THE OSOCHI HAD THE CLOSEST CONNECTIONS WITH THE CHIAHA. THOUGH THEIR LANGUAGE IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN MUSKOGEE. THEY LIVED HISTORICALLY IN THE BEND OF CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER. THE TOWN OF HOTALGI-HUNYANA WAS POPULATED BY FROM THIS TRIBE AND CHI HA. IN 1812 THEY HAD TWO VILLAGES - ONE ON THE CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER, AND ONE ON A STREAM CALLED OPILIKE- HATCHIE.
THE OSOCHI MAY HAVE BEEN TIMUCUA ORIGINALLY. THEY RESEMBLE THE TIMUCUA IN NORTHWEST FLORIDA. IN 1656 THE TIMUCUA ROSE UP TO SOME REBELS AND FLED TO THE WOODS. IN THE 1700'S THEY LIVED WITHIN THE APALACHICOLA. BY 1848 THEY MOVED UP FLINT RIVER LATER. IN 1750 THERE WERE ONLY 30 MEN. BY 1832 THERE WERE 540 OSOCHI.
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Wednesday, June 29, 2011
COOKING BLOG FOR FRAN
IN OUR GOOD OLD DAYS WE MADE OUR OWN YOGURT FROM SCRATCH, AND WE MADE OUR OWN FLAVORS OF ICE CREAM. IN GRADUATE SCHOOL WE JOINED A FOOD COOPERATIVE IN ORDER TO GET DISCOUNT ORGANIC FLOUR AND FOOD. WE HAD PARTIES T OUR RENTED HOUSE AND MADE A VARIETY OF FOOD. WE BOTH LIKED COOKING.
MY HUSBAND'S MOM GAVE US A FUN NOODLE MAKER SO WE COULD MAKE SPINACH OR WHOLE WHEAT NOODLES. WE COULD ALSO MAKE LASAGNA NOODLES. WE ALSO MADE OUR OWN WHOLE WHEAT CRACKERS FROM SCRATCH. CHINESE FOOD WAS A LITTLE BIT TRICKIER, BUT I CHOPPED UP A LOT OF VEGGIES AND INCLUDED SOME CHICKEN OR FISH AND CHOPPED UP GINGER AND OUT IT IN A WOK WITH OLIVE OIL.
I LOVE MAKING PANCAKES FOR BREAKFAST WITH WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR, AS WELL AS OATMEAL COOKIES. I PROMOTED ALVARADO STREET BREAD AND GOT MUCH OF IT FOE FREE. I MADE THEIR PIZZAS AT NUMEROUS STORES. I ADDED CHICKEN, OLIVES, MUSHROOMS, AND VARIOUS CHEESES, AS WELL AS HOMEMADE PESTO SAUCE. IT IS VERY FUN FOR ME TO COOK!
MY HUSBAND'S MOM GAVE US A FUN NOODLE MAKER SO WE COULD MAKE SPINACH OR WHOLE WHEAT NOODLES. WE COULD ALSO MAKE LASAGNA NOODLES. WE ALSO MADE OUR OWN WHOLE WHEAT CRACKERS FROM SCRATCH. CHINESE FOOD WAS A LITTLE BIT TRICKIER, BUT I CHOPPED UP A LOT OF VEGGIES AND INCLUDED SOME CHICKEN OR FISH AND CHOPPED UP GINGER AND OUT IT IN A WOK WITH OLIVE OIL.
I LOVE MAKING PANCAKES FOR BREAKFAST WITH WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR, AS WELL AS OATMEAL COOKIES. I PROMOTED ALVARADO STREET BREAD AND GOT MUCH OF IT FOE FREE. I MADE THEIR PIZZAS AT NUMEROUS STORES. I ADDED CHICKEN, OLIVES, MUSHROOMS, AND VARIOUS CHEESES, AS WELL AS HOMEMADE PESTO SAUCE. IT IS VERY FUN FOR ME TO COOK!
SAWOKLI TRIBE IN ALABAMA
THIS TRIBE BELONGED TO THE MUSHOGAN LINGUISTIC STOCK AND A SUBDIVISION CALLED ATCIK-HATA. THEY LIVED ON CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER IN THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF BARBOUR CITY. THEY REMAINED HERE UNTIL 1706 - 1707, WHEN HOSTILE INDIANS PROBABLY DISPLACED THEM. SOME RETURNED TO CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER IN THE NORTHEAST PART OF BARBOUR CITY. THEY REMAINED HERE UNTIL 1706 TO 1707 WHEN HOSTILE INDIANS PROBABLY DISPLACED THEM.
SOME RETURNED TO CHATTAHOOCHEE AND SOME FOLLOWED THE CREEKS TO FLORIDA AND GEORGIA. AFTER 1716 SHAWNEE CAME TO LIVE HERE ON THIS RIVER AND REMAINED HERE UNTIL EARLY 1880'S.
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SOME RETURNED TO CHATTAHOOCHEE AND SOME FOLLOWED THE CREEKS TO FLORIDA AND GEORGIA. AFTER 1716 SHAWNEE CAME TO LIVE HERE ON THIS RIVER AND REMAINED HERE UNTIL EARLY 1880'S.
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PAKANA INDIANS IN ALABAMA
THESE PEOPLE INCORPORATED IN THE MUSKOGEAN CONFEDERATION WHICH WERE PROBABLY DISTINCT BODIES WHO DID NOT SPEAK A DIALECT. THE PAKANAS ARE KNOWN AS A TRADITION TO HAVE BEEN A DISTINCT PEOPLE AND THEIR ANCIENT TOWNS IN COOSA COUNTY. THE AU-BIN-KAS HAVE A TRADITION THAT THEY WERE A DISTINCT PEOPLE AND IN OLD TIMES WERE NUMEROUS . THEY INTERMARRIED WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS AND TRIBES.
THE CREEKS SAY THE PAKANA SEPARATED FROM THE ABIHKA. IT IS EVIDENT THAT IT WAS DUE TO THE PROXIMITY OF THE TWO PEOPLE IN ANCIENT TIMES AND THE NUMBER OF INTERMARRIAGES THAT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THEM. AFTER INDIAN REMOVAL THEY SETTLED IN THE CREEK NATION NEAR HANNAH, OKLAHOMA.
THE PAKANA HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR SQUARE GROUND HERE EVER SINCE. THE PAKANA WHO SETTLED NEAR FORT TOULOUWSE AND NEVER REJOINED THEIR KINDRED. IN 1764 THE GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA CALLS THEM PAKANAS DES ALIBAMOUS, FROM THE FRENCH OR AS THEY WERE RELATED TO THE ALABAMA INDIANS.
THE PAKANA ARE WITHIN MUSHOGEAN CONFEDERATION WHICH WERE PROBABLY DISTINCT BANDS AND DID NOT CERTAINLY POSSESS A PARTICULAR DIALECT. THE MUSKOGEE AND PAKANA ARE NEIGHBORS. THEIR ANCIENT TOWN IS IN THE COOSA COUNTY . THE ABBIHKAS HAVE A TRADITION THAT THEY WERE A DISTINCT PEOPLE AND THAT THEY WERE IN OLD TIMES VERY NUMEROUS. THEY WERE ASSIMILATED WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS WITHOUT DISTINCTION.
THE MODERN CREEKS SAY THE PAKANA SEPARATED FROM ABIHKA, HOWEVER THEY INTERMARRIED. AN OLD HILLIBIMAN TOLD ME THIS TOWN WAS FOUNDED BY WIOGUFKA INDIANS NAMED BAKNA. STIGGINS ACCOUNTED FOR THE PAKANAS AS THEY ARE A SMALL TRIBE OF ABOUT THIRTY MEN WHO ARE A DISTINCT PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN AN ANCIENT TOWN CALLED PUCCAN TALLAHASSEE, ALABAMA. IN THE OLD TIMES THEY WERE VERY DISTINCT AND HAD MANY PEOPLE IN THEIR TRIBE.
A TRADITION AMONG THE MODERN CREEKS IS THAT THE PAKANA SEPARATED FROM THE ABIHKA, AND IT IS EVIDENT THAT IT WAS DUE TO THE PROXIMITY OF THE TWO PEOPLE IN ANCIENT TIMES AND THEIR INTERMARRIAGES. WAKOKAI, THE MOTHER TOWN OF WIOGUFKI, AND THE PAKANA TOWN WERE CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.
THE PAKANA SETTLED NEAR FORT TOULOUSE AND MUSKOGEE OR OTHER INDIANS OCCUPIED THIS SITE. THE PAKANA ARE A SMALL TRIBE WHOSE VILLAGE IS 50 MILES
SOUTHWEST OF NATCHICHOCHES.
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THE CREEKS SAY THE PAKANA SEPARATED FROM THE ABIHKA. IT IS EVIDENT THAT IT WAS DUE TO THE PROXIMITY OF THE TWO PEOPLE IN ANCIENT TIMES AND THE NUMBER OF INTERMARRIAGES THAT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THEM. AFTER INDIAN REMOVAL THEY SETTLED IN THE CREEK NATION NEAR HANNAH, OKLAHOMA.
THE PAKANA HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR SQUARE GROUND HERE EVER SINCE. THE PAKANA WHO SETTLED NEAR FORT TOULOUWSE AND NEVER REJOINED THEIR KINDRED. IN 1764 THE GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA CALLS THEM PAKANAS DES ALIBAMOUS, FROM THE FRENCH OR AS THEY WERE RELATED TO THE ALABAMA INDIANS.
THE PAKANA ARE WITHIN MUSHOGEAN CONFEDERATION WHICH WERE PROBABLY DISTINCT BANDS AND DID NOT CERTAINLY POSSESS A PARTICULAR DIALECT. THE MUSKOGEE AND PAKANA ARE NEIGHBORS. THEIR ANCIENT TOWN IS IN THE COOSA COUNTY . THE ABBIHKAS HAVE A TRADITION THAT THEY WERE A DISTINCT PEOPLE AND THAT THEY WERE IN OLD TIMES VERY NUMEROUS. THEY WERE ASSIMILATED WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS WITHOUT DISTINCTION.
THE MODERN CREEKS SAY THE PAKANA SEPARATED FROM ABIHKA, HOWEVER THEY INTERMARRIED. AN OLD HILLIBIMAN TOLD ME THIS TOWN WAS FOUNDED BY WIOGUFKA INDIANS NAMED BAKNA. STIGGINS ACCOUNTED FOR THE PAKANAS AS THEY ARE A SMALL TRIBE OF ABOUT THIRTY MEN WHO ARE A DISTINCT PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN AN ANCIENT TOWN CALLED PUCCAN TALLAHASSEE, ALABAMA. IN THE OLD TIMES THEY WERE VERY DISTINCT AND HAD MANY PEOPLE IN THEIR TRIBE.
A TRADITION AMONG THE MODERN CREEKS IS THAT THE PAKANA SEPARATED FROM THE ABIHKA, AND IT IS EVIDENT THAT IT WAS DUE TO THE PROXIMITY OF THE TWO PEOPLE IN ANCIENT TIMES AND THEIR INTERMARRIAGES. WAKOKAI, THE MOTHER TOWN OF WIOGUFKI, AND THE PAKANA TOWN WERE CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.
THE PAKANA SETTLED NEAR FORT TOULOUSE AND MUSKOGEE OR OTHER INDIANS OCCUPIED THIS SITE. THE PAKANA ARE A SMALL TRIBE WHOSE VILLAGE IS 50 MILES
SOUTHWEST OF NATCHICHOCHES.
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HAIRSPRAY MUSICAL AT SRJC
THIS WAS A LIVELY MUSICAL THAT SENDS THE AUDIENCE INTO A LAUGHING ENERGETIC PRODUCTION. THE ACTORS ARE DANCING AND SINGING MOST OF THE TIME WITH VARIOUS SETS AND NUMEROUS COSTUMES. IT IS BASED ON A MOTION PICTURE THAT TELLS A STORY ABOUT MISFIT TEENAGER WHO DREAMS OF DANCING ON A TV SHOW. HER DREAM COMES TRUE AND SHE BECOMES A SUDDEN STAR. THEIR WAS AN ORCHESTRA PLAYING AS WELL. THEIR ARE VARIOUS SOCIAL ISSUES, RACIAL ISSUES AND SOCIAL SATIRE ALL COMBINED TO MAKE US THINK ABOUT THESE ISSUES. THE ACTORS ARE FROM ALL AROUND THE COUNTRY. THEY DANCED IN PERFECT HARMONY TO THE MUSIC. THE STAGE WAS SET IN THE 60'S IN BALTIMORE AND IS A PLAY THAT MANY GROUPS HAVE PERFORMED SINCE IT WAS PRODUCED ON BROADWAY.
Monday, June 27, 2011
PEQUOT INDIANS IN CONNECTICUT
THE PEQUOT INHABITED MUCH OF WHAT IS NOW CONNECTICUT IN THE 17TH CENTURY. THE PEQUOT WAR AND MASSACRE ELIMINATED THEM AS A VIABLE ENTITY IN SOUTH NEW ENGLAND.
TODAY TWO SMALL NATIONS INHABIT THE AREA OF CONNECTICUT, THE MASHANTUCKET AND EASTERN PEQUOT NATION. THEIR NAME MAY HAVE MEANT MEN OF THE SWAMP. THEY WERE PEQUOT AND MOHEGAN. HISTORIANS THINK THEY MIGRATED ABOUT 1500 FROM HUDSON VALLEY RIVER TOWARD CONNECTICUT. THEY WERE INDIGENOUS HERE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS.
IN 1616 TO 1619 THEY HAD A SMALLPOX INVASION THAT KILLED 90% OF NATIVE INHABITANTS. IN 1637 THEY HAD A PEQUOT WAR. THE ENGLISH FOUGHT AGAINST AGAINST THEM AND ENSLAVED SOME FOR SERVANTS AND MANY WENT TO BERMUDA. BY 1683 TWO RESERVATIONS WERE ESTABLISHED FOR EACH OF THE ABOVE TRIBES. THEY BECAME ENTREPRENEURS. EVENTUALLY THESE TRIBAL POPULATIONS GREW AND THEY ESTABLISHED NEW LAND BASES.
IN 1976 THEY GOT ASSISTANCE TO RECOVER LAND THAT HAD BEEN ILLEGALLY SOLD BY THE STATE IN 1856. THEY REACHED AN AGREEMENT AFTER 7 YEARS AND GOT COMMUNITY, STATE AND GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR RESOLUTION. IN 1983 CONGRESS GAVE THEM FEDERAL TRIBAL RECOGNITION ENABLING THEM TO REPURCHASE AND THAT WAS PLACED IN TRUST WITH THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. THEY NOW HAVE 1200 ACRES. THEY OPERATE A RESTAURANT, MUSEUM, AND CASINO.
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TODAY TWO SMALL NATIONS INHABIT THE AREA OF CONNECTICUT, THE MASHANTUCKET AND EASTERN PEQUOT NATION. THEIR NAME MAY HAVE MEANT MEN OF THE SWAMP. THEY WERE PEQUOT AND MOHEGAN. HISTORIANS THINK THEY MIGRATED ABOUT 1500 FROM HUDSON VALLEY RIVER TOWARD CONNECTICUT. THEY WERE INDIGENOUS HERE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS.
IN 1616 TO 1619 THEY HAD A SMALLPOX INVASION THAT KILLED 90% OF NATIVE INHABITANTS. IN 1637 THEY HAD A PEQUOT WAR. THE ENGLISH FOUGHT AGAINST AGAINST THEM AND ENSLAVED SOME FOR SERVANTS AND MANY WENT TO BERMUDA. BY 1683 TWO RESERVATIONS WERE ESTABLISHED FOR EACH OF THE ABOVE TRIBES. THEY BECAME ENTREPRENEURS. EVENTUALLY THESE TRIBAL POPULATIONS GREW AND THEY ESTABLISHED NEW LAND BASES.
IN 1976 THEY GOT ASSISTANCE TO RECOVER LAND THAT HAD BEEN ILLEGALLY SOLD BY THE STATE IN 1856. THEY REACHED AN AGREEMENT AFTER 7 YEARS AND GOT COMMUNITY, STATE AND GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR RESOLUTION. IN 1983 CONGRESS GAVE THEM FEDERAL TRIBAL RECOGNITION ENABLING THEM TO REPURCHASE AND THAT WAS PLACED IN TRUST WITH THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. THEY NOW HAVE 1200 ACRES. THEY OPERATE A RESTAURANT, MUSEUM, AND CASINO.
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Friday, June 24, 2011
QUIRIPI INDIANS IN CONNECTICUTT
QUIRIPI MEANS LONG WATER LAND. THEY HAD FOUR DIFFERENT GROUPS: ONE IN NEW HAVEN, NORTH HAVEN, GUILFORD, AND BRADFORD. PRIOR TO MEETING THE COLONISTS THEY HAD ABOUT 25,000 PEOPLE. THEIR VILLAGES WERE SETTLED BY PONDS, RIVERS, OR OCEANS. DURING WINTER THEY MOVED TO LARGE HILLS AS PROTECTION. IT TOOK ONLY A FEW HOURS TO BREAK UP THEIR VILLAGE AND MOVE. THERE WERE ABOUT 100 PEOPLE.
THE QUIRIPI WERE WELL KNOWN FOR ELM BARK CANOES AND 20 BY 40 FOOT DUGOUT CANOES. THEY SPOKE A DIALECT OF ALGONQUIAN. THESE FOLKS NO LONGER EXIST AS A TRIBE. THEY REMAIN ALMOST UNKNOWN TO MODERN NEW HAVENERS. THEY LIVED IN WIGWAMS AND TRAVELLED BY FOOT OR CANOES. THEY FISHED, FARMED, GATHERED ROOTS AND BERRIES, AND HUNTED. IN 1633 WHEN ANGLOS CAME THEY WERE REDUCED TO ABOUT 250 SURVIVORS. WITHIN 300 SQUARE MILES. THEY WERE REDUCED AGAIN BY BRITISH COLONIAL WARS IN THE 1700'S. THEY WERE PRESSURED TO SELL THEIR RESERVATION LAND. IN 1731 THEY MOVED TO A NEW RESERVATION IN WATERLY. IN 1760 THEY JOINED THE TUNXIS IN FARMINGTON. AS LATE AS 1840'S SOME FOLKS WENT TO THE SHORE TO FISH , CLAMS, SELL BASKETS AND DO AGRICULTURAL WORK. THE FOLKS WHO MOVED TO FARMINGTON MIGRATED TO GREEN BAT, WI. THE LEADERS OF THE BANDS WERE WISE MEN OR WISE WOMEN -CHIEFS. THEY MADE IMPORTANT DECISIONS AFTER CONSULTING WITH COUNSELORS. THIS POSITION WAS ORIGINALLY HEREDITARY.
