WHEN I WAS A TEENAGER I WENT INTO SEVERAL CAVES, AND DID VISIT OTHERS AS AN ADULT. A CAVE I EXPLORED WITH COWORKERS IN OHIO WHEN I WORKED AT THE DAYTON MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY WAS A WET CAVE. WE CAME PREPARED WITH LAYERED CLOTHING, HARDHAT, GLOVES AND HEADLAMPS IN THE SUMMER. I REMEMBER SCALING DOWN A KNOTTED ROPE ABOUT 40 FEET. ONE MAN KNEW THE LAYOUT OF THE CAVE WE WERE EXPLORING. WE WORE OLD CLOTHES, HEADLAMPS AND HEAVY GLOVES. THE CAVES IN OHIO HAD UNDERGROUND RIVERS. THE STALAGTITES AND STALAGMITES WERE BEAUTIFUL. WE HAD TO MAKE SURE EVERYONE WAS SAFER. AT THE SAME PLACES THERE WERE DEEP CREVICES WHERE OUR TRAIL WAS AND I LOST A GLOVE ON ONE TRIP. I THINK WE BROUGHT OUR LUNCHES AND WATER AND EXTRA BATTERIES.
WHEN I WAS A COUPLE OF YEARS OLDER I WORKED AS AN ARCHAEOLOGIST IN NEW MEXICO AND AFTER EXCAVATING A PUEBLO WE WENT ONE WEEKEND INTO A DRY CAVE THAT HAD A LARGE ENTRANCE AND A GENTLE DOWNWARD SLOPE. THE CAVE WAS A LITTLE BIT LIKE A TUNNEL WITH FEWER STALAGTITES THAN IN OHIO CAVES, AND THERE WERE NO STREAMS. IT WAS QUITE AN ADVENTURESAS THE TRAIL WOUND AROUND MANY BENDS AND TIGHT SMALL OPENINGS. WE FOUND SOME GUANO FROM BATS. IT WAS VERY DRY AND I THINK SOME OTHER ANIMAL BONES WERE THERE. I BELIEVE WE SPENT ABOUT 5 HOURS IN THE CAVE WITH HELMETS AND GLOVES.
ANOTHER CAVE I EXPLORED WAS IN SOUTH DAKOTA CALLED WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK. MY HUSBANDE AND I BOTH WENT TO THIS CAVE WHERE THE NATURALIST DRESSES. IN HISTORIC GEAR AND HE DESCRIBES HOW THE CAVE WAS DISCOVED AND HE HAS ALL THE VISITORS CARRY CANDLES AS THEY DID IN HISTORIC TIMES. THE TRIP LASTS ONLY A FEW HOURS AND KIDS ARE AMAZED AT THE BEAUTY AT THE BEAUTY OF BEING UNDERGROUND AND SEEING STALAGTITES AND STALAGMITES. AT ONE POINT5 THE NATURALIST TELL ALL TO BLOW OUT THEIR CANDLES. IT IS SO QUIET AND PEACXEFUL AND BLACK! WE TOOK OUR SON HERE ON ONE TRIP AS WELL.
ANOTHER PARK WE EXPLORED AS A FAMILY WAS OREGON STATE CAVES ? IN SOUTHERN OREGON. THERE WE STAYED AT THE INN ACROSS FROM THE CAVE'S ENTRANCE. WE HAVE VISITED THERE A COUPLE OF TIMES. THE CAVE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED WITH LIGHTS AND WOODEN OR STEEL STAIRS AND HAND HOLDS. IT IS AN INTERESTING CAVE WITH SOME TRICKING CREEK AND SOME INTERESTING FISH, A SKELETON OF A MAMMOTH AND SOME FUN STALAGMITES AND STALAGTITES. THE NAATURALISTS SAYS SOME OF THESE LOOK LIKE DIFFERENT ANIMALS. THEY DO NOT WANT ANYONE TO TOUCH THESE AS THEY ARE FRAGILE AND ANCIENT.THIS TRIP LASTS ABOUT 3 HOURS AND WE ALL HAVE NO HEADLAMPS AS THE CAVE IS WELL LIGHTED THE ENTIRE WAY, BUT IT IS A COOL 50 DEGREES. IT IS FUN BECAUSE THE WAY THE FORMATIONS LOOK ARE DIFFERENT FROM OTHER CAVES IN THE AREA. EACH NATURALIST HAS A LITTLE DIFFERENT STORY ABOUT THE FORMATIONS AND WHO HELPED TO MAP THE CAVE.
Friday, November 25, 2011
Wednesday, November 23, 2011
KASHINAWA INDIANS IN PERU
KASHINAWA PROBABLY HAVE LIVED IN THE GENERAL AREA WHERE THEY ARE SINCE NO LATER THAN A.D. 1200. BUT OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR PRESENCE IN THE REGION DATES FROM REPORTS BY WILLIAM CHANDLESS IN 1860'S. BEGINNING AT THAT TIME, BRAZILIANS FROM THE STATE BEGIN TO MAKE EXPEDITIONS DURING THE DRY SEASON TO EXPLOIT RUBBER, SARSAPARILLO, CACAO, AND COPAIBA OIL. LATER THE COLONISTS FROM NORTH EASTERN BRAZIL. THESE EARLY CONTACTS SEEM TO HAVE BEEN PEACEFUL. THESE EARLY CONTAQCTS SEEM TO HAVE BEEN PEACEFUL. BY 1900 SOME RUBBER WORKERS STAGED PLANNED MASACRES AND ANGLOS. BROUGHT DISEASES BOTH OF WHICH DESTROYED , AND ANGLOS BROUGHT DESTROYED MANY KASHINAWA. BY 1910 SOME OF THESE INDIANS WORKED FOR RUBBER COMPANIES FOR BRAZILIAN BOSSES, AS THEY STILL DO. BY 1910 SOME OF THE INDIANS WORKED FOR RUBBER COMPANIES FOR RUBBER COMPANIES FOR BRAZILIAN BOSSES A THEY STILL DO. OTHERS MOVED TO RIO CARANJA IN RELATIVE ISOLATION UNTIL THE 1940'S WHEN THEY LIVED WITH BRAZILIAN SETLLERS. THEY BECAME CATHOLICS.
