Friday, July 29, 2011

SHOSHONI INDIANS IN WYOMING

THESE FOLKS ARE A NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBE IN THE U.S. WITH THREE DIVISIONS. THEY SPOKE SHOSHONI A PART OF THE UTO AZTECAN FAMILY. THEY WERE ALSO SNAKE INDIANS AND WERE IN EASTERN IDAHO, WESTERN WYOMING, AND NORTHEAST UTAH.

THE EASTERN SHOSHONI LIVED IN WYOMING , COLORADO AND MONTANA. THEY WERE PRESSURED FROM OTHER NATIVE AMERICANS TO MOVE AS FAR SOUTH AS TEXAS TO BECOME COMMANCHE.

THE OTHER GROUPS WERE SHEEP HERDERS AND SOME ATE CATTAILS. THEY HAVE A FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED RESERVATION AT FURNACE CREEK, CA. THEY HAVE CONTINUED TO LIVE IN OWENS VALLEY -SHOSHONI PAIUTE.

THE SHOSHONI AROSE OUT OF VARIOUS CULTURES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WHO HAD LIVED HERE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS. CHIEF POCATELLA FOUGHT DURING THE 1860'S WITH SETTLERS IN IDAHO. MORE SETTLERS CAME TO THE BEAR RIVER MASACRE WHEN U.S. FORCES TRAPPED AND KILLED 500 SHOSHONI. THIS WAS THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF DEATH S SUFFERED BY THE SHOSHONI. IN 2008 THE NORTHWEST SHOSHONI ACQUIRED THE SITE OF THIS MASSACRE AND MADE IT AS A MEMORIAL TO RENEW THEIR TRIBE. BY 200 THERE WERE 12,000 SHOSHONI.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

A MEXICAN SUMMER

ONE SUMMER WHEN I WAS 18 I WENT TO TRAVEL AND TOUR THROUGH MEXICO AND ENDED UP GOING TO AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUMMER SCHOOL WITH THE SCHOOL OF AMERICAS NEAR CHOLULA I MET SOME MID AGED LADIES FROM NEW YORK CITY ON THE WEEKENDS WE WENT TO VISIT A NEAT OUT OF THE WAY TOWN IN CENTRAL MEXICO, ATOP A MOUNTAIN VISTA. THE MEXICANS WERE DRESSED IN ALL WHITE EXCEPT FOR THEIR BELTS. THEY WOVE THEIR BELTS OF WOOL AND THEY WERE OF DIFFERENT COLORS. WE RODE THERE ON THE BACK OF AN OPEN TRUCK FILLED WITH PIGS AND ABOUT FIVE OTHER PASSENGERS.

ONCE HERE WE STAYED IN A NEAT HOTEL OVERNIGHT. WE TOURED THE CATHOLIC CHURCH THAT WAS SO HUGE FOR THIS SMALL TOWN. THE MARKET PLACE WAS THE BIG ATTRACTION ON MOST DAYS AND WAS OCCUPIED AND FILLED WITH ACTION AND ALL KINDS OF FOODS AND HERBS.

IT WAS A FUN TRIP. ONE NIGHT THEY HAD AN EVENT WHERE THEY HAD MEN LEAP DOWN FROM A TALL POLE WITH A ROPE AND SWUNG AROUND IN A CIRCLE. THIS WAS AN INTERESTING TOWN, AND I DON'T REMEMBER THE NAME OF IT.

GRAND PORTAGE INDIANS IN MINNESOTA

THIS RESERVATION IS LOCATED IN COOK COUNTY NEAR THE NORTHEASTERN PART OF THE STATE. THE COMMUNITY WAS CONSIDERED PART OF AN 1854 TREATY. THEY ARE ON A RESERVATION WITH 557 FOLKS WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF 1,100.

THEY OPERATE A CASINO, AND A LODGE. IN 2000 MINNESOTA RETURNED OWNERSHIP OF THE 300 ACRE GRAND PORTAGE STATE PARK TO THEM. THEY ARE DESCENDANTS OF NORTHERN DIVISION OF THE TRIBE WHO MIGRATED SEVERAL CENTURIES AGO FROM THE ATLANTIC REGION. GRAND PORTAGE IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST OJIBWA SITES IN MINNESOTA. IT WAS A CENTER FOR THE FUR TRADE. BY 1763 THE BRITISH NORTHWEST TOOK OVER AND BUILT A LARGE BUILDING CALLED FORT CHARLOTTE.

THE INDIANS WHO LIVED HERE WERE SKILLED TRAPPERS AND PROVIDED TRADERS WITH HIGH QUALITY FURS. THEY TAUGHT TRADERS HOW TO MAKE AND REPAIR CANOES, AND SUPPLIED THEM WITH DEER, MOOSE, AND WILD RICE. THEY HAD HEREDITARY CHIEFS WHO WERE GOOD WITH DEALING WITH A NUMBER OF OUTSIDERS.

AFTER THE 1812 WAR AMERICANS TOOK OVER THE BRITISH TERRITORIES. BY 1854 THE U,S, CEDED MUCH OF THEIR LANDS. THEY SET ASIDE TWO SMALL RESERVATIONS. BY 1856 THEY BUILT PERMANENT HOUSES IN GRAND PORTAGE VILLAGE ABOUT 1856.

IN 1887 AND 1889 SPECULATORS COULD GRAB LARGE PORTIONS OF RESIDENTIAL LAND. IN 1934 THE INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT HAD THE GRAND PORTAGE JOIN THE MINNESOTA CHIPPEWA TRIBE. THEY HAD NEW LEADERSHIP AND BOUGHT BACK SOME OF THE LAND.

DURING THE DEPRESSION, THESE MEN WORKED ON CCC PROJECTS AND ON EXCAVATION PROJECTS AROUND THE OLD STOCKADE, AND IN LOGGING CAMPS. IN 1960 THEY NEGOTIATED WITH HOTEL CORPORATION TO BUILD A CASINO,LODGE AND A RADISSON HOTEL.

WIKIPEDIA.COM
GRANDEPORTAGE.COM

SONOMA COUNTY FAIR

LAST NIGHT TO THE COUNTY FAIR AND IT WAS COLD. PEOPLE WERE DRESSED LIKE IT WAS 80 DEGREES BUT IT WAS ONLY 50 DEGREES. ANYWAY I KEPT WALKING AROUND TO KEEP WARM. I WENT TO SEE THE FARM ANIMALS AND PET THE SMALL SHEEP, LLAMAS, AND DEER IN A PETTING ZOO. I STOPPED AT THE SHEEP CONTEST WHERE THERE WERE GIRLS DRESSED IN NICE CLOTHES WHO HAD SHOWN THEIR SHEEP AND THEY ALL GOT SOME KIND OF REWARDS. I ALSO STOPPED TO HEAR THE COUNTRY WESTERN MUSIC AND THEY GAVE ONE MUSICIAN AN AWARD FOR THE BEST SINGER. HE WAS OVER COME WITH THE ANNOUNCEMENT.

I WENT TO THE HALL OF FLOWERS AND MET A FIJIAN WOMAN THERE. THE THEME WAS FOUNTAINS. ONE EXHIBIT WAS ABOUT "ALICE IN WONDERLAND" AND ONE EXHIBIT HAD WATER SPOUTING OUT OF TEA CUPS AND TEAPOTS. ANOTHER INTERESTING EXHIBIT WAS A LARGE FOUNTAIN WITH BACKGROUND MOSAICS OF MEXICAN DESIGN. ABOUT ONE HALF OF THE PEOPLE THERE WERE HISPANICS.

I AGAIN WAS AMAZED AT SEEING THE SAME TOOTHPICK SCULPTURE THAT WAS THERE TWO YEARS AGO. IT WAS MADE BY A MAN WHO WORKS AT A GROCERY. IT IS ABOUT A 7' X 4' SCULPTURE OF SAN FRANCISCO'S VARIOUS SPECIAL BUILDINGS - THE GOLDEN GATE GATE BRIDGE, THE OAKLAND BRIDGE, COIT TOWER, CHINATOWN, CHINESE JUNKS, SOME HISTORIC SHIPS, A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CITY, CLIFF HOUSE, AND SEVERAL TROLLEYS. THE INTERESTING THING ABOUT THIS SCULPTURE WAS THAT IT WAS BUILT WITHOUT AN OVER ALL DESIGN AND HE MADE A ROLLER COASTER FOR A SMALL SET OF PING PONG BALLS TO ROLL AROUND IT! IT IS VERY UNUSUAL. A MAN WHO HAD LIVED IN SAN FRANCISCO EXPLAINED IT TO PEOPLE.

Thursday, July 28, 2011

UTE TRIBE IN WYOMING.

UTE ARE AN IMPORTANT DIVISION OF SHOSHONEANS. THERE ARE TWO UTE TRIBES. ONE IS NON ALGONQUIAN WHILE THE OTHER IS ANISHINABE. THEIR LAND LOOKED LIKE THE GREAT BASIS. AS IT TURNED OUT THE ANISHINABE NATION OVERTOOK THE UTES IN EARLY 1600'S. THE WHITES WHO CAME DID NOT LIKE THIS AREA. SOME OF THE INDIANS JOINED THE WHITES TO HELP THEM DESTROY NATIVE AMERICANS. AFTER THIS MANY SMALLER RESERVATIONS WERE SET ASIDE FOR THE ANISHINABE AND BANNOCK IN 1887. MOST LATER MOVED TO CALIFORNIA AND COLORADO.

ANISHINABE-HISTORY.COM
ACCESSGENEOLOGY.COM

BOISE TRIBE IN MINNESOTA

BOISE FORT TRIBE SPEAK OJIBWA AND THEIR NAME MEANS "MEN OF THICK FIR WOOD". THEY LIVE NEAR CANADA. THEY LIVE ON A RESERVATION THE LARGEST IN MINNESOTA. THEY ARE ONE OF SIX MEMBERS OF THE MIAMI CHIPPEWA. IN 2007 THEY HAD 300 PEOPLE. IN 1866 THEY ENTERED INTO A TREATY WITH THE U.S. TO FORM ONE BAND INSTEAD OF THREE HISTORIC BANDS

THE BAND OPERATES THE NETT LAKE WILD RICE COOPERATIVE. THEY OWN AND OPERATE A CAR WASH PRODUCTS FIRM, AND A RADIO STATION.

WKIPEDIA.COM

FOND DU LAC INDIANS ARE IN MINNESOTA

THE FOND DU LAC MEANS "WHERE THE CURRENT IS BLOCKED" IN OJIBWA LANGUAGE. THEIR RESERVATION IS IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA. THEIR TRIBE CEDED LAND AS PART OF AN 1837 TREATY ALONG WITH OTHER BANDS. THEY CEDED LAND IN 1842 AND 1854.

ANCESTORS OF THE CHUPE HAVE RESIDED HERE AT LAST FROM 800 A.D. THEY SPEAK ALGONQUIN. EUROPEANS GRADUALLY CONTROLLED SOME OF THEIR TERRITORY. THE FIRST RECORDED CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS CAME IN 1622 WHEN ELIENNE BRULE MET WITH THE CHIPPEWA. THEY WERE A HUNTER/GATHERER CULTURE THAT FISHEDIN THE LAKES AND RIVERS IN THE SUMMER TIME. THEY HUNTED IN THE WINTER. IN SPRING TIME THEY COLLECTED MAPLE SYRUP AND IT WAS BOILED DOWN TO SUGAR. IN AUTUMN FAMILIES GATHERED TO COLLECT WILD RICE . THEIR LIFESTYLE WAS INFLUENCED BY SEASONAL ACTIVITIES. THE CHIPPEWA WERE ISOLATED TO FAMILY GROUPS IN WINTER AND HIGHLY SOCIAL IN SUMMER OR SPRING. TRIBAL AFFILIATIONS WERE DEVELOPED THROUGH RITUAL S AND COMMUNAL ACTIVITIES. BANDS WERE RECOGNIZED AS CHIEFS. THE CLAN SYMBOL ONCE FIGURED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE CULTURE. CLAN IDENTITY WAS PASSED THE FATHER TO HIS CHILDREN. EACH CLAN HAD A SPECIAL ANIMAL IN REVERENCE. MARRIAGE WAS ONLY OUTSIDE OF CLANS.

PROLONGED CONTACT WITH EUROPEAN TRADERS CHANGED THEIR NOMADIC LIFESTYLE OF THE CHIPPEWA. MANY CUSTOMS WERE LOST DURING GENERATIONS . TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PERSISTED SUCCESSFULLY. THE FRENCH GOT ALONG WELL WITH THE FOND DU LAC. SOME FRENCH MARRIED NATIVE WOMEN AND LEARNED THEIR LANGUAGE.

IN THE 1760'S THE ENGLISH DROVE THE FRENCH AWAY FROM THE CHIPPEWA LAND. THE TREATIES FORCED THE NATIVES TO LIVE NONINDIAN LIFESTYLES AND VALUES. THE BANDS OF LAKE SUPERIOR AND MINNISOTA CHIPPEWA CEDED APPROXIMATELY .......???

IN 1997 THEY BUILT A TRIBAL BUILDING FOR SPORTS, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AND A COMMUNITY CENTER. THEY HAVE A NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DIVISION AND A HEALTH CLINIC. THEY HAVE FOUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND A COMMUNITY COLLEGE. THEY OPERATE TWO CASINOS AND A HOTEL.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

WHITE EARTH RESERVATION IN MINNESOTA

WHERE THERE IS WHITE CLAY WHERE THERE IS WHITE CLAY IS THE HOME OF THE WHITE EARTH NATION IN NORTHWEST MINNESOTA. IT IS THE LARGEST INDIAN RESERVATION IN THAT STATE. ITT IS ABOUT 225 MILES BY 65 MILES. SOME FOLKS CALL THEMSELVES ANNISHINABE, INSTEAD OF CHIPPEWA. THEY HAD ABOUT 9000 FOLKS IN 2000.

