EVILS AND NOT YET FIT FOR MANKIND. COYOTE CAME WITH HIS BROTHER FOX TO THIS BIG ISLAND. COYOTE LEFT MANY FAULTS SUCH AS GREED, JEALOUSY, AND HUNGER, AND ENVY. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND AND DATED SITES HERE TO 12,000 - 14,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS THE END OF THE ICE AGE. FROM THE BEGINNING AS THEY KNOW IT , THE SALISH AND PEND D' ORIELLE HAD A SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY THAT WAS COMPLEX. ELDERS SAY LIFE WAS HARD BUT GOOD. THEY ATE BITTEROOT, CAMAS BULBS, WILD ROSE, BUFFALO IN OLD TIMES, FRUITS AND VARIOUS BERRIES. THEY GATHERED HUNDREDS OF PLANTS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS. THE MEN HUNTED AND THE WOMEN TANNED HIDES. FISHING WAS VERY IMPORTANT DURING WINTERS. WHEN THEY HAD THE FIRST SNOW, THIS WAS SACRED TIME AND CEREMONIAL DANCES WERE HELD. THEY SPLIT UP INTO SMALLER BANDS AND ELDERS SAT THAT TRIBES BROKE UP INTO SMALLER GROUPS TO MORE EASILY BE SUPPORTED. THESE TRIBES INTERMARRIED. THEY BANDED TOGETHER TO HUNT AS WELL. THE SALISH LANGUAGE PLACE NAMES ARE STILL REMEMBERED . ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE RESERVATION THE SALISH HAD CONFLICTS WITH THE BLACKFEET. BEFORE GUNS, WARFARE, WAS SETTLED BY CEREMONIES. IT HONORED MEN'S BRAVERY. DURING THE 1600'S THE INDIANS WERE IMPACTED BY SMALLPOX AND MEASLES, ETC. TRAPPERS PUSHED THEM WESTWARD. BUFFALO HUNTING ENDED IN 1883. THE SUN AND MOON WERE BROTHERS IN THEIR MYTHS AND TRANSFORMED ALL BEINGS. THE KOOTANAI BUILT CANOES AND WERE EXPERTS AT FISHING AND TRAPPING. OPI.MT.GOV/PDF

COMANCHE INDIANS

THESE FOLKS ARE THE INDIAN STOCK AND THEY LIVE ENTIRELY ON THE PLAINS. THEIR LANGUAGE AND TRADITIONS INDICATE THEY ARE SIMILAR TO THE SHOSHONI OF WYOMING. THEY LIVED TOGETHER IN WYOMING. IN 1719 THE COMANCHE ARE MENTIONED UNDER A SIOUAN MAP AS LIVING IN IN WEST KANSAS. BY 1805 THEY LIVED IN WEST KANSAS . BY 1805 THEY LIVED ALONG THE PLATTE RIVER THEY WENT TO WAR WITH THE SPANIARDS FOR TWO CENTURIES AND RAIDED DOWN TO DURANGO. THEY BECAME BITTER ENEMIES OF THE TEXANS. THEY WARRED WITH THEM FOR NEARLY 40 YEARS. THEY WERE NOT A LARGE TRIBE. THEY HUNTED THE BUFFALO AND LIVED IN SKIN TIPIS. ONCE THEY RAIDED HORSES THEY BECAME FINE HORSEMEN. THEY HAVE 12 BANDS. ALL BUT 5 ARE EXTINCT. THE DOTAME TRIBE - 120 FOLKS WITH 30 WARRIORS. THEY WERE HOSTILE TO THE SIOUX. THEY WERE FRIENDLY WITH THE MANDANE. WITHIN THE LAST 50 YEARS THEY HAVE BEEN TERRIBLY DEVASTATED BY WAR AND DISEASES. ACCESSGENEOLOGY

KIOWA INDIANS

THIS TRIBE WAS CENTERED IN THE UPPER ARKANSAS AND CANADIANS IN COLORADO. THEY HAVE A DISTINCT LINGUISTIC STOCK. THE SPANISH NOTICED THEM AT 1732. THEY MOVED DOWN FROM THE MOUNTAINS AND FORMED AN ALLIANCE FROM THE CROWS. THE SIOUX CLAIMED TO HAVE DRIVEN THEM FROM THE BLACK HILLS. IN 1805 THEY WERE ON THE NORTH PLATTE RIVER AS LEWIS AND CLARK REPORTED. WHEN THE KIOWA REACHED THE ARKANSAS RIVER THEY FOUND THEIR PASSAGEWAY OPPOSED BY COMANCHE. THEY HAD CONSTANT WARS BUT PEACE FINALLY CAME WHEN THEY CROSSED TO THE ARKANSAS RIVER AND FORMED A CONFEDERATION TO THE PRESENT DAY. WITH THE COMANCHE THEY CARRIED ON A CONSTANT WAR WITH THE FRONTIERS OF MEXICO AND TEXAS. THEIR LAST OUTBREAK WAS IN 1874 - 1875. THEIR NUMBERS WERE GREATLY REDUCED BY WAR AND DISEASE. IN 1892 300 DIED FROM MEASLES AND FEVER. TODAY THEIR HEADQUARTERS ARE IN CARNEGIE, OKLAHOMA. THEIR ANCIENT NAMES WERE 'KWI-DA' AND 'TEPDA' THAT RELATES TO A MYTH OF COMING OUT OF A HOLLOW LOG UNTIL A PREGNANT WOMAN GOT STUCK! THEY WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS AND TRADED WITH SEDENTARY GROUPS WHO GREW CROPS. THEY MIGRATED WITH THE BISON AS IT WAS THEIR MAIN FOOD ALONG WITH BERRIES AND WILD FRUITS. THE HORSE REVOLUTIONIZED THEIR ECONOMY, AND THEY BECAME A WARRIOR NATION. THEY HAD ANNUAL SUNDANCE GATHERINGS. YOUNG WOMEN GAINED PRESTIGE THROUGH HUSBANDS. THE WOMEN GAINED PRESTIGE THROUGH THROUGH HUSBANDS. THE WOMEN TANNED SKINS, SEWED, AND QUILTED, AND MADE BEADED AND PAINTED HIDES. IN 1867 THE ARMY MOVED THEM TO A IN THE SOUTHWEST OKLAHOMA. THIS LASTED TILL 1906. THIS RESTRICTION WAS DIFFICULT FOR SOME MEMBERS. IN 1877 THE GOVERNMENT BUILT THE FIRST HOMES FOR THEIR CHIEFS AND EMPLOYED 30 KIOWA TO FORM Q POLICE FORCE. BY 2000 4,000 OF THE 12,000 KIOWA LIVED THROUGHOUT THE U.S. ACCESS-GENEOLOGY WIKIPEDIA.ORG

SPOKANE INDIANS

THE SPOKANE ARE OF THE SALISH GROUP LANGUAGE AND LIVED IN NORTHEAST WASHINGTON AND WESTERN MONTGOMERY FOR MANY CENTURIES. WHEN LEWIS AND CLARK WERE THERE IN 1800 THEY HAD 600 FOLKS. THEY NOW LIVE ON 154,000 ACRES IN WASHINGTON AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE LARGER COMMUNITY. THEY ARE PROUD CHILDREN OF THE SUN. ORIGINALLY THEY LIVED ON 3 MILLION ACRES THAT WERE PROTECTED AND RESPECTED BY THE SPOKANE INDIANS. THEY FISHED AT SPOKANE FALLS, A GATHERING PLACE FOR FAMILY AND FRIENDS. THE SPOKANE LIVED ALONG THE RIVER IN THREE BANDS. THEY LIVED IN TRADITIONAL CAMPSITES DURING DIFFERENT CAMPSITES DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS. THERE RESERVATION WAS CREATED IN 1881 WHICH IS NOW KNOWN AS COURE D' ALENE RESERVATION. IT HAS ABOUT 160000ACRES AND HAS 2400 NATIVES. THEY PROTECT THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES. THEY ALSO WANT VISITORS TO PROTECT THEIR CULTURAL RESOURCES INCLUDING PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITES. TODAY THEY HAVE 2000 FOLKS. FOR 1000'S OF YEARS THEY LIVED NEAR THE RIVER AND FISHED, HUNTED, AND GATHERED. OVER THREE MILLION ACRES. THEY BUILT PERMANENT VILLAGES FOR THE WINTER BY THE RIVER FOR FISHING AND HUTS FOR MOUNTAIN HUNTING AND GATHERING. THEIR NEIGHBORS INTRODUCED THEM TO PLANK HOUSES AND HORSES. A TRADING POST IN SPOKANE WAS BUILT IN 1810. THE ANGLO INTRODUCED INTRODUCED ALL KINDS OF DISEASES - SMALLPOX, SYPHILLIS, AND INFLUENZA. BY 1860S HOMESTEADERS WERE PUSHING THEM FURTHER SOUTH AND THEN THEY ALSO RAPED THE INDIAN WOMEN. THEY DESTROYED THEIR ANCIENT VILLAGES. ONLY 200 PEOPLE SPEAK THEIR LANGUAGE. WIKIPEDIA.COM SPOKANETRIBE.COM

CHEYENNE INDIANS

THESE NATIVES BELONG TO THE ALGONQUIN FAMILY. THE CHEYENNE NATION HAS TWO TRIBES, THE SUTAIOT AND THE TSITSISTAS. AROUND 1500, THEY BRANCHED OFF OTHER TRIBES NEAR THE GREAT LAKES. IN EARLY1800'S THEY MOVED WEST MIGRATING TO NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. DURING THE EARLY 1800'S THE CHEYENNE FORMED A UNIFIED TRIBE WITH MORE CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY THROUGH RITUAL CEREMONIES CONTACT. THEY WERE ALLIED WITH SIOUX BANDS. IN THE 18TH CENTURY THEY MIGRATED WEST AWAY FROM LAKOTA WARRIORS. IN THE 1900'S THEY MIGRATED WEST AWAY FROM THE LAKOTA WARRIORS. BY THE MID 1800'S THEY ALLIED WITH OTHER PLAINS. THEY ARE ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN PLAINS TRIBES. THE CHEYENNE FORMED INTO THE 10 BANDS AND SPREAD ACROSS THE GREAT PLAINS. ONE OF THEIR RITUAL CEREMONIES WAS THE SUN DANCE - A LAKOTA TYPE CEREMONY.\\THEY USUALLY HAD QUARRELS WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS. THE CHEYENNE WERE PIRATES AND CAPTURED HORSES ON THE PRAIRIE OR FROM NEIGHBORING TRIBES. THE HORSE WAS VALUABLE FOR HUNTING AND TRAVELING. THE CHEYENNE NEVER WENT ON WAR PARTIES LIKE WE SEE ON OLD WESTERN MOVIES. AFTER 1850 THEY WENT BY FOOT TO LEAD A WAR PARTY FOR REVENGE FOR THE DEATH OF A FRIEND OR RELATIVE. WIKIPEDIA.COM MR-SEDIVY.TRIPOD

JICARILLA INDIANS

THESE FOLKS WERE KNOWN AS 'LITTLE BASKET MAKERS'. THEY MIGRATED OUT OF CANADA IN 1300 TO 1500. THEY ROAMED CENTRAL AND EASTERN COLORADO INTO OKLAHOMA. IN 1845 THEY HAD 800 FOLKS AND TODAY THEY HAVE 1800. THEY HAD HOSTILITIES WITH THE SPANIARDS ALMOST AS SOON AS THEY HAD CONTACT WITH THE SPANIARDS. IN 1853 200 JICARILLA SETTLED ON THE PUERCO RIVER IN NEWMEXICO AND WAR BROKE OUT . BY 1854 THE US ARMY DEFEATED THEM . THEY SPEAK A SOUTHERN ATHABASKAN LANGUAGE. BEFORE COMMANCHES THIS TRIBE OCCUPIED MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN COLORADO AND NORTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO. THEY WERE SEMI-NOMADIC AND PRACTICED SEASONAL AGRICULTURE. THEY HUNTED DEER ANTELOPE AND BUFFALOS. IN 1724 WHEN THE COMMANCHE PUSHED INTO THE PLAINS, THE JICARILLA SOUGHT REFUGE IN THE MOUNTAINS. THERE THEY HAD ALLIANCE WITH THE PUEBLOAN PEOPLE. FROM THIS TIME ONWARD THEIR TERRITORY WAS BOUNDED BY 43 SACRED RIVERS, THE ARKANSAS, CANADIAN, RIO GRANDE AND PECOS. THEY ARE TRADITIONALLY MATRILOCAL AND ORGANIZED INTO MATRILOCAL CLANS. SOME OF THE PUEBLO PRACTICES WERE INCORPORATED INTO THEIR TRADITIONS THEY ARE EXPERT BASKET MAKERS. THE JICARRILLA BAND OF APACHE ARE THE SINGLE BAND THAT REFUSED TO COOPERATE WITH THE U.S. MILITARY TO LOCATE GERONIMO. THEY SOLD MICACIOUS CLAY POTTERY AND BASKETS TO INCREASE INCOME. THE PUEBLOS TAUGHT THEM FARMING. GREAT DREAMS.COM