BY THE 1970'S THE STATE OPENED UP THE HWY WHICH BROUGHT MORE CATTLE AND A CONTINUAL LAND OF EXPECTATION. THIS BROUGHT STRUGGLES FOR LAND ISUES BETWEEN RANCERS, THE KACHINAWA, AND RUBBER TAPPERS. THEY HAD A MOVEMENT TO EASTABLISH INDIGENOUS AREAS AS THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT DIRECTED. IN 1955 THE US MISSIONARIES BEGAN WORK WITH THE KASHINAWA IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH BILINGUAL SCHOOLS AND CONVERT THEM TO CHRISTIANS. THE KACHINAWA CAN'T MAINTAIN MUCH OF THEIR INDIGENOUS CULTURE.
THE KASHINAWA BELIEVE ALL OF NATURE INCLUDING HUMANS HAVE AN INVISIBLE COMPONENT CALLED "YUSHIN". HUMANS HAVE THE RIGHT TO USE THE VISIBLE PART OF THE WORLD. SPIRITS USE INVISIBLE PARTS. SPIRITS CAN BE PLAYFUL, MEAN, OR SPITEFUL. SPIRITS CAN BE SEEN DURING DREAMS WHILE UNCONSCIOUS AND UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HALLUCINOGEN, BREW MADE FROM A VINE. CATHOLICISM MISSIONARIES HAVE INTRODUCED NEW RELIGIOUS IDEAS BUT HAVE NOT ELIMINATED THESE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. RELIGIOUS PRACTIONERS ACTED AS MEDIATORS BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE SPIRITUAL WORLD.
THEY HAVE THREE PRIMARY CEREMONIES AND INITIATION RITES.AFTER CHILDREN ARE INITIATED BETWEEN 9 AND 12, THEY BEGIN TO TAKE ON AND ADULT RESPONSIBILITIES. THE HEADMAN RITUAL IS HELD WHENEVER TENSIONS WITHIN THE VILLAGE ARE THREATENED. IT HELPS BRING UNITY TO THE MEN.
SOME MEN HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF HERBAL TREATMENT WHEN ASKED IF ILLNESS IS NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBAL REMEDIES. SOME MEN HAVE HERBAL TREATMENT WHEN ASKED. IF ILLNESS IS NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBAL TREATMENT, THEY MAY BE TREATED BY A SHAMAN. THEY BELIEVE DEATH ENDS. SOME OF THE PEOPLE'S SPIRITS JOIN THE SPIRITS OF THE ANCESTORS AND SOME RETURN TO THE VILLAGE.
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BY THE 1970'S THE STATE OPENED UP THE HWY WHICH BROUGHT MORE CATTLE AND A CONTINUAL LAND OF EXPECTATION. THIS BROUGHT STRUGGLES FOR LAND ISUES BETWEEN RANCERS, THE KACHINAWA, AND RUBBER TAPPERS. THEY HAD A MOVEMENT TO EASTABLISH INDIGENOUS AREAS AS THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT DIRECTED. IN 1955 THE US MISSIONARIES BEGAN WORK WITH THE KASHINAWA IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH BILINGUAL SCHOOLS AND CONVERT THEM TO CHRISTIANS. THE KACHINAWA CAN'T MAINTAIN MUCH OF THEIR INDIGENOUS CULTURE.
THE KASHINAWA BELIEVE ALL OF NATURE INCLUDING HUMANS HAVE AN INVISIBLE COMPONENT CALLED "YUSHIN". HUMANS HAVE THE RIGHT TO USE THE VISIBLE PART OF THE WORLD. SPIRITS USE INVISIBLE PARTS. SPIRITS CAN BE PLAYFUL, MEAN, OR SPITEFUL. SPIRITS CAN BE SEEN DURING DREAMS WHILE UNCONSCIOUS AND UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HALLUCINOGEN, BREW MADE FROM A VINE. CATHOLICISM MISSIONARIES HAVE INTRODUCED NEW RELIGIOUS IDEAS BUT HAVE NOT ELIMINATED THESE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. RELIGIOUS PRACTIONERS ACTED AS MEDIATORS BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE SPIRITUAL WORLD.
THEY HAVE THREE PRIMARY CEREMONIES AND INITIATION RITES.AFTER CHILDREN ARE INITIATED BETWEEN 9 AND 12, THEY BEGIN TO TAKE ON AND ADULT RESPONSIBILITIES. THE HEADMAN RITUAL IS HELD WHENEVER TENSIONS WITHIN THE VILLAGE ARE THREATENED. IT HELPS BRING UNITY TO THE MEN.
SOME MEN HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF HERBAL TREATMENT WHEN ASKED IF ILLNESS IS NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBAL REMEDIES. SOME MEN HAVE HERBAL TREATMENT WHEN ASKED. IF ILLNESS IS NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBAL TREATMENT, THEY MAY BE TREATED BY A SHAMAN. THEY BELIEVE DEATH ENDS. SOME OF THE PEOPLE'S SPIRITS JOIN THE SPIRITS OF THE ANCESTORS AND SOME RETURN TO THE VILLAGE.
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CASHIBO INDIANS IN PERU
THE CASHIBO LIVE IN EASTERN PERU ALONG THE AGUAYTIA RIVER IN EASTERN PERU ALONG THE AGUAYTIA RIVER. THEIR POPULATION IS OF THE PANOAN FAMILY. HISTORICALLY THEY HAVE BEEN HOSTILE TO THEIR NEIGHBORS AND THE MISSIONARIES WHO ATTEMPTED TO WORK AMONG THEM . WHEN THE FIRST IN THE CASHIBO KILLED ONE OF THEM AND FORCED THE REST TO LEAVE. BY 1829 THEY RETREATED TO THE HEADWATER OF PACHITA. IN 1870 WHEN THEY RETURNED DOWN RIVER THEY WERE VICTIMS OF RAIDS BY THE SHETELBO AND COJUBO. IT HAS ONLY BEEN IN THE ONLY PAST 20TH CENTURIES THAT THE CASHIBO ARE IN CONTACT WITH THE PERUVIAN NATIONAL SOCIETY. IN THE PAST WHEN SETTLERS APPROACHED THE CASHIBO THE INDIANS SIMPLY MOVED FURTHER INTO THE FOREST TO AVOID THEM. BETWEEN THE 30'S AND 40'S MANY EPIDEMICS OCCURRED. BECAUSE ACCULTURATION WAS RAPID MANY CASHIBO DIED AS A 0RESULT OF CULTURE SHOCK AND DISEASE. BY 1940 THEY REFUSED TO BE ON A RESERVATION AND STAYED ON THEIR LAND. THE MAJORITY LIVE IN FIVE COMMUNITIES EACH OF WHICH IS HALF BILINGUAL DIRECTED BY THE SUMMER INSTITUTE, A MISSIONARY GROUP.