THE RESERVATION WAS CREATED IN 1867 AND THERIR CHIEFS MET IN WASHINGTON DC TO NEGOTIATE THE TREATY. EVENTUALLY MUCH OF THEIR LAND WAS TRANSFERRED TO THE U.S. GOVERNMENT. ONLY 10TH OF THE RESERVATION LAND IS OWNED BY TRIBAL MEMBERS. THEY OPERATED A CASINO AND A HOTEL.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

RED LAKE RESERVATION IN MINNESOTA

RED ROCK COVERS 1,258 SQUARE MILES IN PARTS OF NINE COUNTIES. RED LAKE IS THE LARGEST LAKE IN MINNESOTA. THE NORTHWEST ANGLE LAKE OF THE WOODS COUNTY HAS NO PERMANENT RESIDENTS THE RED LAKE RESERVATION HAS THE MOST POPULOUS RESERVATION IN THE STATE WITH ABOUT 5000 RESIDENTS.

THE RED LAKE INDIANS ARE ALLIED WITH THE PEMBINA OF CHIPPEWA INDIANS. THEY ARE VERY ISOLATED TRIBES AND JOURNALISTS ARE BARRED FROM ENTERING HERE. 60% OF THE POPULATION IS UNDER 18 YEARS OLD. THEY HAVE THREE CASINOS. CRIME AND POVERTY ARE ISSUES HERE. THEIR INDUSTRIES ARE LOGGING AND COMMERCIAL FISHING. THEY RECEIVE 50 TO 60 MILLION EACH YEAR FROM FEDERAL SUBSIDIES.

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RED LAKE COVERS 1,258 SQUARE MILES IN PARTS OF NINE COUNTIES. RED LAKE IS THE LARGEST LAKE IN MINNESOTA. THE NORTHWEST ANGLE LAKE IS IN MINNESOTA AND HAS NO PERMANENT RESIDENTS. RED LAKE RESERVATION HAS THE MOST POPULOUS RESIDENTS IN THE STATE, OR ABOUT 5000 RESIDENTS.

THE RED LAKE INDIANS ARE ALLIED WITH PEM

MILLE LACS BAND IN MINNESOTA

TODAY THEY HAVE ABOUT 4000 FOLKS AND A SEPARATE RESERVATION WITH 9 COMMUNITIES. THEY HAVE EIGHT DOODEM TYPES WHICH ARE LIKE CLAMS. IN THE 1930'S THE MILLE LACS BAND BECAME PART OF CHIPPEWA TRIBE. IN 1922 THEY CONSOLIDATED TO FORM THE CHIPPEWA AGENCY.

THE MILLE LACS OPERATE TWO CASINOS THEY HAVE SEVERAL OTHER BUSINESSES. SINCE THE EARLY 1990'S USING THE GENERAL REVENUE THE TRIBE HAS TO INVEST IN THEIR FUTURE. THEY HAVE A NATURAL RESOURCES DEPARTMENT AND A PUBLIC HEALTH CLINIC.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

Monday, July 25, 2011

OMAHA INDIANS IN NEBRASKA

THE OMAHA LIVE ON OMAHA RESERVATION IN NORTHEAST NEBRASKA AND WESTERN IOWA. THEY LIVE IN NORTHEAST CUMMING COUNTY, NEBRASKA AND WESTERN IOWA. THEIR LAND AREAS IS IS 796 KILOMETERS. IN 2000 THEY HAD ABOUT 6000 FOLKS. THEIR BIG VILLAGE IS CALLED TONWA TONGA. THEY SPEAK A SIOUAN LANGUAGE VERY SIMILAR TO THE PONKA BAY. THE PONKA BAY . THE PONKA WERE ONCE PART OF THE OMAHA BEFOE SPLINTERING OFF INTO A SEPARATE TRIBE IN THE MID 18TH CENTURY.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

PAWNEE INDIANS ARE IN NEBRASKA

THE PAWNEE ARE A CADDOAN SPEAKING GROUP THAT HAS HISTORICALLY LIVED ON THE MISSOURI RIVER, KANSAS, AND NEBRASKA. THEY WERE ONE OF THE DOMINANT TRIBES OF THE GREAT PLAINS AND FOLLOWED A WAY OF LIFE SINCE 1250 A.D. IN 1830'S THEY STILL HAD 12,000 FOLKS, AND SOME ESCAPED EXPOSURE TO EUROPEAN DISEASES.

THEY HAVE A RITUAL CALLED TRAIL OF TEARS FROM NEBRASKA TO OKLAHOMA WHERE THEY WERE EXILED. BY 1859 THEIR POPULATION WAS ONLY 3400 AS THEY HAD A RESERVATION IN NEBRASKA. THEY WERE PRESSURED FROM LAKOTA AND EUROPEANS SO THEY MOVED TO OKLAHOMA RESERVATION BY LATE 1800'S. TODAY THEIR TRIBE IS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED. THEIR NAME MEANS "MEN OF MEN". THEY ARE HEADQUARTERED IN PAWNEE , OKLAHOMA.

THEY HAD TWO LARGE GROUPINGS. THE NORTH BAND WAS MOST POPULOUS WHILE THE SOUTH BAND WAS POLITICAL. BOTH ARE AUTONOMOUS. BECAUSE OF OUTSIDE PRESSURES THE PAWNEE DREW CLOSER. THEY HAD OVER 10 VILLAGES IN THE NORTH BAND, AND 5 VILLAGES IN THE SOUTH BAND. IN 1870'S THEY BUILT LODGES NEAR GENOA, NEBRASKA. THEY HAD A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE WITH SEASONAL HUNTING AND HAD BEEN ESTABLISHED HERE VERY LONG. ARCHAEOLOGISTS DATE SITES FOR NEARLY 700 YEARS. THEY SETTLED CLOSE TO RIVERS AND PLACED THEIR EARTH LODGES IN A RECTANGULAR AND LATER CIRCULAR SHAPE. THE FRAME OF 15 POSTS WAS THE CENTRAL ROOM OF THE LODGE. THEY PAINTED FOUR POLES TO REPRESENT THE FOUR DIRECTIONS AND FOUR STAR GODS. THE SECOND OUTER RING OF POLES OUTLINED THE LODGE. HORIZONTAL BEAMS LINKED THE POSTS TOGETHER. THEN IT WAS COVERED WITH THATCH THEN EARTH, THE DOOR WAS FACING EAST AND THEY PUT A HOLE IN THE CENTER OF THE ROOF FOR A CHIMNEY. THEY USED A BUFFALO SKIN DOOR ON THE INTERIOR ROOM. A BUFFALO SKULL WITH HORNS WAS DISPLAYED INSIDE. THIS WAS GREAT MEDICINE. MATS WERE HUNG WHICH DIVIDED SMALL ROOMS. IT WAS SEMI SUBTERRANEAN. CHILDREN PLAYED ON TOP OF THEM.

THIRTY TO FIFTY PEOPLE MIGHT LIVE IN THE LODGE (RELATED FAMILIES). ONE VILLAGE MAY HAVE 300 TO 500 PEOPLE AND 10 HOUSEHOLDS. EACH LODGE HAD TWO HEADS. EACH OF THE SECTIONS WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE DUPLICATE AREAS, RELATED TO THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED HERE. THE TRIBE WENT ON BUFFALO HUNTS IN SUMMER AND WINTER. MEN WERE MORE TRANSIENT THAN WOMEN. THEY HAD OBLIGATIONS OF SUPPORT FOR THE WOMEN, BUT COULD GO BACK TO THEIR MOMS OR SISTER'S FOR A NIGHT OR TWO.

THEY ARE MATRILINEAL. A COUPLE MOVED IN WITH THE BRIDE'S PARENTS LODGING. THEY WORKED COLLABORATIVELY WITH INDEPENDENCE AND COOPERATION.

MATURE WOMEN DID MOST OF THE LABOR. SINGLE WOMEN LEARNED THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES, AND OLDER WOMEN LOOKED AFTER CHILDREN. POLITICAL DESIGNATIONS FOR MEN ARE - WARRIOR CHIEF CLIQUE, AND HUNTING CLIQUE. WOMEN MADE TRADE AND MADE SOCIAL DECISIONS. MEN DECIDED REGARDING HUNTING JOURNEYS, WAR, AND SPIRITUAL ISSUES. MEN MOVED BETWEEN LODGES AND TOOK MULTIPLE SEX PARTNERS IN SERIAL MARRIAGES.

WOMEN WERE SKILLED HORTICULTURALISTS AND COOKS, CULTIVATED AND PROCESSED 10 TYPES OF CORN, PUMPKINS, SQUASH AND BEANS. THEIR CROPS WERE ALONG THE FERTILE RIVER BOTTOMS. WOMEN PLANTED HOLY CORN FOR SACRED BUNDLES. SEEDS WERE COLLECTED FOR SACRED BUNDLES FOR SPRING PLANTING. THE CYCLE OF THE CORN DETERMINED THE ANNUAL AGRICULTURAL CYCLE WITH SPRING PLANTING RITUALS AND FALL HARVEST RITUALS. THEY CLASSIFIED CORN INTO BLACK, SPOTTED, WHITE AND YELLOW AND RED RELATED TO THE FOUR CARDINAL DIRECTIONS. WOMEN KEPT THE STRAINS PURE IN CULTIVATION. SQUASH AND BEANS DID NOT HAVE THE SAME SPIRITUAL CONNECTION.

AFTER THE LATE 1600'S THEY GOT HORSES AND EXPANDED THEIR BUFFALO HUNTING SEASON AND RANGE. THEY COULD TRAVEL OVER 500 MILES. TO HUNT A BUFFALO THE MEDICINE MEN DECIDED WHEN THEY WOULD APPROACH A BUFFALO. THE WARRIORS HAD TO GIVE A SIGNAL ONE ARROW IN THE RIGHT SPOT WOULD BY THE HEART COULD KILL A BUFFALO. SOME TIMES THEY SHOT 5 AT A TIME. THEY KILLED YOUNG BULLS AND COWS AS THEY TASTED BETTER.

THEY CUT UP THE MEAT AND SKINNED THE BUFFALO AND THE WOMEN AT THE VILLAGE PROCESSED THE MEAT INTO STRIP AND DRIED IT ON POLES OVER COALS. IT WAS USABLE FOR SEVERAL YEARS. THEY HUNTED OTHER GAME AS WELL.

THEIR RELIGION WAS NATURE BASED. MEDICINE MEN CREATED SACRED BUNDLES OF CORN. THE CEREMONIES WERE CONDUCTED TO MAINTAIN A BALANCE WITH NATURE AND THE SPIRITS. THE PAWNEE WERE PARTICIPANTS IN THE GHOST DANCE IN THE 1890'S. THEY BELIEVED THE FIRST WOMAN WAS BORN FROM MORNING AND EVENING STAR. THE FIRST MAN WAS BORN FROM MOON AND SUN WHEN THEY UNITED. COSMOLOGY PLAYED AN INTEGRAL ROLE IN DAILY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE. THEY USED THE STARS FOR THEIR CALENDAR AND SACRIFICIAL MAIZE.

THEY BELIEVED THAT THEY NEEDED TO SACRIFICE A CHILD FOR ENSURING FERTILITY UNTIL 1830'S. THEY CAPTURED A GIRL FROM ANOTHER TRIBE. THEY HAD PRESSURE NOT TO SACRIFICE CHILDREN ANYMORE FROM SETTLERS SO THEY ENDED IT. THE PAWNEE WERE MASTERS AT UNITY AND MADE TREATIES WITH THE ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND SPANISH.

BY 1975 MOST MEMBERS MOVED TO INDIAN TERRITORY BY 1875 IN OKLAHOMA. THE WARRIORS RESISTED THE LOSS OF CULTURE ONCE THEY MOVED TO A RESERVATION.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING

YESTERDAY I WENT TO THE CHURCH AND THE TOPIC WAS WHOM DO YOU RESPECT. REVEREND EDWARD SPOKE HOW TO TREAT OTHERS AS YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE TREATED. THEN SAY I KNOW YOU CAN BE YOUR BEST THAT YOU CAN.HE SPOKE ABOUT PEOPLE OF ALL TYPES WHO ARE HELPING IN THE CHURCH - THE YOUTH ARE VISITING THE ELDERS IN NURSING HOMES AND HE GOT A LETTER FROM BOTH THE YOUNG PERSON SAYING IT WAS A GREAT EXPERIENCE, AND HE GOT A LETTER FROM THE ELDER SAYING IT WAS ONE OF THEIR BEST EXPERIENCES TOO.

THIS CHURCH ALWAYS HAS VERY GOOD GUITAR AND BAND PLAYERS AND THEY INVITE ANYONE TO ENJOY THE SPIRIT OF GOOD FRIENDS AND HAPPINESS.

Friday, July 22, 2011

CAHINNIO INDIANS IN ARKANSAS

THESE FOLKS WERE PART OF THE CADDO CONFEDERACY. BY 1687 A FRENCH EXPLORER SAW THEM AT RED RIVER IN SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS. THEY WERE POSSIBLY MORE ALLIED TO THEIR NORTHERN TRIBE THAN TO THE OTHER SOUTHERN TRIBES. FRENCH EXPLORER HENRI JOUTEL TRAVELED WITH LA SALLE AND THE CAHINNIO PRESENTED THEM WITH TWO LOAVES OF CORN BREAD.

BY THE 1700'S THEY MOVED NORTHWEST TO HAVE NEW SOURCEES OF SALT AND HORSES. THEY SETTLED ALONG THE SOUTHERN BANKS OF THE OUCCHITA RIVER AND SIGNED A PEACE TREAY WITH THE FRENCH. BY 1763 THEY WERE ON THE UPPER ARKANSAS RIVER NEAR THERE OLD ALLIES. THE MENTOS. BY THE 18TH CENTURY THEY WERE EXTINCT AS A TRIBE.

ACCESSGENEOLOGY.COM

CHICKEN SOUP FOR THE MOTHER'S SOUL

IN ONE STORY ONE MOTHER'S TEENAGE SON WAS FEELING KIND OF OUTCAST AND DIFFERENT THAN THE OTHER TEENS. I IDENTIFIED WITH THIS MOM. SHE DID NOT SPEAK THAT MUCH TO HIM, SO SHE DECIDED TO GIVE HIM A NOTE UNDER HIS PILLOW THAT SAID HE WAS LOVED BY HER NO MATTER WHAT HAPPENS AND SHE GAVE HIM UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT. SHE WOULD DO THIS THROUGHOUT HIS TEEN YEARS. WHEN HE CAME HOME FROM SCHOOL SOMETIMES HE WOULD LAY DOWN IN HIS BED AND FIND HER NOTE. HE FELT AS IF HE COULD BE MORE RELAXED BECAUSE OF THESE NOTES AND DID NOT FEEL SO OUTCAST. THEY LATER HAD A GOOD COMMUNICATION.