THROUGH RITUALS AND CEREMONIES THEY RESPECTED THE SUPERNATURAL. THEY PRAYED TO THE RESPECTED SUPERNATURAL. THEY PRAYED TO THE SPIRITS OF SLAIN ANIMALS. THEY BELIED IN A VARIETY OF DEITIES - GODS OF THE SUN, MOON, SEA, FIRE, AND FOUR DIRECTIONS. KICHTAN WAS A BENEVOLENT SPIRIT WHO LIVED IN THE SOUTH WEST. SOULS AFTER DEATH - GOOD AND EVIL - DEPARTED TO KEIGHTANS REALM, WHERE THEY ENJOYED A LIFE SIMILAR TO THE EARTH. KICHTAN WAS THE CREATOR GOD.
SHAMANS WERE THE RELIGIOUS LEADERS OF THE NEW ENGLAND ALGONQUIANS. THEY WERE DOCTORS WHO USED HERBS AND SPIRITUAL CURES AND WERE SKILLED IN MAKING SPLINTS AND SETTING BONES. THEY CHANGED AND PREDICTED THE WEATHER AND PROVIDED SUPERNATURAL GUIDANCE THROUGH INTERPRETING DREAMS WHICH WERE A CENTRAL PART OF NATIVE SPIRITUAL LIFE. SOME POWWOWS HAD MAGICAL POWERS AS WELL. THEY REJECTED CHRISTIANITY THROUGHOUT THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY. THEIR HOUSES WERE WIGWAMS. ALSO KNOWN AS THE ROUND HOUSES . THE WOMEN BUILT THEM BY A VARIETY OF WOOD, SOD, BARK, AND WOVEN GRASS. IT WAS 6 TO 8 FEET SOD, BARK AND WOVEN GRASS. IT HOUSED 1 TO 2 FAMILIES. THEY HAD A FIRE IN THE CENTER. EVEN UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY THEY LIVED IN WIGWAMS IN SUMMERS. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT OCCUPATION WAS HUNTING FOR ANIMAL;S. THEY USED SNARES, TRAP[S, PITS AND SPEARS AND BOWS AND ARROWS. THEY SOLD SKINS TO THE ANIMALS. EVEN UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY THEY LIVED IN WIGWAMS IN SUMMERS THEIR MOST IMPORTANT OCCUPATION WAS HUNTING ANIMALS. THEY USED SNARES TRAPS, PITS, SPEARS AND BOWS AND ARROWS. THEY SOLD SKINS TO ANGLOS. THE WOMEN GREW CORN THEIR MAIN CROP, THEN BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY HARVESTED SHELLFISH AND SCALE FISH CLAMS AND VARIOUS OCEAN FISH. THEIR WOMEN GATHERED WILD PLANTS AS WELL.
LITTLE IS KNOWN OF THEIR HISTORY BEFORE ANGLOS. THEY WERE A WARLIKE TRIBE. THAT MEANT THEY WERE DESTROYERS. IN 1774 ONLY 71 NATIVES REMAINED AND BY 1850 THE LAST OF THIS TRIBE PASSED.
CONNECTICUT
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THE QUIRIPI WERE WELL KNOWN FOR ELM BARK CANOES AND 20 BY 40 FOOT DUGOUT CANOES. THEY SPOKE A DIALECT OF ALGONQUIAN. THESE FOLKS NO LONGER EXIST AS A TRIBE. THEY REMAIN ALMOST UNKNOWN TO MODERN NEW HAVENERS. THEY LIVED IN WIGWAMS AND TRAVELLED BY FOOT OR CANOES. THEY FISHED, FARMED, GATHERED ROOTS AND BERRIES, AND HUNTED. IN 1633 WHEN ANGLOS CAME THEY WERE REDUCED TO ABOUT 250 SURVIVORS. WITHIN 300 SQUARE MILES. THEY WERE REDUCED AGAIN BY BRITISH COLONIAL WARS IN THE 1700'S. THEY WERE PRESSURED TO SELL THEIR RESERVATION LAND. IN 1731 THEY MOVED TO A NEW RESERVATION IN WATERLY. IN 1760 THEY JOINED THE TUNXIS IN FARMINGTON. AS LATE AS 1840'S SOME FOLKS WENT TO THE SHORE TO FISH , CLAMS, SELL BASKETS AND DO AGRICULTURAL WORK. THE FOLKS WHO MOVED TO FARMINGTON MIGRATED TO GREEN BAT, WI. THE LEADERS OF THE BANDS WERE WISE MEN OR WISE WOMEN -CHIEFS. THEY MADE IMPORTANT DECISIONS AFTER CONSULTING WITH COUNSELORS. THIS POSITION WAS ORIGINALLY HEREDITARY.
THROUGH RITUALS AND CEREMONIES THEY RESPECTED THE SUPERNATURAL. THEY PRAYED TO THE RESPECTED SUPERNATURAL. THEY PRAYED TO THE SPIRITS OF SLAIN ANIMALS. THEY BELIED IN A VARIETY OF DEITIES - GODS OF THE SUN, MOON, SEA, FIRE, AND FOUR DIRECTIONS. KICHTAN WAS A BENEVOLENT SPIRIT WHO LIVED IN THE SOUTH WEST. SOULS AFTER DEATH - GOOD AND EVIL - DEPARTED TO KEIGHTANS REALM, WHERE THEY ENJOYED A LIFE SIMILAR TO THE EARTH. KICHTAN WAS THE CREATOR GOD.
SHAMANS WERE THE RELIGIOUS LEADERS OF THE NEW ENGLAND ALGONQUIANS. THEY WERE DOCTORS WHO USED HERBS AND SPIRITUAL CURES AND WERE SKILLED IN MAKING SPLINTS AND SETTING BONES. THEY CHANGED AND PREDICTED THE WEATHER AND PROVIDED SUPERNATURAL GUIDANCE THROUGH INTERPRETING DREAMS WHICH WERE A CENTRAL PART OF NATIVE SPIRITUAL LIFE. SOME POWWOWS HAD MAGICAL POWERS AS WELL. THEY REJECTED CHRISTIANITY THROUGHOUT THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY. THEIR HOUSES WERE WIGWAMS. ALSO KNOWN AS THE ROUND HOUSES . THE WOMEN BUILT THEM BY A VARIETY OF WOOD, SOD, BARK, AND WOVEN GRASS. IT WAS 6 TO 8 FEET SOD, BARK AND WOVEN GRASS. IT HOUSED 1 TO 2 FAMILIES. THEY HAD A FIRE IN THE CENTER. EVEN UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY THEY LIVED IN WIGWAMS IN SUMMERS. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT OCCUPATION WAS HUNTING FOR ANIMAL;S. THEY USED SNARES, TRAP[S, PITS AND SPEARS AND BOWS AND ARROWS. THEY SOLD SKINS TO THE ANIMALS. EVEN UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY THEY LIVED IN WIGWAMS IN SUMMERS THEIR MOST IMPORTANT OCCUPATION WAS HUNTING ANIMALS. THEY USED SNARES TRAPS, PITS, SPEARS AND BOWS AND ARROWS. THEY SOLD SKINS TO ANGLOS. THE WOMEN GREW CORN THEIR MAIN CROP, THEN BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY HARVESTED SHELLFISH AND SCALE FISH CLAMS AND VARIOUS OCEAN FISH. THEIR WOMEN GATHERED WILD PLANTS AS WELL.
LITTLE IS KNOWN OF THEIR HISTORY BEFORE ANGLOS. THEY WERE A WARLIKE TRIBE. THAT MEANT THEY WERE DESTROYERS. IN 1774 ONLY 71 NATIVES REMAINED AND BY 1850 THE LAST OF THIS TRIBE PASSED.
CONNECTICUT
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OCONEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA
OCONEE BELONG TO THE MUSKOGEAN LINGUISTIC STOCK WHO LIVED AT ROCK LANDING ON OCONEE RIVER, GEORGIA. THEIR WERE TWO TRIBES THAT MOVED TO APALACHEE COUNTRY BEFORE THE 1690'S. IN 1716 THEY MOVED TO CHALLAHOOCHE, AND A FEW YEARS LATER THEY WENT TO THE PLAINS OF FLORIDA. THEY MIXED WITH THE SEMINOLE AND AFTER MOVING TO OKLAHOMA THEY LOST THEIR IDENTITY. THERE IS A RIVER NAMED AFTER THEM IN GEORGIA.
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HITICHITI INDIANS OF GEORGIA
HITCHITI OF GEORGIA WERE A MUSKOGEAN SPEAKING TRIBE WHO LIVED ON THE EAST BANK OF THE CHATTAHOOCHE RIVER, BELOW CHIAHA. THEY SPOKE HITCHITI LANGUAGE. BY 1800 WHEN A U.S. INDIAN AGENT VISITED THEM THEY HAD SPLIT INTO TWO SETTLEMENTS ON THE SIDES OF FLINT RIVER. THE TRIBE ISN'T MENTIONED IN RECORDED IN HISTORICAL RECORDS. IN 1733. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS USED BEYOND THE LIMITS OF THE TRIBE.
IN HITCHITI THEIR LANGUAGE IS CALLED WOMEN'S TALK. THEY WERE ABSORBED INTO THE CREEK NATION, HOWEVER THEY PRESERVED THEIR OWN LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS.
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IN HITCHITI THEIR LANGUAGE IS CALLED WOMEN'S TALK. THEY WERE ABSORBED INTO THE CREEK NATION, HOWEVER THEY PRESERVED THEIR OWN LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS.
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MICCOSUKEE INDIANS IN FLORIDA
THESE FOLKS ARE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE U. S. STATE OF FLORIDA. HISTORICALLY THEY LIVED IN TENNESSEE VALLEY OF GEORGIA. LATER THEY MIGRATED TO ALABAMA AND THEN TO FLORIDA. THEY SPEAK THE MIKASUKI LANGUAGE. THEY BECAME PART OF SEMINOLES AFTER MOVING TO FLORIDA AND SPOKE THEIR SAME LANGUAGE. IN THEIR VILLAGE IN FLORIDA THEY USE MICCOSUKKE. DURING THE SEMINOLE WAR (1817 -1858) MANY MOVED BEYOND THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. IN 1920'S SEMINOLES ESTABLISHED A COMMUNITY NEAR THE EVERGLADES. THE MICCOSUKEE TRIBE IN FLORIDA RECEIVED FEDERAL RECOGNITION BY 1962. IN THE 1950'S THEY SEPARATED FROM THE SEMINOLES. TODAY THEY HAVE SEVERAL RESERVATIONS IN FLORIDA. PONCE DE LEON MAY HAVE MET THEM HE SAID THEY LIVED IN HOLLOWED MOUNDS AND WERE FULLY COVERED BY MUD AND REFUSE. THEY OPERATE A RESORT IN MIAMI.
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MALISEET INDIANS IN MAINE
THE MALISEET INDIANS ARE ALGONQUIN NATIVE AMERICANS IN WABNAKI CONFEDERACY. THEY COME FROM ST JOHNS RIVER VALLEY. MANY LIVE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. THEY ARE PEOPLE OF THE BEAUTIFUL RIVER.
AT THE TIME OF ANGLO CONTACT THEY WERE AGRARIAN AND SUPPLEMENTED DIETS WITH HUNTING, FISHING, GATHERING NUTS AND FRUIT. THE FRENCH ESTABLISH FUR TRADE WITH THEM. THEY ESTABLISHED MISSIONS AND CONVERTED SOME TO CATHOLICISM. THE FRENCH CEDED THEIR LANDS TO BRITISH AFTER 7 YEAR WAR. DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION THEY SIDED WITH THE BRITISH. THEY WERE FREE TO TRAVEL. THE TREATY OF GHENT WAS SIGNED WHICH ENDED THIS WAR OF 1812 AND SETTLED THE CANADIAN AND US BORDER. THEY HAVE A PROGRAM IN HELPING THEM SPEAK THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE. TODAY THERE ARE ABOUT 3000 PEOPLE.
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AT THE TIME OF ANGLO CONTACT THEY WERE AGRARIAN AND SUPPLEMENTED DIETS WITH HUNTING, FISHING, GATHERING NUTS AND FRUIT. THE FRENCH ESTABLISH FUR TRADE WITH THEM. THEY ESTABLISHED MISSIONS AND CONVERTED SOME TO CATHOLICISM. THE FRENCH CEDED THEIR LANDS TO BRITISH AFTER 7 YEAR WAR. DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION THEY SIDED WITH THE BRITISH. THEY WERE FREE TO TRAVEL. THE TREATY OF GHENT WAS SIGNED WHICH ENDED THIS WAR OF 1812 AND SETTLED THE CANADIAN AND US BORDER. THEY HAVE A PROGRAM IN HELPING THEM SPEAK THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE. TODAY THERE ARE ABOUT 3000 PEOPLE.
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PASSAMAQUODDY INDIANS IN MAINE
THESE INDIANS ARE CALLED THOSE WHO PURSUE THE POLLOCK - A PLENTIFUL FISH. THEY BELONGED TO THE ALGONQUIN LINGUISTIC STOCK AND THEIR RELATIVES ARE ABANAKI, PENNACOCK, AND PENOBSCOT. THEY HAD THREE MAIN VILLAGES. WHEN THERE 13 COLONIES THIS TRIBE WAS LIVING ON THE SOUTH EDGE OF THEIR BOUNDARY. THEY HAVE A REPRESENTATIVE IN MAINE LEGISLATURE. THE POPULATION IN 1726 WAS 150 PEOPLE AND ONLY 386 IN 1910. THEIR NAME, PASSAMAQUODDY, WAS GIVEN TO A BAY..
THEY HAD PURELY ORAL HISTORY BEFORE ANGLOS ARRIVED. THEY LIVED ALONG THE COAST AND RIVERS. THEY HUNTED INLAND IN WINTER. IN SUMMER THEY GATHERED MORE CLOSELY, GATHERING SEAFOOD AND PORPOISE.
THEY WERE CONTINUOUSLY REMOVED FROM THEIR ORIGINAL LAND SINCE 1500'S, THERE ARE INDIANS LIVING OFF THE RESERVATION IN WASHINGTON COUNTY. THERE ARE ABOUT 2500 PEOPLE TODAY. ABOUT 1/2 SPEAK MALACITE - PASSAMAQUODDY LANGUAGE
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THEY HAD PURELY ORAL HISTORY BEFORE ANGLOS ARRIVED. THEY LIVED ALONG THE COAST AND RIVERS. THEY HUNTED INLAND IN WINTER. IN SUMMER THEY GATHERED MORE CLOSELY, GATHERING SEAFOOD AND PORPOISE.
THEY WERE CONTINUOUSLY REMOVED FROM THEIR ORIGINAL LAND SINCE 1500'S, THERE ARE INDIANS LIVING OFF THE RESERVATION IN WASHINGTON COUNTY. THERE ARE ABOUT 2500 PEOPLE TODAY. ABOUT 1/2 SPEAK MALACITE - PASSAMAQUODDY LANGUAGE
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ABNAKI INDIANS IN MAINE
THE ABNAKI WERE THOSE LIVING IN AT SUNRISE. THEY HAD VARIOUS NAMES TO THE ALGONQUIN LINGUISTIC FAMILY. THEY INCLUDED THE PENOBSCOT AND PENNACOOK TRIBES. THEY LIVED IN WESTERN MAINE IN THE VILLAGE OF THE SACO RIVERS. THEY HAD ABOUT 20 VILLAGES.
THEY IMMIGRATED INTO THEIR AREA IN MAIN FROM THE SOUTHWEST. JOHN CABOT IN 1499 BROUGHT THE FIRST ANGLOS HERE WITHIN SIGHT OF THEM BUT HAD NO DEALING WITH THEM. MORMAN AND ENGLISH FISHERMAN CONSTANTLY VISITED THE COAST. ENGLISH FISHERMEN WERE ON MONHEGAN ISLAND CONTINUOUSLY AFTER THAT DATE. DURING EARLY 1700'S THE ABNAKI WERE SOON AFTERWARDS MISSIONIZED FROM CANADA AND BECAME ATTACHED TO THE FRENCH. FOR A TIME THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL FOR DRIVING ENGLISH AWAY. THEY DID SUFFER SEVERAL DEFEATS FROM THE BRITISH AND THEY WERE REDUCED IN NUMBERS. THEY FINALLY WITHDREW AND WENT TO CANADA TO SETTLE AT ST. FRANCIS.
MOONEY ESTIMATED THEIR POPULATION WAS 3000 IN 1600, INCLUDING PENOBSCOT AND PASSANQUODDY. THEY CONSTRUCTED A DICTIONARY, AND DEFEATED SOME OF THE BRITISH IN RAIDS.
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THEY IMMIGRATED INTO THEIR AREA IN MAIN FROM THE SOUTHWEST. JOHN CABOT IN 1499 BROUGHT THE FIRST ANGLOS HERE WITHIN SIGHT OF THEM BUT HAD NO DEALING WITH THEM. MORMAN AND ENGLISH FISHERMAN CONSTANTLY VISITED THE COAST. ENGLISH FISHERMEN WERE ON MONHEGAN ISLAND CONTINUOUSLY AFTER THAT DATE. DURING EARLY 1700'S THE ABNAKI WERE SOON AFTERWARDS MISSIONIZED FROM CANADA AND BECAME ATTACHED TO THE FRENCH. FOR A TIME THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL FOR DRIVING ENGLISH AWAY. THEY DID SUFFER SEVERAL DEFEATS FROM THE BRITISH AND THEY WERE REDUCED IN NUMBERS. THEY FINALLY WITHDREW AND WENT TO CANADA TO SETTLE AT ST. FRANCIS.
MOONEY ESTIMATED THEIR POPULATION WAS 3000 IN 1600, INCLUDING PENOBSCOT AND PASSANQUODDY. THEY CONSTRUCTED A DICTIONARY, AND DEFEATED SOME OF THE BRITISH IN RAIDS.