BOTH CASHIBO AND SHIPIBO INTERMARRY. THE TRADITIONAL CASHIBO SUBSISTENCE WAS BASED ON HUNTING, FISHING, CROPS RAISED IN SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE . FOLKS ALONG THE RIVER SELL BANANAS, SALTED MEAT, FISH AND CHICKEN TO TRUCK DRIVERS. BUT THOSE ON THE NON NAVIGABLE PACHITAS, WHO HAVE NO TRANSPORTATION, HAVE LESS OPPORTUNITY TO SELL THEIR PRODUCE. SOME CASHIBO HAVE SOME CCASHIBO HAVE LEFT FARMING TO WORK FOR CASH AS LUMBERERS AND OTHER JOBS. THEY ARE FARM AND OTHER WORKERS.
IN THEIR GARDENS THE CASHIBO RAISED MAIZE AND SWEET MANIOC AS STAPLES, PUMPKINS, PEANUTS, GOUYRDS, PAPAYA, PEPPERS SWEET POTATOES. NON FOOD CROPS INCLUDE COTTON, GENIPAPO, ANNATO, REEDS, FOR ARROWS, TWO TYPES OF FISH POISON PLANTS AND TOBACCO. EVERY THREE YEARS MEN CLEAR NEW FIELDS. CASHIBO DEPEND UPON FISH THAT THEY CATCH WITH BOW AND ARROW AND HARPOONS. THEY ALSO SALT AND SELL FISH. THE MOST IMPORTANT ANIMALS ARE DEER, CAPYBARAS AND MONKEYS, SQUIRRELS, TAPIR AND WATERFOWL. THEY KEEP THE DOMES,PIGS, AND PARROTS AND MONKEYS.
THEY ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR BEAUTIFUL POTTERY, BASKETS, AND MATS. MEN DO WOODWORKING. TYPICALLY THEY HAVE ONE OR TWO FAMILIES IN EACH HOUSE. THEIR COMMUNITY WAS SELF SUFFICIENT AND INDEPENDANT. THEIR WAS LITTLE TRADE WITH THE OTHER GROUPS. THEIR COMMUNITY WAS LEAD BY A FAMILY OWNED THIER GARDEN.
THE EMMISSIONARIES CONVINCED THEM TO WEAR CLOTHES. THE CHASHIBO DEFORMED THE HEQADS OF THEIR INFANTS BY USING A PAD AROUND THEIR HEADS TIED TO THEIR CRADLEBOARDS. IT TOOK ONLY FOUR DAYS. THEY HAD MANY OTHER RITES AND SOME WEIRD PRACTICES.
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BOTH CASHIBO AND SHIPIBO INTERMARRY. THE TRADITIONAL CASHIBO SUBSISTENCE WAS BASED ON HUNTING, FISHING, CROPS RAISED IN SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE . FOLKS ALONG THE RIVER SELL BANANAS, SALTED MEAT, FISH AND CHICKEN TO TRUCK DRIVERS. BUT THOSE ON THE NON NAVIGABLE PACHITAS, WHO HAVE NO TRANSPORTATION, HAVE LESS OPPORTUNITY TO SELL THEIR PRODUCE. SOME CASHIBO HAVE SOME CCASHIBO HAVE LEFT FARMING TO WORK FOR CASH AS LUMBERERS AND OTHER JOBS. THEY ARE FARM AND OTHER WORKERS.
IN THEIR GARDENS THE CASHIBO RAISED MAIZE AND SWEET MANIOC AS STAPLES, PUMPKINS, PEANUTS, GOUYRDS, PAPAYA, PEPPERS SWEET POTATOES. NON FOOD CROPS INCLUDE COTTON, GENIPAPO, ANNATO, REEDS, FOR ARROWS, TWO TYPES OF FISH POISON PLANTS AND TOBACCO. EVERY THREE YEARS MEN CLEAR NEW FIELDS. CASHIBO DEPEND UPON FISH THAT THEY CATCH WITH BOW AND ARROW AND HARPOONS. THEY ALSO SALT AND SELL FISH. THE MOST IMPORTANT ANIMALS ARE DEER, CAPYBARAS AND MONKEYS, SQUIRRELS, TAPIR AND WATERFOWL. THEY KEEP THE DOMES,PIGS, AND PARROTS AND MONKEYS.
THEY ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR BEAUTIFUL POTTERY, BASKETS, AND MATS. MEN DO WOODWORKING. TYPICALLY THEY HAVE ONE OR TWO FAMILIES IN EACH HOUSE. THEIR COMMUNITY WAS SELF SUFFICIENT AND INDEPENDANT. THEIR WAS LITTLE TRADE WITH THE OTHER GROUPS. THEIR COMMUNITY WAS LEAD BY A FAMILY OWNED THIER GARDEN.
THE EMMISSIONARIES CONVINCED THEM TO WEAR CLOTHES. THE CHASHIBO DEFORMED THE HEQADS OF THEIR INFANTS BY USING A PAD AROUND THEIR HEADS TIED TO THEIR CRADLEBOARDS. IT TOOK ONLY FOUR DAYS. THEY HAD MANY OTHER RITES AND SOME WEIRD PRACTICES.
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CAMPA INDIANS IN PERU
THE CAMPA INDIANS LIVE PRIMARILY IN THE EASTERN POPULATION OF THE PERUVIAN ANDES. JUST OVER 200 OF THEM LIVE IN BRAZIL. THEIR POPULATION RANGES FROM 14000 TO MORE THAN 40,000 FOLKS. THEY SPEAK LIKE ARAWAK. THEY HAVE SEVEN MAJOR CAMPAS GROUPS. THEY DID NOT GET ALONG WITH THE EUROPEANS. IN THE EARLY 17TH CENTURY THEY REBELLED AGAINST THE FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES.
BY 1735 THEY BUILT 38 MISSIONS WHERE 8000 INDIANS LIVED. IN 1742 THE CAMPA REBELLION AROSE. THIS HOSTILITY CONTINUED FOR OVER 100 YEARS. ANGLOS CAME IN THE RUBBER BOOM OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE CAMPA WERE FORCED TO WORK WITH THEM. THEY GOT MASSIVE EPIDEMICS AND MANY DIED. THE PERUVIAN CORPORATION DECIDED TO HAVE THEM WORK FOR THEIR LIVING.