BECAUSE OF THIS ACTION HE DID WELL IN SCHOOL AND AFTER COLLEGE BECAME A COUNSELOR. ONE LADY CAME TO HIM ASKING HOW SHE COULD BETTER RELATE TO HER TEENAGER. HE REMEMBERED THE NOTES UNDER THE PILLOW AND GAVE HER THIS ADVICE. SHE WAS THANKFUL.

CHEROKEE INDIANS IN ARKANSAS

THERE IS A LEGEND AMONG THE CHEROKEE THAT TALKS ABOUT THE DANGEROUS MAN. HIS PEOPLE LIVED IN SOUTHWEST TEXAS AND NOT ARKANSAS. ABOUT 1775 THE CHIKAMONGA DROVE OFF THE FRENCH FROM THE LEAD MINES. THEY HAVE ACCESS TO THE LEAD NEEDED FOR THE WAR. IN 1785 THE CHICKAMONGA CHIEFS SIGNED THE HOPEWELL TREATY THAT YEAR. IT DEMANDED THE CHEROKEE TO COME UNDER NO OTHER SOVEREIGN TERRITORY THAN THE U.S. MANY CHIEFS REFUSED TO GIVE UP THERE OWN SOVEREIGNTY TO BE UNDER THE PROTECTION OF THE U.S. FOR MANY CHEROKEES THIS TREATY WAS UNACCEPTABLE AND THEY CHOSE TO LEAVE THEIR OLD NATIONS.

EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD THIS TREATY THE AMERICANS DID NOT STOP THE SETTLEMENT OF THE LANDS. ONE CHEROKEE, SPRING FROG, LED MANY FAMILIES WEST OF MISSISSIPPI TO ARKANSAS. THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF VOLUNTARY REMOVAL OF CHEROKEE FROM OLD EASTERN LANDS TO ARKANSAS.

THE FIRST DOCUMENTED VILLAGE IN ARKANSAS WAS IN THE YEAR 1785 ON THE WHITE RIVER. HIS BIRTHPLACE CAN BE VISITED TODAY AT SPRING FROG'S CABIN. THE CHEROKEE IN NORTH CAROLINA HAD TO LEAVE DUE TO A MASSIVE EARTHQUAKE AND MOVED TO WHITE RIVER FOR A TIME. THEY LATER MOVED TO THE SOUTH BANKS OF THE ARKANSAS AND LATER TO TEXAS IN 1819. ABOUT 1809 CHIEF TAKATOKA SETTLED 300 CHEROKEE ON THE WHITE RIVER AND OTHERS MOVED TO NORTH CENTRAL. THE SHAWNEE MOVED HERE WITH CHEROKEE AFTER SEVERAL WARS WITH THE WHITES.

AANATIVEARTS.CON

OTTO AND MISSOURI TRIBES

THE OTO TRIBE GAVE NEBRASKA IT'S STATE NAME. IT MEANS FLAT WATER. LIKE MIGRANTS BEFORE THE OTO IMMIGRATED TO CENTRAL PLAINS FROM THE EAST AHEAD OF THE EUROPEANS.

THE EUROPEANS DATE THEM FROM 1600'S. THE OTTO WERE IN CENTRAL IOWA. THEY MOVED TO THE LOWER PLATTE RIVER AND ESTABLISHED VILLAGES NEAR ASHLAND. THEIR REASON FOR MIGRATION IS UNCLEAR.

THE SIOUAN PEOPLE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1`700'S WERE OMAHA. POMOCA, AND OTTO. WHO LIVED ON THE PLATTE RIVER. THEY WERE IN WESTERN SIOUX AREAS LIKE THE LAKOTA AND TETON DAKOTA. THEY WERE NOMADIC. THE OTO LIVED IN PERMANENT VILLAGES AND HAD SEMI ANNUAL HUNTS.

NEBRASKA STUDIES.ORG

CHICKEN SOUP FOR THE MOTHER'S SOUL

WHEN A MOM'S YOUNGEST DAUGHTER OF 10 LOST HER TWO GRANDPARENTS SHE NOTICED THAT SHE NEVER SMILED. SHE WAS WAS A SENSITIVE CHILD AND SHE CALLED IT A DEPRESSION. SHE DIDN'T KNOW WHAT TO DO AND AFTER SHE LEFT FOR SCHOOL. SHE SAT DOWN AND THOUGHT OF A WAY TO GIVE HER A THERAPEUTIC HUG. SHE HAD BEEN READING ABOUT IT. SHE RESOLVED TO HUGGING HER AS OFTEN AS SHE COULD WITHOUT IT SEEMING PREMEDITATED.

OVER THE WEEKS SHE GREW CHEERFUL AGAIN AND SMILED AGAIN. WITHIN A FEW MONTHS THE HUGS HAD CONQUERED THE GLOOM. SHE RECOGNIZED HOW IMPORTANT THE HUGS HAD BEEN AND WE HUGGED EACH OTHER DAILY.

HER DAUGHTER WAS GOING TO COLLEGE AND THEY CELEBRATED HER BIRTHDAY BEFORE SHE LEFT. HER DAUGHTER HAD THOUGHT OF A GREAT GIFT FOR HER. SHE WORKED ON HER GIFT IN HER ROOM. SHE MADE A SPECIAL CARD FOR HER. IT WAS A STORY ABOUT THE HUGGING JUDGE..A RETIRED JUDGE CREATED A HUGGER KIT THAT CONTAINED STICK ON HEARTS HE COULD OFFER STRANGERS FOR A HUG. THE JUDGE WENT TO A NURSING HOME WHERE HE MET ONE MAN WHO COULD DO NOTHING BUT DROOL. HE GAVE HIM A HUG AND HE SMILED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 23 YEARS!

SHE MADE HER MOM SOME HAND SEWN SMALL HEART SHAPED PILLOWS THAT FIT INTO A CANISTER. EVERY TIME HER MOM LOOKS AT THAT CANISTER SHE FEELS AS IF SHE HAS HUGGED HER.

Thursday, July 21, 2011

OTO AND MISSOURI TRIBES IN NEBRASKA

THE OTTO TRIBE GAVE NEBRASKA IT'S STATE NAME - MEANS "FLAT WATER" LIKE MIGRANTS BEFORE . LIKE MIGRANTS BEFORE THE OTTO IMMIGRATED TO CENTRAL PLAINS FROM THE EAST AHEAD OF THE EUROPEANS.

THE EUROPEANS HERE DATE FROM THE 1600'S. THE OTTO WERE IN CENTRAL IOWA. THEY MOVED TO THE LOWER PLATTE RIVER ESTABLISHED VILLAGES NEAR ASHLAND. THEIR REASON FOR MIGRATION IS UNCLEAR.

THE SIOUAN PEOPLE IN NEBRASKA PEOPLE IN OF THE 1700'S WERE OMAHA AND POMOCA AND OTO WERE IN THE TETON DAKOTA WERE NOMADIC. THE OTO LIVED IN PERMANENT VILLAGES AND HAD SEMI ANNUAL HUNTS TO THESE VILLAGES.

NEBRASKA STUDIES.ORG

CADDO INDIANS IN ARKANSAS

THESE INDIANS ENTER WRITTEN HISTORY WHEN CHRONICLES THE HERNANDO DE SOTO ENCOUNTERED THEM DURING THE SPANISH PASSAGE IN 1542. THE CADDO WERE FAMOUS SALT MAKERS, FARMERS, HUNTERS, TRADERS, POTTERY MAKERS WHO USED MOUNDS. THEY BELIEVED THE DEAD TRAVELED TO A WORLD BEYOND THIS. THEIR VILLAGES WERE RELATED TO FARMSTEADS AND THEY LIVED IN CIRCULAR THATCHED HOUSES THAT HAD POLES BOUND AT THE TOP. THEY HAD AN OVAL OR WORK PLATFORM WITH DRYING URN AND A THATCHED DOME STRUCTURE FOR STORING CORN. SOME HOUSES WERE RECTANGULAR, DOMED WITH MUD AND COVERED WITH GRASS AND COVERED WITH GRASS. THERE FARMSTEADS STRETCHED FOR MILES WITH CEREMONIAL CENTERS. EACH VILLAGE HAD A CHIEF WHICH WAS HEREDITARY. A BOY SET TO BE A CHIEF HAD YEARS OF TUTORING. HE WAS WELL SCHOOLED TO KEEP ORDER FOR HIS COMMUNITY. HE HAD A BIG ROLE HE APPROVED MARRIAGES, SET TIME TO BUILD A HOUSE, CALLED ASSEMBLIES, HOSTED FEASTS, ORGANIZED WELCOMING VISITORS, WAS A SPONSOR AT PLANTING AND HARVESTING CEREMONIES, SUPERVISED GIFTS, AND CONDUCTED PEACEMAKING CEREMONIES.

ONLY A FEW SPIRITUAL LEADERS LIVED AT THE MOUND CENTERS. ONE HELD POWER AND PRESTIGE SUPERIOR TO A CADDI. THE SPIRITUAL LEADER WAS ON A HOUSE ATOP A MOUND. HE WAS GUARDIAN OF SACRED FIRE. THERE ARE ABOUT 20 CEREMONIAL CENTERS WITH ONE MOUND IN A FOUR MILE WIDE AREA. IN THE 16TH CENTURY THE SPANISH WERE PROBABLY ALWAYS WITH IN 20 MILES OF AN ACTIVE TEMPLE.

HERNANDO DIED A MONTH BEFORE HIS ARMY ENTERED THE CADDO AND THEY HAD 600 SOLDIERS. THEY HELD 500 INDIANS CAPTIVE. THEY HAD HOUNDS TRAINED TO KILL INDIANS. THEY BECAME DEPLETED AND WERE LOOKING FOR FOOD AND SUPPLIES AND A GUIDE TO DIRECT THEM TO MEXICO. SOMEWHERE NEAR NASHVILLE THE CADDO BROUGHT THE SPANISH SKINS, FISH, ROASTED VENISON. AND FOUND ANOTHER SALT SITE. THE SPANIARDS PLUNDERED THERE GRANARIES.

BY THE TIME THE FRENCH MET THE CADDO THEY STOPPED MOUND BUILDING. THE FRENCH WERE INVITED TO A CEREMONY. THE CADDO DID NOT HAVE GUNS. THEY HUNTED BISON WITH BOWS AND ARROWS. THE FRENCH USED ONE SINGLE SHOT. THEY BECAME ALLIES WITH THE FRENCH .

IN 1835 THE CADDO HOMELANDS WERE FORCED TO CEDE ALL THEIR LAND IN THE NATION, NEVER TO LIVE THERE AGAIN. THEY TOOK A LONG JOURNEY IN ARKANSAS TO CADDO COUNTY, OKLAHOMA. BY 2006 THEY HAD ABOUT 4700 PEOPLE. ARKANSAS HAS PROTECTED THEIR SACRED SITES WHERE THEIR ANCESTORS LIVED AND DIED.

ENCYCLOPEDIAARKANSAS.COM

A BUFFALO STORY

WHEN MY HUSBAND AND I WERE SURVEYING IN NORTH DAKOTA WITH A GROUP OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS WE THOUGHT OF IT AS A DIFFICULT SURVEY. THE HILLS WERE CRUMBLY AND STEEP AND WE HAD TO LOCATE SMALL PARCELS TO SURVEY FOR OIL AND GS EXPLORATION IN THE EARLY 80'S.

AT THE FREE CAMPSITE WE FOUND ACROSS FROM OUR SURVEY AREAS IN THEODORE ROOSEVELT NATIONAL PARK, THERE WERE ABOUT FOUR BUFFALO ENCLOSED IN 5 FOOT HIGH FENCES. ONE DAY I STARED AT ONE AND IT STARTED CHARGING ME FROM A SMALL HILL ABOUT 20 FEET AWAY! I FROZE. LUCKILY IT STOPPED AT THE FENCE . I IMMEDIATELY REALIZED IT COULD HAVE BUSTED THROUGH THE FENCE. I GUESS I DIDN'T SMELL GOOD ENOUGH.

OSAGE INDIANS IN ARKANSAS

THE OSAGE NATION IS A SIOUAN LANGUAGE IN THE U.S. THAT ORIGINATED IN THE OHIO RIVER. MANY YEARS OF WAR BY INVADING IROQUOIS GOT THEM TO KANSAS. MISSOURI AND OKLAHOMA BY 1650'S. TODAY THEY ARE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED BASED MAINLY IN OSAGE CITY, OKLAHOMA.

THEY WERE DESCRIBED AS A TALL RACE OF MEN OF NATIVE AMERICANS - 6 - 7 FEET TALL. AFTER LEAVING OHIO VALLEY THEY BECAME DIFFERENTIATED. THE OSAGE CALLED THEMSELVES NI-U-KON-SKA OR LITTLE CHILDREN OF THE WATERS. THE EARLIEST CONTACT BY ANGLE IS A JESUIT PRIEST IN 1673. THE DESCENDANTS OF THE OSAGE HAD BEEN IN U.S. FOR YEARS. BECAUSE OF WARS WITH THE IROQUOIS THEY MIGRATED TO THE WEST.

BY 1673 THEY SETTLED ON OSAGE RIVER IN MISSOURI. BY 1690 THEY ADOPTED HORSES BY RAIDS AND THEY TRADED WITH THE FRENCH. THEY ATTACKED THE CADDO TRIBE TO THE EAST WHO HAD DOMINANCE IN THE REGION FROM 1750 TO 1900. THEY LIVED WITH THE KIOWA, COMMANCHE, AND APACHE IN WEST OKLAHOMA. THEY MADE SEMI ANNUAL BUFFALO HUNTS. THEY ALSO ATE DEER, RABBIT, AND WILD GAME. WOMEN CULTIVATED CORN, SQUASH AND OTHER VEGETABLES. THEY GATHERED NUTS, AND BERRIES. IN 1800 THEY MADE TREATIES WITH THE U.S. IN MESOAMERICA. THEY HAD TO CEDE 52,000,00 ACRE TO THE U.S. IN 1808 THE OSAGE MOVED TO THE WEST OF MISSOURI THAT WOULD LATER BECOME OKLAHOMA.