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OKMULGEE TRIBE IN ALABAMA
THIS TRIBE BELONGED TO THE HITCHITI GROUP. IT REFERS TO BUBBLING UP OF WATER IN A SPRING AND IN A CREEK IT IS CALLED OIKI TOKO. IT SIGNIFIES MUCH OF THE SAME THING. THEIR NAME WAS GIVEN TO THE OCMULGEE RIVER. THE RIVER IS SPRING FED - A FAMOUS INDIAN SPRING. THE AUTHOR BELIEVES THE OKMULGEE WERE A BRANCH OF HITACHITI WHO LEFT THE TOWN OF OKMULGEE. THERE NEAREST NEIGHBORS WERE CHIACHA AND OSOCHI. THE FRENCH ENUMERATION OF 1750 RECORDS.THEM AS OEMOULKE. THEIR NEIGHBORS WERE THE CHIHA AND OSOCHI.
THE OKMULGEE VILLAGE BELOW HOTALGIHUYANA WAS OCCUPIED IN 1797. THEIR POPULATION WAS ABOUT 200 PEOPLE. THEY WERE REMOVED TO THE WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND THEY SETTLED DOWN IN THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF NEW CREEK TERRITORY NEAR CHIAHA. THEY WERE AMONG THE FIRST TO ADOPT WHITE CUSTOMS AND GAVE UP THEIR OLD GROUND.
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THE OKMULGEE VILLAGE BELOW HOTALGIHUYANA WAS OCCUPIED IN 1797. THEIR POPULATION WAS ABOUT 200 PEOPLE. THEY WERE REMOVED TO THE WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND THEY SETTLED DOWN IN THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF NEW CREEK TERRITORY NEAR CHIAHA. THEY WERE AMONG THE FIRST TO ADOPT WHITE CUSTOMS AND GAVE UP THEIR OLD GROUND.
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NAPOCHI INDIANS IN ALABAMA
THEIR NAME MEANS RIVER FRONTIERSMEN. THEY LIVE ALONG THE BLACK WARRIOR RIVER. THEY BELONGED TO THE SOUTHERN DIVISION OF MUSKOGEAN AND WERE CLOSE CHOCTAW. AFTER 1560 THEY LEFT THE BLACK WARRIOR RIVER AND THEY ARE PROBABLY PART OF THE NAPISSA TRIBE. AFTER 1700'S THEIR NAME WAS PRESERVED TO THE RECENT TIMES AMONG CREEKS AS A WAR NAME. THEY MAY BE THE NAPISSA SPOKEN OF BY IBEENVILLE IN 1699. THEY POSSIBLY WERE CONNECTED TO THE REMARKABLE GROUP OF MOUNDS AT MOUNDSVILLE, ALABAMA.
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TIMUACA INDIANS IN GEORGIA
THESE FOLKS WERE A NATIVE AMERICAN GROUP WHO LIVED IN THE NORTHEAST FLORIDA AND SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. THEY WERE THE LARGEST INDIGENOUS GROUP IN THAT AREA AND HAD 35 CHIEFDOMS! THE TRIBE SPOKE DIALECTS OF TIMUCUA LANGUAGE AT THE TIME OF FIRST CONTACT BY ANGLOS, THEIR TERRITORY OCCUPIED 20,000 SQUARE MILES AND WAS HOME TO 50,000 TO 200,000 TUMUACANS. IT OCCUPIED THE NORTHERN PART OF THE FLORIDA PANHANDLE.
THE NAME CAME FROM TIMUCUA FROM EXONYM USED BY THE SATURIVA TO REFER TO UTINA - A RELATED PEOPLE IN THE WEST OF ST. JOHN'S RIVER. THE SPANISH TERM UTICA REFERED TO PEOPLE KNOWN AS THE TIMUCUAN LANGUAGES.
WHILE ALLIANCES AND CONFLICT AROSE BETWEEN THESE GROUPS THE TIMUCUA NEVER ORGANIZED INTO POLITICAL UNITS. THEY SUFFERED SEVERELY FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES. BY 1600 THEY HAD ONLY 50,000 IN 13 CHIEFDOMS. THE ENGLISH COMPLETELY EXTINGUISHED THEIR POPULATION.
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THE NAME CAME FROM TIMUCUA FROM EXONYM USED BY THE SATURIVA TO REFER TO UTINA - A RELATED PEOPLE IN THE WEST OF ST. JOHN'S RIVER. THE SPANISH TERM UTICA REFERED TO PEOPLE KNOWN AS THE TIMUCUAN LANGUAGES.
WHILE ALLIANCES AND CONFLICT AROSE BETWEEN THESE GROUPS THE TIMUCUA NEVER ORGANIZED INTO POLITICAL UNITS. THEY SUFFERED SEVERELY FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES. BY 1600 THEY HAD ONLY 50,000 IN 13 CHIEFDOMS. THE ENGLISH COMPLETELY EXTINGUISHED THEIR POPULATION.
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GUALE INDIANS IN GEORGIA
GUALE INDIANS WERE AN HISTORIC CHIEFDOM LIVING ALONG THE COAST OF PRESENT DAY GEORGIA. DURING THE 17TH TO 18TH CENTURIES THEY WERE DESTROYED BY EPIDEMICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND WARFARE FROM OTHER TRIBES. SOME SURVIVORS MIGRATED TO THE MISSION AREA. ARCHAEOLOGISTS INDICATE THAT PRECURSORS OF THE GUALE LIVED HERE FROM 1150 A.D. THE SAVANNAH PHASE WAS FROM 1150 TO 1300 A.D., IRENE PHASE FROM 1300 - 1600. THE PREHISTORIC GUALE WERE ORGANIZED INTO CHIEFDOMS. THEY BUILT PLATFORM MOUNDS, EARTHWORKS REQUIRING ORGANIZED PEOPLE. THE MOUNDS WERE USED FOR CEREMONIAL, RELIGIOUS AND BURIAL PURPOSES.
THE GUALE HAD GOOD RELATION SHIPS WITH THE FRENCH. THE SPANISH IN FLORIDA TRIED TO GET THEM INTO THEIR MISSION SYSTEM. THEY BECAME PART ON OF THE MISSION SYSTEMS. THEY BECAME PART OF THE MISSION SYSTEM AS WELL AS OTHER TRIBES.
BY THE MID 17TH CENTURY THE SPANISH HAD BUILT SIX CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN GUALE TERRITORY. GUALE WAS THE LEAST STABLE OF THE 4 MISSION PROVINCES. THEY REBELLED IN 1600 NEARLY SHAKING OFF THE MISSION. THEY KEPT A TRADE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE FRENCH WHO GAVE THEM GOODS.
INDIANS IN SOUTHWEST MISSIONS WERE DRAWN TO MISSIONS FOR TRADE AND MANUFACTURED GOODS. VARIOUS NON GUALE INDIANS SETTLED IN OR NEAR THE
GUALE MISSIONS DURING 1600'S. IN 1675 THE SPANISH FIRST USED THE TERM YAMASEE TO NEWCOMER REFUGEES. THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE THE LA TAMA. IN THE GUALE PROVINCE SOME OF THE YAMASEE JOINED THE EXISTING MISSIONS. IN GUALE PROVINCE SOME YAMASEE JOINED THE MISSIONS, WHILE OTHERS DIDN'T.
BY 1684 THE WESTCO TRIBE AND THE BRITISH PROVINCE OF CAROLINA DESTROYED THE SPANISH MISSION SYSTEM IN GUALE. BY THIS TIME THE SPANISH AND INDIANS ABANDONED ALL SIX MISSIONS. SOME GUALE AND OTHER INDIANS RELOCATED TO FLORIDA. THE GUALE MOVED TO APALACHEE OR NEARBY REGIONS.
SPANISH FORCES DESTROYED STEWARTS TOWN. AN OLD GUILE PROVINCE THEY RESISTED COUNTERATTACKS. THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE YAMASEE AND COLONISTS IN SOUTH CAROLIN GREW STRONG. THE YAMASEE AND GUALE AND OTHERS REBUILT THE OLD LA TAMA CHIEFDOM.
THE GUALE WERE LIVING IN UPPER TOWNS, GEORGIA. MANY TOWNS IN HISTORIC VARIOUS NATIVE AMERICANS. IN 1702 BRITISH SOUTH CAROLINA FORCED INVADED SPANISH FORCES. THEY DESTROYED THE FEW REFUGEE MISSIONS. IN GUALE. BY 1733 THE ENGLISH BUILT A COLONY AS THERE WERE FEW GUALE HERE.
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THE GUALE HAD GOOD RELATION SHIPS WITH THE FRENCH. THE SPANISH IN FLORIDA TRIED TO GET THEM INTO THEIR MISSION SYSTEM. THEY BECAME PART ON OF THE MISSION SYSTEMS. THEY BECAME PART OF THE MISSION SYSTEM AS WELL AS OTHER TRIBES.
BY THE MID 17TH CENTURY THE SPANISH HAD BUILT SIX CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN GUALE TERRITORY. GUALE WAS THE LEAST STABLE OF THE 4 MISSION PROVINCES. THEY REBELLED IN 1600 NEARLY SHAKING OFF THE MISSION. THEY KEPT A TRADE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE FRENCH WHO GAVE THEM GOODS.
INDIANS IN SOUTHWEST MISSIONS WERE DRAWN TO MISSIONS FOR TRADE AND MANUFACTURED GOODS. VARIOUS NON GUALE INDIANS SETTLED IN OR NEAR THE
GUALE MISSIONS DURING 1600'S. IN 1675 THE SPANISH FIRST USED THE TERM YAMASEE TO NEWCOMER REFUGEES. THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE THE LA TAMA. IN THE GUALE PROVINCE SOME OF THE YAMASEE JOINED THE EXISTING MISSIONS. IN GUALE PROVINCE SOME YAMASEE JOINED THE MISSIONS, WHILE OTHERS DIDN'T.
BY 1684 THE WESTCO TRIBE AND THE BRITISH PROVINCE OF CAROLINA DESTROYED THE SPANISH MISSION SYSTEM IN GUALE. BY THIS TIME THE SPANISH AND INDIANS ABANDONED ALL SIX MISSIONS. SOME GUALE AND OTHER INDIANS RELOCATED TO FLORIDA. THE GUALE MOVED TO APALACHEE OR NEARBY REGIONS.
SPANISH FORCES DESTROYED STEWARTS TOWN. AN OLD GUILE PROVINCE THEY RESISTED COUNTERATTACKS. THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE YAMASEE AND COLONISTS IN SOUTH CAROLIN GREW STRONG. THE YAMASEE AND GUALE AND OTHERS REBUILT THE OLD LA TAMA CHIEFDOM.
THE GUALE WERE LIVING IN UPPER TOWNS, GEORGIA. MANY TOWNS IN HISTORIC VARIOUS NATIVE AMERICANS. IN 1702 BRITISH SOUTH CAROLINA FORCED INVADED SPANISH FORCES. THEY DESTROYED THE FEW REFUGEE MISSIONS. IN GUALE. BY 1733 THE ENGLISH BUILT A COLONY AS THERE WERE FEW GUALE HERE.
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YAMASEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA
THESE INDIANS WERE A MULTI ETHNIC GROUP IN THE NORTH COASTAL GEORGIA EAR SAVANNAH RIVER. BY 1570 SPAIN ESTABLISHED MISSIONS IN YAMASEE TERRITORY. MANY INDIANS DID NOT ACCEPT CHRISTIANITY. PIRATE ATTACKS ON THE SPANISH MISSION IN 1680 FORCED THE YAMASEE TO MOVE TO FLORIDA. OTHERS RETURNED TO THE SAVANNAH RIVER.
IN 1687 SPANIARDS ATTEMPTED TO SEND THE YAMASEE TO THE WEST INDIES AS SLAVES. THE TRIBE REVOLTED AGAINST SPANISH AND MOVED TO SOUTH CAROLINA WHERE THEY ESTIMATED SEVERAL VILLAGES. IN 1715 THERE WERE 1200 YAMASEE IN 10 VILLAGES IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THE CAROLINA COLONISTS CONDUCTED RAIDS ON SPANISH ALLIED INDIANS AND ATTACKED ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. IN 1720 THE BRITISH ATTACKED YAMASEE AND KILLED MOST OF THEM. SOME SURVIVORS JOINED SEMINOLE AND DISAPPEARED FROM THE HISTORICAL RECORD
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IN 1687 SPANIARDS ATTEMPTED TO SEND THE YAMASEE TO THE WEST INDIES AS SLAVES. THE TRIBE REVOLTED AGAINST SPANISH AND MOVED TO SOUTH CAROLINA WHERE THEY ESTIMATED SEVERAL VILLAGES. IN 1715 THERE WERE 1200 YAMASEE IN 10 VILLAGES IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THE CAROLINA COLONISTS CONDUCTED RAIDS ON SPANISH ALLIED INDIANS AND ATTACKED ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. IN 1720 THE BRITISH ATTACKED YAMASEE AND KILLED MOST OF THEM. SOME SURVIVORS JOINED SEMINOLE AND DISAPPEARED FROM THE HISTORICAL RECORD
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Thursday, June 23, 2011
WEDNESDAY FARMERS MARKET
IN SANTA ROSA THEY ALWAYS HAVE A WEDNESDAY NIGHT FARMERS MARKET IN THE SUMMER. THIS INCLUDES SAMPLING OF ORGANIC FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND DIFFERENT GARDEN PLANTS, CHEESES. THEY HAVE A STREET PARTY WITH THREE BANDS - ONE WAS IN THE CENTER OF THE STREET AND PEOPLE WERE DANCING TO THEIR MUSIC. ANOTHER BAND WAS IN A MUSIC STORE. AND ANOTHER WAS ON A STREET CORNER - IT WAS VERY LOUD. A HAD A SMALL MASSAGE FROM A LADY. THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE THERE. AND SMALL BOOTHS FULL OF ENTREPRENEURS AND RESTAURANTS AND FOOD BUSINESSES.
IT IS A VERY NOISY AND CROWDED EXPERIENCE. MANY PEOPLE GET DRUNK AND SOME ARE YOUNGER FOLK. SOME PEOPLE SELL JEWELRY AND OTHER ITEMS. SOME CHILDREN ARE ENTERTAINED AS WELL BY FACE PAINTING AND BY DOING ARTS.
IT IS A VERY NOISY AND CROWDED EXPERIENCE. MANY PEOPLE GET DRUNK AND SOME ARE YOUNGER FOLK. SOME PEOPLE SELL JEWELRY AND OTHER ITEMS. SOME CHILDREN ARE ENTERTAINED AS WELL BY FACE PAINTING AND BY DOING ARTS.
Tuesday, June 21, 2011
WASSAMASAW INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THEIR MISSION IS TO PROVIDE ECONOMIC ENHANCEMENT TO WARNER TOWN COMMUNITY AND TO SHARE THEIR ARTS AND PRESERVE TRADITIONS. THEY FIRST LIVED IN VARNERTOWN COMMUNITY. THEY ARE DESCENDANTS OF OTHER TRIBES SUCH AS CATAWBA, CHEROKEE, AND EDISTO. THE VARNERTOWN COMMUNITY HAS OVER 150 YEAR HISTORY IN BERKELEY COUNTY. THEY HAVE 8 DISTINCT SIR NAMES. BY THE 1940'S THEY GOT STATE FUNDING FROM THE BOARD OF EDUCATION FOR AN INDIAN SCHOOL WITH ONE ROOM. THE EXECUTIVE BOARD STRIVES TO CREATE PARTNERSHIPS TO PROVIDE NEEDED ASSISTANCE TO THEIR COMMUNITY.\
THEY HAVE A WONDERFUL SUMMER SERVICE THAT REPAIRS HOMES IN THE COMMUNITY AND DETERMINES WHAT IS BEST FIT FOR THE COMMUNITY. THE SITES WERE CHOSEN BY THEIR ELDERS.
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THEY HAVE A WONDERFUL SUMMER SERVICE THAT REPAIRS HOMES IN THE COMMUNITY AND DETERMINES WHAT IS BEST FIT FOR THE COMMUNITY. THE SITES WERE CHOSEN BY THEIR ELDERS.
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WAPPOO INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THIS WAPPOO TRIBE IS EXTINCT AND WAS RELATED TO CUSABO. THEIR NAME MAY MEAN BRAVE AS THEY RESISTED MISSIONARIES. THEY LIVED ALONG WAPPOO CREEK AND SOUTH OF CHARLESTON.
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WANDO INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THIS TRIBE IS EXTINCT. THEY WERE RELATED TO THE CUSABO TRIBE AND SPOKE MUSKOGEAN. THEY LIVED ALONG THE COOPER RIVER. THE NAVY NAMED A LARGE SHIP AFTER THEM IN 1917.
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WACCAMAW INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE WACCAMAW INDIANS ARE OF THE SIOUAN FAMILY. THEY ARE A STATE RECOGNIZED TRIBE. THEIR ANCIENT HOMES WERE ALONG THE WACCAMAW RIVER FROM NORTH CAROLINA TO GEORGETOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA. THEY RECEIVED AMMUNITION FROM THE CHERAU, WHO TRIED TO ENLIST THEM TO SUPPORT THE YEMMASEE AND OTHER TRIBES IN 17 15.
THEY RECEIVED 20 ACRES OF THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND IN 2004. THEIR TRIBAL GROUNDS WILL HOUSE OFFICES AND CEREMONIAL GROUNDS AND A MUSEUM.
IN 1715 THEY HAD 6 VILLAGES. BEFORE ANGLOS CAME HERE LAKE WACCAMAW WAS JUST INDIAN LAND. THE GREAT INDIAN CHIEF OSCEOLA WAS BORN FROM LAKE WACCAMAW. THESE INDIANS FARMED IN COMMUNAL GARDENS. THEY GREW CORN, BEANS, SQUASH, GOARDS, TOBACCO, PUMPKINS, FISHED, HUUTED MANY ANIMALS AND DOMESTICATED DUCKS, CHICKENS, GEESE AND MADE CHEESE.
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THEY RECEIVED 20 ACRES OF THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND IN 2004. THEIR TRIBAL GROUNDS WILL HOUSE OFFICES AND CEREMONIAL GROUNDS AND A MUSEUM.
IN 1715 THEY HAD 6 VILLAGES. BEFORE ANGLOS CAME HERE LAKE WACCAMAW WAS JUST INDIAN LAND. THE GREAT INDIAN CHIEF OSCEOLA WAS BORN FROM LAKE WACCAMAW. THESE INDIANS FARMED IN COMMUNAL GARDENS. THEY GREW CORN, BEANS, SQUASH, GOARDS, TOBACCO, PUMPKINS, FISHED, HUUTED MANY ANIMALS AND DOMESTICATED DUCKS, CHICKENS, GEESE AND MADE CHEESE.