A SUBGROUP OF THE CAMPO ARE CALLED ASHANNINCA WHO LIVE IN THE JUNGLE AT AN ELEVATION OF 300 TO 1800 METERS. THE ESTIMATED POPULATION WAS IN 1975 15 TO 18,000. THEY ARE TRADITIONALLY AGAINST THE FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES. BY 1735 THEY BUILT MISSIONS AGAINST THE FRANCISCANS MISSIONARIES.
BY 1735 THEY BUILT 38 MISSIONS WHERE 8000 LIVED. IN 1742 THE CAMPO REBELLION AROSE. THIS HOSTILITY CONTINUED FOR OVER 100 YEARS. ANGLOS CAME IN THE RUBBER BOOM OF THE
20TH CENTURY AND THE CAMPA WERE FORCED TO WORK WITH THEM. THEY GOT MASSIVE EPIDEMICS AND MANY DIED.
A SUBGROUP OF THE THE CAMPO ARE CALLED ASHANINEA WHO LIVE IN THE JUNGLES. SMALL GROUPS. MANY NOW USE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE. THEY HAVE INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP. IN CULTIVATING MAIZE, RICE,BEANS, COFFEE, AND CITRUS FRUITS, THEY WORK IN LUMBER ING AND HUNT ANIMAL SKINS. AN INTEGRAL OF THEIR ECONOMY IS THEIR SYSTEM OF TRADING PARTNERS. THEY HAVE 30 BILIGUAL SCHOOLS AND SOME MECHNICS.
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BY 1735 THEY BUILT 38 MISSIONS WHERE 8000 INDIANS LIVED. IN 1742 THE CAMPA REBELLION AROSE. THIS HOSTILITY CONTINUED FOR OVER 100 YEARS. ANGLOS CAME IN THE RUBBER BOOM OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE CAMPA WERE FORCED TO WORK WITH THEM. THEY GOT MASSIVE EPIDEMICS AND MANY DIED. THE PERUVIAN CORPORATION DECIDED TO HAVE THEM WORK FOR THEIR LIVING.
A SUBGROUP OF THE CAMPO ARE CALLED ASHANNINCA WHO LIVE IN THE JUNGLE AT AN ELEVATION OF 300 TO 1800 METERS. THE ESTIMATED POPULATION WAS IN 1975 15 TO 18,000. THEY ARE TRADITIONALLY AGAINST THE FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES. BY 1735 THEY BUILT MISSIONS AGAINST THE FRANCISCANS MISSIONARIES.
BY 1735 THEY BUILT 38 MISSIONS WHERE 8000 LIVED. IN 1742 THE CAMPO REBELLION AROSE. THIS HOSTILITY CONTINUED FOR OVER 100 YEARS. ANGLOS CAME IN THE RUBBER BOOM OF THE
20TH CENTURY AND THE CAMPA WERE FORCED TO WORK WITH THEM. THEY GOT MASSIVE EPIDEMICS AND MANY DIED.
A SUBGROUP OF THE THE CAMPO ARE CALLED ASHANINEA WHO LIVE IN THE JUNGLES. SMALL GROUPS. MANY NOW USE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE. THEY HAVE INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP. IN CULTIVATING MAIZE, RICE,BEANS, COFFEE, AND CITRUS FRUITS, THEY WORK IN LUMBER ING AND HUNT ANIMAL SKINS. AN INTEGRAL OF THEIR ECONOMY IS THEIR SYSTEM OF TRADING PARTNERS. THEY HAVE 30 BILIGUAL SCHOOLS AND SOME MECHNICS.
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Tuesday, November 22, 2011
CANDOSHO INDIANS IN PERU
THE CANDOSHI SLOWLY MIGRATED TO NORTHERN CAJAMARCAS. LINGUISTICALLY AND ARCHAEOLOGICALLY THEY ARE AN ANOMALY IN THEIR PRESENT LOCATION. THEIR ORAL TRADITION INCLUDES NO ACCOUNT OF SUCH A MIGRATION. THEY HAD EARLY CONTACT WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.. THE CANDOSHI SAY THE ASHUER TAUGHT THEM HOW TO OBTAIN SPIRITUAL POWERS AND TO SHRINK HEADS. THEY HAD INTERFAMILY BLOOD FEUDS IN WAREFARE.
IN THE EARLY 1900'S PEOPLE STILL USED STONE AXES TO CLEAR GARDENS AND MAKE FOOD PRODUCTION. ONCE STEEL AXES AND MACHETES WERE INTRODUCED LARGE GARDENS WERE QUICKLY CLEARED AND MEN HAD TIME FOR WAREFARE?
BY THE 1930'S THE AMAZON RUBBER COMPANIES MADE THE CANDOSHI FIGHT AMONG EACH OTHER AND THEIR NEIGHBORS. IN THE EARLY 1930'S MANY OF THE CHAPARA YOUTH OF THE RIO STICHIN WERE ABDUCTED AND THEY REVOLTED AGAINST THE RUBBER COMPANIES. THIS PROVOKED A TWO YEAR WAR BETWEEN THE CHAPARA AND THE ARMY.
DURING THE 1940S A MEASLES EPIDEMIC REDUCED THEIR POPULATION TO 100 FOLKS. THE SURVIVORS SETTLED ON RIO PUSHAGA. AS TIME WENT BY MORE PEOPLE SOUGHT PEACE AND THEY DECIDED TO OBEY CHRISTIAN TEACHINGS, THE WAR RAIDS STOPPED. BILINGUAL SCHOOLS OPENED IN THE LATE 1500'S AND THEY BEGAN TO HAVE LITERACY AMONG PEOPLE.THEY BROUGHT IN TEACHERS FROM ENEMY GROUPS.
TODAY THEY LIVE IN EXTENDED FAMILY SETTLEMENTS OF ABOUT 150 PEOPLE. IDEALLY THE HOUSES SHOULD BE AT LEAST A 5 MINUTE WALK APART. EACH COMMUNITY WAS ABOUT ALONG STRUCTURE WITH A PALM LEAFED ROOF WITHOUT WALLS. THE AVERAGE HOME IS ABOUT 30 SQUARE METERS. THEIR MODERN HOMES HAVE A BARK WALL AROUND THE SLEEPING AREA.
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IN THE EARLY 1900'S PEOPLE STILL USED STONE AXES TO CLEAR GARDENS AND MAKE FOOD PRODUCTION. ONCE STEEL AXES AND MACHETES WERE INTRODUCED LARGE GARDENS WERE QUICKLY CLEARED AND MEN HAD TIME FOR WAREFARE?