ARAPAHO INDIANS

THE NATIVES HISTORICALLY LIVED ON THE PLAINS OF COLORADO AND WYOMING. SINCE 1778 THE NORTHERN ARAPAHO LIVED WITH THE SHOSHONE ON THE WIND RIVER RESERVATION. THE SOUTHERN ARAPAHO LIVE IN OKLAHOMA. BOTH ARE MEMBERS OF FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBES. THERE IS NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE TO TELL US WHEN THEY ENTERED THE GREAT PLAINS. THEY TRADITIONALLY LIVED IN TIPIS AND WOMEN MADE THEM FROM BISON HIDE. AN ENTIRE VILLAGE COULD PACK UP THEIR BELONGINGS AND BE READY TO LEAVE IN AN HOUR. IN WINTER THEY HAD SMALL CAMPS SHELTERED IN FOOTHILLS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. IN LATE SPRING THEY MOVED OUT ONTO THE PLAINS INTO CAMPS TO HUNT BUFFALO. THEY RETURNED TO THE PLAINS IN THE LATE SUMMER FOR CEREMONIES AND COLLECTIVE HUNTS. THEY BECAME GREAT TRADERS AND OFTEN SOLD FURS TO OTHER TRIBES AND NON INDIANS. THERE NAME MEANT TRADERS. IN 1864 A SMALL VILLAGE OF CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO WERE ATTACKED BY THE UNION ARMY, WHICH IS KNOWN AS SAND CREEK MASSACRE. THE GOVERNOR OF COLORADO WANTED THIS RICH RESOURCE AREA. THEY FORMED A TREATY TO TAKE LAND AWAY FROM THE INDIANS. SEVERAL INDIAN WARRIORS WERE KILLED. A COLONEL ATTACKED PEACEFUL ELDERS, WOMEN AN CHILDREN AND HE WAS RELIEVED OF HIS DUTIES. THE NORTHERN ARAPAHO OPERATED THE FIRST CASINO IN WYOMING. WIKIPEDIA.COM

SKITCHWICH INDIANS IN IDAHO

THESE FOLKS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS THE ONES WHO WERE FOUND HERE, OR THE COUER D ' ALENE TRIBE. THEY WERE HISTORICALLY KNOWN AS THE SKITSWISH. THEY LIVED IN THE PANHANDLE OF IDAHO. IT WAS A LANDSCAPE OF 4 MILLION ACRES OF FORESTED MOUNTAINS AND ROLLING HILLS AND PRAIRIE. THEIR TERRITORY WENT TO THE BITTEROOT RANGE OF MONTANA. LAKE COUER D' ALENE WAS THE HEART OF THEIR REGION WHICH SUPPORTED 5000 NATIVES. THEY WERE ORGANIZED INTO 3 LOOSELY STRUCTURED BANDS CORRESPONDING TO THE WINTER VILLAGE. THE CORE OF ONE BAND WAS LOCATED ON THE NORTHEASTERN END OF THE LAKE. THE OTHER TWO WERE ALONG THE SPOKANE RIVERS. EACH BAND HAD SEVERAL VILLAGES. THEY HAD INTERTRIBAL RELATIONS WITH SALISH SPEAKING TRIBES. THEY HAD INTERTRIBAL RELATIONS. THEY TRAVELED TO DISTANT FISHING SPOTS FOR SALMON. THESE INDIANS SOUGHT SPIRITUAL RELEASE BY SINGING AND DANCING. THEY LIVED IN PERMANENT VILLAGES NEAR THE LAKE AND ON THE PRAIRIE. IN 1873 COUER D'ALENE RESERVATION WAS ESTABLISHED. IT INCLUDED ORIGINALLY ALL OF THE LAKE. BY A SERIES OF TREATIES IT WAS REDUCED IN SIZE. THEY OCCUPY A FRACTION OF THEIR ORIGINAL TERRITORY OF $600,000 ACRES. THEY HAD A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE TRIBES OF CANADA. TODAY NO INDIANS ARE EMPLOYED. THEY LIVE IN FRAME HOUSES AND ARE FARMERS. BOYS ARE TAUGHT SHOE MAKING AND CARPENTRY WHILE THE GIRLS ARE TAUGHT HOUSEHOLD CHORES, SEWING, AND COOKING. WIKIPEDIA.ORG IDAHOGENEOLOGY

CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING

YESTERDAY I WENT TO THE CENTER AND THEIR TOPIC WAS ETERNAL LIFE AND THE ILLUSION OF TIME. REVEREND JOYCE DUFFALA SPOKE ABOUT THAT WHICH HAS BEEN IS NOW. SHE EXPERIENCES PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. WE HAVE ETERNITY TO EXPLORE MAP. SHE'S FEELING MORE CALM ABOUT TIME! SHE MENTIONED ANOTHER SPEAKER WE HAD HEARD WHO WROTE A BOOK CALLED THIN DOORS. HE IS A PSYCHIC AND HEARD VOICES AND SAW PEOPLE FROM HIS PAST IN HIS ROOM. SHE MENTIONED THAT WE CAN SPIT OUT AN ATTEMPT FROM THE PAST. LET GO OF FEAR. A THOUGHT CAN BE CHANGED. WHEN TRAVELING LIFE FEELS RICHER. THOREAU SAID WHAT IS IT THAT YOU ARE BUSY DOING? BECOME A MASTER OF TIME. WE RUSH THROUGH DAY NOT APPRECIATING WHAT IS. BE A MASTER OF TIME - INSTEAD OF RUSHING THROUGH DAY. GANDHI MEDITATED FOR 1 HOUR, AND IF HE WAS BUSY HE WOULD MEDITATE IN MORNING FOR 2 HOURS. - A MIND THAT IS STILL IS DIVINE. SHE SUGGESTS TO MAKE A TO DO LIST - ONE FOR YOURSELF AND ONE FOR YOUR SPIRIT. IF WE LIVE IN PRESENT WE LIVE IN GOD'S TIME. IF WE LIVE IN PRESENT ALL OF OUR NEEDS ARE MET. THERE WAS A TEEN WHO SPOKE OUT ABOUT MAKING HEALTHY MEALS AND BRINGING THEM TO FOLKS WHO HAVE CANCER. THEY LEARN RESPECT, LEADERSHIP, AND COOKING SKILLS. THEY HAVE SERVED 70,000 MEALS PER YEAR!

KUTENAI INDIANS

THESE PEOPLE FORMED A DISTINCT LANGUAGE LANGUAGE OF THE SIKSIKA WHO LIVED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, NORTHERN MONTANA AND IDAHO. ACCORDING TO THEIR MYTHS THEY LIVED EAST OF THE ROCKY'S . THE SIKSIKA AND THE KUTENAI INTERMARRIED. THEY HAD JOINT HUNTING EXPEDITIONS. TO GET BUFFALO. THE LOWER KUTENAI HAVE BEEN MORE PRIMITIVE. AND NOMADIC AND THEY LIKED TO GAMBLE. THEY HAVE BEEN RIVER AND LAKE PEOPLE. THEY THEY BUILT BARK CANOES. LATER IN HISTORY THEY BECAME HORSE RIDERS. . THE UPPER KUTENAI KEEP CLOSER TO THEIR SETTLEMENTS. IN HISTORIC TIMES THEY SERVED THE SETTLERS AND MINERS. THEY ALSO LIKE HORSE RIDING. BOTH UPPER AND LOWER KUTENAI DEPEND ON FISH AND HUNTING. THE LOWER DEPEND MORE ON FISHING. THEY HAVE AVOIDED ALCOHOL MORE THAN ANY OTHER TRIBES IN THE COUNTRY. THEY ELECT A CHIEF FOR EACH FOR EACH VILLAGE. THEY WORSHIPPED THE SUN. THEY BELIEVED THE LAND OF THE DEAD WAS IN THE SUN.ONCE SOMEONE DIED THEY BELIEVED THEY WOULD DESCEND TO LAKE PEND D'OREILLE TO MEET THE LIVING. THEIR MEDICINE MEN WERE VERY POWERFUL. THE PAINT THEIR FACES ON DAYS AND RARELY HAVE USED TATTOOS. MOST ARE ADDICTED TO GAMBLING. THEY WERE GREAT BUFFALO HUNTERS. THEY BUILT SKIN AND RUSH LODGES. THEY OF COURSE HAD A SWEAT LODGE. THEY CAUGHT FISH USING WISKER WEIRS. THEY ARE KNOWN FOR WATER TIGHT BASKETS OF SPLIT ROOTS. THEY ORIGINALLY DRESSED MORE LIKE THE PLAINS. INDIANS. THEY USE TOBACCO FROM WILLOW BARK . BY 1900 A LARGE AMOUNT OF THEIR FOODS.CAME FROM SETTLERS. THEIR FOLKLORE CONSISTS COSMIC AND ETHNIC MYTHS. COYOTE IS A DOMINANT WHO IS A DECEIVER AND A CREATOR OF MAN. THEY HAVE MANY ANIMAL TALES. SOME OF THEIR TALES SUGGEST OLD WORLD ANALOGIES.

THEY MADE FEW PICTOGRAPHS. BUT ORNAMENTED THEIR MOCCASINS AND OTHER ARTICLES IS ELABORATE. THEY MADE NO POTTERY. THEY HAD FEW SERIOUS PROBLEMS WITH THE WHITES. THEY HAD 550 PEOPLE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA IN 1904. IN IDAHO AND MONTANA THERE WERE ABOUT 500 IN 1980.

ACCESSGENEOLOGY.COM

NEZ PERCE INDIANS IN IDAHO

THESE FOLKS WERE PEOPLE OF THE CANYONS OR NIMI' PUU LAND, AND RELIED ON RIVERS. THEIR SEASONAL ROUND OF SUBSISTENCE. IN SPRING WOMEN DUG ROOTS IN LOWER VALLEYS. THE MEN TRAVELED TO COLUMBIA RIVER FOR THE EARLY SALMO SALMON RUNS. THEY ALSO HUNTED IN THE SPRING. IN SUMMER ALL PEOPLE IN A VALLEY TO HIGHER MOUNTAINS AREAS FOR TEMPORARY CAMPS TO GATHER ROOT CROPS, FISH, AND HUNT BIG GAME. BY FALL THEY CAME BACK DOWN ON THEIR RIVER VILLAGES. DRIED ROOTS AND BERRIES AND SALMON WERE PUT INTO THEIR STORAGE. HUNTERS TRAVELED TO HILLS AND RIVER BOTTOMS WHERE DEER AND ELK WINTERED.



POOLS GATHERED FOR WINTER INCLUDED CAMA, BITTER ROOT, GUAVAS, WILD CARROT, WILD POTATOES, AND OTHER ROOTS. THEY COLLECTED SERVICE BERRIES. THORNBERRIES, ELDERBERRIES, HUCKLEBERRIES, BLACKBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, STRAWBERRIES AND PINE NUTS, AND MOSS. THEY HUNTED GAME - DEER, ELK, MOOSE, BEAR, GRIZZLY), MOUNTAIN SHEEP, AND GOATS. AFTER THEY BECAME HORSEMEN THEY HUNTED BUFFALO AND ANTELOPE. THEY SMOKED AND STORED THE MEAT. TODAY THEY EAT RESTAURANT FOODS AS WELL.



THEY LIVED IN PEACEFUL GROUPS AND SEASONALLY TRAVELED ACROSS OREGON, WASHINGTON, AND IDAHO. THEIR TERRITORY WAS NORTH CENTRAL IDAHO. THEY ORIGINALLY HAD 17 MILLION ACRES. THEY LIVED IN BANDS BASED ON VARIOUS VALLEYS AND SMALLER BANDS ALONG RIVERS. THERE WERE EXTENDED FAMILIES LIVING IN A VILLAGE LED BY A HEADSMAN. HE ATTENDED TO THE WELFARE OF THE VILLAGE MEMBERS, HE COULD BE A SHAMAN OR AN INHERITED POSITION. THEIR COUNCILS WERE MADE UP OF BAND LEADERS AND WARRIORS. THEY MADE IMPORTANT DECISIONS.



THEY WORE BUCKSKIN SHIRTS AND LEGGINGS AND SEVERAL MOCCASINS. GLOVES WERE OCCASIONALLY WORN BY THE MEN. THEY MADE FEATHERED BONNETS. IN WINTER THEY WORE BISON ROBES. WOMEN WORE LONG BELTED BUCKSKIN SKIRTS, AND CORN HUSK BASKET HATS. THEY USED ELK TEETH TO DECORATE THEIR DRESSES. AT POWWOWS THEY WEAR THIS TRADITIONAL OUTFIT. THEY ALL PAINTED THEIR FACES.



THEIR MAIN HOUSE WAS TULE MAT COVERED LONG HOUSE. SOME WERE USED FOR CEREMONIAL PURPOSES. HEARTHS WERE IN THE CENTER OF THE HOUSE, USED BY SEVERAL FAMILIES. EVENTUALLY TIPIS WERE USED INSTEAD OF LONG HOUSES. THEY HAD POLES COVERED WITH TULE MATS COVERS. EVENTUALLY THROUGH TRADE THEY USED CANVAS COVERS. A CIRCULAR SEMI SUBTERRANEAN PLATEAU. THE WOMEN HAD THEIR MENSTRUAL HUTS AND SUBMERGED IN HOT BATH.