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WAXHAW INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THESE INDIANS ARE ALSO CALLED FLATHEADS AND A HAD A CUSTOM DEFORMING THEIR HEADS. NOTHING OF THEIR LANGUAGE HAS BEEN PRESERVED. THEIR CLOSEST CONTACTS WERE WITH THE SUGAREE. THEY WERE POSSIBLY IDENTICAL TO THE WEESOCK, WHOSE CHILDREN WERE BROUGHT UP IN YUCHI FAMILIES (ARTHUR 1918). A BAND OF THEM NUMBERING 25 ACCOMPANIED THE CATAWBA IN FLORIDA IN 1917 AND WERE THERE AT LEAST UNTIL 1720. THEIR NAME IS PRESERVED IN WAXHAW CREEK AS WELL AS IN A TOWN IN UNION COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.
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WATEREE INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
ONE RESEARCHER SUGGESTS A CONNECTION TO CATAWBA. THEIR NAME MEANS TO FLOAT ON WATER. THEY SPEAK SIOUAN LANGUAGE. THEY SPEAK SIOUAN LANGUAGE. THEY LIVE ON THE WATEREE RIVER. THEY WERE FIRST MENTIONED BY JUAN PARDO EXPEDITION IN 1566. THEY LIVED INLAND TOWARD THE CHEROKEE FRONTIER. PARDO BUILT A FORT WITH 17 SOLDIERS. THE INDIANS WIPED THEM OUT IN 1711-12 THEY FURNISHED A CONTINGENT TO BARNWELL IN HIS RAID AGAINST TUSCARORA.THEY LIVED ON THE WEST BANK OF THE WATERLEE RIVER. DURING THE LATE 1700'S THEY WENT TO LIVE WEST OF THE CATAWBA WITH WHOM THE THE SURVIVORS HAVE FUSED. IN 1928 THERE POPULATION IS ESTIMATED AT ABOUT 1000. THEY WERE ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL TRIBES OF CENTRAL SOUTH CAROLINA AS FAR BACK AS THE TIME OF THE SPANISH AT ST. HELENA. THEIR NAME IS IN A PAST VILLAGE IN RICHLAND COUNTY.
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WIMBEE INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
WIMBEE INDIANS OR WIMBEHEE WERE A CUSABO TRIBE. THEY SPOKE A MUSKOGEAN FAMILY LANGUAGE. THEY ARE NOW EXTINCT. THEIR TERRITORY WAS BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER CASSAWATCHIE RIVER IN HAMPTON AND JASPER COUNTIES. OTHER INFORMATION IS LACKING ABOUT THIS TRIBE.
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WESTCO INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THIS TRIBE MAY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO THE YUCHI BAND. THEY ARE EXTINCT, THEY LIVED ALONG THE CENTRAL SAVANNAH RIVER. SMALL BANDS MOVED TO SOUTH CAROLINA DURING THE 1960'S AND BEGAN RAIDING THE CUSABO TRIBES. BY 1674 THE WESTCO SIGNED A TRADE AGREEMENT WITH COLONISTS AND REMAINED IN GOOD FAVOR FOR SEVERAL YEARS. THEY MAY HAVE PARTICIPATED IN THE YAMASEE WAR DURING 1715. THEY WERE DRIVEN FROM THE AREA ALONG WITH THE YAMASEE AND OTHER TRIBES AFTERWARD. THAT TRIBE WAS NOT MENTIONED IN COLONIAL HISTORIC DOCUMENTS AFTER THE EARLY 1700'S. THEIR STRUCTURES WERE COVERED WITH BARK, CLAY AND WOVEN MATS. THEY BUILT THEIR VILLAGES ALONG THE STREAMS. THEIR HOMES WERE GROUPED AROUND A CENTRAL SQUARE WHERE CEREMONIES AND SOCIAL DRINKING.
THEY FARMED MAINLY CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY CAUGHT FRESHWATER FISH, AND HUNTED DEER AND SMALL GAME.
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THEY FARMED MAINLY CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY CAUGHT FRESHWATER FISH, AND HUNTED DEER AND SMALL GAME.
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YAMASEE INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THIS TRIBE SPOKE MUSKOGEAN LANGUAGE. THEY ARE EXTINCT BUT SOME OF THEIR DESCENDANTS REMAIN IN SOUTH CAROLINA. OTHERS MAY HAVE JOINED THE SEMINOLE IN FLORIDA (OKLAWHA BAND). THEIR MAIN VILLAGE WAS ALONG THE SAVANNAH RIVER IN BEAFORT . ALTA MAHA TOWN WAS ALONG THE OKATIE RIVER. IN 1600 THEY HAD ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE AND BY 1715 IT DROPPED TO 1200.
THEY OFFENDED THE SPANISH GOVERNOR IN 1684 IN GEORGIA., SO THE YAMASEE MOVED TO SOUTH CAROLINA AND WERE GIVEN LAND AT THE MOUTH OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER. IN 1712 THEY HAD 87 WARRIORS FIGHT IN THE TUSCARORA WAR. THEY WERE ANGERED BY SLAVERY AND WHIPPING OF INDIANS, THE YAMASEE ROSE AGAINST THE BRITISH AND KILLED 100 COLONISTS IN 12715. THEY WERE DEFEATED BY THE GOVERNOR AND FLED TO FLORIDA. THEY LIVED IN HUTS OF LOGS AND THATCHED PLANT ROOFS AND BUILT ROUND HOUSES IN THE CENTER OF TOWN. THEY FARMED AND FISHED AND HUNTED DEER AND BEAR. INDIAN MOUNDS WERE USED FOR BURIAL SITES.
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THEY OFFENDED THE SPANISH GOVERNOR IN 1684 IN GEORGIA., SO THE YAMASEE MOVED TO SOUTH CAROLINA AND WERE GIVEN LAND AT THE MOUTH OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER. IN 1712 THEY HAD 87 WARRIORS FIGHT IN THE TUSCARORA WAR. THEY WERE ANGERED BY SLAVERY AND WHIPPING OF INDIANS, THE YAMASEE ROSE AGAINST THE BRITISH AND KILLED 100 COLONISTS IN 12715. THEY WERE DEFEATED BY THE GOVERNOR AND FLED TO FLORIDA. THEY LIVED IN HUTS OF LOGS AND THATCHED PLANT ROOFS AND BUILT ROUND HOUSES IN THE CENTER OF TOWN. THEY FARMED AND FISHED AND HUNTED DEER AND BEAR. INDIAN MOUNDS WERE USED FOR BURIAL SITES.
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YUCHI INDIANS SOUTH CAROLINA
THE YUCHI SPOKE A LANGUAGE CALLED YUCHI OR UCHEAN. THEY OFFICIALLY WERE RECOGNIZED AS MEMBERS OF THE CREEK NATION, BUT THEY MAINTAINED THERE OWN CULTURE. THEY PRIMARILY LIVED IN EASTERN EASTERN TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA, BUT A FEW LIVED IN SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE 1600'S. TODAY OKLAHOMA ESPECIALLY GEORGIA, AND TENNESSEE ALL SPONSOR ANNUAL YUCHI HOMECOMINGS NEAR THERE OLD VILLAGE SITES. IT INCLUDES STOMP DANCE LEADERS. SMALL BANDS OF YUCHI MOVED TO SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1661. THEY FOUGHT WITH THE YEMASEE AND OTHER TRIBES AGAINST THE SETTLERS IN 1715. IN 1751 THEY LEFT SOUTH CAROLINA AND MOVED WEST TO JOIN THE CREEKS .
THEY LIVED IN HUTS OF WOOD BARK, CLAY AND MATS. THEY GROUPED THESE HUTS IN A CIRCLE SO TO HAVE A CENTRAL MEETING PLACE. THEY PRIMARILY FARMED CORN; THEY FISHED IN STREAMS; AND HUNTED DEER AND SMALL GAME.
THEIR BELIEFS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUN AND THEIR ORIGINS. THEY HELD ANNUAL CORN HARVEST CEREMONIES. THEY STILL HOLD GREEN CORN CEREMONIES. INFANTS WERE BELIEVED TO BE CONNECTED TO THE CREATOR SPIRIT FOR SOMETIME AFTER BIRTH.
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THEY LIVED IN HUTS OF WOOD BARK, CLAY AND MATS. THEY GROUPED THESE HUTS IN A CIRCLE SO TO HAVE A CENTRAL MEETING PLACE. THEY PRIMARILY FARMED CORN; THEY FISHED IN STREAMS; AND HUNTED DEER AND SMALL GAME.
THEIR BELIEFS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUN AND THEIR ORIGINS. THEY HELD ANNUAL CORN HARVEST CEREMONIES. THEY STILL HOLD GREEN CORN CEREMONIES. INFANTS WERE BELIEVED TO BE CONNECTED TO THE CREATOR SPIRIT FOR SOMETIME AFTER BIRTH.
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Monday, June 20, 2011
IROQUOIS TRIBE IN PENNSYLVANIA
THE ORIGINAL IROQUOIS TRIBAL HOMELAND WAS IN NEW YORK. THROUGH CONQUEST AND MIGRATION THEY GAINED CONTROL OF MOST OF THE NORTHEASTERN U.S. AND EASTERN CANADA. THEIR EMPIRE IN 1680 WAS CHESAPEAKE BAY THROUGH KENTUCKY TO OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI RIVERS.
DURING THE HUNDRED YEARS PRECEDING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, WARS WITH ALGONQUIN AND BRITISH FORCED THEM BACK TO THEIR ORIGINAL TERRITORY. THE AMERICAN INVASION DROVE THEM INTO SOUTH ONTARIO.
ABOUT 1/2 OF THE IROQUOIS HAVE LIVED IN IROQUOIS COMMUNITIES LOCATED ALONG UPPER ST. LAWRENCE IN QUEBEC. IN THE U. S. MUCH OF IROQUOIS HOMELAND SURRENDERED TO NEW YORK LAND SPECULATORS IN A SERIES OF TREATIES FOLLOWING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. IN 1600 THERE WERE LESS THAN 20,000 IROQUOIS. EUROPEANS REACHED THEM BY 1650 AND THEY BROUGHT DISEASES CUTTING THEIR POPULATION IN HALF. THE IROQUOIS ADOPTED SOME OF THEIR ENEMIES AND LATER THEIR POPULATION INCREASED TO 25,000 BY 1660.
BY 1768 THE IROQUOIS NUMBERED 12,000. SINCE THEN THERE HAS BEEN RENEWED NATIVE PRIDE. THE ALGONQUIN CALLED THEM "RATTLESNAKES". THEY HAD AT LEAST 22 VILLAGES.
THIS AUTHORITY BELIEVES THE IROQUOIS WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT GROUP IN NORTH AMERICAN HISTORY. ALL OF THEIR NATIVES HAD MATRILOCAL SOCIETIES. THE WOMEN OWNED ALL PROPERTY. EACH CLAN WAS HEADED BY A CLAN MOTHER. AFTER MARRIAGE A MAN LIVED IN HIS WIFE'S LONGHOUSE. THE LONG HOUSES COULD BE 200 FEET IN LENGTH AND WERE COVERED BY ELM BARK. VILLAGES WERE PERMANENT IN THE SENSE. THAT THEY WERE MOVED FOR DEFENSIVE PURPOSES. THEY SUPPORTED THEMSELVES WITH THE THREE SISTERS CROP. THE WOMEN WORKED THE FIELDS. MEN HUNTED IN GROUPS. IN SPRING THEY FISHED. THE OTHER MEN'S FUNCTION WAS WARFARE. TATTOOS WERE COMMON. THEIR LEADERS WERE CHOSEN BY THEIR WOMEN.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS INDICATE THEY BUILT LONG HOUSES AT LEAST AS FAR BACK AS 1100 A.D. BY 1300 MAIZE WAS INTRODUCED AND INCREASED THEIR POPULATION THERE WERE MANY WARS WITH OTHER TRIBES AND THE EARLY SETTLERS. IN 1667 A PEACE TREATY WAS SIGNED BY FRENCH AND IROQUOIS.
TOLATSGA.ORG
DURING THE HUNDRED YEARS PRECEDING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, WARS WITH ALGONQUIN AND BRITISH FORCED THEM BACK TO THEIR ORIGINAL TERRITORY. THE AMERICAN INVASION DROVE THEM INTO SOUTH ONTARIO.
ABOUT 1/2 OF THE IROQUOIS HAVE LIVED IN IROQUOIS COMMUNITIES LOCATED ALONG UPPER ST. LAWRENCE IN QUEBEC. IN THE U. S. MUCH OF IROQUOIS HOMELAND SURRENDERED TO NEW YORK LAND SPECULATORS IN A SERIES OF TREATIES FOLLOWING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. IN 1600 THERE WERE LESS THAN 20,000 IROQUOIS. EUROPEANS REACHED THEM BY 1650 AND THEY BROUGHT DISEASES CUTTING THEIR POPULATION IN HALF. THE IROQUOIS ADOPTED SOME OF THEIR ENEMIES AND LATER THEIR POPULATION INCREASED TO 25,000 BY 1660.
BY 1768 THE IROQUOIS NUMBERED 12,000. SINCE THEN THERE HAS BEEN RENEWED NATIVE PRIDE. THE ALGONQUIN CALLED THEM "RATTLESNAKES". THEY HAD AT LEAST 22 VILLAGES.
THIS AUTHORITY BELIEVES THE IROQUOIS WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT GROUP IN NORTH AMERICAN HISTORY. ALL OF THEIR NATIVES HAD MATRILOCAL SOCIETIES. THE WOMEN OWNED ALL PROPERTY. EACH CLAN WAS HEADED BY A CLAN MOTHER. AFTER MARRIAGE A MAN LIVED IN HIS WIFE'S LONGHOUSE. THE LONG HOUSES COULD BE 200 FEET IN LENGTH AND WERE COVERED BY ELM BARK. VILLAGES WERE PERMANENT IN THE SENSE. THAT THEY WERE MOVED FOR DEFENSIVE PURPOSES. THEY SUPPORTED THEMSELVES WITH THE THREE SISTERS CROP. THE WOMEN WORKED THE FIELDS. MEN HUNTED IN GROUPS. IN SPRING THEY FISHED. THE OTHER MEN'S FUNCTION WAS WARFARE. TATTOOS WERE COMMON. THEIR LEADERS WERE CHOSEN BY THEIR WOMEN.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS INDICATE THEY BUILT LONG HOUSES AT LEAST AS FAR BACK AS 1100 A.D. BY 1300 MAIZE WAS INTRODUCED AND INCREASED THEIR POPULATION THERE WERE MANY WARS WITH OTHER TRIBES AND THE EARLY SETTLERS. IN 1667 A PEACE TREATY WAS SIGNED BY FRENCH AND IROQUOIS.
TOLATSGA.ORG
ERIE TRIBE IN PENNSYLVANIA
THE ERIE TRIBE WAS HISTORICALLY LIVING ON THE SOUTH SHORE OF LAKE ERIE. THEY WERE AN IROQUOIAN GROUP AND LIVED IN NORTHWEST NEW YORK, NORTHWEST PENNSYLVIA, AND NORTHERN OHIO. THEY WERE REDUCED BY WARFARE WITH WITH NEIGHBORING IROQUOIS. THEY WERE ABSORBED BY OTHER TRIBES AS THEY LOST THEIR IDENTITY. THE NAMES ERIE MEANS LONG TAIL. THEY LIVES IN MULTI FAMILY LONG HOUSES ENCLOSED BY PALASADES. THEY GREW THE THREE SISTERS. THEY EXPERIENCED VIOLENCE BETWEEN TRIBES WHICH RESPONDED TO DEMAND FOR BEAVER AND FURS. THE IROQUOIS DESTROYED THE ERIE CONFEDERACY. THE REST WERE ABSORBED BY THE IROQUOIS. SOME ERIE FLED TO VIRGINIA AND SOUTH CAROLINA.
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MOHICAN INDIANS IN MASSACHUSETTS
THE MOHICANS ARE AN EASTERN ALGONQUIN SPEAKING TRIBE IN THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY. AFTER 1680 THEY MOVED TO MASSACHUSETTS. IN 1820'S MANY DESCENDANTS MIGRATED TO NORTHEAST WISCONSIN. THEY CALL THEMSELVES "MUH-HE-CON-NEOK" OR PEOPLE OF THE WATER THAT ARE NEVER STILL. THEY WERE A CONFEDERACY VS. A SINGLE TRIBE AT THE TIME OF CONTACT. THEY HAVE FIVE MAIN DIVISIONS. OVER THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS TENSION DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE MOHICANS AND IROQUOIS AND MOHAWK, AS WELL DUTCH AND ENGLISH SETTLERS. THIS CAUSED THE MOHICANS TO MIGRATE EASTWARD TO MASSACHUSETTS AND CONNECTICUT.
THE STOCKBRIDGE INDIANS ALLOWED PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES TO LIVE AMONG THEM IN THE 1700S. MANY INDIANS CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY. DURING THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR THEY WERE FORCED OFF THEIR LAND TO THE WEST AND IN 1780'S SETTLED IN NEW YORK. AT STOCKBRIDGE, AND JOINED THE ONEIDA OF THE IROQUOIS.
IN 1820S AND 1830S MOST OF THE STOCKBRIDGE MOVED TO WISCONSIN WHERE THEY WERE PROMISED LAND BY THE GOVERNMENT. THEY SETTLED WITH THE MUNSEE RESERVATION. THEY SETTLED WITH MUNSEE RESERVATION. THEY ARE THERE TODAY.
MOROVIAN CHURCH MISSIONARIES WANTED TO BRING THE PRESENT DAY PENNSYLVANIA MAHICAN VILLAGE TO CHRISTIANS. THEY CONVERTED THE FIRST CHRISTIAN INDIAN CONGREGATION IN THE U.S. IN 1740 THE NEW YORK COLONIAL GOVERNMENT EXPELLED MISSIONARIES FROM SETTLERS TOOK OVER MOHICAN GOVERNMENT. THE MOHICANS ARE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED AND SURVIVE TODAY IN WISCONSIN.
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THE STOCKBRIDGE INDIANS ALLOWED PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES TO LIVE AMONG THEM IN THE 1700S. MANY INDIANS CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY. DURING THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR THEY WERE FORCED OFF THEIR LAND TO THE WEST AND IN 1780'S SETTLED IN NEW YORK. AT STOCKBRIDGE, AND JOINED THE ONEIDA OF THE IROQUOIS.