BY THE 1930'S THE AMAZON RUBBER COMPANIES MADE THE CANDOSHI FIGHT AMONG EACH OTHER AND THEIR NEIGHBORS. IN THE EARLY 1930'S MANY OF THE CHAPARA YOUTH OF THE RIO STICHIN WERE ABDUCTED AND THEY REVOLTED AGAINST THE RUBBER COMPANIES. THIS PROVOKED A TWO YEAR WAR BETWEEN THE CHAPARA AND THE ARMY.
DURING THE 1940S A MEASLES EPIDEMIC REDUCED THEIR POPULATION TO 100 FOLKS. THE SURVIVORS SETTLED ON RIO PUSHAGA. AS TIME WENT BY MORE PEOPLE SOUGHT PEACE AND THEY DECIDED TO OBEY CHRISTIAN TEACHINGS, THE WAR RAIDS STOPPED. BILINGUAL SCHOOLS OPENED IN THE LATE 1500'S AND THEY BEGAN TO HAVE LITERACY AMONG PEOPLE.THEY BROUGHT IN TEACHERS FROM ENEMY GROUPS.
TODAY THEY LIVE IN EXTENDED FAMILY SETTLEMENTS OF ABOUT 150 PEOPLE. IDEALLY THE HOUSES SHOULD BE AT LEAST A 5 MINUTE WALK APART. EACH COMMUNITY WAS ABOUT ALONG STRUCTURE WITH A PALM LEAFED ROOF WITHOUT WALLS. THE AVERAGE HOME IS ABOUT 30 SQUARE METERS. THEIR MODERN HOMES HAVE A BARK WALL AROUND THE SLEEPING AREA.
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BORA INDIANS IN PERU
BORA INDIANS LIVE IN A DEEP PERUVIAN JUNGLE ALONG THE AMAZON AND AMPIRICU RIVERS. HISTORICALLY THEY HAD ENEMIES AS WELL AS ALLIES. THEY ARE ARTISTICALLY TALENTED TRIBES, MAKING MASKS, DOLLS, RATTLES AND BLOWGUNS. MANY CRAFTS ARE FROM BARK CLOTH. THEY MAKE BARK CLOTH FROM INNER BARK OF FIG TREE AND IS BEATEN IT IS PAPER THIN. THEY THEN MAKE SHORT SKIRTS AND FOR BOTH. A PALM TREE IS USED TO MAKE TWINE FOR BAGS AND HAMMOCKS. THE HUITOTO,THEIR ENEMY, WORE NO BLOUSES. THE BORA WOMEN WERE A DRESS. BOTH SEXES WEAR NO NECKLACES,FEATHERS, BUT THEY DO PAINT THEIR BODIES WITH RED AND WHITE PAINT.
ONE OF THE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN IQUITOS IS THE BORA INDIANS WHO LIVE IN SAN ANDRE VILLAGE. THEY HAVE ABOUT 3000 NATIVE SPEAKERS ALL LIVING IN PERU AND COLUMBIA. THE BORA LANGUAGE IS SIMILAR TO THE HUITOTO. THE BORA HAVE DIFFERENT CLANS REPRESENTED BY AN ANIMAL. THEY PAINT THEIR FACES WITH DIFFERENT DESIGNS BASED ON THEIR CLAN. THEY MUST MARRY OUTSIDE OF THEIR CLAN.
THE BORAS DO NOT DANCE AS THEY DO FOR TOURISTS IN IQUITOS. INSTEAD THEY USE LARGE SIX FIX FOOT BATONS THAT THEY FOUND IN UNISON ON THE GROUND AS THEY DANCE. THE BATONS HAVE SHELLS ATTACHED TO THEM FOR MUSIC HARMONY. THEY OFTEN DANCE ALL NIGHT IN THEIR CEREMONIES. ONE AUTHENTIC ITEM YOU CAN VIEW IN THEIR VILLAGE IS THE BORA MANGUARE DRUM. THEY HAVE DIFFERENT FORMS OF DRUMS AND THEY CONSIDER THEM MALE OR FEMALE.
THEY ALSO PEEL THE BARK OF A PALM TREE AND POUND IT WITH A WOODEN HAMMER. AFTER THEY POUND IT ONLY THE INNER BARK IS LEFT. THIS FABRIC IS LIKE BURLAP AND THEY USE NATURAL DYES. THEY USE GINGER FROM PRESSED GREEN FRUIT HUITO TREE.
THEY ALSO WEAVE WITH BAGS FROM A PALM FIBER CALLED CHAMBRI. A KEY INGREDIENT IN MAINTAINING A NATIVE CULTURE IS USING THEIR TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE. IF YOU TALK TO THE CHILDREN YOU WILL SEE THEY UNDERSTAND THEIR LANGUAGE.
ANOTHER TEST OF THEIR CULTURAL INTEGRITY IS THAT THEY STILL USE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MEDICINAL USE OF BORAS. COCA LEAVES ARE USED IN THE ANDES MOUNTAINS TO PROVIDE THEM SOME NUTRIENTS IN THEIR DIET. IT ALLOWS THEM TO WORK EXTENDED HOURS WITHOUT EXHAUSTION. THEY DO NOT HAVE CHEW THE RAW LEAVES AS THEY DO IN THE MOUNTAINS -THE BORA DRY THE LEAVES OVER A FIRE AND POUND THEM IN A POWDER. THIS POWDER IS BLOWN IN THEIR NOSE!
THE BORA INDIANS ARE PRESERVING THEIR CULTURE BY A SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT IN BRILLO NUEVO. SCIENTISTS HAVE LEARNED THAT FROM OBSERVATIONS ON TRADITIONAL BORA FORESTRY. THEY ARE MAKING NEW MODELS OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE THAT WILL SUSTAIN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST RATHER THAN DESTROY IT. THE BORAS WERE A SEMINOMADIC TRIBE AND THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND WAS ON COLOMBIA. THEY LIVED IN A COMMUNAL HOUSE. THEY WERE NOMADS PRACTICING SHIFTING CULTIVATIONS AND THEY SUBSIDIZED THEIR DIET BY HUNTING AND THEY PRACTICED SHIFTING CULTIVATIONS AND FISHED.
BY 1900 THE AMAZON RUBBER BOOM CHANGED THE WAYS OF THE BORAS FOREVER. THIS PERIOD WAS DISASTROUS FOR THE BORA COMMUNITIES. THEY WERE FORCED TO HARVEST LATEX FROM STANDS OF RUBBER TREES. THE BEFORE THE BOOM THE BORA INDIGENOUS POPULATION WAS ESTIMATED AT 15,000. YEARS LATER PERU'S LOSS OF THE BORDER WAR WITH COLUMBIA IN 1930'S MADE THE M EVACUATE TO IQUITOS.