THEY USED BOWS, OBSIDIAN AND CHERT PROJECTILE POINTS AND ATLATLS FOR HUNTING. IN 2004 THE NEZ PERCE NUMBERED THE PEOPLE NUMBERED 3400. THESE PEOPLE WERE TRAVELERS TO PREDETERMINED AREAS VS, NOMADICS OR WANDERING AIMLESSLY. THE NEZ PERCE PEOPLE HELPED LEWIS AND CLARK IN THEIR TRAVELS AND AT TIMES WERE WARRIORS





NEZ PERCE. ORG

NORTHERN PAIUTE IN IDAHO

THESE INDIAN'S TOTAL POPULATION IN 1859 WAS ABOUT 6000. KROEBER NOTED THAT IN 1770 THE POPULATION OF THESE PAIUTES WAS 500. THEIR NAME MEANT WATER UTE OR TRUE UTE. THE SETTLERS CALLED THEM DIGGERS. THEY THOUGHT OF IT AS DEROGATORY. THEY SPEAK SOUTHERN NORTHERN PAUITE LANGUAGE. THEY WERE WELL ADAPTED TO HARSH ENVIRONMENTS. RABBITS AND PRONGHORN WERE TAKEN IN DRIVES. GRASS SEEDS AND ROOTS WERE WERE ALSO IMPORTANT PARTS OF THEIR DIET. THEY HAD VARIOUS BANDS WHO WERE KNOWN FOR WHAT THEY ATE. IN 1840'S THE ANGLOS MET THE PAUITE AND THEY STARTED LEARNING TO RIDE HORSES. THERE WERE FOUR WARS BETWEEN THE PAUITE AND THE ANGLOS FROM 1860 TO 1878 AND THE LAST WAR INVOLVED THE U. S. ARMY. MANY DIED FROM DISEASES SUCH AS SMALL POX AS THE INDIANS HAD NO IMMUNITY FOR.

THEIR FIRST 1 ST RESERVATION WAS THE MATHEUR IN OREGON. HOWEVER THIS STRATEGY DIDN'T WORK BECAUSE OF POOR CONDITIONS ON THAT RESERVATION. MANY PAUITES REFUSED TO GO THERE, AND FLED FROM THERE. THEY GOT JOBS ON FARMS AND RANCHES. LATER THEY CREATED LARGER RESERVATION AT PYRAMID LAKE AND DUCK VALLEY. FINALLY IN 1934 THE SMALL BANDS GAINED RECOGNITION AS INDEPENDENT TRIBES. UNDER THE INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT. THERE WERE ABOUT 20 SMALL TRIBES.

ANGLOS THOUGHT OF THEM AS HAVING EXCELLENT QUALITIES OF CHARACTER. THEY ARE STRONG HEALTHY WORKERS ON FARMS AND HAYMAKING. IN THE LATE 1800'S THEY PREFERRED TO LIVE IN WIKIUPS AND NOT USE PERMANENT HOUSES OR FURNITURE. THEY HAD ABOUT 30 SMALL BANDS.

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LOWER EHWHA KLALLAM TRIBE

THE TRIBE IS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED AND IS A SOVEREIGN NATION. PART OF THE TRIBE IS COAST SALISH. THEY ARE NORTH OF THE NORTHEAST PORTION OF THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA ON WASHINGTON. ABOUT 112 PEOPLE LIVE IN ON THE LOWER EHWAH RESERVATION. THIS TRIBE WAS RECOGNIZED BY THE U.S. IN 1855. IN 68 THE LAND WAS CALLED THE LOWER EHWHA RESERVATION. TODAY IT INCLUDES 1000 ACRES ON THE EHWHA RIVER. IN 2004 ARCHAEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED 10,000 ARTIFACTS AND 300+ BURIALS AND 8 LONGHOUSES THAT HALTED THE BUILDING OF THE DOCK HERE.

THE VILLAGE TSE-WHT-ZEN DATES 2700 YEARS OLD AND WAS A VILLAGE UP TILL 1930'S. THEY COVERED THE PREHISTORIC VILLAGE WITH FEET OF LANDFILL TO PROTECT IT.

FISHING HAS ALWAYS BEEN A MAJOR ACTIVITY - HUMP BACK, SILVER, AND TWO VARIETIES OF SALMON , STEELHEAD, HALIBUT, LING COD, FLOUNDER, HERRING, AND CANDLEFISH THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. RESTRICTIONS IN FISHING LIMITED THEIR FISHING. BY 1974, THEY WERE ABLE TO FISH FREELY AGAIN, AND THEY CAUGHT CLAMS, ETC. THEY HUNTED DEER, ELK, AND OTHER ANIMALS, BUT NOT WHALES. TRIBAL VALUES WERE TAUGHT. - RESPECT YOUR ELDERS,, HONOR YOUR PARENTS, NEVER FEAR DEATH, IF A CHILD OFFERS YOU SOMETHING TAKE IT WITH PRAISE, TEACH THE CHILDREN TO BE A GIVING PEOPLE, IF SOMEONE MAKES YOU ANGRY, JUST WALK AWAY, NEVER CHOOSE THE BIGGEST FRUIT, BECAUSE YOU'LL BE HUNGRY, TAKE CARE OF MOTHER EARTH.

THEY WOVE HATS, CLOTHING, BASKETS AND MATS. THEY MADE WATERPROOF BASKETS. THEY USED ROOTS OF CEDAR TREE. THEY ADDED BEESWAX OR PINE PITCH. THEY USED CEDAR, SWEET GRASS, AND PLANT ROOTS, CATTAILS, BEAR GRASS, AND PLANT ROOTS FOR MAKING BASKETS.

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ELWA.ORG

BANNOCK INDIANS

THE BANNOCK TRADITIONALLY LIVED IN THE NORTHERN GREAT BASIN IN SOUTHERN IDAHO. THEY ARE RELATED TO THE PAUITE GROUPS. SOME ANTHROPOLOGISTS CONSIDER THEM CONSIDER THEM TO BE NORTHERNMOST BANDS OF THE PAUITE. THEY DEVELOPED A HORSE CULTURE IN HISTORIC TIMES THEY ARE NOTED BECAUSE OF THE BANNOCK WAR OF 1878. AFTER THE WAR TO FORT HALL RESERVATION WITH NORTHERN SHONE THESE TRIBES MERGED. THIS RESERVATION HAS 544,000 ACRES IN SOUTHEAST IDAHO.

THEY WERE ORIGINALLY WIDELY ROVING TRIBE WHICH FAVORED THEIR DISPOSITION AND DISPERSAL INTO GROUPS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN SPEAK SHOSHONEAN LANGUAGE AND RESEMBLE THE NEZ PERCE. AFTER 1878 THE LOSS OF HUNTING GROUNDS, LOSS OF BISON HERDS AND THE FAILURE OF THE GOVERNMENT TO GIVE THEM RELIEF LED TO THE BANNOCK OUTBREAK IN 1878. THEY FINALLY GOT 2 1/2 CENTS PER DIEM TO SUBSIST ON GOODS PROVIDED BY AN APPROPRIATION. BECAUSE OF THE INSUFFICIENT FOOD THE BANNOCK LEFT THE RESERVATION IN THE SPRING AND WENT TO THE CAMAS PRAIRIE WHERE THEY KILLED SOME SETTLERS. ABOUT 1000 BANNOCK WERE CAPTURED BY GENERAL HOWARD THAT YEAR. IT CAME TO A FIGHT ON SEPTEMBER AT CLARK'S FORD WHERE 20 LODGES WERE ATTACKED AND ALL WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE KILLED. IN 1829 THEY HAD ABOUT 800 MEMBERS. BY 1869 ONLY 500. THEY ARE ALL ON THE FORT HALL RESERVATION.

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ACCESS-GENEOLOGY

KALISPEL INDIANS IN WASHINGTON

THIS TRIBE ORIGINALLY LIVED 55 MILES WEST OF SPOKANE, WASHINGTON. THERE HISTORY IS DEFINED AS WHERE THEY ARE GOING AS WELL AS WHERE THEY HAVE BEEN. IT WAS IN THE 1800'S WHEN THE WHITE PRIESTS CAME TO CONVERT THE TRIBE AND THE INDIANS WERE WORKING TO PRESERVE THEIR CULTURE AND LIFE. IN 1855 UPPER KALISPEL TRIBE CEDED ITS LAND AND MOVED TO THE JOCKE RESERVATION IN MONTANA AS THE GOVERNMENT REQUESTED. THE LOWER KALISPELE REFUSED TO GIVE UP ANCESTRAL LANDS AND CONTINUED TO WORK FOR AN AGREEMENT THAT WOULD ALLOW THE TRIBE TO STAY THERE. DURING THE LATE 1880'S WHILE MOST TRIBES WERE MOVING TO A RESERVATION, THE KALISPEL HAD NO RELATIONSHIP WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. IN 1874 CONGRESS PROPOSED A TREATY BUT THE TRIBE REFUSED. BY 1875 THEIR POPULATION SHRUNK TO 395 PEOPLE, AS MORE ANGLOS MOVED TO THEIR LANDS. MOST SETTLERS FILLED CLAIMS FOR THEIR HOMES UNDER THE HOMESTEAD ACT. THE INDIANS LOST THEIR LANDS. AT THIS TIME IN 1965 ALCOHOL WAS INTRODUCED THROUGHOUT THEIR TRIBES. IT WAS CONSIDERED TO BE THE FUNDAMENTAL SOURCE OF BREAKING APART THE FAMILY. FOR GENERATIONS THESE INDIANS REMAINED TRAPPED IN THIS SOURCE IN THIS SUBSTANCE ABUSE ENVIRONMENT. THEIR AVERAGE INCOME WAS $1400 PER PERSON PER YEAR. THEIR OTHER CHALLENGES WERE UNEMPLOYMENT, INADEQUATE HOUSING, LIMITED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND PREJUDICE. NO LAND WAS SUITABLE TO DEVELOP ON THE RESERVATION. THEY ARE WORKING TOWARDS THEIR FUTURE. THIER CULTURAL ACTIVITIES INCLUDE CAMAS DIG AND BAKE, HUCKLEBERRY PICKING, BITTEROOT PICKING, HIDE TANNING, BEADING, ROACH MAKING, REGALIA, BASKET WEAVING, DRYING MEAT AND ANIMAL CAMPS FOR CHILDREN.

THEIR GOAL IS TO ENHANCE GOAL IS TO ENHANCE AND PERPETUATE THEIR CULTURE CHILDREN AND COMMUNITY LIFE WAYS THAT HAVE BEEN FORGOTTEN FROM THEIR ANCESTORS

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UPPER SKAGIT TRIBE IN WASHINGTON

THESE PEOPLE ARE DESCENDANTS OF A TRIBE THAT INHABITED 10 VILLAGES AND SAULK RIVERS IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. THE 84ACRES IN IN UPPER RESERVATIONS LAY IN THE UPPER SKAGIT RIVER VALLEY. THIS IS AN OLD GROWTH FOREST. IT IS ONE OF THE FEW RIVERS THAT SUSTAINS ALL OF THE SALMON SPECIES - COHO, CHINOOK, CHUM, PINK, AND SOCKEYE . THIS TRIBE AND THEIR NEIGHBORS THRIVED HERE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS. THEY BUILT CEDAR LONGHOUSES ON THE RIVER. IN THE MID 1800'S THEY WERE FORCED ONTO A RESERVATION. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DATED SITES HERE TO 8500 YEARS OLD. EXTENDED FAMILIES LIVED IN LONGHOUSES. THEY BUILT COOKING FIRES IN THE MIDDLE OF THESE HOUSES. THEY SMOKED SALMON, THE SALMON RUNS SHAPED THEIR SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS. THEY PRACTICED BASKET MAKING FOR MANY GENERATIONS. THEY USED ROOTS, BARK AND BEAR GRASS. SOME OF THE BASKETS WERE FOR SALMON, SOME FOR BERRIES, AND FOR DRIED MEAT. ELDERS STORIES WERE TOLD ABOUT OLD TIMES AND THEY TOLD WHERE THE BEST FISHING WAS AND WHERE TO HUNT GAME IN THE MOUNTAINS AND WHERE AND HOW TO FIND SACRED GROUND IN THE MOUNTAINS, AS WELL AS WHERE TO BATHE FOR HEALING. THEY HELD SPIRITUAL CEREMONIES WITH A FIRE.

IN THE 1850'S THEY HAD TO CEDE VAST AMOUNTS OF LAND AND THEY WERE PAID VERY LITTLE BY THE GOVERNMENT. THEY WERE DETERMINED TO HUNT AND FISH AT THEIR TRADITIONAL SITES. SOME TRIBES RESISTED THE RESERVATIONS. THIS LAND WAS FOR THE SETTLERS WHO CAME BY RAILROAD TO SEARCH FOR GOLD AND TRAP. THE NATIVES SUFFERED FROM DISEASES THAT THE ANGLOS. THIS LAND WAS FOR THE SETTLERS WHO CAME BY RAILROAD TO SEARCH FOR GOLD AND TRAP. THE NATIVES SUFFERED FROM DISEASES THAT THE ANGLOS BROUGHT. THEIR SPIRITUAL ACTIVITIES WERE PROHIBITED. HOWEVER THEY PRACTICED IT IN SECRET. THEIR CHILDREN WERE TAKEN TO GOVERNMENT BOARDING SCHOOLS

IN THE 70'S THE STATE WANTED THEM TO REGULATE TRIBAL FISHING, BUT THE TRIBES RESISTED. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TOOK THE STATE TO COURT AND IN 1974 THE TRIBES WERE ENTITLED TO 50% OF THE FISH HARVEST. THE TRIBES BECAME FISH MANAGERS WITH THE STATE. IN 1968 THEY WERE GIVEN $390,00 FOR THEIR LAND THAT WAS CEDED.