IN 1820S AND 1830S MOST OF THE STOCKBRIDGE MOVED TO WISCONSIN WHERE THEY WERE PROMISED LAND BY THE GOVERNMENT. THEY SETTLED WITH THE MUNSEE RESERVATION. THEY SETTLED WITH MUNSEE RESERVATION. THEY ARE THERE TODAY.
MOROVIAN CHURCH MISSIONARIES WANTED TO BRING THE PRESENT DAY PENNSYLVANIA MAHICAN VILLAGE TO CHRISTIANS. THEY CONVERTED THE FIRST CHRISTIAN INDIAN CONGREGATION IN THE U.S. IN 1740 THE NEW YORK COLONIAL GOVERNMENT EXPELLED MISSIONARIES FROM SETTLERS TOOK OVER MOHICAN GOVERNMENT. THE MOHICANS ARE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED AND SURVIVE TODAY IN WISCONSIN.
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NIPNUC TRIBE IN MASSACHUSETTS
THE NIPNUC HAVE OVER 500 PEOPLE AND REPRESENT A SIGNIFICANT PART OF THEIR COMMUNITY. IN 1620 THEY NUMBERED OVER 15,000. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE DATES THEM TO 15,000 TO 20,000 YEARS AGO. THEIR TERRITORY STRETCHED FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE TO CONNECTICUT TO RHODE ISLAND. THEY LIVED IN SCATTERED VILLAGES. THEIR SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES WERE GATHERING, PLANTING, AND HARVESTING THEIR SEASONAL FOODS. THEIR VILLAGES WERE LINKED TOGETHER BY KINSHIP TIES, AND COMMON ENEMIES. THEY WERE CAREFUL PLANNERS AND GOOD STEWARDS OF THE LAND. IN 1497 JOHN CABOT LANDED ON NEW FOUNDLAND TO ESTABLISH A NEW FISHING GROUP FOR EUROPEANS. DEADLY EPIDEMICS HIT THE INDIANS FROM THESE ENCOUNTERS.
THEIR TRAGIC HISTORY INCLUDES A TRAIL OF TEARS IN 1675 WHEN THE ENGLISH FORCED THEM TO GO TO BOSTON HARBOR, AND MANY DIED. THEIR NATION RETURNS ANNUALLY HERE TO MOURN THEIR ANCESTORS. THEY REFER TO THE INDIANS IN THE NORTHEAST AS THE ONES WHO STAYED BEHIND. THEY HAVE TRIBAL TRADITIONS AND MUSEUMS.
NIPNUCNATION.ORG
THEIR TRAGIC HISTORY INCLUDES A TRAIL OF TEARS IN 1675 WHEN THE ENGLISH FORCED THEM TO GO TO BOSTON HARBOR, AND MANY DIED. THEIR NATION RETURNS ANNUALLY HERE TO MOURN THEIR ANCESTORS. THEY REFER TO THE INDIANS IN THE NORTHEAST AS THE ONES WHO STAYED BEHIND. THEY HAVE TRIBAL TRADITIONS AND MUSEUMS.
NIPNUCNATION.ORG
NAUSET INDIANS IN MASSACHUSETTS
THE NAUSET TRIBE SOMETIMES REFERS TO THE CAPE COD INDIANS AND OCCUPIED BASS RIVER. THEIR NEIGHBORS WERE WAPANOAG. THEY BOTH SPOKE ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGE AND HAD LIMITED AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES. THEY RELIED ON SEAFOOD. THE COLONISTS CAPTURED SOME OF THEIR TRIBE FOR SLAVERY AND INTRODUCED DISEASES THAT GREATLY REDUCED THEIR POPULATION. THE PILGRIMS STOLE MAIZE FROM THE NATIVES GRAVES, THAT FUELED TENSION BETWEEN THEM.
THE NAUSET BECAME CHRISTIANIZED AND AIDED THE COLONISTS AS SCOUTS AND WARRIORS AGAINST OTHER TRIBES. THEY WERE CONFINED TO PRAYING VILLAGES. THEY INTERMARRIED AND CURRENTLY THEY ARE THE FIRST TRIBE TO RECEIVE FEDERAL RECOGNITION. THEY HAVE A POPULATION OF 100 PEOPLE.
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THE NAUSET BECAME CHRISTIANIZED AND AIDED THE COLONISTS AS SCOUTS AND WARRIORS AGAINST OTHER TRIBES. THEY WERE CONFINED TO PRAYING VILLAGES. THEY INTERMARRIED AND CURRENTLY THEY ARE THE FIRST TRIBE TO RECEIVE FEDERAL RECOGNITION. THEY HAVE A POPULATION OF 100 PEOPLE.
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NANTOKE INDIANS ARE IN DELAWARE
NANTOKE ARE INDIGENOUS ALGONQUIN PEOPLE WHOSE HOMELAND IS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY, OKLAHOMA AND CANADA. THEY IMMIGRATED TO THE EAST AND MAY HAVE ORIGINATED. THEY MAY HAVE ORIGINATED IN LABRADOR CANADA AND THE GREAT LAKES REGION. AND THE OHIO VALLEY. IN 1608 THE NANTOKE CAME INTO EUROPEAN CONTACT WITH BRITISH CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. THEY TRADED BEAVER PELTS WITH THEM.
A RESERVATION IN THE NANTOKE RIVER IN MARYLAND WAS ESTABLISHED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT IN 1684. NONNATIVE PEOPLES ENCROACHED UPON THEIR LANDS SO THEY PURCHASED 3000 ACRES IN 17707 IN DELAWARE. THEY SOLD IT IN 1768. THEY OBTAINED PERMISSION FROM THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY TO SETTLE NEAR WYOMING AND PENNSYLVANIA IN 1744. IN 1750 THEY JOINED THE PISCATAWAY TRIBE OF THE LEAGUE OF IROQUOIS.
MEMBERS OF CONORY PEOPLE JOINED THE NANTOKE IN 1740'S. TWO HUNDRED NANTOKES MOVED NORTH TO FORT NIAGARA AND THEN THE SIX NATIONAL RESERVATION NEAR BRANTFORD, ONTARIO. OTHERS STAYED AT BUFFALO RIVER. NIAGARA AND ANOTHER GROUP OF NANTOKE JOINED THE LENAPE AND MIGRATED TO KANSAS.
THEIR NAME MEANS TIDEWATER PEOPLE . THE NANTOKE CHIEFDOMS ARE DESCRIBED AS WICOMOW AND OCCUPY AREAS ALONG RIVERS THAT WERE NAMED AFTER THEM. THE NANTOKE HAD AN EXTENSIVE TRADING NETWORK WITH TRIBES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA.
THEIR LANGUAGE WAS DISTINCT FROM ALGONQUIN LANGUAGE ON THE POTOMOC RIVER. THEIR LANGUAGE HAS BECOME EXTINCT. IN 1744 THEY SETTLED NEAR INDIAN RIVER IN DELAWARE. IN 1881 THEY WEERE RECOGNIZED AS A TRIBE AND REORGANIZED AS THE NANTICOKE INDIAN ASSOCIATION. THEY HAVE HEADQUARTERS IN NANTICOKE INDIAN ASSOCIATION IN MILLSBORO. SOME ARE PART OF THE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED SIX NATIONS OF THE GRAND RIVIERE FIRST NATIONIN ONTARIO.
IN 1774 THE NANTICOKE LIVED NEAR THE INDIAN RIVER IN DELAWARE. THEY HAD ANNUAL POWOWS UNTIL 1930'S. IN 1977 THEY REVIVED IT. LATER THEY BUILT A MUSEUM TO TEACH THEIR CHILDREN TEIR TRADITIONAL WAYS. SOME NANTICOKE INTERMARRIED WITH THE LENAPE.
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A RESERVATION IN THE NANTOKE RIVER IN MARYLAND WAS ESTABLISHED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT IN 1684. NONNATIVE PEOPLES ENCROACHED UPON THEIR LANDS SO THEY PURCHASED 3000 ACRES IN 17707 IN DELAWARE. THEY SOLD IT IN 1768. THEY OBTAINED PERMISSION FROM THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY TO SETTLE NEAR WYOMING AND PENNSYLVANIA IN 1744. IN 1750 THEY JOINED THE PISCATAWAY TRIBE OF THE LEAGUE OF IROQUOIS.
MEMBERS OF CONORY PEOPLE JOINED THE NANTOKE IN 1740'S. TWO HUNDRED NANTOKES MOVED NORTH TO FORT NIAGARA AND THEN THE SIX NATIONAL RESERVATION NEAR BRANTFORD, ONTARIO. OTHERS STAYED AT BUFFALO RIVER. NIAGARA AND ANOTHER GROUP OF NANTOKE JOINED THE LENAPE AND MIGRATED TO KANSAS.
THEIR NAME MEANS TIDEWATER PEOPLE . THE NANTOKE CHIEFDOMS ARE DESCRIBED AS WICOMOW AND OCCUPY AREAS ALONG RIVERS THAT WERE NAMED AFTER THEM. THE NANTOKE HAD AN EXTENSIVE TRADING NETWORK WITH TRIBES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA.
THEIR LANGUAGE WAS DISTINCT FROM ALGONQUIN LANGUAGE ON THE POTOMOC RIVER. THEIR LANGUAGE HAS BECOME EXTINCT. IN 1744 THEY SETTLED NEAR INDIAN RIVER IN DELAWARE. IN 1881 THEY WEERE RECOGNIZED AS A TRIBE AND REORGANIZED AS THE NANTICOKE INDIAN ASSOCIATION. THEY HAVE HEADQUARTERS IN NANTICOKE INDIAN ASSOCIATION IN MILLSBORO. SOME ARE PART OF THE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED SIX NATIONS OF THE GRAND RIVIERE FIRST NATIONIN ONTARIO.
IN 1774 THE NANTICOKE LIVED NEAR THE INDIAN RIVER IN DELAWARE. THEY HAD ANNUAL POWOWS UNTIL 1930'S. IN 1977 THEY REVIVED IT. LATER THEY BUILT A MUSEUM TO TEACH THEIR CHILDREN TEIR TRADITIONAL WAYS. SOME NANTICOKE INTERMARRIED WITH THE LENAPE.
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RISK DANCE COMPANY AT GLASER CENTER
THIS IS A SMALL DANCE COMPANY THAT FORMED A FEW YEARS AGO. THERE WERE ABOUT 15 DANCERS OF ALL AGES WHO PERFORMED TO DIFFERENT MUSIC. IN ANY CASE THEY WORE DIFFERENT COSTUMES AND HAD VARIOUS LIGHT EFFECTS. SOME OF THE DANCERS WERE INTO BALLET WHILE OTHERS DID MORE ACROBATICS. SOME SONGS WERE SAD WHILE OTHERS WERE HAPPY. MANY OF THEM HAD VARIOUS TATTOOS. AND MANY YOUNG ADULTS IN THE AUDIENCE ALSO HAD TATTOOS. THE AUDIENCE RECEIVED IT WELL.
Friday, June 17, 2011
LENAPE INDIANS OF DELAWARE
LENAPE ARE SEVERAL BANDS OF NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLE WITH SHARED CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC TRAITS. THEIR NAME MEANS "THE PEOPLE". IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES THEY LIVED IN THE AREA AROUND AND BETWEEN THE DELAWARE AND LOWER HUDSON RIVERS - THEIR TERRITORIES WERE WIDESPREAD. THEY ORGANIZED INTO CLANS BY MATRILINEAL. THEIR PRIMARY CROPS WERE CORN BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY HUNTED AND COLLECTED SEAFOOD.
AFTER THE 17TH CENTURY THE COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WAS INVOLVED IN NATIVE AMERICAN FUR TRADE. THE TRAPPING DEPLETED THE BEAVER POPULATION AND WAS DISASTROUS FOR THEM. THEN THESE NATIVES WERE INFECTED BY DISEASES OF THE EUROPEANS AND THEIR CONFLICT WITH THEM.
THEY WERE PUSHED OUT OF THEIR LANDS BY IROQUOIS SPEAKING PEOPLE. DURING THE NEXT 100 YEARS THEY WERE PUSHED OUT OF ALL OF THEIR LANDS BY IROQUOIS. THEY MOVED TO THE OHIO VALLEY. DURING 1860'S MOST LENAPE REMAINED IN THE EASTERN US AND MOVED WEST TO THE OHIO VALLEY.
THEY NOW LIVE IN OKLAHOMA, KANSAS, WISCONSIN, ONTARIO, AND TRADITIONAL HOMELANDS. EARLY INDIAN TRIBES ARE BETTER UNDERSTOOD AS LANGUAGE GROUPS, RATHER THAN AS NATIONS. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS FOUND OF MUNSEE SPEAKING LENAPE BURIALS INCLUDED ETHNIC IROQUOIAN REMAINS INCLUDED ALONG WITH THOSE OF LENAPE. THE TWO GROUPS WERE BITTER ENEMIES BEFORE RECORDED HISTORY. THEY INTERMARRIED AND ADOPTED CAPTIVES INTO THEIR TRIBES. THEY MARRIED OUTSIDE OF THEIR CLAN. THE EUROPEAN PEOPLE WHO WROTE ABOUT LENAPE PEOPLE DID NOT UNDERSTAND THEIR CULTURE. EARLY EUROPEAN CHRONICLERS DID NOT UNDERSTAND SOME CONCEPTS.
LAND WAS ASSIGNED TO A CERTAIN CLAN FOR HUNTING, FISHING, AND CULTIVATION. PRIVATE OWNERSHIP WAS UNKNOWN. LAND BELONGED TO THE CLAN. THEY COMMUNALLY HUNTED AND PLANTED LARGE SCALE AGRICULTURE TO ACCOMPANY GATHERING ACTIVITIES. THESE FOLKS WERE BASICALLY A SEDENTARY PEOPLE WHO SEASONALLY CAMPED. THEY HARVESTED LARGE AMOUNTS OF CLAMS AND SHELLFISH. THESE MAY HAVE 15,000 LENAPE IN 80 SETTLEMENTS.
THE FIRST RECORDED CONTACTS WITH EUROPEANS AND LENAPE WAS IN 1524 BY GIOVANNI VERRAZZANO. THEN IN 1631 DUTCH SETTLERS FOUNDED A COLONY AT DELAWARE CALLED SWAN VALLEY. A BAND OF LENAPE KILLED 32 DUTCH SETTLERS AFTER A MISHAP. THE DUTCH GOT EPIDEMICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES CARRIED BY EUROPEANS.
OVER A PERIOD OF 176 YEARS EUROPEAN SETTLERS PROGRESSIVELY PRESSED THE LENAPE OUT OF THE EAST COAST AND OHIO. THEY EVENTUALLY MOVED TO ONTARIO,
CANADA.
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AFTER THE 17TH CENTURY THE COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WAS INVOLVED IN NATIVE AMERICAN FUR TRADE. THE TRAPPING DEPLETED THE BEAVER POPULATION AND WAS DISASTROUS FOR THEM. THEN THESE NATIVES WERE INFECTED BY DISEASES OF THE EUROPEANS AND THEIR CONFLICT WITH THEM.
THEY WERE PUSHED OUT OF THEIR LANDS BY IROQUOIS SPEAKING PEOPLE. DURING THE NEXT 100 YEARS THEY WERE PUSHED OUT OF ALL OF THEIR LANDS BY IROQUOIS. THEY MOVED TO THE OHIO VALLEY. DURING 1860'S MOST LENAPE REMAINED IN THE EASTERN US AND MOVED WEST TO THE OHIO VALLEY.
THEY NOW LIVE IN OKLAHOMA, KANSAS, WISCONSIN, ONTARIO, AND TRADITIONAL HOMELANDS. EARLY INDIAN TRIBES ARE BETTER UNDERSTOOD AS LANGUAGE GROUPS, RATHER THAN AS NATIONS. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS FOUND OF MUNSEE SPEAKING LENAPE BURIALS INCLUDED ETHNIC IROQUOIAN REMAINS INCLUDED ALONG WITH THOSE OF LENAPE. THE TWO GROUPS WERE BITTER ENEMIES BEFORE RECORDED HISTORY. THEY INTERMARRIED AND ADOPTED CAPTIVES INTO THEIR TRIBES. THEY MARRIED OUTSIDE OF THEIR CLAN. THE EUROPEAN PEOPLE WHO WROTE ABOUT LENAPE PEOPLE DID NOT UNDERSTAND THEIR CULTURE. EARLY EUROPEAN CHRONICLERS DID NOT UNDERSTAND SOME CONCEPTS.
LAND WAS ASSIGNED TO A CERTAIN CLAN FOR HUNTING, FISHING, AND CULTIVATION. PRIVATE OWNERSHIP WAS UNKNOWN. LAND BELONGED TO THE CLAN. THEY COMMUNALLY HUNTED AND PLANTED LARGE SCALE AGRICULTURE TO ACCOMPANY GATHERING ACTIVITIES. THESE FOLKS WERE BASICALLY A SEDENTARY PEOPLE WHO SEASONALLY CAMPED. THEY HARVESTED LARGE AMOUNTS OF CLAMS AND SHELLFISH. THESE MAY HAVE 15,000 LENAPE IN 80 SETTLEMENTS.
THE FIRST RECORDED CONTACTS WITH EUROPEANS AND LENAPE WAS IN 1524 BY GIOVANNI VERRAZZANO. THEN IN 1631 DUTCH SETTLERS FOUNDED A COLONY AT DELAWARE CALLED SWAN VALLEY. A BAND OF LENAPE KILLED 32 DUTCH SETTLERS AFTER A MISHAP. THE DUTCH GOT EPIDEMICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES CARRIED BY EUROPEANS.
OVER A PERIOD OF 176 YEARS EUROPEAN SETTLERS PROGRESSIVELY PRESSED THE LENAPE OUT OF THE EAST COAST AND OHIO. THEY EVENTUALLY MOVED TO ONTARIO,
CANADA.