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ONE OF THE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN IQUITOS IS THE BORA INDIANS WHO LIVE IN SAN ANDRE VILLAGE. THEY HAVE ABOUT 3000 NATIVE SPEAKERS ALL LIVING IN PERU AND COLUMBIA. THE BORA LANGUAGE IS SIMILAR TO THE HUITOTO. THE BORA HAVE DIFFERENT CLANS REPRESENTED BY AN ANIMAL. THEY PAINT THEIR FACES WITH DIFFERENT DESIGNS BASED ON THEIR CLAN. THEY MUST MARRY OUTSIDE OF THEIR CLAN.
THE BORAS DO NOT DANCE AS THEY DO FOR TOURISTS IN IQUITOS. INSTEAD THEY USE LARGE SIX FIX FOOT BATONS THAT THEY FOUND IN UNISON ON THE GROUND AS THEY DANCE. THE BATONS HAVE SHELLS ATTACHED TO THEM FOR MUSIC HARMONY. THEY OFTEN DANCE ALL NIGHT IN THEIR CEREMONIES. ONE AUTHENTIC ITEM YOU CAN VIEW IN THEIR VILLAGE IS THE BORA MANGUARE DRUM. THEY HAVE DIFFERENT FORMS OF DRUMS AND THEY CONSIDER THEM MALE OR FEMALE.
THEY ALSO PEEL THE BARK OF A PALM TREE AND POUND IT WITH A WOODEN HAMMER. AFTER THEY POUND IT ONLY THE INNER BARK IS LEFT. THIS FABRIC IS LIKE BURLAP AND THEY USE NATURAL DYES. THEY USE GINGER FROM PRESSED GREEN FRUIT HUITO TREE.
THEY ALSO WEAVE WITH BAGS FROM A PALM FIBER CALLED CHAMBRI. A KEY INGREDIENT IN MAINTAINING A NATIVE CULTURE IS USING THEIR TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE. IF YOU TALK TO THE CHILDREN YOU WILL SEE THEY UNDERSTAND THEIR LANGUAGE.
ANOTHER TEST OF THEIR CULTURAL INTEGRITY IS THAT THEY STILL USE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MEDICINAL USE OF BORAS. COCA LEAVES ARE USED IN THE ANDES MOUNTAINS TO PROVIDE THEM SOME NUTRIENTS IN THEIR DIET. IT ALLOWS THEM TO WORK EXTENDED HOURS WITHOUT EXHAUSTION. THEY DO NOT HAVE CHEW THE RAW LEAVES AS THEY DO IN THE MOUNTAINS -THE BORA DRY THE LEAVES OVER A FIRE AND POUND THEM IN A POWDER. THIS POWDER IS BLOWN IN THEIR NOSE!
THE BORA INDIANS ARE PRESERVING THEIR CULTURE BY A SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT IN BRILLO NUEVO. SCIENTISTS HAVE LEARNED THAT FROM OBSERVATIONS ON TRADITIONAL BORA FORESTRY. THEY ARE MAKING NEW MODELS OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE THAT WILL SUSTAIN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST RATHER THAN DESTROY IT. THE BORAS WERE A SEMINOMADIC TRIBE AND THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND WAS ON COLOMBIA. THEY LIVED IN A COMMUNAL HOUSE. THEY WERE NOMADS PRACTICING SHIFTING CULTIVATIONS AND THEY SUBSIDIZED THEIR DIET BY HUNTING AND THEY PRACTICED SHIFTING CULTIVATIONS AND FISHED.
BY 1900 THE AMAZON RUBBER BOOM CHANGED THE WAYS OF THE BORAS FOREVER. THIS PERIOD WAS DISASTROUS FOR THE BORA COMMUNITIES. THEY WERE FORCED TO HARVEST LATEX FROM STANDS OF RUBBER TREES. THE BEFORE THE BOOM THE BORA INDIGENOUS POPULATION WAS ESTIMATED AT 15,000. YEARS LATER PERU'S LOSS OF THE BORDER WAR WITH COLUMBIA IN 1930'S MADE THE M EVACUATE TO IQUITOS.
INDIANCULTURES.COM
AYMARA INDIAN IN PERU
AYMARA INDIANS SPEAK ONE OF THE MAJOR LANGUAGES OF SOUTH AMERICA SPOKEN BY 3 MILLION PEOPLE. IN THE ANDEAN REGION OF BOLIVIA, PERU. THEY HAVE TWO TO EIGHT DIFFERENT AYMARAN LANGUAGES. SOME THINK IT IS RELATED TO AYMARA AND RELATED TO QUECHUA.THESE FOLKS LIVE IN BOLIVIA AND PERUVIAN PLAIN NEAR LAKE TITICACA. TWO SMALL VILLAGES OF INDIANS LIVE IN THE AREA.
SPANISH CONQUEST AFFECTED THE AYMARA TREMENDOUSLY. EPIDEMICS, WARFARE, AND COLONIAL EXPLOITATION LED TO A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION. COLONIAL EXPLOITATION LED TO A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION AS WELL. TODAY THEY HAVE ESTIMATED THAT THERE ARE BETWEEN 600,00 TO 900,000 AYMARA.
PRIOR TO THEIR CONQUEST BY THE INCA IN 1430 THEY WERE ORGANIZED INTO SUBGROUPS. THEY WERE INCLUDED WITH THE INCA THAT RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT AND LACK OF INDEPENDENCE. BY 1535 THE SPANISH CONQUEST FURTHER FURTHER CHANGED THEM FROM 1820 TO THE . THE AMARA HAVE BEEN UNDER THE RULE OF PERUVIAN AND BOLIVIAN REPUBLICS. IN THE LAST 25 YEARS25 YEARS.
THE MAJORITY OF OF AYMARA ARE DEPENDANT ON AGRICULTURE FOR THEIR SUBSISTENCE. THEY GROW MANY CROPS THEY RAISE SHEEP LLAMAS. CATTLE, ALPACAS, AND FISH, THEIR ECONOMIC STRUCTURE TOOK PLACE IN THE PAST FEW DECADES. PRIOR TO LAND REFORM PROGRAMS, THE MAJORITY OF ALTIPLANO LANDS. MANY AYMARA WERE DEPENDANTS OF THESE ESTATES, EXCHANGING LABOR FOR RIGHTS TO USE THE ARABLE LAND. THE HACIENDA SYSTEM IS WELL DOCUMENTED AND THEIR PRODUCE WAS SIPHONED OFF BY MIDDLEMEN. TODAY THE HACIENDA SYSTEM WELL DOCUMENTED AND THE SYSTEM WAS THEIR PRODUCE WAS SIPHONED OFF BY MIDDLEMEN. TODAY THE HACIENDA SYSTEM IS BREAKING UP AND LAND TENURE HAS CHANGED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
SPANISH CONQUEST AFFECTED THE AYMARA TREMENDOUSLY. EPIDEMICS, WARFARE, AND COLONIAL EXPLOITATION LED TO A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION. COLONIAL EXPLOITATION LED TO A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION AS WELL. TODAY THEY HAVE ESTIMATED THAT THERE ARE BETWEEN 600,00 TO 900,000 AYMARA.