SQUATTERS WERE A PROBLEM FOR THE OSAGE. THEIR TERRITORY BECAME FURTHER REDUCED. IN 1865 ANOTHER TREATY CEDED FROM THEM ABOUT 4 MILLION ACRES! BY 1870 THEIR LANDS IN KANSAS WERE SOLD AND THEY WERE RELOCATED TO INDIAN TERRITORY IN CHEROKEE OUTLET. THEY WERE THE FIRST OF THE FEW INDIANS TO BUY THEIR THEIR OWN RESERVATION OF 1,400,000 ACRES IN OSAGE COUNTY, OKLAHOMA. THEIR LAND WAS POOR FOR AGRICULTURE. THEY PRIMARILY LIVED BY SUBSISTENCE FARMING AND LATER ENHANCED BY SUBSISTENCE RAISING CATTLE. THEY THEN LEASED GRAZING RIGHTS TO CATTLE RANCHERS AND GOT A GOOD DEAL OF PROFIT. BY 1906 THE OSAGE COUNCIL WAS TO BE ELECTED THROUGH INHERITED SHARES OF MINERAL RIGHTS. BY 2004THEY HAD THEIR OWN FORM OF GOVERNMENT. THEY FOUND THEIR LANDS HAD A GOOD DEAL OF OIL THAT ALLOWED THEM TO PROSPER.

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QUAPPAW INDIANS IN ARKANSAS

THESE FOLKS LIVED ON THE WEST SIDE THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER IN ARKANSAS. THEY ARE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED. THEY SPEAK THE DHEGIHA BRANCH OF SIOUAN LANGUAGE.. IT IS NO LONGER SPOKEN.

THEY ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE MIGRATED FROM THE OHIO VALLEY AFTER 1200 A.D. AS A RESULT OF WARS WITH THE IROQUOIS. QWAPAW MEANS
'THE LAND OF THE DOWN RIVER PEOPLE". ARKANSAS WAS NAMED AFTER THE QUAPAW. THEY ENJOYED THE FRENCH. QUAPAW WOMEN AND FRENCH MEN MARRIED . IN SOUTH ARKANSAS, NEW FRANCE THEY STARTED A TRADING POST.

BY 1900 THE TRIBE WAS NEARLY EXTINCT. THE OMAHA MEANS "UPSTREAM PEOPLE". BY 1541 THEY HERNANDO DESOTO WHO CAME ACROSS THEIR MAIN TOWN. THE VILLAGE WAS PALISADED STRONGLY AND SURROUNDED BY A DITCH. THEY EVEN WENT DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI.

THEY ATTEMPTED TO GIVE THE AMERICAN INDIANS AN IDEA OF CHRISTIANITY. BY 1693 THEY BUILT ANOTHER POST ALONG THE POST ALONG THE ARKANSAS RIVER. BY 1700 SMALL POX EPIDEMIC KILLED MOST WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN TWO VILLAGES. BY 1803 THE QUAPAW LIVED IN THREE VILLAGES ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE ARKANSAS RIVER. IN 1818 THEY CEDED ALL THEIR CLAIMS FROM RED RIVER TO BEYOND THE ARKANSAS AND MISSISSIPPI RIVERS. BY 1824 THEY OWNED ONLY 80 ACRES. IN 1834 THEY WERE REMOVED TO THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF OKLAHOMA. BY 1824 THERE WAS A MISSION OF ST. FRANCIS ESTABLISHED FOR THE OSAGE AND QUAPAWS. THE QUAPAW HAD A CLAN SYSTEM. THEIR HOUSES WERE LONG ENOUGH FOR SEVERAL FAMILIES.

THEY DUG DITCHES, FISH WEIRS AND EXCELLED IN POTTERY AND PAINTING SKINS FOR BED COVERS.. ETC. THIS CULTURE HAD BEEN HERE FROM AT LEAST 1500 A.D. BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE.

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YAZOO INDIANS IN ARKANSAS

YAZOO WERE A TRIBE OF TUNICA PEOPLE ON THE YAZOO RIVER, MISSISSIPPI IN HISTORIC TIMES. IN 1700 FATHER DAVION ESTABLISHED A MISSION AMONG THE TUNICA AND REACHED OUT TO NEARBY TRIBES. THE YAZOO LIKE THE CHICKASAW WERE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENGLISH TRADERS FROM CAROLINA.

IN 1718 THE FRENCH ESTABLISHED AT A FORT NEXT TO THE ST. PIERRE TO COMMAND THE RIVER. IN 1729 THE MATCHEZ WAR BROKE OUT . THE YAZOO AND KAROA JOINED WITH NATCHEZ TO YAZOO AND KAROA JOINED WITH NATCHEZ TO ATTACK THE FRENCH, KILLING 200 PEOPLE. THEY CARRIED OFF CAPTIVES - WOMEN AND CHILDREN. THE NATCHEZ WAR WAS A DISASTER FOR FRENCH SETTLEMENTS IN LOUISIANA. THE CHICKASAW CAPTURED YAZOO AND SOLD THEM INTO SLAVERY TO CAROLINA TRADERS.

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TUNISA TRIBE IN ARKANSAS

TUNISA MEANS PEOPLE AND IS A LINGUISTIC FAMILY KNOWN AS TONICA. THEY ARE PROMINENT IN THE HISTORY OF THE MISSISSIPPI REGION BECAUSE THEY WERE KIND TO THE FRENCH. IN 1700 THEY HAD ABOUT 260 CABINS. THEY LIVED ON THE INDIAN CORN AND DID NOT HUNT. THE CHICKASAW DROVE THEM OUT IN 1706. THEY KILLED MORE THAN HALF OF THEIR TRIBE. IN 1760 THEY HAD THREE VILLAGES WITH ABOUT 400 FOLKS.

THE REMNANT OF TUNICA ARE ABOUT 30 PEOPLE IN 1762 AND LIVE IN MARKSVILLE. THE WOMEN MADE FABRIC OF MULBERRY CLOTH. THE MEN CULTIVATED THE SOIL PLANTED CROPS AND HARVESTED THEM, DRESSED DEER AND BUFFALO SKINS. WOMEN PERFORMED COOKING, INDOOR WORK AND MADE POTTERY.

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RED LAKE TRIBES IN MINNESOTA

RED LAKE RESERVATION COVERS 1200 SQUARE MILES IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA. IT IS IT IS CENTERED NEAR RED LAKE. SEVEN OTHER COUNTIES ARE PART OF THE RESERVATION. THE RED LAKE BAND OF CHIPPEWA WAS THE MOST POPULOUS RESERVATION IN THE STATE WITH 5100 RESIDENTS.

ALLIED WITH THE REMBINA BAND OF CHIPPEWA INDIANS, THE RED LAKE BAND NEGOTIATED THE TREATY AND MADE ADDITIONAL AGREEMENTS IN THE FOLLOWING DECADES. SOME OF THEIR RESERVATION LAND WAS CEDED TO THE GOVERNMENT. ABOUT 40% ARE BELOW POVERTY LINE. MANY PEOPLE FIND IT HARD TO FIND EMPLOYMENT.

SOME FOLKS SUGGEST RENEWING THE TRIBES TRADITIONS. THEY BELIEVE THEY NEED TO FOCUS ON EDUCATION AND FIND WAYS TO FOCUS ON EDUCATION. THAT WAY THEY WILL GET PAID ADEQUATE WAGES. CRIME AND POVERTY ARE ISSUES THEY ARE WORKING ON. THE RESERVATION HAS CASINOS AND A MOTEL.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

IOWA TRIBE IN NEBRASKA

THESE FOLK ARE A SIOUAN PEOPLE. TODAY THEY ARE A SIOUAN PEOPLE. TODAY THEY ARE ENROLLED IN TWO FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBES. THEY ONCE HAD 1100 PEOPLE AND WHEN THE ANGLOS CAME MANY GOT SMALLPOX.

IN 1890'S THE IOWA PEOPLE WERE MOVED TO ANOTHER COUNTY IN KANSAS. THEY SETTLED THERE SOME WERE IN PERKINS, OKLAHOMA. THEIR NAME COMES FROM AYUHWA -"ASLEEP".

IN PREHISTORIC TIMES THE IOWA EMIGRATED TO THE GREAT LAKES REGION TO PRESENT DAY IOWA. IN THE 16TH CENTURY THEY MOVED FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE GREAT PLAINS AND POSSIBLY SEPARATED FROM THE HO CHUNK..

FROM 15TH TO 18TH CENTURY THEY LIVED IN MINNESOTA. IN THE 18OO'S THEY LIVED ON THE PLATTE RIVER AND TRADED WITH THE FRENCH AND OTHER TRIBES. BY 1824 THEY SURRENDERED THEIR TERRITORY IN MISSOURI. BY 1883 THEY MOVED BACK TO NEBRASKA, HOWEVER THERE LANDS WERE REDUCED.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

Tuesday, July 19, 2011

TRINITY ALPS WILDERNESS TRIP

WHEN MY HUSBAND AND I WENT ON A TRINITY ALPS WILDERNESS TRIP WE TOOK THREE DAYS OFF WITH OUR KLAMATH NATIONAL FOREST JOBS. WE BACKED FOR THREE DAYS IN THE TRINITY ALPS. WE BROUGHT DEHYDRATED FOOD A FISHING POLE AND SOME SMALL CAMP POTS AND A GAS BURNER. WE STAYED AT A SMALL LAKE AND THERE WERE ONLY SEVERAL COUPLES AND A FAMILY THERE. IT WAS IN THE HIGH ALPINES OF CEDAR AND SHRUB FOREST. WE SAW NO BEARS BUT WE KEPT OUR FOOD UP A TREE BY THROWING A ROPE OVER A LIMB AND PUTTING STUFF IN A SLEEPING BAG COVER I MADE.

IT WORKED . IT WAS A BEAUTIFUL EXPERIENCE. I DO NOT THINK WE TOOK PICTURES BUT WE HAD TAKEN MANY PHOTOS OF HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC SITES WE RECORDED DURING OUR JOBS. THE TRAIL WE HIKED ON WAS A ROAD THAT TURNED INTO A JEEP TRAIL AND THEN INTO A HIGH TRAIL. WE RESTED AND LOOKED AT THE SCENERY DURING BREAKS. IT MUST HAVE BEEN ABOUT 8,000 FEET HIGH IN ELEVATION.

DAKOTA SIOUX IN ILLINOIS

DAKOTA MEANS "THE ALLIES" AND SIOUX COMES FROM OJIBWA OR "LITTLE SNAKES". TODAY NEARLY ALL OF THEM SPEAK ENGLISH, AND MANY ARE BILINGUAL. MANY CHILDREN GO HUNTING AND FISHING WITH THEIR FATHERS. IN THE PAST THEY HAD MORE CHORES. THE MOTHERS CARRIED BABIES IN CRADLE BOARDS. THE WOMEN WERE IN CHARGE OF THE HOUSE AND DRAGGED HEAVY POSTS WHEN THE TRIBE MOVED. USUALLY ONLY MEN BECAME CHIEFS. THEY BUILT TIPIS WITH BENT POLES AND COVERED THEM WITH WOVEN MATS. THEY WORE DEERSKIN CLOTHING AND SKIRTS AND DECORATED THEM WITH BONES, SHELLS, ETC. THEY PAINTED THEIR FACES AND WORE FEATHERED WAR BONNETS ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS.

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SAULK TRIBAL HISTORY IN MICHIGAN

SAULK PEOPLE OF MICHIGAN ARE PEOPLE OF THE YELLOW EARTH. THE NAME OF SAGANAW BAY SIGNIFIES THE COUNTRY. BEFORE THE SAUK BECAME KNOWN AS PART OF THIS INDEPENDENT GROUP, THEY FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH THE ALGONQUIAN PEOPLE. JESUIT RELATION IN 1640 UNDER THE HURON NAME. THEY ARE CALLED PEOPLE OF THE SUNSET!

THE FIRST PERSON TO DESCRIBE THE SAUK WAS FATHER ALLOUEZ IN 1667. HE SAID THEY WERE MORE SAVAGE THAN OTHER TRIBES HE MET AND THEY WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS. THIS FRENCHMAN EXPLORED MANY TRIBES IN WISCONSIN AND IN MICHIGAN AREA.

MANY OF THESE TRIBES IN MICHIGAN AND WISCONSIN WERE DRIVEN FROM THEIR HOMELAND. BY 1670THREE TRIBES- CHIPPEWA, NORQUET, AND SAUK - NUMBERED 550 PEOPLE. IN 1770 THE CHIEF OF THE SAUK RECEIVED PRESENTS FROM THE SPANISH - 90 LODGES AND 300 WARRIORS. THEY HAD MANY PETTY ALLIANCES.

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ILLINOIS INDIANS IN ILLINOIS

THEIR ORIGINAL NAME WAS ILLINOIS MEANING THE "BEST PEOPLE". THEY WERE THE ORIGINAL TRIBE IN ILLINOIS, INDIANA, MISSOURI, AND IOWA. THEY WERE NEARLY WIPED OUT BY WAR IN THE 1970'S. THE SURVIVORS MOVED TO KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA. THESE FOLKS ARE CALLED PEORIA TRIBE AND THEY ARE U.S. CITIZENS. ILLINI CHIEFS MADE GROUP DECISIONS IN LONG COUNCILS. THEY SPOKE THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE. TODAY THEY SPEAK ENGLISH. THEY TEACH THEIR CHILDREN THE ILLIUM LANGUAGE.

THEY LIVED IN RUSTIC LONG RECTANGULAR HOUSES OF WOVEN REEDS. TODAY THEY LIVE IN MODERN HOUSES. WOMEN WORE SKIRTS AND LEGGINGS AND MEN WORE BREECH CLOUTS OF DEER SKIN. THEY ALL WORE MOCCASINS.

THEY USED CARVING TOOLS TO MAKE DUGOUT CANOES CANOES, HOLLOWING OUT A TREE. THEY USED PACK ANIMALS. THE WOMEN FARMED CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH. THE MEN HUNTED COMMUNALLY BUFFALO. THEY MADE SHIELDS OF BUFFALO HIDE TO DEFLECT ENEMY ARROWS.

THEY MADE CRAFTS FROM QUILLWORK AND BEADWORK., AND EMBROIDERY. THE ILLINOIS TRADED WITH OTHER TRIBES IN THE GREAT LAKES. THEY FOUGHT WITH MOST TRIBES NEARBY. IN 1769 AN INDIAN WORKING FOR THE BRITISH KILLED AN OTTAWA CHIEF. THE OTTAWAS ATTACKED THE ILLINI AND DEFEATED THEM. TODAY THE PEORIA TRIBE STILL EXISTS.