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DELAWARE INDIANS
DELAWARE INDIANS MADE GRASS AND BARK COVERED LONGHOUSES. EACH VILLAGE CONTAINED A SWEAT HOUSE FOR STEAM BATHS. SWEATING WAS THE REMEDY FOR DISEASE AND MELANCHOLY. THE MEN AND WOMEN PAINTED THEIR FACES AFTERWARDS. THEY LIVED ALONG THE DELAWARE RIVER IN PENNSYLVANIA. EACH OF THERE THREE GROUPS WERE SPOKE A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE THAT WAS ALGONQUIAN. THEY LIVED ALSO IN NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, AND DELAWARE. BY 1700'S WHITE SETTLERS FORCED MOST OF THE NATIVE AMERICANS OUT OF THE REGIONS. A MAJORITY OF THE DELAWARE NOW LIVE IN OKLAHOMA. THEY MADE CRAFTS AND TOOLS FROM SHELL, BONE, WOOD, AND STONE. THEY MADE DUGOUT CANOES.
IN 1682 WILLIAM PENN, AN ENGLISH LEADER, SIGNED A TREATY WITH DELAWARE. THE DUTCH LEARNED TO PLANT AND FARM AS THE DELAWARE TAUGHT THEM SKILLS. AFTER 1818 THE DELAWARE SURRENDERED THEIR LANDS EAST OF THE MISSOURI. THEY MOVED TO OKLAHOMA.
DELAWAREINDIANS.COM
IN 1682 WILLIAM PENN, AN ENGLISH LEADER, SIGNED A TREATY WITH DELAWARE. THE DUTCH LEARNED TO PLANT AND FARM AS THE DELAWARE TAUGHT THEM SKILLS. AFTER 1818 THE DELAWARE SURRENDERED THEIR LANDS EAST OF THE MISSOURI. THEY MOVED TO OKLAHOMA.
DELAWAREINDIANS.COM
SHAWNEE IN PENNSYLVANIA
MANY THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO PALEO INDIANS HUNTED IN THE MIDWEST. THEY HUNTED MEGAFAUNA THAT WAS EXTINCT AT THE END OF THE PLEISTOCENE ERA. THEY WERE HIGHLY MOBIL FORAGERS WHO HUNTED BISON, MASTODON, CARIBOU, AND MAMMOTHS.
SOME BELIEVED THAT SHAWNEE ARE DESCENDANTS OF PREHISTORIC FORT ANCIENTS OF OHIO WHO LIVED 1000 TO 1650 YEARS AGO. SCHOLARS BELIEVE IT DEVELOPED FROM HOPEWELL CULTURE (100 BCE - 500 CE). MOUND BUILDERS SUCCEEDED PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES WHO BUILT MASSIVE EARTHWORKS. THEIR IS A GAP IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD BETWEEN FORT ANCIENT AND SHAWNEEE SITES. SHAWNEE ORAL HISTORY LINKS THEM TO THE FORT ANCIENTS. THIS INFORMATION CAN BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE SHIFT OF FORT ANCIENT SOCIETY TO HISTORICAL SHAWNEE.
AFTER 1600 THE SHAWNEES ENCOUNTERED SHAWNEE OVER A WIDESPREAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA. ACCORDING TO ONE LEGEND THE SHAWNEE WERE DESCENDED FROM A PARTY SENT BY CHIEF OPECHANOUGH, RULER OF POWATEN SOCIETY (1618-1644). BEFORE 1670 THE SHAWNEE MIGRATED TO THE SAVANNAH RIVER.
THE MOVEMENT OF THE IROQUOIS WAR BEGAN IN 1640 AND THE SHAWNEE MIGRATIONS OF 17TH CENTURY WERE DRIVEN BY THESE. JUST BEFORE THEY MANAGE TO RETURN TO THEIR HOMELANDS ONLY TO BE DRIVEN OUT AGAIN. SHAWNEE MEANS SOUTHERNER. THERE ARE CURRENTLY 14,000 SHAWNEE IN RESERVATIONS ALL IN OKLAHOMA.
YOUNG MEN WERE ENCOURAGED TO ENGAGE IN SWIMMING, JUMPING, HUNTING, AND BEING A WARRIOR. GIRLS DEVELOPED SKILLS IN POTTERY MAKING AND STORING FOODS. SHAWNEE BELIEVED IN MONETO, A SUPREME RULER. THE GREAT SPIRIT WAS A GRAND MOTHER WHO RULED THE DESTINIES OF HER CHILDREN. THEY LIVED BY THEIR OWN STANDARDS AND DID NOT JUDGE OTHERS. DO GOOD TO OTHERS. THEY HAD DIFFERENT CLANS OF THE SHAWNEE TRIBE. SOME WERE WARRIORS. OTHERS WERE PEOPLE WHO HAD ANSWERED FOR MATTERS PERTAINING TO FOOD HEALTH AND MEDICINE.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
SOME BELIEVED THAT SHAWNEE ARE DESCENDANTS OF PREHISTORIC FORT ANCIENTS OF OHIO WHO LIVED 1000 TO 1650 YEARS AGO. SCHOLARS BELIEVE IT DEVELOPED FROM HOPEWELL CULTURE (100 BCE - 500 CE). MOUND BUILDERS SUCCEEDED PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES WHO BUILT MASSIVE EARTHWORKS. THEIR IS A GAP IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD BETWEEN FORT ANCIENT AND SHAWNEEE SITES. SHAWNEE ORAL HISTORY LINKS THEM TO THE FORT ANCIENTS. THIS INFORMATION CAN BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE SHIFT OF FORT ANCIENT SOCIETY TO HISTORICAL SHAWNEE.
AFTER 1600 THE SHAWNEES ENCOUNTERED SHAWNEE OVER A WIDESPREAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA. ACCORDING TO ONE LEGEND THE SHAWNEE WERE DESCENDED FROM A PARTY SENT BY CHIEF OPECHANOUGH, RULER OF POWATEN SOCIETY (1618-1644). BEFORE 1670 THE SHAWNEE MIGRATED TO THE SAVANNAH RIVER.
THE MOVEMENT OF THE IROQUOIS WAR BEGAN IN 1640 AND THE SHAWNEE MIGRATIONS OF 17TH CENTURY WERE DRIVEN BY THESE. JUST BEFORE THEY MANAGE TO RETURN TO THEIR HOMELANDS ONLY TO BE DRIVEN OUT AGAIN. SHAWNEE MEANS SOUTHERNER. THERE ARE CURRENTLY 14,000 SHAWNEE IN RESERVATIONS ALL IN OKLAHOMA.
YOUNG MEN WERE ENCOURAGED TO ENGAGE IN SWIMMING, JUMPING, HUNTING, AND BEING A WARRIOR. GIRLS DEVELOPED SKILLS IN POTTERY MAKING AND STORING FOODS. SHAWNEE BELIEVED IN MONETO, A SUPREME RULER. THE GREAT SPIRIT WAS A GRAND MOTHER WHO RULED THE DESTINIES OF HER CHILDREN. THEY LIVED BY THEIR OWN STANDARDS AND DID NOT JUDGE OTHERS. DO GOOD TO OTHERS. THEY HAD DIFFERENT CLANS OF THE SHAWNEE TRIBE. SOME WERE WARRIORS. OTHERS WERE PEOPLE WHO HAD ANSWERED FOR MATTERS PERTAINING TO FOOD HEALTH AND MEDICINE.
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SUSQUEHANNOCK INDIANS
THESE PEOPLE WERE IROQUOIAN SPEAKING AND LIVED NEAR THE SUSQUEHANNOCK RIVER AT THE NORTH END OF CHESAPEAKE BAY. EUROPEANS SELDOM VISITED THIS INLAND REGION DURING EARLY COLONIAL PERIOD. A CONTACT PERIOD OF 1550 -1630 IS LOCATED IN THE EASTERN PANHANDLE OF PENNSYLVANIA.
WHEN JOHN SMITH MET THEM IN 1608 THEY HAD A GREAT VILLAGE NEAR LANCASTER. HE ESTIMATED THEIR VILLAGE TO BE 2000 ALTHOUGH HE DID NOT VISIT IT. A FRENCH EXPLORER NOTED THE SUSQUEHANNOCK TO HAVE 20 VILLAGES WITH OVER 800 WARRIORS. AND THEY MAY RANGE AS GREAT AS 7000 PEOPLE. THEY WERE AFFECTED BY THE EURASIAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES. AFTER WARFARE THE REMAINING SUSQUEHANNOCK NUMBER NUMBERED A FEW HUNDRED AND SETTLED IN A NEW VILLAGE CALLED CONESTOGA TOWN.
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WHEN JOHN SMITH MET THEM IN 1608 THEY HAD A GREAT VILLAGE NEAR LANCASTER. HE ESTIMATED THEIR VILLAGE TO BE 2000 ALTHOUGH HE DID NOT VISIT IT. A FRENCH EXPLORER NOTED THE SUSQUEHANNOCK TO HAVE 20 VILLAGES WITH OVER 800 WARRIORS. AND THEY MAY RANGE AS GREAT AS 7000 PEOPLE. THEY WERE AFFECTED BY THE EURASIAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES. AFTER WARFARE THE REMAINING SUSQUEHANNOCK NUMBER NUMBERED A FEW HUNDRED AND SETTLED IN A NEW VILLAGE CALLED CONESTOGA TOWN.
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POCOMTUC INDIANS IN MASSACHUSETTS
THIS TRIBE LIVED IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS AND PARTS OF CONNECTICUT, AND VERMONT. THEIR VILLAGE WAS POCOMTUC. THEIR LANGUAGE IS EXTINCT BUT WAS A DIALECT OF ALGONQUIAN. THEY WERE SEMI SEDENTARY AND GREW ALGONQUIAN. THEY WERE SEMI SEDENTARY AND GREW CROPS OF CORN, BEANS. AND SQUASH. THEY HUNTED GAME AND FISHED IN THE CONNECTICUT RIVER, A MAJOR ROUTE FOR TRANSPORT. THEY WERE DECIMATED BY INTERTRIBAL WARFARE AND DISEASES. THEY WARRED WITH DUTCH, ENGLISH, AND FRENCH. AFTER KING PHILLIPS WAR, MANY OF THE POTOMTUC AND OTHER TRIBES FLED TO THE HUDSON RIVER, BY 1754 MOST JOINED OTHER TRIBES AND MOVED WEST. MOST LOST THEIR TRIBAL IDENTITY THROUGH INTERMARRIAGE WITH TRIBES AND SETTLERS.
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PENNACOOK INDIANS IN MASSACHUSETT'S
THE PENNACOOK OR MERRIMACK WERE A NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLE THAT INHABITED THE RIVER VALLEY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND SOUTHERN MAINE. THEY SPOKE ALGONQUIAN AND WERE RELATED TO THE ABENAKI TRIBES. THEY WERE DECIMATED BY EUROPEAN DISEASES AND SUBJECT TO TO RAIDS BY MOHAWK AND MICMAK TRIBES. THEIR CHIEF DECIDED TO MAKE PEACE WITH COLONISTS. OTHER TRIBES IN MASSACHUSETTS DID NOT WANT TO NEUTRALITY. THE PENNACOOK FLED NORTH WITH THEIR FORMER ENEMIES OR WEST WITH OTHER TRIBES., AND STILL THEY WERE KILLED BY COLONISTS. MANY SMALL BANDS GATHERED TOGETHER AND DISPLACED NEW ENGLAND TRIBES. THE PENNACOOK FORMED MAIZE CORN, SQUASH NEAR RIVER BEDS AND HUNTED IN THE FORESTS. THEIR NAME MEANS - AT THE BOTTOM OF THE HILL.
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WAMPANOAQ INDIANS IN MASSACHUSETTS
CHIEF WAWANOTEWAT WAS A FAMOUS WARRIOR AND CONTINUED TO LEAD BANDS TO MASSACHUSETTS EVEN AFTER MOST OF HIS FOLLOWERS LEFT THE STATE. THEY HAD ELEVEN VILLAGES. THE WAMPANOAG IS A NATION THAT CONSISTS OF FIVE TRIBES. IN 1600 THE WAMPANOAG LIVED IN SOUTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND AND IN MARTHA'S VINEYARD. THEY HAD ABOUT 12,000 FOLKS. THEY HAD MANY LEADERS (MEN AND WOMEN) IN HISTORIC TIMES. IN 1616 JOHN SMITH ERRONEOUSLY CALLED THE ENTIRE WAMPANOAG CONFEDERACY AS THE PAKANOKET. WAMPANOAG MEANS PEOPLE OF THE LIGHT. THEY WERE SEMI SEDENTARY WITH SEASONAL MOVEMENT BETWEEN FIXED SITES IN NEW ENGLAND. THE THREE SISTERS - CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH WERE STAPLES IN THEIR DIET. THEY INCLUDED FISH AND GAME. EACH COMMUNITY HAD AUTHORITY OVER A WELL DEFINED TERRITORY. THEY HAD A SEASONAL ROUND OF FISHING, PLANTING, HARVESTING, AND HUNTING. MOTHERS WITH CLAIMS TO SPECIFIC PLOTS OF LAND PASSED THOSE CLAIMS TO THEIR FEMALE DESCENDANTS.
THE WORK OF MAKING A LIVING WAS ORGANIZED ON A FAMILY LEVEL. FAMILIES GATHERED TOGETHER TO FISH IN SPRING, TO HUNT IN WINTER, AND TO CULTIVATE THEIR FIELDS IN SUMMER. BOYS WERE SCHOOLED IN THE WAY OF THE WOODS, HUNTING WAS A VITAL SKILL. GIRLS WERE TRAINED TO WORK DILIGENTLY IN THE FIELDS AROUND THEIR WETU OR OVAL HOUSE THAT THEY COULD MOVE EASILY.
THEIR PRODUCTION OF FOOD WAS SIMILAR TO THAT OF MANY NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES. FOODS WERE DIVIDED ALONG GENDERED LINES. MEN AND WOMEN PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MANY OF THE STAGES OF FOOD PRODUCTION. THE WAMPANOAG WOMEN HAD IMPORTANT ROLES IN MANY STAGES OF FOOD PRODUCTION. THEY WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 75% OF FOOD PRODUCTION. - SOCIALLY, ECONOMICALLY AND SPIRITUALLY. MEN WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR HUNTING AND FISHING. THEY WERE ORGANIZED INTO A CONFEDERATION WHERE A POLITICAL LEADER PRESIDED OVER OTHER LEADERS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN COULD HOLD THE LEADER ROLES. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN COULD HOLD THE LEADER ROLE. ONCE MARRIED THEY WERE EXPECTED TO MAINTAIN FIDELITY. FAMILY AND CLAN RELATIONSHIPS WERE OF EXTREME AND LASTING PRESENCE. THEY SPOKE AN ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGE AND A DIALECT OF MASSACHUSETTS - WAMPANOAG. THEY HAD A DECLINE OF THEIR LANGUAGE AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. THEY WERE FORCED TO MARRY OUTSIDE THEIR LINGUISTIC STOCK.
IN 1524 KING FRANCIS OF FRANCE CAME TO NORTH CAROLINA AND ESTABLISHED OUTPOSTS OF IN FLORIDA. DURING THE 16TH CENTURY NEW ENGLAND WAS WAS WHERE EUROPEANS TRAVELLED AND CAPTURED NATIVE AMERICANS AS SLAVES AND SOLD THEM TO INCREASE THEIR EARNINGS.
IN 1620 THE PILGRIMS ARRIVED IN PLYMOUTH ROCK AND THE WAMPANOAG TAUGHT THEM HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE CORN AND COLLECT SEAFOOD. THEY HAD A GOOD RELATIONSHIP. THEY TAUGHT THEM HOW TO SURVIVE IN THE WILDERNESS. BY THE END OF THE 1600'S ALCOHOLISM HAD BECOME RAMPANT AMONG MALES IN NEW ENGLAND ETHNIC COMMUNITIES. MANY TURNED FOR HELP FROM CHRISTIAN SYSTEMS. WOMEN WERE ATTRACTED TO CHRISTIAN SYSTEMS. WOMEN WERE ATTRACTED TO CHRISTIANS ESPECIALLY WHO HAD MALE RELATIVES. AND HUSBANDS WHO WERE DRINKING ALCOHOL.
THE WAMPANOAQ AND ENGLISH SHARED MANY TRAITS, DRESS, HAIRSTYLES, AND GOVERNANCE. THERE WERE THREE RESERVATIONS ON MARTHA'S VINEYARD. THE INDIANS LOST VALUABLE AREAS OF THE REMAINING LAND. IT WAS DISTRIBUTED BY THE INDIANS. IN 1849 THEY OWNED 690 ACRES OF INFERTILE LAND. ABOUT 2000 WAMPAQ SURVIVE AND LIVE ON THE RESERVATION. THEY HAVE A POWWOW EVERY YEAR. THEY HAVE BUILT A CASINO. A REMNANT OF WAMPAQ WHO LIVE IN BERMUDA.
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THE WORK OF MAKING A LIVING WAS ORGANIZED ON A FAMILY LEVEL. FAMILIES GATHERED TOGETHER TO FISH IN SPRING, TO HUNT IN WINTER, AND TO CULTIVATE THEIR FIELDS IN SUMMER. BOYS WERE SCHOOLED IN THE WAY OF THE WOODS, HUNTING WAS A VITAL SKILL. GIRLS WERE TRAINED TO WORK DILIGENTLY IN THE FIELDS AROUND THEIR WETU OR OVAL HOUSE THAT THEY COULD MOVE EASILY.
THEIR PRODUCTION OF FOOD WAS SIMILAR TO THAT OF MANY NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES. FOODS WERE DIVIDED ALONG GENDERED LINES. MEN AND WOMEN PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MANY OF THE STAGES OF FOOD PRODUCTION. THE WAMPANOAG WOMEN HAD IMPORTANT ROLES IN MANY STAGES OF FOOD PRODUCTION. THEY WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR 75% OF FOOD PRODUCTION. - SOCIALLY, ECONOMICALLY AND SPIRITUALLY. MEN WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR HUNTING AND FISHING. THEY WERE ORGANIZED INTO A CONFEDERATION WHERE A POLITICAL LEADER PRESIDED OVER OTHER LEADERS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN COULD HOLD THE LEADER ROLES. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN COULD HOLD THE LEADER ROLE. ONCE MARRIED THEY WERE EXPECTED TO MAINTAIN FIDELITY. FAMILY AND CLAN RELATIONSHIPS WERE OF EXTREME AND LASTING PRESENCE. THEY SPOKE AN ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGE AND A DIALECT OF MASSACHUSETTS - WAMPANOAG. THEY HAD A DECLINE OF THEIR LANGUAGE AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. THEY WERE FORCED TO MARRY OUTSIDE THEIR LINGUISTIC STOCK.