PRIOR TO THEIR CONQUEST BY THE INCA IN 1430 THEY WERE ORGANIZED INTO SUBGROUPS. THEY WERE INCLUDED WITH THE INCA THAT RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT AND LACK OF INDEPENDENCE. BY 1535 THE SPANISH CONQUEST FURTHER FURTHER CHANGED THEM FROM 1820 TO THE . THE AMARA HAVE BEEN UNDER THE RULE OF PERUVIAN AND BOLIVIAN REPUBLICS. IN THE LAST 25 YEARS25 YEARS.
THE MAJORITY OF OF AYMARA ARE DEPENDANT ON AGRICULTURE FOR THEIR SUBSISTENCE. THEY GROW MANY CROPS THEY RAISE SHEEP LLAMAS. CATTLE, ALPACAS, AND FISH, THEIR ECONOMIC STRUCTURE TOOK PLACE IN THE PAST FEW DECADES. PRIOR TO LAND REFORM PROGRAMS, THE MAJORITY OF ALTIPLANO LANDS. MANY AYMARA WERE DEPENDANTS OF THESE ESTATES, EXCHANGING LABOR FOR RIGHTS TO USE THE ARABLE LAND. THE HACIENDA SYSTEM IS WELL DOCUMENTED AND THEIR PRODUCE WAS SIPHONED OFF BY MIDDLEMEN. TODAY THE HACIENDA SYSTEM WELL DOCUMENTED AND THE SYSTEM WAS THEIR PRODUCE WAS SIPHONED OFF BY MIDDLEMEN. TODAY THE HACIENDA SYSTEM IS BREAKING UP AND LAND TENURE HAS CHANGED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
ARABELA INDIANS IN PERU
ARABELA INDIANS IN PERU ARE INDIGENOUS TO TWO PERUVIAN VILLAGES ALONG THE ARABELA RIVER. THEIR LANGUAGE CHIPUNO IS SPOKEN BY ABOUT 50 PEOPLE OF 500 . MOST FOLKS SPEAK ARABELA, A LANGUAGE OF THE ZAPARON FAMILY OF LANGUAGES. THEY HAVE BEEN GREATLY REDUCED BY WARS AND ENSLAVEMENT FROM THE RUBBER BOOM.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
WIKIPEDIA.COM
Thursday, November 17, 2011
ARABELA INDIANS IN PERU
ARABELA ARE INDIGENOUS TO TWO PERUVIAN VILLAGES IN A FOREST ECONOMY ALONG THE ARABELA RIVER. THEIR LANGUAGE CHIRIPUNO IS SPOKEN BY ABOUT 50 PEOPLE OF THEIR 500. MOST OF THE FOLKS SPEAK ARABELLA WHICH IS ANOTHER LANGUAGE OF THE ZAPAROAN FAMILY. MOST OF THE FAMILIES SPEAK ARABELA. THEY HAVE BEEN GREATLY REDUCED BY DISEASES, WARS AND ENSLAVEMENT FROM THE RUBBER BOOM
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WIKIPEDIA.COM
ASHANINKA INDIANS IN PERU
THESE FOLKS ARE AN ETHNIC GROUP OF THE PERUVIAN AMAZON RAIN FOREST. THEY ARE ALL KNOWN AS CAMPA ASHANINKA MEANS OUR FELLOWS. ANGLOS ATTEMPTED TO COLONIZE THE AREA IN 1600. BY 1742 THE AMERINDIAN REBELLION LED BY THE LEGENDARY JUAN SANTOS ATAHUALPA FORCED BY MISSIONARIES AND COLONISTS FROM THE AREA. THE ASHANINKA HAD CONTROL OVER THEIR LAND FOR OVER A CENTURY. BY THE MID 19TH CENTURY AGRICULTURAL FROM THE ANDES AND THE TAPPING INDUSTRY FROM THE AMAZON BROUGHT EUROPEANS BACK IN. BY THE MID 19TH CENTURY AGRICULTURE FROM THE ANDES AND THE RUBBER TAPPING INDUSTRY FROM THE AMAZON BROUGHT EUROPEANS BACK. IN 1847 RECOLONIZATION BY FRANCISCANS AND EUROPEANS, CHINESE AND JAPANESE SETTLERS BEGAN. SOME 5 MILLION ACRES OF ASHANINKA TERRITORY ALONG WITH THE MAIN RIVERS WERE GRANTED TO THE BRITISH OWNED PERUVIAN CORPORATION 44 YEARS LATER. THE ASHANINKA WERE USED AS LABORERS. THEY HAD WORKING CONDITIONS WITH VIRUS EPIDEMICS THAT REDUCED THEIR POPULATION.
DURING THE LAST DECADES OF THE 1900'S THIS TERRITORY HAS BEEN THE SITE OF THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN PERU'S ARMY AND REBEL GROUPS. SINCE 1980'S THE SHINING PATH - A COMMUNIST REBEL GROUP HAS ENTERED THEIR TERRITORY. SINCE THEN REBEL AND ARMY ACTIONS REDUCED THE ASHAMINKA.
THIS ETHNIC GROUP IS ONE OF THE LARGEST ETHIC GROUPS OF THE AMERICAS. THEY LIVE IN THE CENTRAL FOREST OF THE AMAZON OF EASTERN ANDEAN FOOTHILLS. THEIR COMMUNITIES STRETCHED ACROSS PERU TO BRAZIL. THEY HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF CLEARING AND BURNING. THEY WERE ISOLATED OUTSIDE INFLUENCES BECAUSE OF DIFFICULT ACCESS. THEIR LANGUAGES ARE PRE-ANDEAN ARAWAK AND IS THE LARGEST LANGUAGE FAMILY IN SOUTH AMERICA. THEIR CHILDREN ARE GIVEN THEIR OFFICIAL NAME WHEN THEY ARE SEVEN YEARS OLD.