BIGORRIN.ORG

SEBASTOPOL CENTER FOR THE ARTS

A FEW DAYS AGO I ATTENDED AN UNUSUAL PLAY BY KATIE KETCHUM. SHE SUNG AND PLAYED PIANO AS SHE HAD PHOTOS AND SLIDES OF MARY CASSATT'S PAINTINGS. SHE TOLD HER LIFE STORY ABOUT THIS UNUSUAL AMERICAN IMPRESSIONISTIC PAINTER. HER LIFE WAS INVOLVED IN FRANCE IN 1914 WHERE SHE RESTARTED HER LIFE AT AGE 70. SHE WAS INFLUENCED BY EDGAR DEGAS AND EXHIBITED HER PAINTINGS WITH HIM.

SHE WAS INFLUENCED BY JAPANESE PRINTS AND DEVELOPED NEW TECHNIQUES OF AQUATINT. SHE ATTAINED ARTISTIC AND FINANCIAL SUCCESS. HER FATHER NEVER APPROVED OF HER BEING AN ARTIST AND YET HER PAID FOR HER TRIP TO FRANCE AND HER EXPENSES. HER PARENTS MOVED THERE AS WELL TO BE NEAR HER.

KATIEKETCHUM.COM

CALIFORNA SUMMER MUSIC CONCERT

LAST NIGHT I WENT FOR THE FIRST TIME TO SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY'S GREEN MUSIC CENTER TO HERE A SUMMER CONCERT PUT ON BY HIGH SCHOOL AND UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS FROM AROUND THE COUNTRY. ALL OF THEM PLAYED THE PIANO, VIOLA, VIOLIN, OR CELLO. THE MUSIC THEY PLAYED WAS CLASSICAL AND SOME OF THE KIDS WERE FALLING ASLEEP AS IT WAS CALMING. THEY HAD CHAPERON'S FOR THE SUMMER AND ARE AT SSU FOR ABOUT A MONTH TO PERFECT THERE SKILLS AND LEARN HOW TO PRESENT IN FRONT OF AN AUDIENCE.

Monday, July 18, 2011

MIAMI INDIANS IN ILLINOIS

THE MIAMI WERE ORIGINALLY FOUND IN INDIANA AND SOUTHWEST MICHIGAN. THE MIAMI IN OKLAHOMA ARE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED. THE MIAMI CALLED THEMSELVES THE TWIGHTWEE OR A SACRED BIRD, THE SANDHILL CRANE. THE EARLY PEOPLE CONSIDERED THEM TO BELONG TO THE FISHER TRADITION OF MISSISSIPPI. THEIR SOCIETIES WERE MAIZE BASED AGRICULTURE WITH CHIEFDOM SOCIAL INTERACTION.

THEY HUNTED AND MIGRATED FROM WISCONSIN IN 1650'S TO 1750'S. THEY WERE INVADED BY IROQUOIS.

THE FRENCH MISSIONARIES MET THEM IN 1650'S - THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE AROUND THE WESTERN PART OF LAKE MICHIGAN. IN 1700 THE FRENCH BEFRIENDED THE MIAMI PEOPLE SETTLING ON THE ST. JOSEPH RIVER AND ESTABLISHED A TRADING POST NEAR FORT WAYNE INDIANA. THE ALLIANCES SHIFTED AND CHIEF LITTLE TURTLE GROUPED THREE TRIBES - THE MIAMI. PIANKSHAW, AND WEA INTO ONE. THE NEXT 100 YEARS SAW3 MANY WARS WITH FRENCH,BRITISH, AND NATIVE AMERICANS. TREATY OF MISSISSIPPI WAS IN 1826. IT FORCED THE THE MIAMI TO CEDE THEIR LAND TO THE GOVERNMENT.

SOME OF THEIR LAND WAS HELD PRIVATELY. BY 1846 INDIAN REMOVAL OF THESE FOLKS WAS ABLE TO STAY AS CITIZENS IN INDIANA. OTHERS WERE REMOVED TO A RESERVATION WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI - THEN TO OKLAHOMA. TODAY THERE IS STILL A DIVIDE.

IN 1993 THE EASTERN MIAMI WERE RECOGNIZED BY THE U.S. IN 1854 TREATY AND THEY HAD NO RIGHT TO STRIP THEM OF STATUS. BUT THEY COULD NOT SUE.

WIKIPEDIA.COM


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NOQUET INDIANS

THESE FOLKS LIVE IN UPPER PENINSULA IN MICHIGAN. THEY SPOKE AN ALGONQUIN LANGUAGE. THEY SPOKE AN ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGE. THEY ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN RELATED TO THE MENOMINEE INDIANS. THEIR NAME MEANS BEARFOOT. THE NOQUET ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN RELATED TO THE MENOMINEE OF THE ALGONQUIAN SPEAKERS. THEY LIVE IN BIG BAY.

IN 1659 THE NOQUET WAS ONE OF THE TRIBES ATTACHED TO ST. MICHAEL. THEY WERE ABSORBED AT A VERY EARLY DATE BY MENOMINEE.

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OTTAWA INDIANS IN MICHIGAN

THE OTTAWA ARE GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE AN OFFSHOOT OF THE OJIBWA TRIBE. THEY LIVE NEAR LAKE HURON. THEY CALL THEMSELVES ANISHINAABE, OR ORIGINAL PEOPLE. THERE ARE 15,000 OF THEM IN MICHIGAN, ONTARIO, AND OKLAHOMA. THEY ARE MEMBERS OF POTAWAMI TRIBE THEY CLASHED WITH THE IROQUOIS AND SIOUX. THE OTTAWA BAND WAS RELOCATED TO OKLAHOMA WHERE THEY MAINTAIN A RESERVATION.

NATIVE LANGUAGES.COM

POTAWATOMI IN MICHIGAN

THESE PEOPLE ARE A NATIVE AMERICANS WHO LIVE IN UPPER MISSISSIPPI REGION. THEY SPEAK IN POTAWATOMI, PART ALGONQUIN. THEY CALL THEMSELVES "BODEWADMI" OR KEEPERS OF THE FIRE. THIS WAS A NAME THEIR COUSINS GAVE THEM. THEY WERE PART OF AN ALLIANCE CALLED THE COUNCIL OF THREE FIRES. THE FIRE REFERS TO THE HEALTH OF THE COUNCIL OF THREE FIRES.

LONG AGO WHEN THEY HAD 10,000 PEOPLE THEY OCCUPIED SOME 30 MILLION ACRES OF LAND IN THE GREAT LAKES. WHEN EUROPEANS ARRIVED IN 1630, A CHANGE BEGAN . THE PEOPLE BECAME RELIANT ON EUROPEAN TECHNIQUES AND TRADE GOODS, AND WERE DRAWN INTO THEIR POLITICAL ALLIANCES. THEY ARE MENTIONED IN FRENCH RECORDS WHICH SUGGEST THAT IN THE EARLY 17TH CENTURY THEY LIVED IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN.

TODAY THEY STILL LIVE HERE. DURING THE BEAVER WARS THEY FLED TO GREEN BAY TO ESCAPE ATTACKS BY BOTH THE IROQUOIS AND THE NEUTRAL NATION. THE POTAWATAMI NATIONS ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF TECUMSEH CONFEDERACY. ABOUT 500 WARRIORS ATTACKED FORT DEARBORN AND KILLED A MAJORITY OF CIVILIANS AND WOUNDED MANY OTHERS. IT WAS CALLED THE BATTLE OF FORT DEARBORN. THE POTAWATAMI CHIEF COUNSELED AGAINST THE ATTACK.

THE PRAIRIE BAND POTAWATAMI INDIANS BOUGHT 1280 ACRES NEAR SHABBONA, ILLINOIS. THE MESQUAKI ALSO BOUGHT LAND IN ILLINOIS. ANOTHER BAND BOUGHT ACRES IN ILLINOIS. TODAY THEY ARE THRIVING. THEY PROVIDED HEALTH SERVICES AND EDUCATION TO EDUCATE THE PEOPLE. THEY OPERATE A CASINO.

BY THE 1700'S THEY MOVED TO THE DETROIT AREA. BY 1780'S THEY CONTINUED TO GROW AND EXPAND WESTWARD FROM DETROIT TO MIAMI. THE TREATY OF PARIS IN 1783 ENDED THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR AND ESTABLISHED U.S. INTEREST IN THE GREAT LAKES.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

CHIPPEWA INDIANS IN INDIANA

CHIPPEWA MEANS "TO ROAST UNTIL PUCKERED UP". THIS IS LIKE THE MOCCASINS THEY MAKE THAT HAVE PUCKERED STITCHES. ACCORDING TO TRADITION THE CHIPPEWA WERE PART OF A LARGE BODY WHICH CAME FROM THE EAST. THEY PUSHED THEIR WAY WEST ALONG THE LAKE SUPERIOR. THIS TRIBE WAS SO LARGE AND HAD MANY DIVISIONS IN 18 STATES. THEY BECAME KNOWN FOR THEIR WRITERS. AT ONE TIME THERE WERE OVER 25,000 CHIPPEWA.

THE OJIBWA ARE THE SAME PEOPLE. THEY ALL SPEAK ALGONQUIAN. THEY EACH HAVE COMMUNITIES ON RESERVATIONS. THEY ARE CALLED FIRST NATIONS. MOST OF THEM SPEAK OJIBWA, A MUSICAL LANGUAGE. AS WELL AS ENGLISH. THEIR KIDS HAD CHORES. THE WOMEN WERE FARMERS, DID COOKING, CHILDCARE , STORY TELLING AND MUSIC. THEY BOTH HARVESTED WILD RICE. THEY KNOCKED IT DOWN WITH A POLE INTO THEIR CANOE. THEY LIVED IN BUFFALO TIPIS.


THEIR WARRIORS WORE LONG HAIR IN BRAIDS AND HAD PORCUPINE ROACH HAT AND TRIBAL TATTOOS. THEY MADE CANOES FROM BIRCH BARK FIBER AND IS STILL POPULAR. THEY USE PACK ANIMALS AND DOGS FOR CARRYING GOODS A LONG DISTANCE. THEIR FOOD WAS VERY DIFFERENT DEPENDING UPON WHERE THEY LIVED. THEY HUNTED BUFFALO AND OTHER BIG GAME. THEY HARVESTED RICE AND CORN. THEY GATHERED NUTS AND FRUIT. THEIR HUNTERS USED SNARES AND WHEN THE PLAINS MEN HUNTED BUFFALO THEY SET CONTROLLED FORES.

THEY USED SPEARS AND FISHHOOKS WITH LINES FOR FISHING AND SPECIAL PADDLES FOR KNOCKING RICE INTO CANOES. THEY HAD TIME TO MAKE BEAUTIFUL BEADWORK. OTHER CRAFTS WERE BIRCH BARK BOXES, BASKETS, TIPIS, AND DREAM CATCHERS. THEY MADE WAMPUM OUT OF WHITE AND PURPLE SHELLS AND TRADED IT LIKE MONEY. THEIR WAMPUM BELTS TOLD A STORY OF A PERSON'S FAMILY.

THE CHIPPEWA, OTTAWA, AND POTAWATAMI ALL TRADED CLOSELY. THEY CALLED THEMSELVES THE OJIBWAY OF THE COUNCIL OF THREE FIRES. THEY HAVE MANY LEGENDS. HERE IS ONE ABOUT PORCUPINE:


WHY PORCUPINE HAS QUILLS


LONG AGO PORCUPINE HAD NO QUILLS. ONE DAY HE WAS IN THE WOODS AND BEAR CAME ALONG AND WANTED TO EAT HIM AND HE CLIMBED UP A TREE. THE NEXT DAY HE WENT OUT UNDERNEATH A THORNY TREE. HE BROKE SOME BRANCHES AND PUT SOME ON HIS BACK. THEN HE WENT TO THE WOODS. BEAR CAME TO HIM AGAIN AND HE JUST JUMPED UP ON HIM PORCUPINE CURLED HIMSELF UP. THEN BEAR LEFT HIM ALONE.


THE WENOBOJO, OR ONE OF THEIR TRICKSTERS, WATCHED HIM. WENEBOJO PEELED OFF SOME OF THE BARK UNTIL THEY WERE ALL WHITE. HE PUT CLAY ALL OVER PORCUPINE AND STUCK THE THORNS ON HIS BACK. HE USED HIS MAGIC TO MAKE IT INTO PORCUPINE SKIN. WOLF CAME AFTER PORCUPINE BUT HE JUMPED OFFBECAUSE OF THE QUILLS. BEAR WAS ALSO AFRAID. SO THIS IS WHY PORCUPINE HAS QUILLS.


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Thursday, July 14, 2011

NOQUET INDIANS IN MICHIGAN

THESE FOLKS LIVED ON THE UPPER MICHIGAN AND THEY SPOKE ALGONQUIAN. THEY WERE BELIEVED TO BE RELATED TO THE MENOMINEE. THEIR NAME MEANS BEARFOOT. THIS TRIBE LIVED AT THE MOUTH OF THE GREEN BAY. THEY WERE ABSORBED BY THE MENOMINEE OR CHIPPEWA. IN 1659 THEY WERE ATTACHED TO THE MISSION OF ST MICHAEAL'S AND ABSORBED AT AN EARLY DATE.

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NEUTRAL INDIANS IN MICHIGAN

THE NEUTRAL INDIANS WERE SO CALLED BECAUSE THEY REMAINED NEUTRAL DURING THE LATER WARS BETWEEN THE IROQUOIS AND THE HURON. THEY BELONGED TO THE IROQUOIAN LANGUAGE. THEY LIVED IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN, NEW YORK, AND NORTHEAST OHIO. THEY HAD AT LEAST 28 VILLAGES. IN 1650 THEY WERE INVOLVED IN BATTLES WITH IROQUOIS AND WERE DESTROYED. SOME SURVIVORS JOINED THE IROQUOIS.