IN 1524 KING FRANCIS OF FRANCE CAME TO NORTH CAROLINA AND ESTABLISHED OUTPOSTS OF IN FLORIDA. DURING THE 16TH CENTURY NEW ENGLAND WAS WAS WHERE EUROPEANS TRAVELLED AND CAPTURED NATIVE AMERICANS AS SLAVES AND SOLD THEM TO INCREASE THEIR EARNINGS.
IN 1620 THE PILGRIMS ARRIVED IN PLYMOUTH ROCK AND THE WAMPANOAG TAUGHT THEM HOW TO PLANT AND CULTIVATE CORN AND COLLECT SEAFOOD. THEY HAD A GOOD RELATIONSHIP. THEY TAUGHT THEM HOW TO SURVIVE IN THE WILDERNESS. BY THE END OF THE 1600'S ALCOHOLISM HAD BECOME RAMPANT AMONG MALES IN NEW ENGLAND ETHNIC COMMUNITIES. MANY TURNED FOR HELP FROM CHRISTIAN SYSTEMS. WOMEN WERE ATTRACTED TO CHRISTIAN SYSTEMS. WOMEN WERE ATTRACTED TO CHRISTIANS ESPECIALLY WHO HAD MALE RELATIVES. AND HUSBANDS WHO WERE DRINKING ALCOHOL.
THE WAMPANOAQ AND ENGLISH SHARED MANY TRAITS, DRESS, HAIRSTYLES, AND GOVERNANCE. THERE WERE THREE RESERVATIONS ON MARTHA'S VINEYARD. THE INDIANS LOST VALUABLE AREAS OF THE REMAINING LAND. IT WAS DISTRIBUTED BY THE INDIANS. IN 1849 THEY OWNED 690 ACRES OF INFERTILE LAND. ABOUT 2000 WAMPAQ SURVIVE AND LIVE ON THE RESERVATION. THEY HAVE A POWWOW EVERY YEAR. THEY HAVE BUILT A CASINO. A REMNANT OF WAMPAQ WHO LIVE IN BERMUDA.
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Tuesday, June 14, 2011
WACCANAW TRIBE IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THESE INDIANS ARE OF THE SIOUAN FAMILY. THEY AREA STATE RECOGNIZED TRIBE. THE WACCANAW 'S ANCIENT HOMES WERE ALONG THE WACCANAM RIVER FROM NORTH CAROLINA TO GEORGETOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA.
THEY RECEIVED AMMUNITION FROM THE CHERAU, WHO TRIED TO ENLIST THEM TO SUPPORT THE YAMASSEE AND OTHER TRIBES IN 1715. THEY RECEIVED 20 ACRES OF THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND IN 2004. THEIR TRIBAL GROUNDS WILL HOUSE OFFICES AND CEREMONIAL GROUNDS, AND A MUSEUM.
IN 1775 THEY HAD SIX SIX VILLAGES. BEFORE ANGLOS CAME LAKE WACCANAW WAS JUST INDIAN LAND. THE GREAT INDIAN CHIEF OSCEOLA WAS BORN FROM LAKE WACCONAW. THESE INDIANS FARMED IN COMMUNAL GARDENS - CORN, BEANS, SQUASH, GOARDS, TOBACCO, AND PUMPKINS. THEY FISHED AND HUNTED MANY ANIMALS, AND DOMESTICATES DUCKS, CHICKENS, GEESE AND MADE CHEESE.
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THEY RECEIVED AMMUNITION FROM THE CHERAU, WHO TRIED TO ENLIST THEM TO SUPPORT THE YAMASSEE AND OTHER TRIBES IN 1715. THEY RECEIVED 20 ACRES OF THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND IN 2004. THEIR TRIBAL GROUNDS WILL HOUSE OFFICES AND CEREMONIAL GROUNDS, AND A MUSEUM.
IN 1775 THEY HAD SIX SIX VILLAGES. BEFORE ANGLOS CAME LAKE WACCANAW WAS JUST INDIAN LAND. THE GREAT INDIAN CHIEF OSCEOLA WAS BORN FROM LAKE WACCONAW. THESE INDIANS FARMED IN COMMUNAL GARDENS - CORN, BEANS, SQUASH, GOARDS, TOBACCO, AND PUMPKINS. THEY FISHED AND HUNTED MANY ANIMALS, AND DOMESTICATES DUCKS, CHICKENS, GEESE AND MADE CHEESE.
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SALUDA TRIBE IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE SALUD ARE A SMALL TRIBE WHO ONCE LIVED ON THE SALUD RIVER. IN 1856 THEY REMOVED TO CONESTOGA, PENNSYLVANIA EARLY IN THE 18TH CENTURY WHICH IF TRUE WOULD INDICATE THAT THEY WERE PROBABLY CONNECTED TO THE SHAWNEE. THEIR NAME SURVIVED IN THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS. THEY WERE OF ALGONQUIAN STOCK. BANDS OF SHAWNEE MOVED INTO THEIR REGION FROM TIME TO TIME.
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SEEWEE INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
SEEWEE COMES FROM SAWE OR "ISLAND." NO WORDS HAVE SURVIVED. THEY ARE SIOUAN SPEAKERS. THEY PRIMARILY LIVED ON THE LOWER COURSE OF THE SANTEE RIVER AND COAST, AND BY THE PRESENT DAY MONCKES CORNER. THEY WERE SOMETIMES CLASSED WITH THE CASUBO THEY MAY HAVE BEEN THE INDIANS FIRST MET BY THE ENGLISH EXPEDITION THAT FOUNDED THE COLONY OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1670. THEY ASSISTED THE ENGLISH AGAINST THE SPANISH. IN 1700 MANY DIED FROM SMALL POX AND ALCOHOL. AND MANY MEN DIED AT SEA IN AN ATTEMPT TO OPEN CLOSER TRADE RELATIONS WITH ENGLAND . BY 1600 THEIR POPULATION WAS 800.
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SANTEE INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE SANTEE TRIBE PROBABLY SPOKE SIOUAN AND FORMERLY RESIDED ON THE SANTEE RIVER WHERE LAWSON IN 1700 FOUND THEIR PLANTATION EXTENDING FOR MANY MILES. ONE OF THEIR VILLAGES WAS HICKEREW. IN 1700'S THEY WERE AT WAS WITH SOME COASTAL TRIBES. LIKE THE CHEROKEE AND OTHER SOUTHERN TRIBES THEY KEPT CORN IN STOREHOUSES RAISED ON POSTS AND PLASTERED WITH CLAY. THEY MADE BEAUTIFUL FEATHER ROBES AND WOVEN CLOTH.
SOME SIOUAN SPEAKING TRIBES ALSO INHABITED TERRITORY IN VIRGINIA, MARYLAND AND NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. AN EARTH MOUND ALONG THE SANTEE RIVER BELIEVED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH MISSISSIPPI CULTURE (1000 - 1500 AD) STANDS ON THE SHORE OF LAKE MANON. THE MOUND PROBABLY REPRESENTS THE BURIAL OF A SHAMAN IN PREHISTORIC TIMES, BEFORE THE SANTEE GATHERED HERE. DURING HISTORIC TIMES THEY SPOKE CATAWBA.
HISTORICALLY IT WAS A SMALL TRIBE OF ABOUT 3000 AROUND 1600 AD. THEY HAD A TRIBAL RELIGION AND LATER ADOPTED CHRISTIANITY. DURING 1600'S THEY ENCOUNTERED THE SPANIARDS. BY 1700'S THEY WERE VISITED BY JOHN LAWSON WHO FOUND THEIR PLANTATIONS ALONG THE SANTEE RIVER FOR MILES.
THE SANTEE HAD ELABORATE BURIAL RITUALS. THEY BURIED CHIEFS, SHAMANS, WARRIORS ON MOUNDS. A STRUCTURE MADE ON TOP OF WOODEN POLES WAS PLACED ON TOP OF THE MOUNDS TO PROTECT THE BODIES. THE RELATIVES HUNG FETHERS AND RATTLES ON POLES. COMMON PEOPLE WERE WRAPPED AFTER THEY DIED AND THEIR RELATIVE WOULD KEEP A VIGIL AT THE GRAVE FOR SEVERAL DAYS. THEY CLEANED THE BONES AND PLACED THEM IN BOXES.
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SOME SIOUAN SPEAKING TRIBES ALSO INHABITED TERRITORY IN VIRGINIA, MARYLAND AND NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. AN EARTH MOUND ALONG THE SANTEE RIVER BELIEVED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH MISSISSIPPI CULTURE (1000 - 1500 AD) STANDS ON THE SHORE OF LAKE MANON. THE MOUND PROBABLY REPRESENTS THE BURIAL OF A SHAMAN IN PREHISTORIC TIMES, BEFORE THE SANTEE GATHERED HERE. DURING HISTORIC TIMES THEY SPOKE CATAWBA.
HISTORICALLY IT WAS A SMALL TRIBE OF ABOUT 3000 AROUND 1600 AD. THEY HAD A TRIBAL RELIGION AND LATER ADOPTED CHRISTIANITY. DURING 1600'S THEY ENCOUNTERED THE SPANIARDS. BY 1700'S THEY WERE VISITED BY JOHN LAWSON WHO FOUND THEIR PLANTATIONS ALONG THE SANTEE RIVER FOR MILES.
THE SANTEE HAD ELABORATE BURIAL RITUALS. THEY BURIED CHIEFS, SHAMANS, WARRIORS ON MOUNDS. A STRUCTURE MADE ON TOP OF WOODEN POLES WAS PLACED ON TOP OF THE MOUNDS TO PROTECT THE BODIES. THE RELATIVES HUNG FETHERS AND RATTLES ON POLES. COMMON PEOPLE WERE WRAPPED AFTER THEY DIED AND THEIR RELATIVE WOULD KEEP A VIGIL AT THE GRAVE FOR SEVERAL DAYS. THEY CLEANED THE BONES AND PLACED THEM IN BOXES.
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CHEROKEE INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE CHEROKEE WERE A POWERFUL, DETACHED TRIBE OF THE IROQUOIS FAMILY WHO LIVED IN THE MOUNTAIN REGION OF SOUTH ALLEGHENIES IN VIRGINIA, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, TENNESSEE, AND ALABAMA. THEIR TRIBAL NAME IS TSALAGI, OR CAVE PEOPLE. THEY CALL THEMSELVES THE REAL PEOPLE, OR PEOPLE OF KITUHWA, THEIR MOST IMPORTANT ANCIENT VILLAGE. THEIR LANGUAGE HAS THREE DIALECTS. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SHOWS THEY ORIGINATED IN THE NORTH BUT BY 1540 THEY MOVED INTO ALLEGHENY REGION. THEIR RELATION WITH THE COLONISTS BEGAN IN THE 1700'S. IN 1736 PRIBER BUILT A MISSION. HE WANTED THEM ORGANIZED ON A CIVILIZED BASIS. THERE WERE ABOUT 22,000 IN 1759 THEY BEGAN A WAR AGAINST THE ENGLISH IN CAROLINA. THEY CAPTURED FORT LOUNDON, A POST IN THE HEART OF THEIR COUNTRY. THE NEXT YEAR THE INDIANS WERE DEFEATED BY A LARGER FORCE UNDER JAMES GRANT. THEY COMPELLED THE TRIBE TO MAKE PEACE. IN 1769 THEY A SEVERE DEFEAT BY THE CHICKASAWS. AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION THEY SIDED WITH THE BRITISH AND FORMED A NEW VILLAGE NEAR TENNESSEE AND ALABAMA BOUNDARIES.
AFTER 1800 THEY ADOPTED A FORM OF GOVERNMENT MODELED ON THE U.S. A LARGE GROUP MOVED TO ARKANSAS.
IN 1821 SEQUOYA, SUBMITTED A SYLLABARY OF WORDS, AND WITHIN A FEW MONTHS WERE ABLE TO READ AND WRITE. THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD NEAR DAHLONEGA, GEORGIA BROUGHT MORE COLONISTS. AFTER A COUPLE OF YEARS OF FRUITLESS STRUGGLE THEY FORMED A TREATY. THE CHEROKEE HAD TO SELL ALL OF THEIR TERRITORIES NOT PREVIOUSLY GIVEN UP AND AGREED TO BE REMOVED TO THE WEST SIDE OF MISSISSIPPI TO LANDS FOR THEM. BEFORE THIS MIGRATION TOOK PLACE SOME WENT TO LIVE IN TEXAS, AND THEY GOT A LAND GRANT FROM THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. BUT TEXAS REVOLUTIONISTS KILLED THEIR CHIEF AND MANY MEN - THEY WERE EXPELLED FROM TEXAS. BY 1906 THEIR GOVERNMENT CAME TO AN END AND THEY BECAME CITIZENS OF OKLAHOMA.
THIS TRIBE IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS OF ALL NATIVE AMERICANS. THEY WERE THE ONLY TRIBE TO HAVE A WRITTEN LANGUAGE. THERE ARE MANY PLACE NAMES FROM CHEROKEE SOURCES.
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AFTER 1800 THEY ADOPTED A FORM OF GOVERNMENT MODELED ON THE U.S. A LARGE GROUP MOVED TO ARKANSAS.
IN 1821 SEQUOYA, SUBMITTED A SYLLABARY OF WORDS, AND WITHIN A FEW MONTHS WERE ABLE TO READ AND WRITE. THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD NEAR DAHLONEGA, GEORGIA BROUGHT MORE COLONISTS. AFTER A COUPLE OF YEARS OF FRUITLESS STRUGGLE THEY FORMED A TREATY. THE CHEROKEE HAD TO SELL ALL OF THEIR TERRITORIES NOT PREVIOUSLY GIVEN UP AND AGREED TO BE REMOVED TO THE WEST SIDE OF MISSISSIPPI TO LANDS FOR THEM. BEFORE THIS MIGRATION TOOK PLACE SOME WENT TO LIVE IN TEXAS, AND THEY GOT A LAND GRANT FROM THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. BUT TEXAS REVOLUTIONISTS KILLED THEIR CHIEF AND MANY MEN - THEY WERE EXPELLED FROM TEXAS. BY 1906 THEIR GOVERNMENT CAME TO AN END AND THEY BECAME CITIZENS OF OKLAHOMA.
THIS TRIBE IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS OF ALL NATIVE AMERICANS. THEY WERE THE ONLY TRIBE TO HAVE A WRITTEN LANGUAGE. THERE ARE MANY PLACE NAMES FROM CHEROKEE SOURCES.
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COOSA INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE COOSA WERE A SMALL TRIBE NOW EXTINCT THAT LIVED NEAR THE MOUTH OF EDISTO. THEIR NAME IS PRESERVED IN COOSAU. THEY LIVED NORTHEAST OF COMBAHEE RIVER SEPARATED FROM COMBAHEE TRIBE. THEY WERE HOSTILE TO THE ENGLISH IN 1676. THEY SOLD LAND TO THE COLONISTS, IN 1743 THEY LAST APPEARED UNDER THE NAME OF COOSAH AND HAD INCORPORATED WITH THE CATAWBA.
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COFITACHIQUI INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE COFITACHIQUI HAD MUSKOGEAN OR SIOUAN LANGUAGE. THEY ARE NOW EXTINCT. THEY ONCE LIVED IN CENTRAL SOUTH CAROLINA NEAR TALIMICO. IN 1670 THEIR POPULATION WAS 4000. DE SOTOS STATED THEY WERE THE MOST POWERFUL TRIBES IN SOUTHEAST U.S. IN 1540. IN 1685 THEY CAME TO A SUDDEN END. THEY LIKELY JOINED THE CATAWBA. OPINIONS DIFFER ON THEIR ETHNIC ORIGIN. THEIR HUTS WERE COVERED WITH WOVEN MATS. THEIR TEMPLE WAS ABOUT 250 FEET LONG AND 100' WIDE AND DECORATED INSIDE OR OUTSIDE WITH SHELLS. THEIR CHIEFS AND RELATIVES ONCE DECEASED WERE PLACED IN WOODEN VAULTS IN THE TEMPLE.
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CROATAN INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THESE INDIANS ARE MIXED INDIAN AND WHITE AND BLACK WHO LIVED IN THE EAST PART OF SOUTH CAROLINA. THEIR POPULATION WAS 5000. THEY WERE CLASSIFIED AS FREE NEGROES.
TWENTY YEARS AGO THEY WERE GIVEN NINE SEPARATE LEGAL EXISTENCE AND THE TITLE OF CROATAN INDIANS. THEY HAVE SEPARATE SCHOOL PRIVILEGES, NOT GIVEN TO NEGROS.
SIMILAR PEOPLE IN SOUTH CAROLINA ARE DESIGNATED RED BONES. THE MELUNGEONS OR PORTUGUESE ARE AN OFFSHOOT FROM THE CROATAN PROPER.
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TWENTY YEARS AGO THEY WERE GIVEN NINE SEPARATE LEGAL EXISTENCE AND THE TITLE OF CROATAN INDIANS. THEY HAVE SEPARATE SCHOOL PRIVILEGES, NOT GIVEN TO NEGROS.
SIMILAR PEOPLE IN SOUTH CAROLINA ARE DESIGNATED RED BONES. THE MELUNGEONS OR PORTUGUESE ARE AN OFFSHOOT FROM THE CROATAN PROPER.
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COMBAHEE INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE COMBAHEE ARE NOW EXTINCT AND THEY LIVED ON THE LOWER COMBAHEE RIVER IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THEY SPOKE WITH THE MUSKOGEAN LANGUAGE.
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Monday, June 13, 2011
ETAWAN INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE ETAWAN LIVED ON DANIEL ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA AS LONG AS 2500 B.C. SOME ARTIFACTS DATE BACK TO 10,000 YEARS AGO. A 1500 AD VILLAGE HAS BEEN RESEARCHED AND SHOWS THAT THEY HAD VILLAGES WITH REFUSE PITS. THEY FOUND GLASS BEADS USED BY SPANISH, ENGLISH, TO TRADE WITH NATIVE AMERICAN S. POTTERY SHERDS WERE FOUND TO DATE FROM 1400 B.C.
THE ENGLISH ARRIVED IN 1670'S AND THE INDIANS SHARED THE LAND WITH THEM. THEY HAD COME FROM BARBADOS. OTHER ENGLISH BECAME OWNERS 970 ACRES OF THIS ISLAND.