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CONFEDERATE TRIBES OF YAKAMA FEDERATION

THEIR ORIGINAL LANDS EXTENDED IN ALL DIRECTIONS ALONG THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS TO COLUMBIA RIVER AND BEYOND. THEY CONSIDERED THEIR LAND GIVEN TO THEM BY THE CREATOR AND A HERITAGE TO BE HELD AND PROTECTED BY UNBORN GENERATIONS. THEIR ANCESTORS WERE DIFFERENT TRIBES AND BANDS WITH A COUNCIL OF LEADERS. EACH BAND SPOKE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. THE FOLLOWING BANDS ARE PART OF THE YAKAMA NATION PALOUSE, YAKAMA, PISQUOISE, WENATCHAPAM, KLINQUIT, OCEAN CHOTES, KOW WAYSAYE EE, SKIMPAH, KLCKITAT, WISH HAM AND SHYIKS. IN 1855 14 TRIBES WERE CONFEDERATED INTO THE YAKAMA NATION.

THERE WERE 14 TRIBES THAT SIGNED THE TREATY IN 1893 THAT CEDED 10.8 MILLION ACRES OF YAKAMA LANDS TO THE GOVERNMENT. THEY KEPT 1.3 MILLION ACRES FOR HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING. AN ABANDONED MILITARY BASE WAS THE IST FORMAL INDIAN RESERVATION HERE IN 1859. IT WAS AN OLD INDIAN CAMPSITE, THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO FOR HUNTING, ROOT GATHEREING - HUCKLEBERRIES, AND FISHING. IT WAS LOCATED ON THE EEL TRAIL. IT WAS CALLED MOOL MOOL., MEANING WHERE WATER BUBBLES OUT OF THE GROUND.

THEY OPENED A MUSEUM IN 1980, AND ITS IS ONE OF THE OLDEST NATIVE AMERICAN MUSEUMS IN THE U.S. IT TOOK YEARS TO PLAN. IT SUPPORTS THEIR TRADITIONS, CULTURAL, NATIVE RESOURCES, ART AND HISTORY, AS WELL AS THE FUTURE. THEY HAVE A WOMAN TEACHING CULTURAL ARTS. THEY OPERATE A FISHERIES PROGRAM WITH ABOUT 40 PEOPLE. TODAY SALMON ARE THE LIFEBLOOD OF THE 8400 YAKAMA MEMBERS.

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SANTA ROSA HOME AND GARDEN SHOW

LAST WEEKEND I CAME TO LOOK AT THE EXHIBITORS AT THIS SHOW AT THE FAIRGROUNDS. IT WAS A COOL RAINY DAY. THERE WERE SOME ARTISTS, BOOTHS WITH LANDSCAPERS, MASTER GARDENERS, HOT TUBS, WINDOW CONTRACTORS AND VARIOUS PROFESSIONALS IN DENTISTRY, ROOFING, SUN LIGHTS, COUNTER TOP REPLACERS. WE PLAYED A GAME WITH BAGS OF BEANS AND TOSSED THEM INTO A HOLE. I WON A CAP AND GAVE IT AWAY. THERE WERE PEOPLE WHO SOLD SOME JEWELRY, A COUPLE WHO SOLD LAMMA HAIR PONCHOS, AND ALL KINDS OF CONTRACTORS FOR INSULATING YOUR HOUSE. I HAD A GOOD TIME WALKING THROUGH ALL THREE PAVILIONS. THE MOST INTERESTING EXHIBIT WAS HOW TO GET RID OF SUDDEN OAK DISEASE WITH SOME EDIBLE MUSHROOMS. THEY HAD THIS ON DISPLAY AS WELL AS ALL KINDS OF NATIVE PLANTS. THERE WAS AN EXCELLENT CHINESE ARTIST WHO EMBROIDERED UNIQUE PICTURES FOR $250 EACH - THEY WERE VERE DELICATE! THEY HAD SOME FOOD SHOWS AND VEGETABLE DEMOS.

PALOUSE INDIANS

THEY TRADITIONALLY SPEAK SAHAPTIN AND LIVE ON THE COLUMBIA PLATEAU IN EASTERN WASHINGTON AND NORTH CENTRAL IDAHO. THERE WERE THREE MAIN GROUPS. THE ANCESTRAL PEOPLE WERE NOMADIC AND FOLLOWED FOOD SOURCES DURING THE SEASONS.. THEY GATHERED WITH OTHERS FOR ACTIVITIES : HUNTING, GATHERING, FISHING, AND TRADING WITH OTHERS. THEY BECAME EXPERT HORSEMEN IN HISTORIC TIMES. THEY DECLINED TO LEAD A RESERVATION LIFE. THEY WERE FOUND IN 1805 BY LEWIS AND CLARK ON THE CLEARWATER RIVER IN IDAHO. LEWIS AND CLARK ESTIMATED THEY HAD 1600 PEOPLE AND IN 1854 THEY ONLY HAD 500.

THE PALOUSE RIVER WAS NAMED FOR CAPTAINS LEWIS AND CLARK IN 1805 AND IT WAS WHERE THE INDIANS CAMPED. IN 1854 LATAH CREEK RECEIVED THE NAME HANGMAN CREEK AS ACCORDING TO THE PALOUSE LEGEND ONE INDIAN DISCOVERED A CALVERY OUTPOST. IT BEGAN TO SNOW AND IT CHANGED INTO A BLIZZARD..

IN 1951 THE PALOUSE FALLS IS THE ONLY MAJOR WATERFALL LEFT AMONG THE GLACIAL FLOOD PATH. A PARK WAS DEDICATED IN 1951. IT WAS CALLED THE APUTAHAT PARK TO COMMEMORATE THE POLUSA CULTURE. IN 2006 THEY HAD A CONFERENCE THAT WAS HOSTED BY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERISTY. THEY SPOKE ABOUT NATIVES IN THE PLATEAU AREA

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SHOSHONI IN UTAH

THIS GROUP IS ABOUT 8,000 FOLKS WHO LIVE IN NORTHWESTERN NEVADA AND UTAH. THE EASTERN SHOSHONI AND ABOUT 6 OTHER TRIBES WERE IN THE GREAT BASIN ALONG THE PRESENT UTAH - NEVADA BORDER. THERE WERE AT ONE TIME ELEVEN TRIBES WHO LIVED IN THIS VICINITY. TODAY THEY LIVE ON THE DUCK VALLEY RESERVATION. THE MORMON PIONEERS SETTLED IN IN NORTHERN UTAH. CHIEF LITTLE WAS LEADER OF THE WEBER UTE GROUP OF 400. CHIEF POCATELLO COMMANDED A SIMILAR NUMBER OF SHOSHONI ALONG THE NORTH SHORE OF GREAT SALT LAKE CHIEF BEAR HUNTER RESIDED IN CHACHE VALLEY AND ALONG THE BEAR RIVER. BY 1840'S THE NORTHWESTERN SHOSHONI HAD ADOPTED MOST OF THE PLAINS CULTURE, THEY USED THE HORSE FOR HUNTING. POCATELLO GAINED NOTORIETY AS A RECKLESS LEADER IN OREGON AND CALIFORNIA - HE LED HIS TRIBE IN HUNTING BUFFALO. THE SHOSHONI COLLECTED GRASS SEEDS AND ROOTS IN THE VALLEY. THE SHOSHONI HAD BEEN AMONG THE MOST ECOLOGICALLY EFFICIENT AND WELL ADAPTED INDIANS.

THE MORMONS TOOK OVER THEIR LAND AND BY 1862 THE TRAFFIC HERE DUE TO THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD IN MONTANA LED TO INDIAN AGGRESSION IN 1863. COLONEL CONNOR AND 200 SOLDIERS ASSAULTED A WINTER CAMP OF BEAR HUNTER'S GROUP. THIS RESULTED IN THE DEATH OF 250 SHOSHONI AND 23 SOLDIERS! IT IS KNOWN AS BEAR RIVER MASSACRE. FINALLY THEY SIGNED A TREATY IN BRINGHAM CITY, IN 1863. AFTER THIS THE GOVERNMENT WANTED THE SHOSHONI TO MOVE TO FORT HALL RESERVATION. IT TOOK SEVERAL YEARS FOR THEM TO AGREE TO MOVE TO MOVE TO FORT HALL. THE NORTHWEST SHOSHONI HAVE BEEN LOST TO UTAH HISTORY.

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LOWER EHWHA KALLAM TRIBE

THIS TRIBE IS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED AND IS A SOVEREIGN NATION. PART OF THE TRIBE IS COAST SALISH. THEY ARE NORTH OF THE NORTHEAST PART OF THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA. ABOUT 112 PEOPLE LIVE ON THE LOWER ELWA RESERVATION. THIS TRIBE WAS RECOGNIZED BY THE U.S. IN 1855. IN 68 THE LAND WAS CALLED THE ELWA RESERVATION. TODAY IT INCLUDES 1000 ACRES ON THE ELWA RIVER. IN 2004 ARCHAEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED 10,000 ARTIFACTS AND 300* BURIALS AND EIGHT LONGHOUSES THAT HALTED THE BUILDING OF A DOCK HERE. THE VILLAGE TSE-WHT-ZEN DATES 2700 YEARS OLD AND WAS A VILLAGE UP TILL 1930. THEY COVERED THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL VILLAGE WITH FILL AND BUILT ON TOP OF IT.

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KALISPEL INDIANS

THEY HAVE RICH TRADITIONS THAT HAVE TAUGHT US HOW TO WORK TOGETHER TO ADVANCE OUR PEOPLE. THEY WERE SEMI NOMADIC HUNTERS. THEY ARE CALLED RIVER LAKE PADDLERS. THEIR RESERVATION IS LOCATED IN THE USK, WASHINGTON. THEY HAVE OVER 400 MEMBERS. 54% ARE UNDER 18 YEARS OLD. ONE THIRD OF THE MEMBERS LIVE ON THE RESERVATION. DURING THE LATE 1800'S THE TRIBE WORKED TO PRESERVE THE CULTURE AND LIFE IN THE MIDST OF INCREASING WHITE SETTLEMENT.


IN 1855 THE KALISPEL HAD NO CONTACT WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. THEY DID NOT GET PROTECTION. BY 1875 THEIR POPULATION WAS 395. AT THIS TIME THERE WAS WIDESPREAD USE OF ALCOHOL AND IT BECAME THE BREAKDOWN OF THE FAMILY. ONLY SEVERAL HOMES HAD RUNNING WATER. THEIR INCOME WAS ABOUT 1400 PER MEMBER ANNUALLY. MOST OF THEIR LAND WAS UNSUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT.


THEY LIVE ABOUT 55 MILES NORTH OF SPOKANE. THEIR MAIN RESERVATION RESERVATION 4600 ACRES NEAR USK, WASHINGTON. IN 1995 THEY ADDED 440 ACRES OF TRUST LAND ADJACENT TO THE BOUNDARY FOR WILDLIFE.
THEIR CULTURAL DEPARTMENT AIMS TO ENHANCE AND PERPETUATE THEIR FORGOTTEN TRADITIONS OF THEIR PEOPLE THROUGH THEIR CUSTOMS. THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS INCLUDE: HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING. THEY DIG CAMA AND BAKE IT. THEY PICK HUCKLEBERRIES AND GATHER BITTEROOT, TAN HIDES, BEAD SKINS AND CAPS AND DEERSKIN DRESSES, MAKE REGALIA FOR DANCES, WEAVE BASKETS, DRY MEAT, AND TEACH THEIR YOUNG IN A CULTURAL CAMP.

THEY WISH TO PROTECT THEIR LANGUAGE PROGRAM AND IT TIES THEM TO THEIR LAND! THEY OFFER LANGUAGE CLASSES.

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JAMESTOWN'S KLALLAM

THIS TRIBE LIVES IN THE NORTHERN OLYMPIC PENNINSULA OF WASHINGTON STATE. IT WAS FORMED BY MEMBERS OF THE S'KALLAM PEOPLE IN 1874 WHEN FORCED BY RELOCATION BY WHITE SETTLERS. THEY PURCHASED 210 ACRES AND ESTABLISHED A VILLAGE NEAR DUNGENESS. THIS WAS UNUSUAL BECAUSE AT THE TIME NATIVES COULD NOT BY LAND. THE JAMESTOWN COMMITTEE DEVELOPED AN ECONOMIC BASE .

A CENTURY LATTER IT TOOK6 YEARS TO GAIN OFFICIAL RECOGNITION AS A TRIBE IN 1981. THE RESERVATION WAS ON 35 ACRES NEAR SEQUIM BAY MOST MEMBERS DID NOT WANT TO RELOCATE THERE. THEY HAD ONLY 16 PEOPLE RELOCATE. THEY BUILT A CASINO AND PLANNED OTHER DEVELOPMENTS. IN 2006 THEY HAD 525 MEMBERS ON 25 ACRES. THE TRIBAL CENTER IS THE TOWN SQUARE FOR THE CITY OF BLYN. THE S'KALLAM LANGUAGE BELONGS TO THE SALISHAN FAMILY OF NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGE. THEIR NAME MEANS STRONG PEOPLE.

THEY HAVE A FIVE MEMBER TRIBAL COUNCIL WHOSE MISSION IS TO BE SELF SUFFICIENT QUALITY GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS AND SERVICES TO ADDRESS THE UNIQUE SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND ECONOMIC NEEDS OF THE TRIBE. THEY HAVE BUILT A CASINO AND TRIBAL CENTER.