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NANSEMONDS INDIANS IN VIRGINIA

THESE FOLKS ARE RECOGNIZED BY THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. THEY DO NOT HAVE FEDERAL RECOGNITION BUT ARE UNDER CONSIDERATION. MOST MEMBERS LIVE IN VIRGINIA, AND SPEAK ALGONQUIAN. THEY WERE MEMBERS OF POWHATEN CHIEFDOM. THEY LIVED ALONG THE NESMOND RIVER AND WERE WARY OF THE ENGLISH WHO CAME IN 1600. THE ENGLISH RAIDED A TOWN AND BURNED HOMES, DESTROYED CANOES, AND FORCED THEM TO GIVE UP THEIR CORN. CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH DEMANDED 400 BUSHELS OF CORN OR THREATENED TO DESTROYED THEIR VILLAGE. THEY GAVE THE CORN AND IT LEFT THEM IN BAD SHAPE FOR WINTER. IN 1609 THE ENGLISH DESTROYED THE TEMPLES AND BURIAL SITES OF THEIR LEADERS. THEY STOLE ALL OF THEIR VALUABLES IN THE HOUSES AND IN BURIALS. BY 1638 A SETTLER - JOHN BASS, MARRIED A NANSEMOND INDIAN WIFE. SOME CLAIM THEY ALL DESCENDED FROM THIS MARRIAGE. THE NANSEMOND WERE AFFECTED BY ENGLISH PRESSURES AND FLED TO NOTTOWAY RIVER. THEY LIVED WITH THE NOTTOWAY INDIANS.

TODAY THE NANSEMOND HAVE 200 MEMBERS WITH NO FEDERAL RECOGNITION. THEY BUILT A MUSEUM AND AN ANNUAL POWWOW. THEY ARE TRYING TO PURCHASE LAND. THEY WANT TO RECONSTRUCT THEIR TOWN. THEY WANT TO PUT A CULTURAL CENTER THERE. THE MAYOR OF SUFFOLK SUPPORTS THIS. THEY HAVE A TASK FORCE THAT IS COMPOSED OF MOSTLY NON INDIANS.

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MONICAN INDIANS IN VIRGINIA

PEOPLE LIVED HERE FOR 17,000 YEARS BEFORE EUROPEAN CONTACT. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE ONLY STORYTELLING. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE RECONSTRUCTED THEIR HISTORY AND LIFE WAY. PREHISTORIC SOAPSTONE WAS ONE OF THE MOST SOUGHT AFTER MATERIAL FOR MAKING COOKING POTS. IT IS A SOFT STONE THAT THEY CARVED WITH STONE AND BONE TOOLS. THEY MADE HEAVIER BOWLS WHEN THEY BECAME MORE SEDENTARY. QUARRIES OF QUARTZITE AND RHYOLITE WERE USED FOR TOOLS AND KNIVES. THEY TRADED ACROSS VIRGINIA HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY. ABOUT 1200 B.C. THE PEOPLE IN THIS AREA BEGAN FIRING CLAY COOKWARE IN THE EARLIEST ABOUT 2500 B.C. CLAY POTS WERE MORE VERSATILE THAN SOAPSTONE. THEY HAD CERTAIN WORKSHOP AREAS FOR POTTERY MAKING, CRAFTING FLINT TOOLS AND PREPARING SKINS AND FOOD PREPARATION.

VIRGINIAINDIANS.WNET

CHEROENHAKA INDIANS IN VIRGINIA

THESE INDIANS ARE AN IROQUOIAN LANGUAGE TRIBE IN VIRGINIA ALSO CALLED NOTTAWAY. THEIR TWO GROUPS HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED BY THE STATE. THEY LIVE IN THE TIDE RIVER REGION AND SOUTH HAMPTON COUNTY. THEY DO NOT HAVE RESERVATIONS. THEIR NAME MAY MEAN "ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE CHARACTERIZED IN A SPECIAL WAY". THEY OCCUPY THE COASTAL AREAS. THEY MET ENGLISH IN 1580'S. THEIR LANGUAGE BECAME EXTINCT IN 1580'S. SOME OF THE COLONISTS LEARNED THE NOTTAWAY LANGUAGE. BY THE 1700'S THE CHEROENHAKA PEOPLE LEARNED ENGLISH. BY 1820 THERE WERE ONLY THREE ELDERS SPEAKING THE NOTTAWAY LANGUAGE.

IN 1650 THEY WERE VISITED AND DESCRIBED BY EXPLORER EDWARD BLAND ON AN EXPEDITION FROM FORT HENRY IN 1690. THEY HAD ABOUT 500 PEOPLE. THEY SENT WARRIORS TO HELP ENGLISH AGAINST THE IROQUOIS SPEAKERS IN 1675. AFTER THIS BOTH TRIBES SIGNED THE TREATY OF MIDDLE PLANTATION IN 1677, BECOMING NATIONS OF THE VIRGINIA.

BY 1681 HOSTILE TRIBES CAUSED THE CHEROENHAKA TO RELOCATE TO SURRY COUNTY. THEY ABSORBED THE WEANOKE TRIBES. THEY MERGED INTO OTHER TRIBES AND WERE NEARBY THEIR ORIGINAL HOMELAND. THE TRIBE HAS SCHOLARS BELIEVE THEY WERE SIMILAR IN CULTURE TO TUSCARORA AND MEHERRIM. THEY DEPENDED ON THE 3 SISTERS - CORN , BEANS, AND SQUASH. THE MEN HUNTED AND FISHED. THEY BUILT MULTI-FAMILY DWELLINGS KNOWN AS LONGHOUSES IN VILLAGES PROTECTED BY STOCKADES.

THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED BY INFECTIOUS DISEASE. WHEN THE TUSCARORA MIGRATED NORTHWARD TO NEW YORK IN 1720, SOME NOTTAWAY ALSO WENT THERE WHILE OTHERS STAYED IN VIRGINIA. SOME WENT TO THE SOUTH.

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HURON INDIANS IN MICHIGAN

THE HURON INDIANS WERE ORIGINALLY FROM CENTRAL ONTARIO, BETWEEN THE SOUTHERN END OF GEORGIA BEE. IN THE 1650'S THEY WERE DISPERSED. SOME OF THE HURON SPENT 50 YEARS WANDERING THROUGH THE WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, AND MICHIGAN. BY THE1700'S THEY MOVED TO OHIO AND WERE CALLED WYANDOT. BY 1840 THEY WERE SENT TO KANSAS. ONLY ONE GROUP MOVED TO THE GREAT LAKES. MOST ARE LIVING NEAR KANSAS CITY. BY 1530'S THE HURON POPULATION WAS ABOUT 40,000, AND THEY LIVED IN 16 TO 25 VILLAGES. AFTER ANGLO CONTACT THEY WERE AFFECTED BY WARS AND EPIDEMICS.

THE HURONS AND WYANDAT ARE THE SAME PEOPLE. AFTER THEIR DISPERSAL IN 1649. THE HURON WERE NOT KILLED OR CAPTURED. ONE SETTLED IN QUEBEC AND ONE MOVED TO OHIO. A VILLAGE COULD HAVE OVER 1000 FOLKS. THEY WERE FORTIFIED BECAUSE OF CONSTANT WARFARE. ABOUT 1100 A.D. THE IROQUOIAN PEOPLE BEGAN LARGE SCALE AGRICULTURE. THE HURON DIET RELIED ON BEANS SQUASH AND CORN. VILLAGES WERE RELOCATED EVEY 20 YEARS AS THEIR LAND FERTILITY DECREASED.

THEY ORGANIZED INTO CLANS BASED UPON MOTHER'S DESCENT. ONE LARGE ONE LARGE GROUP CALLED WYANDOT WERE GOVERNED BY CHIEFS OF EACH CLAN THE FARMLAND WAS OWNED BY HURON MATRILINEAL CLANS. THEY WERE HELD EVERY 10 YEARS, THE FEAST OF THE DEAD WAS HELD. THEY REBURIED FOLKS WHO DIED SINCE THE LAST 10 YEARS INTO A COMMUNAL CEREMONIAL BURIAL. THE HURON USED CANOES TO TRAVEL GREAT DISTANCES AND TRADE THEIR CROP SURPLUS WITH OTHER TRIBES.

TOTATSGA.ORG

MIAMI INDIANS IN MICHIGAN

ARE A NATION IN SOUTHWESTERN MICHIGAN AND WESTERN OHIO. THE EARLY MIAMI BELONG TO THE FISHER TRADITION OF MISSISSIPPI CULTURE. THEY ARE MAIZE BASED AGRICULTURE, WITH CHIEFDOM SOCIAL STRUCTURE, WITH EXTENSIVE TRADE NETWORKS. THE MIAMI ENGAGED IN HUNTING. THEY MIGRATED FROM WISCONSIN IN 1650'S TO 1750'S AND SETTLED ON WABASH RIVER. THEY SPOKE ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGE MEANING "DOWNSTREAM PEOPLE".

FRENCH MISSIONARIES FIRST ENCOUNTERED THE MIAMI IN 1650'S AROUND LAKE MICHIGAN. THEY WERE PRESSURED THERE FROM THE IROQUOIS. IN 1696 THE FRENCH OUTPOSTS BEFRIENDED THE MIAMI. THEY ESTABLISHED A TRADING POST AT FORT WAYNE, INDIANA. BY THE 18TH CENTURY THE MIAMI HAD FOR THE MOST PART RETURNED TO INDIANA AND OHIO. NATIVE AMERICANS CREATED LARGE TRIBAL CONFEDERACIES. THE BRITISH MOVED INTO THEIR AREA AS WELL.

BY 1846 INDIAN REMOVAL SEPARATED THE MIAMI THOSE WHO HELD SEPARATE LAND ALLOTMENTS WERE ALLOWED TO STAY AS CITIZENS IN INDIANA. THOSE WHO AFFILIATED WITH THE TRIBE WERE MOVED TO A RESERVATION WEST OF MISSISSIPPI. THIS DIVIDE EXISTS TODAY. THE WESTERN TRIBE IS FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED AS 3500 FOLKS AND THEY LIVE IN OKLAHOMA. IN 1993 THE EASTERN MIAMI WERE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED BY THE U.S. IN A TREATY OF 1854.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

Tuesday, July 12, 2011

SRJC PLAY - COMPANY

THIS WEEKEND I VIEWED THE SRJC'S MUSICAL COMEDY "COMPANY" IT WAS SOMEWHAT DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND. IT WAS TAKEN FROM GEORGE FURTH'S BOOK.

THE PLAY TAKES PLACE IN NEW YORK CITY. THE MAIN CHARACTER, BOB, IS UNMARRIED AND HAS A GROUP OF MARRIED AND UNMARRIED FRIENDS. THEY GIVE HIM PRESENTS FOR HIS 35TH BIRTHDAY. HE CONTEMPLATES BEING SINGLE AND WE ARE INTRODUCED TO HIS MARRIED FRIENDS WHO TELL HIM THE PROS AND CONS OF MARRIED LIFE. AT THIS AGE HE HAS REACHED A CROSSROADS AND DOESN'T WANT MARRIAGE BUT DOESN'T LIKE BEING ALONE.

HE OBSERVES THE SUCCESS AND FAILURES OF HIS FRIENDS. HE IS AFRAID OF ACCEPTING IMPERFECTIONS OF PEOPLE THAT HE MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO GET CLOSE TO ANY WOMAN. THIS MUSICAL LOOKS AT HIS PHYCHE AS HE TRIES TO FIND PLEASURE IN HIS LIFE THAT IS LACKING SOME INTERESTS. ONE COUPLE WHO HAVE LIVED TOGETHER FOR MANY YEARS DEBATE WHETHER TO GET MARRIED. THE GAL IS ON ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND HAD CONSIDERED SUICIDE BEFORE.

THE PLAY ENDS WITH THE GROUP SINGING A GOODBYE SONG= SOME COUPLES AND SOME UNMARRIED YOUNG FOLKS.

RIDGEWAY SWIMMING POOL IN SANTA ROSA

WHEN I WAS GOING TO THE METHODIST CHURCH ON MONTGOMERY STREET IN SANTA ROSA FOR SEVERAL YEARS WENT ON A PICNIC THERE WITH THE CHURCH AND WE HAD A GOOD TIME EATING DINNER THERE. IT WAS ALL FREE.

THIS YEAR DURING JULY FOURTH WEEKEND I WENT SWIMMING THERE AND IT HAD OVER 360 PEOPLE IN THE POOL. IT WAS ABOUT 100 DEGREES AND I GOT A LITTLE SUNBURNT EVEN WITH SUN SCREEN. I MET SEVERAL POMO MEN AND ONE SAID HE WAS A DANCER, THE OTHER MAN SAID THE DANCER LOOKED FAMILIAR.

THE POOL HAS A CHILDREN'S SECTION WITH SHALLOW WATER AND MANY WATERFALLS AND A WATER SLIDE! I MET MANY TEENS WITH TATTOOS. SOME SAID THEY HURT AND OTHERS SAID THEY DIDN'T HURT. SOME GRANDMOTHERS WERE TENDING THEIR GRANDCHILDREN.

CHICKASAW IN KENTUCKY

THIS IS AN IMPORTANT MUSKOGEAN TRIBE RELATED TO THE CHOCTAW IN CUSTOMS AND LANGUAGE. THEY LIVED IN NORTH MISSISSIPPI. THEIR VILLAGES IN THE 18TH CENTURY CENTERED ON THE HEADWATERS OF TOMBIGBOO RIVER MEET THE YAZOO RIVER AND THE TALLAHATCHIE RIVER. THEIR POPULATION IN THE 1700'S WAS ABOUT 4000.

THEY HAD A TRAIL 160 MILES LONG TO THEIR VILLAGES FROM TENNESSEE. THEY HAD TWO OTHER LANDING PLACES FURTHER UP THE RIVER. IN 1720 THEY HAD FOUR SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR LANGUAGE IS VERY DIFFICULT. THE WARLIKE CHICKASAW CLAIMED TERRITORY BEYOND THEIR VILLAGES IN NORTHERN OHIO AND TO TENNESSEE. AN OUTLYING COLONY OF CHICKEN LIVED ON THE SAVANNAH RIVER OPPOSITE AUGUSTA, GEORGIA.