RICE, COTTON, AND INDIGO WERE THE THREE MOST IMPRESSIVE PRODUCTS FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. THEY MADE COTTON, INDIGO, BRICKS, LIME/TIMBER AND SHIPS. TIMBER WAS FIRST EXPORTED. THE PLANTATION HAD SAWMILLS. THEY ALSO MADE BRICKS. IN 1785THEY BUILT A FERRY TO CROSS LOW COUNTRY TIDES.
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THE ENGLISH ARRIVED IN 1670'S AND THE INDIANS SHARED THE LAND WITH THEM. THEY HAD COME FROM BARBADOS. OTHER ENGLISH BECAME OWNERS 970 ACRES OF THIS ISLAND.
RICE, COTTON, AND INDIGO WERE THE THREE MOST IMPRESSIVE PRODUCTS FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. THEY MADE COTTON, INDIGO, BRICKS, LIME/TIMBER AND SHIPS. TIMBER WAS FIRST EXPORTED. THE PLANTATION HAD SAWMILLS. THEY ALSO MADE BRICKS. IN 1785THEY BUILT A FERRY TO CROSS LOW COUNTRY TIDES.
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KEYAUWEE INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE NAME OF KEYAUWEE IS NOT CONNECTED WITH KECOUEE TOWN OF THE CHEROKEE IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THEY APPARENTLY SPOKE SIOUN, BUT NO ONE DOES NOW. THEY WERE NOT A PROMINENT TRIBE. IN 1700 THEY LIVED IN A PALISADED VILLAGE BEYOND UHARIE RIVER AND NEAR DEEP RIVER. IT WAS A BASIN ENCLOSED BY HIGH HILLS. THEY GROW LARGE HILLS OF CORN. THEY HAVE ABOUT AS MANY FOLKS AS THE SAPONI. THEIR CHIEF.WAS A CONGOREE, BUT MARRIED THE QUEEN.THEIR MEN WORE MUSTACHES. THEY CAREFULLY PRESERVED THE BONES TAKEN OUT OF THEIR MEAT. THEY ATE AND AFTERWARD BURNED THEM. THIS GAVE THEM MORE SUCCESS IN HUNTING. THEY JOINED THE TUTELO AND SAPONI FOR GREATER PROTECTION AGAINST THE ENEMIES. IN 1714 750 SOULS OF THE KEYAUWEE, THE SAPONI, THE TUTALO, AND OCCEONEECHI, AND SHOCCOREE MOVED TO A SETTLEMENT NEAR ABLEMARLE SOUND. AROUND 1733 THESE TRIBES MOVED SOUTH WITH THE ENO TO PEEDEE RIVER. THEY MAY HAVE ALL BEEN INCORPORATED INTO THE CATAWBA.
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ENO INDIANS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE ENO ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ADHUSHEE AND SHAKORI IN NORTH CAROLINA IN THE 17TH CENTURY. MOONEY DOUBTS THAT THEY WERE OF SIOUAN STOCK. THEY DISAPPEARED FROM THE AREA ABOUT 1720. AND WERE INCORPORATED WITH THE CATAWBA OR SAPONI. THE ENO AND SHAKORI ARE A GREAT NATION AS YARDLEY DESCRIBED IN THE 1650'S.
THEY WERE NEXT MENTIONED BY LEDERER IN 1672 AS LIVING SOUTH OF OCCANEECHI BY THE ENO RIVER. IN 1701 THE ENO AND SHAKORI WERE LIVING IN A VILLAGE, ADHUSHEER ON THE ENO RIVER. BY 1714 LAWSON INCLUDES THE ENO IN HIS WRITINGS.
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THEY WERE NEXT MENTIONED BY LEDERER IN 1672 AS LIVING SOUTH OF OCCANEECHI BY THE ENO RIVER. IN 1701 THE ENO AND SHAKORI WERE LIVING IN A VILLAGE, ADHUSHEER ON THE ENO RIVER. BY 1714 LAWSON INCLUDES THE ENO IN HIS WRITINGS.
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CHERAW TRIBES IN SOUTH CAROLINA
CHERAW IS AN IMPORTANT TRIBE OF SIOUAN LANGUAGE WHO HAVE LIVED IN CENTRAL CENTRAL SOUTH CAROLINA. BY 1540 THEY WERE MENTIONED MENTIONED BY DE SOTO WHO CALLED THE XUALA, THE CHEROKEE REMEMBERED THEM AS AN ANCIENT TRIBE WHO LIVED BEYOND THE BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAIN. PRIOR TO 1700 THEY SETTLED ON THE DAN RIVER NEAR THE SOUTH LINA OF VIRGINIA. ON A MAP OF 1760 THERE WERE TWO VILLAGES CALLED LOWER SAURA TOWN. AROUND 171O THEY WERE HARASSED BY THE IROQUOIS AND MOVED SOUTHEAST TO THE TO JOIN KEYAUWEE. AT THE CLOSE OF THE YAMASEE WAR THE CHERAW LIVED ON THE UPPER PEE DEE RIVER BETWEEN THE TWO CAROLINAS. IN 1715 THEY HAD 5100 PEOPLE. IN 1726 THEY WERE INCORPORATED WITH THE CATAWBA WITH WHOM THEY HAD AT ONE TIME BEEN AN ENEMY. THE LAST WRITTEN RECORD OF THEM WAS IN 1768 WHEN THERE WERE 50 LIVING WITH THE CATAWBA.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THE PEE DEE BECAME EXTINCT BY 1808. HOWEVER THE WRITER BELIEVES IT IS NOT TRUE SINCE THERE ARE RECORDS THAT SHOW DESCENDANTS FIGHTING IN THE EARLY 1900'S. THE MILITARY RECORDS PROVE THEY ARE NOT EXTINCT. THEY WERE LISTED AS MULLATO, CROATON, AND SOMETIMES AS INDIANS. THE FACT THAT THESE PEOPLE LIVE IN THE SAME LOCATION AS THE PEE DEE ANCESTORS DID SERVES AS PROOF THAT THEY ARE NOT EXTINCT. THEY SAID THEIR TRIBE WAS ALMOST DESTROYED IN 1800 BY DISEASE AND ATTACKED BY WHITES. BY 1830'S THEY BUILT LOG CABINS AND ADOPTED SOME OF THE WHITE MAN'S WAY. THE CHEROKEE WERE REMOVED FROM SOUTH CAROLINA ON A TRAIL OF TEARS.
THE PEE DEE WERE FARMERS, HUNTERS, FISHERMEN, AND GATHERERS. THEY HAD A FIRE CIRCLE CEREMONY WHERE THEY GAVE THANKS TO THE CREATOR FOR EVERY THING HE PROVIDED THEM. VERY FEW OTHER CEREMONIES WERE PERFORMED.
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ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THE PEE DEE BECAME EXTINCT BY 1808. HOWEVER THE WRITER BELIEVES IT IS NOT TRUE SINCE THERE ARE RECORDS THAT SHOW DESCENDANTS FIGHTING IN THE EARLY 1900'S. THE MILITARY RECORDS PROVE THEY ARE NOT EXTINCT. THEY WERE LISTED AS MULLATO, CROATON, AND SOMETIMES AS INDIANS. THE FACT THAT THESE PEOPLE LIVE IN THE SAME LOCATION AS THE PEE DEE ANCESTORS DID SERVES AS PROOF THAT THEY ARE NOT EXTINCT. THEY SAID THEIR TRIBE WAS ALMOST DESTROYED IN 1800 BY DISEASE AND ATTACKED BY WHITES. BY 1830'S THEY BUILT LOG CABINS AND ADOPTED SOME OF THE WHITE MAN'S WAY. THE CHEROKEE WERE REMOVED FROM SOUTH CAROLINA ON A TRAIL OF TEARS.
THE PEE DEE WERE FARMERS, HUNTERS, FISHERMEN, AND GATHERERS. THEY HAD A FIRE CIRCLE CEREMONY WHERE THEY GAVE THANKS TO THE CREATOR FOR EVERY THING HE PROVIDED THEM. VERY FEW OTHER CEREMONIES WERE PERFORMED.
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CHALAKLOWA CHICKASAW IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE CHALAKLOW ARE A REMNANT OF THE CHICKASAW TRIBE THAT AVOIDED THE FORCED REMOVAL DURING THE 1830'S TO WHAT IS NOW OKLAHOMA. SOME MEMBERS AVOIDED AVOIDED TRANSFER BY CONCEALING THEIR NATIVE AMERICAN STATUS AND LIVING AS "SHADOW PEOPLE" FOR SEVERAL GENERATION. THEY HAVE THEIR TRIBAL OFFICE IN INDIANTOWN, SOUTH CAROLINA. CHALAKTOWN MEANS DANCING TURKEY, IN REFERENCE TO TO MATING DANCES OF THE WILD TURKEY.
THROUGH POWWOWS THEY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO PRESERVE THEIR ORAL HISTORY SECRETLY. MANY TRIBES HAVE LOST THEIR ORAL TRADITIONS.
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THROUGH POWWOWS THEY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO PRESERVE THEIR ORAL HISTORY SECRETLY. MANY TRIBES HAVE LOST THEIR ORAL TRADITIONS.
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EDISTOS INDIAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THE EDISTOS LIVED IN RIDGEVILLE AREA AND ARE ALSO CALLED NATCHEZ KUSSO. THESE NATIVE AMERICANS ARE DESCENDANTS OF THE NATCHEZ KUSSO OF THE EDISTO RIVER. IN 1747 FIFTY NATCHEZ LIVED WITH THE UPPER CHEROKEES, AND WERE GRANTED LAND BY THE GOVERNOR. THEY SETTLED FIVE MILES FROM WALLERBORO.
THE LAST PERSON TO SPEAK THE NATCHEZ LANGUAGE WAS AN ELDERLY WOMAN NAMED ALKINI WHO DIED ABOUT 1890. EDISTO NATCHEZ KUSSO IS USED FOR THIS TRIBE, ALTHOUGH EDISTO WAS ADOPTED BY THE TRIBE IN 1970. SIX MILES FROM THEM IS FOUR HALES INDIAN COMMUNITY, WHO BRANCHED FROM CREELTOWN.
ANOTHER COMMUNITY WITH FAMILY TO THE EDISTO INDIANS WAS IN THE VILLAGE OF SUMMERFIELD. THEY HAD SAINT BARNABAS INDIAN MISSION THERE. THEY WERE CALLED SUMMERFIELD INDIANS.
AT SAINT BARNABAS INDIAN MISSION A SUNDAY SCHOOL WAS FOUNDED, THEN A DAY SCHOOL AND A CHAPEL. EARLY SERVICES WERE HELD IN A GRANDMOTHER'S HOME. THE CHAPEL WAS COMPLETED IN 1891. THE CHURCH WAS USED BY THE INDIANS FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS.
BY THE 1920'S A SCHOOL WAS STATE SUPPORTED. THERE WERE AT LEAST FOUR INDIAN SCHOOLS ALONG THE MAIN HIGHWAY. ABOUT 50 NATCHEZ FOLKS MOVED EAST IN THE EARLY 1700'S. IN 1747 THEY WANTED STATE RECOGNITION AS SETTLEMENT INDIANS.
THE FAMILY NAME IS CREEL ORIGINALLY. IT IS CALLED CREELTOWN ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF EDISTO RIVER. IN THE 40'S A SCHOOL WAS BUILT . THEIR TRIBAL COUNCIL HELPS GUIDE THEIR PROGRAMS AND SUPPORT THEIR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY.
TODAY THEY HAVE OVER 800 PEOPLE AND ARE LIVING IN MULTIPLE COMMUNITIES. THEY HOLD A CULTURAL FESTIVAL ANNUALLY. THEY HAVE YOUNG DANCERS AND DRUMMERS. THEY HAVE BUILT A HEALTH FACILITY AND ARE ASKING FOR FEDERAL MONIES.
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THE LAST PERSON TO SPEAK THE NATCHEZ LANGUAGE WAS AN ELDERLY WOMAN NAMED ALKINI WHO DIED ABOUT 1890. EDISTO NATCHEZ KUSSO IS USED FOR THIS TRIBE, ALTHOUGH EDISTO WAS ADOPTED BY THE TRIBE IN 1970. SIX MILES FROM THEM IS FOUR HALES INDIAN COMMUNITY, WHO BRANCHED FROM CREELTOWN.
ANOTHER COMMUNITY WITH FAMILY TO THE EDISTO INDIANS WAS IN THE VILLAGE OF SUMMERFIELD. THEY HAD SAINT BARNABAS INDIAN MISSION THERE. THEY WERE CALLED SUMMERFIELD INDIANS.
AT SAINT BARNABAS INDIAN MISSION A SUNDAY SCHOOL WAS FOUNDED, THEN A DAY SCHOOL AND A CHAPEL. EARLY SERVICES WERE HELD IN A GRANDMOTHER'S HOME. THE CHAPEL WAS COMPLETED IN 1891. THE CHURCH WAS USED BY THE INDIANS FOR MORE THAN 60 YEARS.
BY THE 1920'S A SCHOOL WAS STATE SUPPORTED. THERE WERE AT LEAST FOUR INDIAN SCHOOLS ALONG THE MAIN HIGHWAY. ABOUT 50 NATCHEZ FOLKS MOVED EAST IN THE EARLY 1700'S. IN 1747 THEY WANTED STATE RECOGNITION AS SETTLEMENT INDIANS.
THE FAMILY NAME IS CREEL ORIGINALLY. IT IS CALLED CREELTOWN ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF EDISTO RIVER. IN THE 40'S A SCHOOL WAS BUILT . THEIR TRIBAL COUNCIL HELPS GUIDE THEIR PROGRAMS AND SUPPORT THEIR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY.
TODAY THEY HAVE OVER 800 PEOPLE AND ARE LIVING IN MULTIPLE COMMUNITIES. THEY HOLD A CULTURAL FESTIVAL ANNUALLY. THEY HAVE YOUNG DANCERS AND DRUMMERS. THEY HAVE BUILT A HEALTH FACILITY AND ARE ASKING FOR FEDERAL MONIES.
SCIINDIGENOUSGALLERY
KIAWAH INDIAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THESE INDIANS WERE PART OF THE CUSABO TRIBE WITH MUSKOGEAN LANGUAGE. THEY ARE NOW EXTINCT. THEY LIVED ON LOWER ASHLEY RIVER IN CHARLESTON COUNTY.. THEY FARMED VARIOUS CROPS, THEY FISHED FOR OCEAN AND RIVER FISH, AND HUNTED NUMEROUS MAMMALS.
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Friday, June 10, 2011
CHALALOWA INDIANS
THE CHALAKLOW AREA REMNANT OF THE CHICKASAWTRIBE THAT AVOIDED THE FORCED REMOVAL DURING THE 1830'S TO WHAT IS NOW OKLAHOMA. SOME MEMBERS AVOIDED TRANSFER BY CONCEALINGTHEIR NATIVE AMERICAN AMERICAN STTAUS AND LIVED AS THE SHAWDOW PEOPLE FOR SEVERAL GENERATIONS UNTIL LEGAL DESCRIMINATION ENDED IN 20005. THEY HAVE THEIR TRIBAL OFFICE IN INDIANTOWN, SC. CHALAKLOWA TOWN MEANS DANCING TURKEY, IN REFERENCE TO MATING DANCE OF THE WILD TURKEY.
THROUGH POWOWS THEY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO PRESERVE THEIR ORAL HISTORY THEY HELD SECRETLY. MANY TRIBES HAVE LOST THEIR TRADITIONS.
THROUGH POWOWS THEY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO PRESERVE THEIR ORAL HISTORY THEY HELD SECRETLY. MANY TRIBES HAVE LOST THEIR TRADITIONS.
BOCHICKET TRIBE
THIS TRIBE MET THE EUROPEANS IN 1600'S. BY THIS TIME THEY WERE AGRARIAN TRIBES AND SPOKE SIOUAN LANGUAGES. THEY LIVED ON JAMES AND JOHN'S ISLANDS. THEIR IS A RIDGE NAMED FROM THESE INDIANS. THE INDIANS HAD A BRIEF PERIOD OF GOOD RELATIONS. THEIR NEIGHBORS, THE STONE TRIBE, BEGAN HUNTING THE SETTLERS. THE SETTLERS KILLED SOME OF THE INDIANS. THEY TRIED TO FIGHT BACK BUT WERE DEFEATED AND THEIR CAPTIVES WERE SHIPPED TO THE WEST INDIES TO BE SOLD AS SLAVES. THEY HUNTED THE SETTLERS' DOMESTICATED
ANIMALS - PIGS, TURKEYS, GEESE, ETC.
THE STONE AND BOCHICKET TRIBES WERE PART OF THE CUSABO GROUP. THE BOHICKET WERE TO BE A LOOKOUT ON JONES ISLAND AS THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY TOLD THEM IN 1700. THIS IS THE LAST MENTION OF THIS TRIBE. THERE ARE NO EXTENSIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE RECORDED. HOWEVER, THEY PROBABLY LIVED IN ROUND HOUSES COVERED WITH CYPRESS AND CEDAR BARK. THEIR VILLAGE HAD A LARGER STRUCTURE FOR MEETINGS AND CEREMONIALS. THEY PROBABLY PLANT CORN, BEANS SUGAR, AND MELONS. THEY SOMETIMES HAD FEMALE CHIEFS.
NATIONAL REGISTERSC-GOV
ANIMALS - PIGS, TURKEYS, GEESE, ETC.
THE STONE AND BOCHICKET TRIBES WERE PART OF THE CUSABO GROUP. THE BOHICKET WERE TO BE A LOOKOUT ON JONES ISLAND AS THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY TOLD THEM IN 1700. THIS IS THE LAST MENTION OF THIS TRIBE. THERE ARE NO EXTENSIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE RECORDED. HOWEVER, THEY PROBABLY LIVED IN ROUND HOUSES COVERED WITH CYPRESS AND CEDAR BARK. THEIR VILLAGE HAD A LARGER STRUCTURE FOR MEETINGS AND CEREMONIALS. THEY PROBABLY PLANT CORN, BEANS SUGAR, AND MELONS. THEY SOMETIMES HAD FEMALE CHIEFS.
NATIONAL REGISTERSC-GOV
ASHEPOO IN SOUTH CAROLINA
THIS TRIBE LIVED ALONG THE ASHEPOO RIVER IN THE SWAMPS SOUTH OF WATERBORO. THESE WATERS FORM THE ASHEPOO BASIN A COASTAL CONSERVATION AREA WHERE THIS TRIBE FISHED AND HUNTED THEY ARE A SUBTRIBE OF THE CUSABO INDIANS. THEY ARE NOW EXTINCT.
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