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MOUNT RUSHMORE STATE MONUMENT

MY HUSBAND AND I STARTED AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BUSINESS IN THE BLACK HILLS IN THE 80'S AS THERE WAS A GREAT AMOUNT OF OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION. WE NOTIFIED THE FOREST SERVICE OF OUR BUSINESS AND THEY REFERRED US TO VARIOUS COMPANIES. WE TOOK OUR SON TO SOUTH DAKOTA ABOUT 1998 TO SEE VARIOUS PLACES INCLUDING MOUNT RUSHMORE. TODAY IT IS MUCH MORE GRAND LOOKING THAN IT WAS IN THE 80'S. IT IS AN INTERNATIONALLY VISITED PARK THAT LOOKS LIKE YOU ARE ENTERING THE CAPITAL BUILDING. THEY HAVE BUILT POLISHED GRANITE COLUMNS ALONG A GRANITE WALKWAY AS YOU GO INTO THE LARGE VISITOR CENTER, THEY ALSO ADDED A LARGE PARKING GARAGE. WE TOOK A SELF GUIDED TOUR. THEY NOW HAVE A NICE OUTDOOR AMPHITHEATRE AND A NEW WALKWAY LEADING ALL THE WAY UP TO THE GRANITE SCULPTURES OF THE PRESIDENTS. WE TOOK MANY PHOTOS.



APPARENTLY IT TOOK GUTZAM BORGLAM AND HIS CREW OF 400 WORKERS TO CARVE THESE FOUR PRESIDENTS: LINCOLN, ROOSEVELT; WASHINGTON, AND JEFFERSON. HE GOT FEDERAL FUNDING TO PROMOTE TOURISM. HE USED PNEUMATIC DRILLS AND BLASTS OF DYNAMITE TO SHAPE THE ROCKS. E GOT FEDERAL FUNDING TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT AND IT WAS GIVEN TO PROMOTE TOURISM HERE. IT ATTRACTS 2 MILLION PEOPLE ANNUALLY. THE MOUNTAIN WAS NAMED AFTER CHARLES RUSHMORE, A PROMINENT NEW YORK, LAWYER DURING AN EXPEDITION THERE IN THE 1880'S. THE MOUNTAIN WAS PART OF THE ROUTE THE LAKOTA LEADER BLACK ELK TOOK IN A SPIRITUAL JOURNEY. IN 1966 IT WAS PLACED ON THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES. THEY ALSO HAVE NICE CONCERTS THERE BY A MUSIC CAMP. EACH FACE IS 60 FEET LONG AND THE PROJECT COSTS ABOUT 1 MILLION DOLLARS.

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SPOKANE TRIBE

SPOKANE MEANS "CHILDREN OF THE SUN". THEIR RESERVATION IS BOUNDED IN THE SOUTH BY SPOKANE RIVER IN THE SOUTH BY SPOKANE RIVER AND IN THE WEST BY COLUMBIA RIVER. IT HAS 154,000 ACRES. THEIR RESERVATION IS BOUNDED IN THE SOUTH BY SPOKANE RIVER AND IN THE WEST BY COLUMBIA RIVER. ALL BUT 10% IS HELD IN TRUST BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. THE SPOKANE TRIBE ORIGINALLY HELD THREE MILLION ACRES. THEIR ANCESTORS WERE CALLED SPOKANE, A PLATEAU PEOPLE. THEY USED TO SPEAK SALISH AND THEY ARE OFTEN CONSIDERED SALISH TRIBE. FOR MILLENIA THEY LIVED AROUND THE SPOKANE RIVER FISHING, HUNTING, AND GATHERING. THEY SHARED THEIR TERRITORY WITH SEVERAL OTHER TRIBES. THE SPOKANE FALLS WERE THEIR TRIBAL CENTER. THEY LIVED IN NUCLEAR FAMILIES. THE SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE SPOKANE WAS CLOSELY KNIT WITH THE LAND AND LIVING THINGS. THEY WERE LIKE MANY NORTHWESTERN TRIBES, WHO BELIEVED IN A GREAT SPIRIT. OTHER SPIRITS WERE THE WINDS, THUNDER, AND SUPPORT ANIMAL SPIRITS THAT PEOPLE SOUGHT FOR PERSONAL GUARDIANS. FISHING RITES WERE CELEBRATED FOR THE IST SALMON OR 1ST BERRIES, ROOTS, FRUITS HARVESTED DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS. THEY HAD PERMANENT WINTER VILLAGES ALONG RIVERS WHERE FISH WERE PLENTIFUL. THEY MADE SEMI SUBTERRANEAN HOUSES OF CEDAR IN THE SUMMER. THEY LIVED IN CAMPS WITH CONE SHAPED HUTS COVERED WITH MATS. THEY USED HORSES AFTER 1730 WHEN EUROPEANS BROUGHT THEM HERE. THE 1800'S FUR TRAPPERS WERE FRIENDLY WITH THIS TRIBE. THEY LIVED WITH THEM, INTERMARRIED. ONCE SMALLPOX, SYPHILIS AND OTHER DISEASES HIT THEY WIPED OUT MANY VILLAGES.

FOLLOWING 1850 GOLD RUSH THESE FOLKS LOOKING FOR GOLD CARED LITTLE ABOUT THE NATIVES. THERE WERE INDIAN WARS IN THE NORTHWEST. MANY LAND HUNGRY ANGLOS COME HERE AND FORCED THE INDIANS OFF THEIR LAND. THEY WERE CONCENTRATED ON TO RESERVATIONS THAT COMPROMISED THEIR USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES. SOME OF THEIR BURIAL GROUNDS WERE ALSO DESTROYED. ALCOHOLISM WAS ANOTHER DISEASE MANY NATIVES AND OTHERS HAD.

BY 1906, 650 MEMBERS WERE ALLOTTED 64,750 ACRES. IN 1939 THE SALMON DID NOT MIGRATE BECAUSE OF THE COULEE DAM. THEIR TRIBAL LANDS WERE FLOODED. IN STRUGGLES TO WIN SOME OF THEIR RIGHTS BACK THEY ASKED THE GOVERNMENT IN 1753 TO HAVE SOME RITES RESTORED. BY 2003 THE GOVERNMENT FINALLY PASSED A BILL TO PROVIDE THEM COMPENSATION FOR SACRIFICES THAT WERE MADE. THE TRIBE FILED CLAIMS IN 1951 FOR MONETARY COMPENSATION. THEY ALSO SAID THE GOVERNMENT MISMANAGED SOME OF THE TRIBES FUNDS AND PROPERTIES. THEY WERE GIVEN $6.7 MILLION BACK! HALF OF THIS WAS GIVEN TO THE 1600 MEMBERS.

THE TRIBE FILED ANOTHER CLAIM FOR MISMANAGEMENT OF COMMISSION OF FUNDS AND THEY WERE COMPENSATED $271,000 IN 1981. WASHINGTON BECAME A STATE IN 1889.

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SQUAXINE ISLAND

THESE PEOPLE LIVE IN THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS BY THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA. SQUAXINE ISLAND IS THE CENTER NEAR THE ENTRANCE OF SEVEN INLETS OF SOUTHERN PUGET SOUND. THEY SURROUND IT LIKE CROSS POLES OF A SACRED HOOP. THIS WHERE LIFE BEGINS AND FLOWS. THEY ARE THE DESCENDANTS OF THE MARITIME FOLKS WHO LIVED IN THE INLETS FOR MILLENIA. THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS PEOPLE OF THE WATER. PREHISTORICALLY PEOPLE GATHERED ON THIS ISLAND. THEY MADE CEDAR CANOES AND HAD POTLATCHES. THEY TRAVELED TO VANCOUVER AND SOUTH ALONG THE OCEAN AS THEIR ELDERS TOLD STORIES ABOUT LIFE. THEY HAD MANY TRADE ROUTES.

IN 1853 THE COUNTY OF THE BIG SKOOKUN WAS NAMED IN HONOR OF THE SQUAXINE PEOPLE. OUT OF THE THOUSANDS OF MILES THAT THEY ONCE HAD THE INDIANS WERE GIVEN THIS SMALL ISLAND 4.5 MILES X .5 MILES WIDE AS THEIR MAIN RESERVATION. THEY SPEAK LU SHOOT SEED LANGUAGE. THEIR NEIGHBORS , THE NISQUALLY AND PUYALLUP FOUGHT A WAR IN 1856 TO SECURE MORE SUITABLE LAND. A SCHOOL AND CHURCH WERE BUILT ON THIS SMALL ISLAND. ONCE THE WAR ENDED IN 1857 THEIR PEOPLE RESUMED THERE WAY OF LIFE - HARVESTING NUTS, BERRIES, ROOTS AND FISHING AND HUNTING . GRADUALLY PEOPLE BEGAN TO LEAVE THE ISLAND TO MAKE PERMANENT HOUSES NEAR THEIR ORIGINAL VILLAGES. THEY COLLECTED OYSTERS AND VARIOUS SHELLFISH. SOME MEN WORKED AS LOGGERS AND SOME FAMILIES COLLECTED BERRIES. THE WOMEN WOVE BASKETS MADE OF CEDAR DOLLS. THE WOMEN SOLD THEIR GOODS IN OLYMPIA TO STEAMER SHIPS WHO PASSED BY.

THEY COLLECTED OYSTERS AND VARIOUS SHELLFISH. SOME MEN WORKED AS LOGGERS AND SOME FAMILIES COLLECTED BERRIES. THE WOMEN WOVE BASKETS AND MADE CEDAR DOLLS. THE WOMEN SOLD THEIR GOODS IN OLYMPIA TO STEAMER SHIPS WHO PASSED BY. TODAY NO ONE LIVES ON THE ISLAND YEAR ROUND THIS TRIBE HAS A RICH CULTURE DEEPLY ROOTED IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT. THEIR AQUATIC CREATURES OFFER BOTH FOOD AND SPIRITUAL SUSTENANCE.

IN 2002 THE TRIBE OPENED THE HOME OF SACRED BELONGINGS AS WELL AS THE MUSEUM LIBRARY AND RESEARCH CENTER. IN 2004 THEY CONSTRUCTED A TRIBAL CENTER ADJACENT TO THE MUSEUM.

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STILLAQUAMISH TRIBE

THIS TRIBE IS LOCATED IN NORTHERN SNOHOMISH COUNTY NEAR ARLINGTON BETWEEN THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS AND PUGET SOUND. THIS WATERSHED DRAINS 694 SQUARE MILES. THEIR RESERVATION IS NOW ON 76 ACRES. THEY HAVE RELATIVELY MILD CLIMATES. THE MEN AND CHILDREN HAD CLOTHING MADE FROM CEDAR BARK. THEY FISHED FOR SALMON, SEAFOOD, AND GATHERED BERRIES AND ROOTS AND HUNTED GOATS. EUROPEANS INTRODUCED THEM TO PLANT POTATOES. SOME NATIVES WORKED FOR ANGLOS DOING SOME FARMING AND CLEARING LAND.


EVENTUALLY THEY WERE FORCED TO RELINQUISH SOME LAND THAT HAD BEEN THERE HOME FOR MILLENIA. THE TREATY OF POINT ELLIOT IN 1855 WAS SIGNED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN ORDER TO CLAIM THEIR LAND FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE AND ACREAGE FOR A RESERVATION. THERE WAS NO RESERVATION FOR THE SLOLUCKWAMISH. SOME MOVED TO THE TALIP RESERVATION.


BY THE 1900'S THIS TRIBE WAS NEARLY EXTINCT. ONE WOMAN, ESTHER ROSS, WAS 1/4 STILLAQUAMIS. IT WAS HER MISSION TO RESTORE THE TRIBE AND WIN FEDERAL RECOGNITION. THEY LACKED TRIBAL IDENTITY. SHE WORKED FOR 50 YEARS, AND STARTED WITH 29 NATIVES. A POSITIVE WAS THE TRIBAL COUNCIL'S APPROVAL OF A CONSTITUTION IN 1953. BY THE TIME SHE DIED THERE WERE 160 MEMBERS AT LEAST. IN 1970 THE TRIBE FILED A CLAIM FOR THE COMPENSATION OF THEIR LOSS OF LAND AND THEY WERE PAID $64,000 FOR THE ACREAGE THEY GAVE UP. IN 1970 ROSS GOT THEM FISHING RIGHTS AND SHE WORKED TO PUT A PIECE OF THEIR LAND INTO TRUST SO THEY COULD GET FEDERAL RECOGNITION. IN 1974 THEY WERE GIVEN FISHING RIGHTS AND IN 1976 THEY WERE GIVEN FEDERAL RECOGNITION. IN 1978 THEY BUILT A TRIBAL FISH HATCHERY IN ORDER TO RESTORE CHINOOK AND COHO SALMON. THEY NOW HAVE INDIAN HEALTH SERVICES.

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CENTER FOR SPRITUAL LIVING

YESTERDAY I WENT TO CHURCH AND THEIR THEME IS ETERNAL LIFE. THERE WAS A GUY PLAYING AN ELECTRIC DIDGERIDOO AND DRUMS AND BELLS, AS WELL AS THERE USUAL GUITARS AND SINGERS. DR. VILJOEN SPOKE ABOUT PROSPER WITH EVERYTHING YOU HAVE AND DON'T HAVE. THERE ARE NO INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF LIFE - RELATIONSHIPS, RAISING CHILDREN AND BEING IN COMMUNITY.