THEY WERE NOTED FOR THEIR BRAVERY INDEPENDENCE AND WARLIKE. THEY CONSTANTLY FOUGHT THEIR NEIGHBORS - MANY OF THEM! IN 17 32 THEY CUT A
WAR PARTY OF IROQUOIS WHO INVADED THEIR COUNTRY. THEY WERE ENEMIES OF THE FRENCH TOO. THEY DEFEATED THE FRENCH IN 1736. THEY GAVE THE NATCHEZ SHELTER AND DROVE THE FRENCH OUT. IN 1715 THEY COMBINED WITH THE CHEROKEE AND DROVE THE SHAWNEE OUT. THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE U.S. BEGAN WITH THE HOPEWELL TREATY IN 1786 WHEN THEIR BOUNDARY ON THE NORTH WAS THE OHIO RIVER. THEY MOVED WEST OF MISSISSIPPI IN 1800'S. BY THE TREATY OF 1855 THEY WERE SEPARATED FROM THE CHOCTAW WERE MORE DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE AND LESS RESTLESS THAN THE CHICKASAW. THEY EVENTUALLY INCORPORATED SMALL TRIBES ALONG THE YAZOO RIVER WHO SPOKE THE SAME LANGUAGE. THE CHICKASAW LANGUAGE SERVED AS A MEDIUM IN TRIBAL COMMUNICATION FOR ALL TRIBES ALONG THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

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SHAWNEE INDIANS IN KENTUCKY

THE SHAWNEE ARE ALGONQUIAN SPEAKING PEOPLE NATIVE TO OHIO, VIRGINIA, MARYLAND, KENTUCKY AND INDIANA. THEY ARE FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED. TODAY THEY ARE FEDERALLY HEADQUARTERED IN OKLAHOMA. MANY THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO THEIR ANCESTORS WERE THE PALEO INDIANS WHO WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS. THEY HUNTED MEGAFAUNA SUCH AS BISON , MASTODON, AND CARIBOU. THEY WERE DESCENDANTS OF THE FORT ANCIENT CULTURE OF OHIO WHO THRIVED FROM 1000 TO 1650A.D. THEY DESCENDED FROM THE HOPEWELL CULTURE OF 100 B.C. TO 500 A.D. - A MOUND BUILDER FOLK.

THEY WERE SEVERELY AFFECTED BY THE WAVES OF THEY WERE SEVERELY AFFECTED BY THE WAVES OF EPIDEMICS FROM NEW SPANISH EXPLORERS. THERE IS A GAP IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD BETWEEN RECENT FORT ANCIENTS AND THE OLDER SHAWNEE SITES. IT IS ACCEPTED THAT SIMILARITIES IN MATERIAL CULTURE, ART, MYTHOLOGY AND ORAL HISTORY LINK THEM TO FORT ANCIENTS.

AFTER 1600 THEY OCCUPIED MANY VILLAGES. ACCORDING TO A LEGEND THE SHAWNEES DESCENDED FROM A PARTY SENT BY CHIEF OPECHANCANOOUGH IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY.. ONE HISTORIAN SPECULATES THEY MIGRATED IN LATE 1700'S BY IROQUOIAN WARS. THEY TRADED WITH NUMEROUS TRIBES. THEY BECAME LEADERS AMONG NUMEROUS TRIBES. THE MINGO, DELAWARE, AND SHAWNEE WERE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH ONE ANOTHER. THERE WERE 60 YEARS OF WAR.

DURING THE 1800'S TECUMSEH, A GREAT SHAWNEE LEADER CONVINCED MANY TO JOIN HIS CAUSE AND STOP FIGHTING. HE DIED IN 1813. HIS BROTHER TRIED TO UNITE THE EASTERN TRIBES AGAINST EUROPEAN EXPANSION.

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Monday, July 11, 2011

YUCHI INDIANS IN KENTUCKY

THE YUCHI ARE NOT WELL REPRESENTED IN HISTORY BOOKS. THEY WERE RAVAGED BY EPIDEMICS FROM SPANISH. THEY HAD VILLAGES SCATTERED SCATTERED FROM FLORIDA TO ILLINOIS. LEGEND SAYS THEY SPLIT IN HALF OVER POLITICS. THEIR VILLAGES INTERMINGLED WITH THOSE OF THE NEIGHBORS. IT WAS THE THOUGHT THAT THEY LIVED HERE ORIGINALLY PRIOR TO THE MUSKOGEAN, IROQUOIAN AND ALGONQIAN PEOPLE. THE YUKI SAY THAT THEY WERE HERE WHEN THE LENAPE CAME. THEY WERE MOUND BUILDERS AND WERE THE OLDEST PERMANENT RESIDENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST U.S. SHE HELD POSITIONS AS PRIESTS, LEADERS, AND TRADERS.

THE YUCHI WERE EVICTED FROM TENNESSEE BY THE CHEROKEE IN 1714. THEY DID NOT WANT TO BE TAKEN CAPTIVE. THE REMAINDER WERE TAKEN AS SLAVES TO SOUTH CAROLINA. THE YUCHI MAINTAINED TRADE ALONG THE TRAILS. SOME WERE SUN PRIESTS IN WHITE TOWNS. THE TRIBE WAS KNOWN BY SO MANY NAMES. SOME OF THEIR PEOPLE SPLIT OVER POLITICS. THEIR VILLAGES WERE CALLED BY THEIR VILLAGE NAMES. THE YUCHI ARE A PROUD AND TRADITIONAL PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN KEPT FROM COMPLETE ASSIMILATION BY OTHER TRIBES. THEIR LANGUAGE IS NEARLY EXTINCT. THEY BUILT THEIR HOUSES SEMI-SUBTERRANEAN WITH PALISADED WALLS SURROUNDING THEIR VILLAGE. THEY BURIED THEIR DEAD. THEY MADE CLAY FIGURES FOR STORY TELLING.

THEIR NAME YUCHI MEANS "A PEOPLE OF SIGNIFICANCE". TODAY THERE ARE A FEW HUNDRED IN THE OKLAHOMA AREA.

YUCHI.ORG

MATTAPONI INDIANS IN VIRGINIA

THIS TRIBE IS ON A RESERVATION ALONG MATTAPONI RIVER. THEY SPEAK ALGONQUIN LIKE OTHERS IN POWHATEN CHIEFDOM.. ONE BAND LIVED OUTSIDE THE RESERVATION. THE UPPER MATTAPONI TRIBE LIVED IN ADAMSTOWN. BY 1921 THE MATTAPON ORGANIZED AS AN OFFICIAL GROUP WHO OWNED 32 ACRES. THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DECLARED THESE PEOPLE WERE LIVING IN VIRGINIA FOR 15,00 YEARS.THE HISTORIC TRIBE IS BELIEVED TO BELONG TO THREE LANGUAGE GROUPS - ALGONQIAN, SIOUAN, AND IROQUOIAN.

BY 1607 THEY NUMBERED 450 WITH 140 WARRIORS BY JOHN SMITH FROM ENGLAND. DURING THE WAR OF 1644 TO 46 THEY FLED TO THE RIVER AND HEADED PISCATAWAY CREEK. FINALLY IN 1657 THEIR CHIEFS SIGNED PEACE TREATIES SO THAT TRIBAL MEMBERS WERE TREATED EQUALLY AS THE ENGLISH WERE.

A REBELLION CALLED BACON'S REBELLION WERE INNOCENTLY ATTACKED - A POLITICAL REBELLION.. ONCE ENDED ANOTHER TREATY WAS SIGNED IN 1677 BY A NUMBER OF TRIBES. THE GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED RESERVATION LAND FOR THE TRIBES. COLONISTS ENCROACHED UPON THEIR TERRITORY.

DURING THE 1800'S THIS TRIBE GAINED LEADERSHIP. THEY SUBMITTED THEIR CHIEFS AND HEADMEN TO THE GOVERNOR. BY THE LATE 1800'S THEY BUILT A SCHOOL ON THEIR RESERVATION.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

PAMUNKEY INDIANS IN VIRGINIA

THESE NATIVES ARE RECOGNIZED BY THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINA. THEY SPOKE ALGONQUIAN THEIR TRIBE HAD OVER 30 SUBTRIBES, AND AROUND 15,000 FOLKS. THEY LIVED ON COASTAL TIDEWATERS OF VIRGINIA AND JAMES RIVER NEAR CHESAPEAKE BAY. THEY STILL HAVE A RESERVATION ASSIGNED IN 1670'S. THEY HAVE ADAPTED SUCCESSFULLY TO THEIR FUTURE. THEIR TRADITIONAL LIFE WAS SUBSISTENCE FARMING, FISHING, TRAPPING AND HUNTING AND GATHERING. FARMING DEVELOPED IN 900 A.D. THEY MOVED THEIR FIELDS AND HOMES ABOUT EVERY 10 YEARS SO THAT TO ALLOW THE LAND TO RECOVER FROM CULTIVATION. THEY BELIEVED THEY HAD A BALANCED RELATIONSHIP WITH THEIR LAND AND ANIMALS. THEY DID USE CONTROLLED BURNING TO CLEAR LAND FOR CULTIVATION. AS LONG AS THE NATIVES FARMED THEIR LAND THEY OWNED IT. THE NATIVES USED THE ENGLISH LAND THAT LAY FALLOW AND PROBLEMS AROSE.


THE PAMUNKEY HOMES AND LONG HOUSES WERE MADE FROM BENT SAPLINGS THAT WERE LASHED TOGETHER AT THE TOP. WOVEN MATS COVERED THEIR HOUSES. HIGHER STATUS FAMILIES OWNED BARK COVERED HOUSES. IN SUMMER THEY ROLLED UP THE WOVEN MATS.


EACH TRIBES HAD A CHIEF TO ADMINISTER THEIR LANDS. IF SOMEONE BROKE A LAW THEY WERE FINED OR BANISHED. THEY HAVE SLICK SLANDER LAWS. THE CHIEF HAS TO PAY AN ANNUAL TRIBUTE TO THE GOVERNOR. HE GAVE THEM GAME OR DEER, POTTERY, OR A PEACE PIPE. THEIR LANGUAGE IS NEARLY EXTINCT. POCAHONTAS WAS A PAMUNKEY INDIAN. THE CHIEF OF PAMUNKEY CAPTURED JOHN SMITH. THEY DEVELOPED AN ALLIANCE WITH THE ENGLISH.

TODAY THE PAMUNKEY HAVE 200 TRIBAL MEMBERS MANY WHO LIVE ON THEIR 1200 ACRE RESERVATION. IN 1918 THE TRIBE BUILT A SHAD HATCHERY TO ENSURE CONTINUATION OF AN IMPORTANT FOOD SOURCE. THEY ALSO MAKE POTTERY USING CLAY FROM THE RIVER AS THEY HAVE BEEN DOING SINCE PREHISTORY TIMES.. THEY MIX IT WITH OTHER SHELLS, SAND AND POTTERY SHERDS. THEY NOW HAVE A POTTERY SCHOOL. THEY HAVE BUILT A MUSEUM FOR TEACHING THEIR CULTURE.

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CHICKHOMINY INDIANS OF VIRGINIA

THEY LIVE IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. THEY LIVED NEARBY IN 1600. THEY ARE A STATE RECOGNIZED TRIBE. THEIR NAME WAS GIVEN BY THE OGIBWE MAENING "COURSE GROUND PEOPLE". THEY SPOKE ALGONQUIN AND WERE LED BY MUNGAI - PART OF ELDERS AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS. THE CHICKAHOMINY RIVER WAS NAMED AFTER THEM. THEY TAUGHT THE ENGLISH HOW TO GROW CROPS AND PRESERVE FOOD. BY 1614 THE TRIBE SIGNED A TREATY WITH THE COLONISTS THAT SAID THE TRIBE WOULD PROVIDE 300 WARRIORS TO FIGHT THE SPANISH.

AFTER A WAR OF 1644 THE TRIBE CEDED THEIR LAND TO GAIN A PEACTE TREATY. THEY RESETTLED ON RESERVATION LAND THAT WAS SET ASIDE BY PUMUMKEY RIVER. BY 1661 THEY HAD TO MOVE AGAIN TO THE HEADWATERS OF THE MATTAPONI WHERE THEIR RESERVED HOLDING SHRUNK. BY 1718 THEY LOST ALL OF THEIR RESERVATION LAND BUT LIVED THERE FOR SOME TIME. SOME MIGRATED TO THE KEUIT IN ANOTHER COUNTRY. FEW RECORDS SURVIVE.

THEY WERE ALLIED WITH CHIEF POWHATEN AND HIS CONFEDERACY OF 30 TRIBES. SOME TRIBES. SOME SAY THE CHICKHOMINY JOINED THE CONFEDERACY IN 1616.
TODAY THE TRIBE HAS 840 PEOPLE WHO LIVE WITHIN THE .5 MILE RADIUS OF EACH OTHER. SEVERAL HUNDRED LIVE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE U.S. THEY HAVE 110 ACRES NEAR CHARLES CITY COUNTY. THEY HAVE AN ANNUAL POWWOW. MOST OF THEM HAVE BEEN CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY. THE CHURCH IS WHERE THE TRIBAL HEADQUARTERS ARE LOCATED IN CHARLES CITY COUNTY. THEY HAVE SERVED IN THE MILITARY AS FAR BACK AS WORLD WAR I. THE TRIBE SERVES THE NEEDS AS A NONTAXABLE ORGANIZATION. THEY NEVER GOT FEDERAL RECOGNITION.

WIKIPEDIA.COM

Thursday, July 7, 2011

TUSKEGEE INDIANS IN ALABAMA

THE TOWN OF TUSKEGEE IS LOCATED IN CENTRAL ALABAMA. TUSKEGEE IS THE COUNTY SEAT OF MACON COUNTY. IT WAS THE SITE OF MAJOR AFRICAN AMERICANA ACHIEVEMENT FOR OVER 100 YEARS.


AT THE TIME OF TUSKEGEE'S FOUNDING THE AREA WAS POPULATED BY MEMBERS OF THE CREEK NATION. IT WAS NAMED AFTER A CREEK LEADER - TASKIGI. TUSKEGEE WAS LOCATED ALONG AN HISTORIC INDIAN TRAIL THAT BECAME A HIGHWAY. THE INDIANS LIVED BETWEEN COOSA AND THE TALLAPOOSA RIVERS NEAR COLUMBUS.


WHEN DE SOTO CAME TO THIS AREA IN 1540 HE FOUND TWO PLACES THAT PROBABLY BELONGED TO THE TUSKEGEE TRIBE. BY THE END OF THE 1600'S THEY DIVIDED INTO TWO BANDS, ONE OF WHICH WAS ON AN ISLAND IN TENNESSEE RIVER. THEY LIVED WITH THE CHEROKEE ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF TENNESSEE RIVER. AFTER 1717 THE FRENCH BUILT A FORT. THEY INTERMARRIED WITH THE BLACKS.