HE FELT INSPIRED ABOUT A WOMAN WHO HAD CEREBRAL PALSY AND SHE WAS CREATING AND LIVING LIFE TO THE FULLEST. HE MET HER BY A SWIMMING POOL AND SHE SAID SHE WROTE POETRY AS WELL. SHE HAD NO FEAR OF DOING WHATEVER SHE WANTED TO DO. SHE IS NOT HOLDING BACK. HER MOTTO IS " LIVE LIFE AS THOUGH NOTHING IS HOLDING YOU BACK." ONLY WE HAVE THE ABILITY TO JUDGE OUR LIFE. LIVE LIFE AS THOUGH NOTHING IS MISSING. JUST SHOW UP AND THAT'S YOUR LIFE.

.QUILEUTE TRIBE

THESE FOLKS ARE IN WESTERN WASHINGTON AND THEY NUMBER 750 PEOPLE. THEY SETTLERS ON THE RESERVATION. AND NUMBER 750 PEOPLE. THEY SETTLED ON THE RESERVATION IN IN 1855 AFTER SIGNING THE QUINALT TREATY. IT IS AT THE MOUTH OF THE QUINALT TREATY. IT IS AT THE MOUTH OF THE QUILLAYETE RIVER ON THE COAST. IN 2000 THEY HAD A POPULATION 370 FOLKS ON THE RESERVATION OF 1000 ACRES. THEY HAVE THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT.

THE QUILETE LANGUAGE BELONGS TO THE CHIMAKUAN FAMILY AMONG THE NW COAST OF PEOPLES. IT IS ONE OF A KIND AS THE ONLY RELATED ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO THE QUILEUTE, CHIMAKUM, WHO WERE KILLED BY CHIEF SEATTLE IN THE 1860'S. THIS LANGUAGE IS 1 OF 6 LANGUAGES THAT THAT LACK NASAL SOUNDS.

THESE PEOPLE ABORIGINALLY RELIED ON FISHING FROM LOCAL RIVERS AND THE OCEAN. THEY BUILT PLANK HOUSES FOR THE WINTER. THEY WERE ONCE GREAT HUNTERS OF WHALES, ALONG WITH THE MAKAH.

HISTORICALLY THEY WERE EXCELLENT BOATERS- THEY MADE CANOES FOR WHALING THAT COULD HOLD 6000 POUNDS OF CARGO. AND MANY MORE. THEY MADE CANOES FROM CEDARS IN VARIOUS SIZES. THIS TRIBE IS BEST KNOWN FOR IT'S CRAFTSMEN SHIP IN WEAVING BASKETS, AND DOG HAIR BLANKETS. THEY RAISED SPECIALLY BRED WOOLY DOGS FOR THEIR HAIR. THEY SPUN THIS HAIR. THEIR FINELY WOVEN BASKETS COULD HOLD WATER AND BOIL WATER. THEY MADE WATERPROOF SKIRTS AND HATS FROM CEDAR STRIPS TO SHIELD AGAINST THE RAINFALL.

THEY ORIGINALLY WERE A VERY SPIRITUAL PEOPLE BUT THEY HAVE CHANGED THROUGH TIME. THE BOYS WOULD GO ON QUESTS TO FIND THEIR SUPERNATURAL POWER ONCE THEY REACHED PUBERTY, IF THEY WANTED TO FIND THEIR POWER. AT A CERTAIN AGE THE THE POWER WOULD WEAR OFF. THEY WOULD PERFORM THE FIRST SALMON SOCIETY TO ENSURE A GOOD THEORY.

THEY BELIEVED EVERYONE HAD THEIR OWN GUARDIAN AND THEY WOULD PRAY TO IT. MUCH OF THE ORIGINAL RELIGION WAS LOST AND FORGOTTEN AFTER THE EUROPEAN RELIGION WAS LOST AND FORGOTTEN AFTER THE EUROPEANS CAME. JAMES ISLAND HAS PLAYED A VITAL ROLE IN ALL ASPECTS OF THEIR BELIEFS AND CULTURE. THEY CALLED IT A-KALAT ON THE TOP OF THE ROCK. IT WAS A BURIAL GROUND FOR CHIEFS AND A FORTRESS TO KEEP OPPOSING TRIBES OUT.

THEIR FOLKLORE SAID THEY DESCENDED FROM WOLVES. THEIR MYTH PROCLAIMS THAT THE TWO SIDED MYTHICAL, CHARACTER KNOWN AS "DOKIBATT" AND "K'WA'ITI" WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING THE 1ST. PERSON IN THE TRIBE. INTHE BEGINNING THERE WERE 6 TRIBAL SOCIETIES THAT REPRESENTED THE ELK HUNTER, THE WHALE HUNTER, THE FISHERMAN, THE WEATHER PREDICTOR, AND THE MEDICINE MAN. THE MEDICINE MAN HONORED THE CREATOR WITH THE WOLF DANCE. THEIR FOLKLORE IS VERY MUCH ALIVE IN THE AREA OF THEIR NATION. THEY HAVE DESCENDANTS OF THE ORIGINAL TRIBE.

THEY HAVE A UNIQUE LANGUAGE, PART OF THE CHIMAKUEN FAMILY OF LANGUAGES SPOKEN BY THE ELDERS. THE CHIMIKUAN WERE COMPLETELY KILLED IN 1860 BY CHIEF SEATTLE. THEIR CONTACT WITH ANGLO SETTLERS WAS SIMILAR TO MANAGE TRIBES. IN 1775 A SPANISH SHIP TOOK THEM AS SLAVES! AND AGAIN IN 1787 THE BRITISH SHIP TOOK THEM AS SLAVES. AND IN 1808 SO DID A RUSSIAN SHIP. IN 1855 THEY SIGNED A TREATY SAYING THEY HAD TO RELOCATE TO THEIR RESERVATION. THREE BOOKS HAVE BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT THIS TRIBE - MOST ARE FICTION.

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QUINATL NATION

THESE FOLKS LOOK LIKE MEXICANS THEY CONSIST OF QUINALT AND QUEETS TRIBES AND DESCENDANTS OF FIVE OTHER COASTAL TRIBES - QUILEUTE, HOH, CHEHABLIS, CHINOOK, AND COWLITZ. THEIR ANCESTORS LIVED ON A MAJOR PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL DIVIDING LINE. BEECHES TO THE SOUTH ARE WIDE AND SANDY, WHILE TO THE NORTH ARE RUGGED WITH CLIFF LINES. THEY SHARED WITH PEOPLE LIVING IN BOTH THESE AREAS.

IN 1911 THERE WERE 300 PEOPLE LIVING IN FAMILY GROUPS. THE GROUPS WERE IN LONG HOUSES UP AND DOWN THE RIVER THEY WERE SUSTAINED BY LAND AND BY TRADING. THEY HAD ABUNDANT SALMON RUNS TO THE SEA MAMMALS AND FOREST WILDLIFE. THEY HAD SPIRITUAL WEALTH AS DID THEIR ANCESTORS AS DID THEIR ANCESTORS. THEY KNEW THEIR NATIVE PLANTS THAT PROVIDED FOOD AND MEDICINES AS WELL AS SHELTER. THEY USED RED CEDAR TO MAKE CANOES, BARK FOR CLOTHING, SPLIT BOARDS FOR HOUSES. THEY SAY THEY ARE THE CANOE PEOPLE.

THEY USE THEIR PAST AS WELL AS THEIR MODERN PRINCIPALS IN A MARRIAGE THAT BRINGS PROMISE TO THEIR FUTURE.

IN 1990 THEY TOOK THE CHALLENGE TO IMPLEMENT SELF RULE INDIAN AFFAIRS. AFTER 150 YEARS OF MISMANAGEMENT BY THE GOVERNMENT, THEY DECIDED THE TRIBES COULD BE MANAGED BY THEMSELVES BETTER TODAY THAN BY THE GOVERNMENT. TODAY THEY HAVE A MARITIME RESORT. MAY TAKE ANOTHER CENTURY TO COREECT MANY PROBLEMS. THERE LAND HAS 23 MILES OF COAST LAND AND IT INCLUDES 208,000 ACRES OF PRODUCTIVE CONIFEROUS FORESTS. THEIR BIRDS AND ANIMALS INCLUDE BLACK BEAR DEER, BALD EAGLES, COUGAR, AND MANY OTHER ANIMALS.

25,000 YEARS AGO WOOLLY MAMMOTHS ROAMED HERE AS GLACIERS PLOWED THROUGH AND CREATED LAKE QUINALT. ABOUT 700 MEMBERS ARE EMPLOYED BY THE TRIBE - IT IS ONE OF THE LARGEST EMPLOYERS.

MANY PEOPLE ARE DEVELOPING THEIR OWN BUSINESSES AND MAINTAIN MANY OF ITS OWN ENTERPRISES, INLUDING A CASINO AND RESORT. THEY HAVE ABOUT 15 DIFFERENT GUIDE SERVICES FOR HUNTING BEARS FISHING. HISTORICALLY THEY HUNTED THE BLACK BEAR FOR FOOD AND FUR.

IN 1855 THEY CEDED 1/3 OF THEIR LANDS TO THE US GOVERNMENT IN EXCHANGE FOR TRACTS OF LAND. THEY HAVE BUILT A MUSEUM WITH MANY OF THEIR BASKETS ON DISPLAY IN TAHOHAH. THEY ALSO HAVE HISTORIC PHOTOS AS WELL AS CANOES.

HTTP://209.206.175.157

SANNISH NATION

THIS TRIBE IS THE SUCCESSOR TO THE POWERFUL SAMISH NATION. THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORY STRETCHES OVER A WIDE 7 COUNTY REGION IN NW WASHINGTON. THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS REMAIN STRONG TODAY. THEIR ANCESTORS TAUGHT THEM ABOUT THE NATURAL SPIRITUAL WORLD AND HOW THEY CANNOT BE SEPARATED, THESE TEACHINGS HELP GUIDE US ON THEIR DAILY LIVES AND OFFER A UNIQUE AND IRREPLACEABLE SYSTEM OF BELIEFS TAKE THEM THROUGH THEIR LIFE JOURNEY.

THEY RESPECTED FOR SPIRITUAL LIFE AND THEIR SKILLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF CANOES AND LONG HOUSES. THERE WERE ORIGINALLY OVER 2000 PEOPLE, BUT THEY WERE REDUCED TO 150 PEOPLE AT THE POINT ELLIOT TREATY IN 1855. THEY HAD FOUR UNITS THAT WERE IMPORTANT - THE FAMILY, THE HOUSE GROUP, THE VILLAGES AND THE TRIBE. THEIR MEMBERSHIPS VARIED AS THEY MARRIED OUTSIDE THEIR GROUPINGS. THE TRIBE RELIED ON EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS WHEN THEY HAD BAD TIMES TO ACCESS OTHER FOODS NOT IN THEIR TERRITORY.

THE ELDERS SAID "WHEN THE TIDE IS OUT OUR TABLE WAS SET FOR DINNER." FOR THE MOST PART EVERYTHING WAS AVAILABLE ON THE BEECH OR OCEANS THAT THEY NEEDED TO SURVIVE. IF YOU USED ANYTHING IN NATURE YOU PRAYED BEFORE TAKING IT IN. THEIR VEGETABLES INCLUDED SPROUTS, BULBS, AND ROOTS FROM 12 SPECIES, BERRIES, AND FRUITS OF TWO DOZEN SPECIES. SHELLFISH INCLUDED 12 DIFFERENT MOLLUSKS, SEA URCHINS, SEA URCHINS, AND CRAB. MORE THAN 20 SPECIES OF FISH INCLUDING 5 SPECIES OF PACIFIC SALMON, STEELHEAD TROUT, HERRING, SUCKER, CHUB AND OCCASIONALLY STURGEON. THREE SPECIES OF BIRDS, AND 40 SPECIES OF WATERFOWL, SOME ELK, DEER, AND SEAL WERE EATEN.

BY 1958 THE SAMISH TRIBE PURSUED LAND CHAINS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT FOR LAND THEY TOOK IN 1855. FIVE ISLANDS AND THE AREAS THEY OCCUPIED IN ABORIGINAL TIMES WERE GIVEN BACK TO THEM. I GUESS THEY WERE OFF THE FEDERALLY LISTED TRIBES AND IT TOOK 26 YEARS TO GET COURT PROCEEDINGS TO REGAIN RECOGNITION.

TODAY THE TRIBE OFFERS HOUSING THAT IS ADEQUATE, HEALTH CARE WELLNESS, SOCIAL SERVICES, EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE. CULTURAL RESTORATION AND IMPORTANT CEREMONIES. TODAY THEY CARRIED FORTH THE VALUES AND VISIONS OF A STRONG SQUAMISH INDIAN NATION. IN 1975 THE SAMISH INDIAN FISHING RIGHTS WERE GRANTED IN A TREATY.

SAMISHTRIBENSN.US

SAUK SUIATTLE TRIBE

THESE FOLKS LIVED UNDER THE GAZE OF WHITE HOUSE MOUNTAIN FOR MANY GENERATIONS. THEY WERE KNOWN AS SAHKUMEN IN THE EARLY TIMES. THEY FISHED, GATHERED AND HUNTED NEAR DARRINGTON, WA. THEY ESPECIALLY LIKED BUILDING CANOES AND FLOATING ON THEIR FIVE RIVERS AND THE OCEAN. THEY TRAVELED TO PUGET SOUND. THERE WE HARVESTED FISH, SHELLFISH, AND OTHER FOODS NOT AVAILABLE IN THE MOUNTAINS, WE EVEN VOYAGED IN LARGE SEAGOING CANOES.

WE ALSO TRAVELLED OVER MOUNTAINS TO GATHER FRUITS, NUTS AND BERRIES. AFTER SPANIARDS WERE HERE THEY BECAME SKILLED HORSEMEN TRADING WITH TRIBES. OUR TRIBES WERE THE ENTIRE DRAINAGE OF THE SAUK SUIATTLE, CASCADES. SAUK PRAIRIE WAS THEIR IMPORTANT VILLAGE. THEIR WERE EIGHT CEDAR LONGHOUSES DESTROYED HERE BY THE U. S. ANGLOS IN 1884. THEY BECAME LANDLESS PEOPLE BUT LIVED IN SCATTERED GROUPS CLOSE TO THEIR HOMELANDS. MANY FOLKS JOINED OTHER NEIGHBORING TRIBES. EVEN SO THEY MAINTAINED A TRIBAL GOVERNMENT, SOCIAL STRUCTURE, THEIR IDENTITY, AND HOPE FOR THE FUTURE. BEFORE 1855 THEY HAD ABOUT 4000 FOLKS. BY 1925 THEY DWINDLED TO 18 MEMBERS. THE SURVIVING DESCENDANTS ARE IN THE SAUK SUIATTLE RESERVATION WHO HAVE 1/4TH INDIAN BLOOD. THEY ARE THE ANCESTRAL NATIVE AMERICANS WHO INHABITED THIS UNIQUE VALLEY IN 1942.

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SHOALWATER BAY, WASHINGTON

THESE FOLKS WERE DESCENDANTS OF THE WILLAPA CHINOOK, LOWER CHABLIS AND WILLAPA HILLS. THE SHOALWATER BAY TRIBE LIVES ON THE SOUTHEAST COAST OF WASHINGTON IN NORTHWEST PACIFIC COUNTY. IN 2000 THERE WERE 70 INHABITANTS. THE RESERVATION WAS CREATED BY PRESIDENTIAL ORDER ON SEPTEMBER 22, 1866. 355 ACRES WERE SET ASIDE. THEY FISHED, HUNTED, AND HARVESTED POTATOES BY FARMING. BEFORE EUROPEANS ARRIVED IT WAS A MIX OF BOUNTIFUL NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND MANY NATIVE VILLAGES. THEIR VILLAGE WAS MAAKPS CHOAHS - THEIR RESERVATION. TODAY THE PEOPLE DO NO LONGER ROAM FREELY - THEY HAVE REDUCED TO THEIR RESERVATION AND NEARBY TRIBES. THEY STILL HAVE DEEP CONNECTION TO THEIR LAND AND SOME AND SOME STILL LIVE ON TH ANCESTRAL LANDS. MANY LIVE WORLDWIDE. THEY HAVE CREATED A CASINO AND CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS. TODAY THEY COMMERCIALLY GROW CRANBERRIES IN THE BOGS OF WASHINGTON COAST.


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EXPERIENCEWA.COM

SKOKOMISH TRIBE

THIS IS ONE OF 9 TRIBES OF THE TWANA, A NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. THEY LIVE WEST SIDE OF THE PUGET SOUND IN SEVERAL VILLAGES. HISTORICALLY THEY WERE HUNTERS, GATHERERS, FISHERS, WHO HAD A NOMODIC LIFESTYLE IN WARMER MONTHS. IN WINTER THEY LIVED IN PERMANENT HOMES. THEIR NAME MEANS "RIVER PEOPLE". BEFORE 1860 THEY THEY WERE ONE OF THE LARGEST TRIBES ON THIS AREA. THE TRIBE MOVED ON THE SKOKOMISH RESERVATION IN THE CENTRAL PART OF WASHINGTON AROUND 1855. IT ONLY HAS 8 SQUARE MILES FOR 730 PEOPLE. THEIR FIST CONTACT WITH ANGLOS WAS IN 1792 AND THEY WERE DEVASTATED FROM SMALL POX. THEY HUNTED , GATHERED, AND FISHED. BETWEEN 1900 - 1960 A TYCOON ACQUIRED THE LAND IN THE MAIN CHANNEL OF SKOKOMISH RIVER. HE PLOWED IT AND VARIOUS PLANT SPECIES HE RELIED ON WERE LOST. AND SWEETGRASS THEY USED FOR BASKETRY WAS LOST.
THEY REGAINED THEIR FISHING RIGHTS IN 1974 AND WERE AWARDED $374,ooo IN 1965 TO PURCHASE A FISH HATCHERY AND TRIBAL HOUSING. MANY FOLKS WORK IN FISHING AND LOGGING INDUSTRIES. SINCE THE 1970S SOME OF THEIR TRADITIONAL DANCES ARE REEMERGING. THEY ALSO HAVE A TRIBAL MUSEUM.

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SNOWQUALAMIE TRIBE

ANTHROPOLOGIST BALLARD CAME TO VISIT THIS TRIBE IN 1916 AND TRANSLATED THEIR TRIBES LEGENDS OF MOON WHO CREATED SNOWQUALAMIE FALLS AND TRANSFORMES THE DOG SALMON. HERE'S THE TRANSLATION: A MAN AND HIS WIFE HAD 2 DAUGHTERS. THE 2 SISTERS WENT UP THE PRAIRIE TO DIG SOME FERN ROOTS. AT NIGHT THEY LAID DOWN AND LOOKED AT THE STARS. THE ONE WOMAN SAID THAT SHE MADE A WISH THAT A STAR WOULD BECOME HER HUSBAND. THEY WERE TAKEN UP TO THE SKY AND THEIR WISHES CAME TRUE. THE MEN HUNTED AND THE WOMEN DUG FERN ROOTS. SOON THE ELDER SISTER BECAME PREGNANT AND HAD A LITTLE BOY. WHILE EVERYONE WAS CELEBRATING, DOG SALMON STOLE THE LITTLE BOY.. MOON BECAME A GROWN MAN WITH BOYS OF HIS OWN. MOON DROVE DOG SALMON AHEAD OF HIM SAYING "WATERFALL MOON, YOU SHALL BE A CATARACT! GAME OF ALL KINDS WAS FOUND AT THE FALLS AND FISH WERE ABUNDANT AS WELL. THE TRIBE REGARDS THE FALLS AS SACRED. THERE IS A SACRED SITE FOR SEEKING SPECIAL POWERS.

THESE INDIANS HAVE LIVED HERE SINCE IMMEMORIAL, LONG BEFORE EXPLORERS. THEY HUNTED DEER ELK AND GAME FISH FOR SALMON AND GATHERED BERRIES FOR FOOD AND MEDICINE. TODAY THEY HAVE 65- MEMBERS. IN 1855 THE GOVERNMENT HAD THEM SIGN A TREATY THAT GAVE THEM THEIR LANDS FROM SNOWQUALAMIE RIVER TO MARYSVILLE. BY 1999 THEY PETITIONED THE BIA TO BE RECOGNIZED FOR FEDERAL STATUS. THIS GAVE THEM THEIR RIGHT TO BE MANAGERS OF A CASINO AND ADMINISTRATE THEIR OWN MEMBERS. THEY HAVE A CANOE MENTORING CLUB FOR THEIR YOUTH TO KEEP ACTIVE.

SNOWQUALAMIE NATION.COM

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

MY FAMILY HAS GONE TO THE ACADEMY IN SAN FRANCISCO A NUMBER OF TIMES MANY YEARS AGO. IT HAS RECENTLY BEEN RENOVATED AND REMODELED IT AND MOVED IT TO ANOTHER LOCATION. THEY HAVE INTERESTING EXHIBITS AND THEY EXPLAIN THE SPECIES OF THE ANIMAL, FISH, OR REPTILE OR INSECT THAT IS ON DISPLAY. I LOVE WATCHING THE AQUARIUM AND THE ANIMALS SWIMMING IN THE TANK.

THEY HAVE A SECTION ABOUT THE DIFFERENT ECOTONES IN CALIFORNIA THAT EXPLAIN ALL THE PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN THE ECOTONES. THERE USED TO BE AN EXHIBIT DESCRIBING THE NATIVE AMERICAN USE OF ACORNS AND HOW THEY WERE PROCESSED. THEY DISPLAY POTTERY AND JEWELRY FROM THE SOUTHWEST. THEY ALSO DESCRIBE HOW NATIVE AMERICANS LIVED IN PREHISTORIC TIMES IN CALIFORNIA.

WHILE I WAS LECTURING AT A LIBRARY I MET ONE OF THE ANTHROPOLOGISTS WHO SAID TO CONTACT THE MANAGER OF PEPPERWOOD PRESERVE. I DID MEET HIM AND LED A NUMBER OF ECO ADVENTURES IN THIS 3000 ACRE PRESERVE NOW PRIVATELY OWNED.

THE MUSEUM ALSO HAS VARIOUS CALIFORNIA NATURE FILMS TO ATTEND. THEY HAVE A PLANETARIUM HERE THAT IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST! IT RECEIVES DATA FROM NASA. THEY HAVE A DIGITAL SCREEN AND PROJECTION SYSTEM. THEY HAVE REPLICATED A RAIN FOREST OF FOUR STORIES. CONTAINED IN A 90 FOOT DIAMETER GLASS DOME. THERE ARE 250 BIRDS AND BUTTERFLIES, 100 EXOTIC REPTILES, AND A CAVE OF BATS. THERE'S A 100.000 GALLON OF EXOTIC REPTILES AND A CAVE OF BATS. THERE'S A FLOODED FOREST WITH 100'S OF TROPICAL FISH AND LUSH TROPICAL PLANTS. THEY HAVE LIVE PENGUINS FROM AFRICA SWIMMING OUTSIDE. THEY ALSO HAVE SHARKS IN AN AQUARIUM. THEIR EXHIBITS ARE ENGAGING AND INNOVATIVE. 40,000ANIMALS ARE HERE - SIX TIMES THE NUMBER OF ANIMALS AT THE OLD MUSEUM.

CALACADEMY.ORG

HOVENWEEP, UTAH

THIS NATIONAL MONUMENT PROTECTS 6 PREHISTORIC PUEBLO ERA VILLAGES SPREAD OVER 21 MILE EXPANSE OF MESA TOPS ALONG UTAH BORDER WITH COLORADO. MY HUSBAND AND I USED TO TOUR HERE DURING OUR GRADUATE YEARS.

HUMAN HABITATION HERE DATES TO 10,000 YEARS AGO WHEN PALEO INDIANS HUNTED AND GATHERED HERE. ABOUT 900 AD THEY SETTLED HERE YEAR ROUND AND STARTED PLANTING AND HARVESTING CROPS. THEY ATE PLENTY OF PINON NUTS. BY 1200 YEARS AGO. THE HOVENWEEP AREA WAS OCCUPIED BY 2500 PEOPLE. THE TOWERS WERE BUILT BY PUEBLOANS WHO WERE FARMERS FROM 500 TO 1300 AD. THEY MADE POTTERY SIMILAR TO THAT FOUND AT MESA VERDE. THE FARMERS CREATED TERRACES TO HOLD STORM RUNOFF, WITH CHECK DAMS THAT RETAIN TOPSOIL. THERE ARE CEREMONIAL STRUCTURES STRUCTURES, CIRCULAR TOWERS AND KIVAS. THE SANDSTONE BUILDINGS ARE VERY METICULOUSLY BUILT. SOME OF THE BUILDINGS ARE VERY METICULOUSLY BUILT. SOME OF THE BUILDINGS MAY HAVE BEEN CELESTIAL OBSERVATIONS.

APPARENTLY THEY LEFT AFTER AD 1200 DUE TO DROUGHT, RESOURCE DEPLETION AND POSSIBLY WARFARE. THEY MIGRATED SOUTH TO THE RIO GRANDE IN NEW MEXICO AND THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN IN ARIZONA. THE ZUNI AND HOPI ARE DESCENDANTS OF THIS CULTURE.

A MORMON WAS THE FIRST ANGLO TO FIRST FIND THESE STRUCTURES IN 1854. HOVENWEEP MEANS DESERTED VALLEY. IN 1923 PRESIDENT HARDING PROCLAIMED IT A NATIONAL MONUMENT.

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NATIVE HAWAIIANS

NATIVE HAWAIIANS CALL THEMSELVES MAOLI. THEY TRACE BACK THEIR ANCESTRY BACK TO THE POLYNESIAN SETTLERS OF HAWAII. THEIR HISTORY IN GENERAL IS TRACED BACK INTO FOUR MAJOR PERIODS - ANCIENT HAWAII, MONARDS, TERRITORIAL, AND STATEHOOD.



THEIR STILL IS NO CONSESUS ABOUT THE EARLY PERIOD. SOME THINK POLYNESIANS ARRIVED HER IN THE THIRD CENTURY FROM MARQUESUS AND FOLLOWED BY THE TAHITIAN SETTLERS IN 1300 A.D. WHO CONQUERED THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS. SOME BELIEVE THERE WAS A SINGLE PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THE FIRST HAWAIIANS WERE HERE NO LATER THAN 800 A.D. AND POSSIBLY AS EARLY AS 500 A.D. THERE WAS CONTINUED CONTACT BETWEEN ALL HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND THEY HAVE ABUNDANT ORAL TRADITIONS.