ACCESSGENEOLOGY.COM
ENCYCLOPEDIAALABAMA.ORG

MUKLASA INDIANS IN ALABAMA

MUKLASA INDIANS IN ALABAMA MEANS FRIENDS OR PEOPLE OF ONE NATION IN ALABAMA. BY 1760 THEY HAD 30 HUNTERS. THEY HAVE A SMALL TOWN BELOW SAWAMOOGEE AND IT BORDERS ON A CYPRESS RIVER. THEY HAVE A SMALL TOWN BELOW BELOW SAWAMOOGEE AND BORDERS ON A CYPRESS RIVER. THEY HAVE AGRICULTURAL FIELDS AND A SWAMP. SOME HAVE DOMESTICATED STOCK AND HORSES. THE RIVER IS EIGHT MILES ACROSS DURING THE WINTER SEASON. AFTER THE CREEK WAR THE MUKLASA EMIGRATED TO FLORIDA.

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MOBIL INDIANS IN ALABAMA

THEIR MEANING IS UNKNOWN. IT MAY HAVE MEANT "TO PADDLE". THEIR LANGUAGE WAS CONNECTED TO THAT OF THE CHOCTAW. THEY SETTLED ON THE WEST SIDE OF MOBIL RIVER. IN HISTORIC TIMES IN 1540 THEY WERE BETWEEN THE ALABAMA AND THOMBIGBEE RIVERS. TUSCALOOSA, THEIR CHIEF, INSPIRED HIS PEOPLE TO FIGHT WITH THE SPANIARDS IN A BATTLE OF 1540. THEY ATTACKED ONE OF THEIR FORTIFIED TOWNS. THE NUMBER OF OF MOBIL INDIANS MUST HAVE BEEN ABOUT 6000 IN THE 1700'S.

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MOWA BAND OF CHOCTAW IN ALABAMA

THE MOWA BAND ARE STABLE RECOGNIZED IN SOUTH ALABAMA. THEIR RESERVATION IS ALONG MOBIL AND TOMBIGBEE RIVERS ON 300 ACRES. IN ADDITION ABOUT 3500 FOLKS LIVE NEARBY THE RESERVATION. THEY ARE DESCENDED FROM CHOCTAW TO INDIAN TERRITORY.


IN THE LATE 1900'S THEY WANTED TO GAIN RECOGNITION FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. SO FAR THEY ARE ARE UNSUCCESSFUL. THE AREA WAS SETTLED EARLY BY NATIVE AMERICANS AND LATE ANGLOS. SOME INTERMARRIED OF COURSE. SOME NATIVE AMERICANS WERE REFUGEES AFTER THE CREEK WAR. BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAD PERIODIC INDIAN ROUND UPS AND RAIDS BY SLAVE TRADERS. NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE SOUTH BECAME A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO DID NOT OFFICIALLY EXIST. SOME BLACKS MARRIED INDIANS. THEY HAD RECOGNIZED INDIAN SCHOOLS IN THE COUNTIES. BY 1979 THE CHOCTAW ORGANIZED THE MOWA BAND TO IDENTIFY NATIVE AMERICANS IN MOBILE AND WASHINGTON COUNTIES WHO DESCENDED FROM A NUMBER OF TRIBES. THEY HAVE POWWOWS, ANNUAL FESTIVALS. THEY STILL PRESERVE THE CHOCTAW TRADITIONS AND RITUALS AND SURVIVE BY HUNTERS AND GATHERING AND FISHING AND USING MEDICINAL PLANTS.

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KOLOMI INDIANS IN ALABAMA

KOLOMI TOWN IS MENTIONED IN A LETTER OF THE SPANISH IN 1686. THE TOWN WAS PROBABLY ON THE OCMULGEE RIVER. THIS TOWN WAS PROBABLY ON THE OCMULGEE RIVER. THE TOWN IS CLOSE TO THE ATASI. AFTER THE YAMASEE WAR THE KOLOMI WERE ON THE CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

THEY MOVED TO THE TALLAPOOSA EAST BANK. THEY WERE CLOSE TO THE ATASI THROUGH THESE CHANGES. THERE ARE ABANDONED PLANTATIONS AND COMMONS OF THE OLD TOWN ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE RIVER, AND A NEW TOWN IS ON THE WEST SIDE OF TALLAPOOSA RIVER. IN HISTORIC TIMES THEY LIVED IN FOUR OBLONG SQUARE HOUSES WITH CYPRESS ROOFS AND WOODEN FRAMES. THEY WERE SITUATED TO FORM AN EXACT SQUARE. THE HOUSES WERE ONE STORY HIGH. COO-LOO-ME IS A TOWN SOUTH OF FOOSE-HAT-CHE. THERE IS A RICH TOWN WITH A SWAMP AREA WHEN CORN AND RICE IS PLANTED. THE NATIVES HAVE NO FENCES, THEY HAVE HUTS IN THE FIELDS TO SHELTER THE LABORERS IN SUMMER FROM THE RAIN. SOME FAMILIES. PREFER TO LIVE IN THE FIELDS. THEN ONCE THE CROPS HAVE BEEN HARVESTED THEY BRING THEM TO TOWN TO EAT AND SELL. THE KOLOMI TRIBE DECREASED IN THE LATE 1700'S AND MERGED WITH THE FUS-HATCHEE.

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Wednesday, July 6, 2011

FUSHATCHEE IN ALABAMA

THEIR NAME IS REALLY KOLOMIE WHICH LEADS ME TO BELIEVE THEY CAME HERE LATE. THEY LIVE ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF TALLAPOSA RIVER. THEY ARE ON MANY MAPS IN THE 1700'S. FUSHATCHEE IS A TOWN NAMED AFTER A BIRD - THE HOT CHE. THIS TOWN WENT INTO FLORIDA BOUNDARIES AFTER THE CREEK WAR. AFTER 1778 THIS TRIBE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY KANHATKI AND THEY MOVED INTO THE SEMINOLE NATION. THEIR DISTRICT WAS KNOWN AS FUS-HATCHEE.

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NORTHWEST BOYS CHOIR AT ROHNERT PARK EPISCOPAL CHURCH

LAST NIGHT I ATTENDED I VERY NICE CONCERT. THIS IS A PROFESSIONAL BOYS CHOIR FROM SEATTLE. THERE ARE 50 BOYS AGES 9 TO 14 WHO TRAVEL THROUGHOUT THE NORTHWEST FOR SEVERAL WEEKS IN THE SUMMER. THEIR FAMILIES SUPPORT THEIR TRAVELS AND EXPENSES. THEY SANG 9 SONGS DURING THE FIRST PROGRAM, MANY IN LATIN AND SOME SPANISH. THE SECOND HALF WAS MORE CONTEMPORARY SONGS. THE BOYS HAD FULL QUALITY TONES AND MANY SING QUITE HIGH. THEIR CONDUCTOR, JOSEPH CRNKO, HAS BEEN LEADING THESE CHOIRS FOR 28 YEARS. THEY EVEN HAVE INTERNATIONAL TOURS. THE CHILDREN COME FROM BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. THEY HAVE MADE CD'S FOR SALE TO THE PUBLIC..

IT WAS AN EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE TO ME.

Tuesday, July 5, 2011

A FLEA IN HER EAR.

THIS FUN PLAY WAS WRITTEN BY GEORGES FEYDEAU IN 1907 AND TOOK PLACE IN PARIS. IT INCLUDES MISTAKEN IDENTITIES, MISPLACED JEALOUSIES, AND HILARIOUS COSTUMES AND ANTICS. THERE ARE 14 PEOPLE IN THE CAST AND IT IS A FARCE AS THERE ARE REVOLVING DOORS AND TWO COUPLES WHO ARE JEALOUS OF EACH OTHER AS THEY BELIEVE THEIR HUSBANDS TO HAVE HAD MISTRESSES. THE PLAY GETS CRAZY AS ONE OF THE MAIN ACTOR'S HAS A SPEECH IMPEDIMENT AND NEEDS TO USE A SILVER ADAPTATION TO HELP HIM SPEAK CORRECTLY. THE MEN PLAY FRENCH SCENES WHERE THEY KISS EACH OTHER. ONE OF THE THREE ACTS TAKES PLACE IN A HOT HOTEL CALLED 'PUSSY A GO GO". ONE SPANISH ACTOR BRINGS THREAT WITH GUNS TO THE GUY WHO HAS A SPEECH IMPEDIMENT FOR STEALING SOMETHING. IT IS A WILD ANTICIPATION OF REVOLVING ACTORS AND ACTRESSES PLAYING SEDUCTIVE ATTEMPTS TO MAKE LOVE TO EACH OTHER. THERE IS A BLACK AFRICAN WHO ENTERS IN AND DANCES WITH WILD CLOTHING AND JESTERS. IT IS A FAST PACED COMEDY AND IT ENDS ON A POSITIVE NOTE WITH THE COUPLES GETTING BACK TOGETHER AFTER MISPLACED JEALOUSIES.

SRJC SUMMER REPERTORY THEATRE

CHICKASAW INDIANS IN ALABAMA

CHICKASAW IS A CITY IN MOBILE COUNTY, ALABAMA. THE CHICKASAW WERE ORIGINALLY FROM THE REGION THAT WOULD BECOME TEXAS, ALABAMA, AND TENNESSEE. THEY SPOKE MUSKOGEAN AND ARE FEDERALLY ENROLLED IN THE CHICKASAW NATION,

PRIOR TO THE EUROPEAN CONTACT THEY MOVED EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI WHERE THEY SETTLED IN NORTHEASTERN MISSISSIPPI. THEY WERE ONE OF THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES WHO WERE FORCED TO SELL THEIR COUNTRY IN 1832 AND MOVE TO INDIAN TERRITORY. MOST CHICKASAW NOW LIVE IN OKLAHOMA.

IT IS THE 13TH LARGEST FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE IN THE U.S. THEY ARE RELATED TO THE CHOCTAW AND SHARE A COMMON HISTORY. THE CHICKASAW ARE DIVIDED INTO : 1) IMPSAKTEA AND 2) INTCULWALIPA. THEY ARE RELATED TO THE CHOCTAW. THE CHICKASAW MEANS REBEL.

THEIR ORIGIN IS UNCERTAIN. BY CONTACT TIME (1540) A SMALL GROUP IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THEIR ORAL HISTORY NOTES THEY EMERGED FROM A HOLE IN THE GROUND. THEIR NEIGHBORS WERE SURPRISED AT SEEING PEOPLE RISE OUT OF THE EARTH. THE CHICKASAW ATTACKED SPANISH EXPLORER DE SOTO'S GROUP, NEARLY DESTROYING THEM.

IN 1670 THEY TRADED WITH THE BRITISH AFTER THE COLONY OF CAROLINA WAS SETTLED. WITH GUNS THEY RAIDED THEIR ENEMY THE CHOCTAW, CAPTURING SOME OF AND SELLING THEM AS SLAVES. AFTER CHOCTAWS GOT GUNS FROM THE FRENCH THEY FOUGHT THE CHICKASAW. THE CHICKASAW WERE OFTEN AT WAR WITH THE FRENCH IN 1736. FRANCE CEDED IT'S CLAIMS TO THE REGION AFTER THEY WERE DEFEATED BY THE BRITISH. BY 1794 THE CHICKASAW WERE ALLIES OF THE NEW U.S. UNDER ANTHONY WAYNE AGAINST INDIANS OF THE OLD NORTHWEST TERRITORY. THEY WERE DEFEATED.

GEORGE WASHINGTON AND HENRY KNOX PROPOSED THE TRANSFORMATION OF NATIVE AMERICANS. HE WANTED TO CIVILIZE THEM ONCE THEY FARMED, BUILT HOMES, AND EDUCATE CHILDREN, AND CHRISTIANIZE THEM. HIS SIX POINT PLAN WAS IMPARTIAL JUSTICE TOWARD INDIANS, BUYING THEIR LANDS, PROMOTING COMMERCE, AND EXPERIMENTS TO CIVILIZE OR IMPROVE THEIR SOCIETY, AUTHORITY TO GIVE PRESENTS, AND PUNISH THOSE WHO VIOLATED RIGHTS. HE THOUGHT THEY SHOULD LIVE LIKE THE WHITE FOLKS. THE CHICKASAW ACCEPTED HIS POLICY, BY SIGNING THE TREATY OF THE HOPEWELL IN 1786. PEACE WAS REESTABLISHED BY THIS TREATY.

IN 1700'S A SCOTCH TRADER SETTLED WITH THE CHICKASAW. JAMES COLBERT SLAYED FOR 40 YEARS, MARRYING THREE DIFFERENT CHICKASAW WOMEN AND HE HAD SEVEN SONS. HIS DESCENDANTS PROVIDED LEADERSHIP DURING THE TRIBES GREATEST CHALLENGES. ONE OF HIS SONS SERVED WITH ANDREW JACKSON DURING CREEK'S WAR OF 1813.

DURING THE REMOVAL ERA OF 1830'S THEY RECEIVED $3 MILLION FOR THEIR LANDS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. THEY HAD PURCHASED CHOCTAW LAND BEFORE THIS $3 MILLION WENT UNPAID FOR 30 YEARS!

IN 1837 THEY GATHERED IN MEMPHIS WITH THEIR BELONGINGS, LIVESTOCK AND ENSLAVED AFRICANS. 3000 CHICKASAW CROSSED THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER ON A TRAIL OF TEARS. ABOUT 500 DIED OF SMALLPOX AND OTHER DISEASES. ONCE IN INDIAN TERRITORY THE CHICKASAWS MERGED WITH THE CHOCTAW NATION IN IDA, OKLAHOMA. BY 2005 THEY GAINED RECOGNITION FROM THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AS SOME REMNANTS MOVED THERE.

AFTER 1866 THE U S GOVERNMENT REQUIRED THE CHICKASAW TO FREE THE BLACKS SO THEY COULD GAIN CITIZENSHIP. TISHOMONGO WAS A FAMOUS CHIEF. THERE WAS A CHIEF IN SOUTH CAROLINA WHO CONTROLLED HUNTING GROUNDS ALONG SOUTH CAROLINA BLACK MINGO CREEK.

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