LONG DISTANCE VOYAGING BETWEEN BECAME LESS FREQUENT, AFTER ABOUT AD 1200. AND IT WAS NOT IN HAWAIIAN ORAL TRADITIONS BY THE TIME OF EUROPEAN CONTACT. KING KAKAUA WROTE A BOOK CLAIMING THAT PA'AO WAS FROM WHO BROUGHT THE CHIEF OF SAMOA TO RULE THE ISLAND OF HAWAII. HIS DESCENDANTS WERE ONE OF HIGHEST RANKED RANKED DESCENDANTS WERE ONE OF HIGHEST RANKED DESCENDANTS WERE ONE OF THE HIGHEST RANKED FAMILIES. IN SAMAO -KING KAMEHAMEHA WAS A DESCENDANT OF PILI.



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ENCYCLOPEDIA.THE FREE DISCTONARY

KEY WEST

ONE SUMMER ABOUT 6 YEARS AGO MY FAMILY TRAVELED TO FLORIDA TO VISIT MY HUSBAND'S BROTHER'S FAMILY. WE TOOK A TRIP TO KEY WEST, THE SOUTHERNMOST CITY IN THE U.S. THE TERRITORY HAD CHANGED GREATLY SINCE I HAD LAST BEEN THERE. THAT SUMMER IT WAS FAIRLY COLD. SO WE DIDN'T GO SWIMMING BUT RODE SOME BIKES THROUGH THE CITY AND VISITED A REAL NEAT BUTTERFLY MUSEUM. IT IS A TROPICAL PARADISE WITH 50 - 60 BUTTERFLY SPECIES. YOU CAN WATCH THEM PREPARE THE FOOD FOR THEM. THESE INSECTS ONLY LIVE FOR 10 DAYS. THEY FEED ON NECTAR OF FLOWERS OR POLLEN OR ROTTING FRUIT. THEY LAY BY THE BUTTERFLIES FROM FARMS IN THE TROPICS. THE EGGS HATCH AND CATERPILLARS FEED ON NATIVE HOST PLANTS. ONCE THEY PUPATE TO A CHRYSALIS THEY ARE SHIPPED THERE.

WE HIKED BY THE NAVEL AIR STATION, A TRAINING SITE. THE FIRST EUROPEAN TO VISIT WAS JUAN PONCE DE LEON IN 1521. THE VILLAGE IS STILL VERY HISTORIC LOOKING. IN 1763 WHEN GREAT BRITAIN TOOK CONTROL OF FLORIDA THE COMMUNITY OF SPANIARDS AND NATIVE AMERICANS WERE MOVED TO HAVANA, CUBA! TWENTY YEARS LATER FLORIDA WAS CONTROLLED BY SPAIN. MANY RESIDENTS WERE IMMIGRANTS FROM THE BAHAMAS WERE CALLED CONCHOS. MANY BLACK IMMIGRANTS LIVE IN THE AREA OF OLD TOWN NEXT TO THE TRUMAN ANNEX.

IN 1860 WREAKING MADE KEY WEST THE WEALTHIEST TOWN IN FLORIDA PER CAPITA. MANY PEOPLE WORKED SALVAGING SHIPWRECKS FROM NEARBY FLORIDA REEFS. THEY CATCH GIANT TURTLES FROM THE SHORE TO EAT! KEY WEST HAS AN HISTORIC WHERE WE STAYED OVERNIGHT. THESE HOUSES DATE FROM 1886. SOME ARE BUILT ON PIERS IN CASE OF FLOODS. SINCE THE 1940'S THE ISLAND HAS MORE THAN DOUBLED IN SIZE WITH LANDFILL PROJECTS. HURRICANES RARELY HIT KEY WEST. THE WORST STORM WAS IN 2005 WHICH FLOODED 60% OF THE HOMES. CHICKEN FAMILIES ARE FREQUENTLY SEEN ON THE STREETS OF DOWNTOWN.

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ANYTHING GOES

I WENT TO THIS EXCELLENT PLAY THIS WEEKEND AND THE DIRECTOR SAID HIS PHILOSOPHY IN THE THEATRE ARTS IS THAT STUDENTS DEVELOP MORE OF THEIR CREATIVITY, RESPONSIBILITY, SELF MOTIVATION, AND INITIATIVE.. THEY LEARN TEAM SPIRIT AND PROBLEM SOLVING EXPERIENCES AS WELL AS WAYS TO EXPRESS EMOTION. THE PLAY WAS AT MARILLO CARRILLO HIGH SCHOOL. I SAT BY A JUNIOR HIGH STUDENT FROM VIETNAM THIS WAS PERFORMED ON BROADWAY IN 1934 AND IS A MUSICAL COMEDY THAT TAKES PLACE ON AN OCEANLINER BOUND FROM NEW YORK TO LONDON. IT IS A FARCE SET BELOW DECK. THE PLAY WAS REWRITTEN AT LEAST ONCE. IT INCLUDES SINGING SAILORS, TAP DANCING GIRLS, EXOTIC DISGUISES AND OLD FASHIONED BLACK MAIL. THERE ARE TWO UNLIKELY PAIRS SET OFF ON THE COURSE OF TRUE LOVE.

A YOUNG WALL STREET BROKER HAS FALLEN IN LOVE WITH A BEAUTIFUL GIRL HE MET IN A TAXI. HIS BOSS IS PREPARING TO MAKE A BUSINESS DEAL AND IS TRAVELING TO LONDON, ENGLAND TO WIN THE HEIRESS'S HEART. A GUY NAMED MOONFACE IS A GANGSTER SOMETIMES DISGUISED AS A MINISTER WHO IS A MISSIONARY AND IS AIDED BY THE WALL STREET BROKER.

HOPE, THE HEIRESS PREFERS BILLY, BUT SHE INSISTS SHE MUST MARRY EVELYN, THE BRITISH NOBLEMAN. HOPE DISCUSSES HER IMPENDING MARRIAGE WITH EVEYLYN AND THEY DISCOVER THAT NETHER ARE PLEASED WITH THEIR ENGAGEMENT. THE BROKER AND HOPE MEET AGAIN AND REALIZE THAT EACH HAS BEEN THINKING OF THE OTHER ALL THROUGH THE NIGHT. THE SHIP'S CREW GETS A CABLE FROM NEW YORK SAYING PUBLIC ENEMY NUMBER ONE IS ON BOARD. MOONFACE DECIDES TO DISGUISE BILLY AS A CREW MEMBER. THE CREW CATCHES ON TO HIS DISGUISE, THEN THEY CREATE A NEW DISGUISE FOR HIM WITH A STOLEN PAIR OF PANTS AND A BEARD. HOPE'S MOM PULLS OFF HIS BEARD AND THE CREW REALIZES HE IS THE WANTED MAN - HE IS AN INSTANT CELEBRITY.

BILLY TELLS THE CAPTAIN THAT MOONFACE IS HELPING HIM REFORM FROM WICKED WAYS. THE PASSENGERS CONFESS THEIR SINS TO THE REVEREND ON BOARD WHO IS NOT REALLY A MINISTER. BILLY AND MOONFACE ARE THROWN INTO JAIL ON THE SHIP ALONG WITH TWO CHINESE MEN.

BILLY AND MOON SHOW UP IN CHINESE GARB AT EVLYN'S ESTATE AND TELL HIS UNCLE THEY ARE PARENTS OF PLUM BLOSSOM. THEY THREATEN TO PUBLICIZE HIS INDISCRETION, AND HE DOES NOT MARRY HER. THE UNCLE BUYS OR PAYS THEM OFF SO HE DOES NOT MARRY PLUM BLOSSOM. BILLY KNOWS THAT EVELYN AND HOP'S PLANNED MARRIAGE IS REALLY AN AWKWARD ONE.

HOPE SELLS HER COMPANY FOR MILLIONS. BILLY MARRIES HOPE, AND RENO AND EVELYN GET MARRIED.

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FINLEY COMMUNITY CENTER

TODAY I WENT TO VISIT AN ART SHOW AT THE FINLEY CENTER NEARBY. THEY HAD VARIOUS ART THAT WAS MADE BY A VARIETY OF STUDENTS AND ADULTS. SOME OF THE ART WAS CERAMIC AND WOODEN SCULPTURES. SOME WERE WEAVINGS, AND OTHERS WERE OIL PAINTINGS AND ACRYLIC PAINTINGS. THEY ALSO HAD SOME SCULPTURES OUT OF COPPER AND A VARIETY STRANGE NEW FANGLED METAL SCULPTURES.

IT WAS UNUSUAL THAT I MET A GROUP OF FIJIANS WHO I HAD KNOWN FROM THE METHODIST CHURCH PREPARING FOR A WEDDING WHICH WAS IN ANOTHER WING OF THE BUILDING. THEY HAD OVER 100 PLACE SETTINGS AND THEIR GROUP HAD PREPARED HAWAIIAN FISH AND PLAINTAINS AND A VARIETY OF FRUITS AND OTHER RICE AND BREADS. THEY HAVE A LUAU OF SORTS. THEY HAD SOME BABIES THERE ALSO. MY FRIEND FEOKO IS THE AUNT OF THE BRIDE. HOWEVER, SHE WAS NOT ABLE TO ATTEND BECAUSE SHE HAD FINALLY GOTTEN A CARE GIVER'S JOB. SO MANY FIJIANS ARE HERE AS GOOD CARETAKERS. THEY ARE VERY DEDICATED TO THEIR COMPANION.

MAKAH TRIBE

MAKAH HISTORY TELLS THE STORY OF OF THEIR ANCIENTS. THEY LIVED IN THE WORLD THAT REVOLVED AROUND THE SEA AND LAND. YET IT NEVER LETS ONE FORGET THE CULTURAL CHANGES THAT BROUGHT THE TRIBE TO WHAT IT IS TODAY. THESE MEMBERS LIVE BOTH ON AND OFF THE RESERVATION. THEY SKILLFULLY USED THE BOUNTY OF THE SEA. THEY HAVE FIVE PERMANENT VILLAGES THAT WERE LOCATED ALONG THE SHORE OF THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA. THESE VILLAGES WERE HOME TO 2 - 4000 MAKAH. EACH VILLAGE HAD SEVERAL LONGHOUSES OF CEDAR PLANKS MEASURING 30 TO 70 FEET. THEY HAD SEVERAL GENERATIONS IN ON STRUCTURE AND THEY WERE MASSIVE. DURING THE SUMMER THEY TRAVELED TO SUMMER RESIDENTS.


EARLY MAKAH HAD BEEN UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND GREAT RESPECT FOR THE PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAT SUSTAINED THEM. THEY WERE IN BALANCE WITH THEIR LIFE CYCLES. THEY WERE SKILLED MARINERS, USING SOPHISTICATED NAVIGATIONAL SKILLS TO TRAVEL ON THE SEAS IN THEIR RED CEDAR CARVED CANOES. THEY MADE SMALL CANOES SO CHILDREN COULD PRACTICE. PORPOISES AND SEAL WERE SMOKED OR EATEN FRESH. THEY CAUGHT THE SEA OTTER AND THEIR SKINS WERE SOLD TO ANGLOS. THE TRADITION OF WHALING IS A SOURCE OF GREAT PRIDE. THEY WERE HUNTED FOR THEIR MEAT AND FAT. ALL KINDS OF WHALES WERE HUNTED FOR THEIR MEAT AND OIL.

ALL KINDS OF WHALES WERE HUNTED FOR THEIR MEAT AND OIL. THE BONES WERE MADE INTO COMBS, CLUBS, SPINDLE WHIRLS, SHREDDERS AND JEWELRY. BY 1700 THE EUROPEANS SPREAD DEVASTATING EPIDEMICS OF SMALLPOX, INFLUENZA, AND WHOOPING COUGH . THIS LEFT LARGE GAPS IN THEIR FAMILIES WITH THOUSANDS OF DEATHS. THEY HAD UNFATHOMABLE GRIEF. THE TRANSFER OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE WAS DISRUPTIVE AND THE OLD WAYS WERE LOST. THERE WERE SEVERAL OUTBREAKS OF SMALLPOX.

WHALE HUNTING WAS CENTRAL TO THEIR TRADITION AND IT REQUIRED SPIRITUAL RITUALS AND CEREMONIES. WHALES INSPIRE SONGS, DANCES, DESIGNS, AND BASKETRY. IN 1855 WHEN THEY CEDED 1000'S OF ACRES TO THE GOVERNMENT THEY RESERVED THE RIGHT TO WHALE WITHIN THEIR TREATY. TO GET READY FOR THE HUNT THE MEN WENT OFF BY THEMSELVES TO PRAY, FAST, BATH CEREMONIOUSLY. EACH MAN FOLLOWED A RITUAL AND SOUGHT HIS POWER. WEEKS OR MONTHS WENT INTO THIS PREPARATION AND THEN THEY WERE SPIRITUALLY READY. THEY HAD TO TOW THE WHALE BACK TO THE BEACH A DISTANCE OF 2 TO 10 MILES. A DIVER LACED THE MOUTH SHUT SO IT WOULD FLOAT. ARCHAEOLOGIST'S DATE WHALING TO AT LEAST 2000 YEARS AGO. IN 1999 THE TRIBE HARVESTED THEIR FIRST WHALE IN SEVENTY YEARS! THEY THANK THE WHALE FOR GIVING THEM SUSTENANCE.

THE TRIBE HAS A PERMANENT EXHIBITS WITH 500 YEAR OLD ARTIFACTS. THEIR EXHIBITS INTERPRET THE ARTIFACTS AND SHOW A FULL SIZE CANOE AND REPLICA OF A LONGHOUSE, CLOTHING, ANS BASKETRY. THEY HAVE AN ETHNOBOTANICAL GARDEN THERE.

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