HISTORY AND MYTH ARE EXPLAINED THROUGH MYTHS AND HEROS. A GREAT CLIFF IN THE TAMBO RIVER LOOKED LIKE A SPANISH SHIP SYMBOL IN A POWERFUL HERO. THE SAILORS BECAME ANTS.
THEIR RELIGION IS A VISION OF THE COSMOS AND IS MAINLY MYTHICAL. THEY HAVE NO FIGURE OR A CREATOR. THEY HAVE A HERO, AVIRERI, WHO TRANSFORMS HUMANS INTO ANIMALS, PLANTS, MOUNTAINS, AND RIVERS. THEIR UNIVERSE IS INHABIOTED BY THE LIVING FORMS THAT CAN BE SEEN BY INVISIBLE BEINGS. THE SUN AND MOON ARE GOOD SPIRITS. EVIL SPIRITS ARE CALLED RAMARI. SHAMANS ARE INTERMEDIARIES BETWEEN HEROS AND PEOPLE.
THEY HAVE A VISION THAT THE WORLD IS PLAGUED BY EVIL FORCES AND PEOPLE WILL BE DESTROYED. AFTER THAT THEY BELIEVE THAT PEOPLE WILL BE A NEW WORLD WITH NEW PEOPLE FREE OF SICKNESS OR DEATH.
EACH COMMUNITY HAD 300 -400 PEOPLE . NUCLEAR FAMILIES LIVED IN PRIVATE DWELLINGS. THEY GROW MANY CROPS FOR THEIR COMMUNITY. HEY HAVE CHICKENS AND EGGS,HUNT TAPIR, BOARS, AND MONKEYS, AND FISH. THERE IS MUCH TRADE BETWEEN FAMILIES.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
DURING THE LAST DECADES OF THE 1900'S THIS TERRITORY HAS BEEN THE SITE OF THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN PERU'S ARMY AND REBEL GROUPS. SINCE 1980'S THE SHINING PATH - A COMMUNIST REBEL GROUP HAS ENTERED THEIR TERRITORY. SINCE THEN REBEL AND ARMY ACTIONS REDUCED THE ASHAMINKA.
THIS ETHNIC GROUP IS ONE OF THE LARGEST ETHIC GROUPS OF THE AMERICAS. THEY LIVE IN THE CENTRAL FOREST OF THE AMAZON OF EASTERN ANDEAN FOOTHILLS. THEIR COMMUNITIES STRETCHED ACROSS PERU TO BRAZIL. THEY HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF CLEARING AND BURNING. THEY WERE ISOLATED OUTSIDE INFLUENCES BECAUSE OF DIFFICULT ACCESS. THEIR LANGUAGES ARE PRE-ANDEAN ARAWAK AND IS THE LARGEST LANGUAGE FAMILY IN SOUTH AMERICA. THEIR CHILDREN ARE GIVEN THEIR OFFICIAL NAME WHEN THEY ARE SEVEN YEARS OLD.
HISTORY AND MYTH ARE EXPLAINED THROUGH MYTHS AND HEROS. A GREAT CLIFF IN THE TAMBO RIVER LOOKED LIKE A SPANISH SHIP SYMBOL IN A POWERFUL HERO. THE SAILORS BECAME ANTS.
THEIR RELIGION IS A VISION OF THE COSMOS AND IS MAINLY MYTHICAL. THEY HAVE NO FIGURE OR A CREATOR. THEY HAVE A HERO, AVIRERI, WHO TRANSFORMS HUMANS INTO ANIMALS, PLANTS, MOUNTAINS, AND RIVERS. THEIR UNIVERSE IS INHABIOTED BY THE LIVING FORMS THAT CAN BE SEEN BY INVISIBLE BEINGS. THE SUN AND MOON ARE GOOD SPIRITS. EVIL SPIRITS ARE CALLED RAMARI. SHAMANS ARE INTERMEDIARIES BETWEEN HEROS AND PEOPLE.
THEY HAVE A VISION THAT THE WORLD IS PLAGUED BY EVIL FORCES AND PEOPLE WILL BE DESTROYED. AFTER THAT THEY BELIEVE THAT PEOPLE WILL BE A NEW WORLD WITH NEW PEOPLE FREE OF SICKNESS OR DEATH.
EACH COMMUNITY HAD 300 -400 PEOPLE . NUCLEAR FAMILIES LIVED IN PRIVATE DWELLINGS. THEY GROW MANY CROPS FOR THEIR COMMUNITY. HEY HAVE CHICKENS AND EGGS,HUNT TAPIR, BOARS, AND MONKEYS, AND FISH. THERE IS MUCH TRADE BETWEEN FAMILIES.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
MASHCO CULTURE IN PERU
THE MASHCO ARE OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN IN PERU. THEY LIVE IN THE TROPICAL ZONE OF PERUVIAN DEPARTMENTS. MADRE DE DIAS. THEY LIVE IN AN INLAND AREAWHICH DESCENDS FROM THE ANDEAN MOUNTAINS TO THE AMAZON BASIN THEY LIVE IN THE HIGH JUNGLE - MONTANA. THE ELEVATION RANGES FROM 200 METERS TO 700 METERS. THERE ARE ABOUT 6000 MASHCO LIVING IN 25,000 SQ. KM. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS CLASSIFIED AS PRE-ANDEAN ARAWAK. THEY HAVE VARIOUS HISTORIC PERIODS, PRE-HISPANIC, VICERAGAL, RUBBER TAPPER INCURSIONS AT THE END OF 1800'S, ESTABLISHMENT OF MISSIONS, COLONIALIZATIONS OF THE TERRITORY AND PRESENT DAY SITUATION.
A HISPANIC INDIAN CHRONICLER NARRATES HOW THE INCA AND HIS SON CONQUERED THE MASHCO. THERE WERE MANY WARRIORS AND BATTLES. ONE OF THE REASONS THAT MOTIVATED THE SPANIARDS TO PENETRATETHE AMAZONIAN AREA WAS THE LEGEND OF EL DORADO. THEY CAME HERE IN LATE 1500'S.
IN 1902 TWO IMPORTANT EVENTS TOOK PLACE THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE PACIFICATION OF THIS GROUP. ONE WAS PUTTING UP A MISSION ARMY POST BY THE DOMINICAN ORDER. THIS GAVE CONTACT TO THE WACHIPAERI AND LED TO THE EVANGELIZATION OF THE KOSMIPATA VALLEY. THE OTHER WAS FOUNDING OF THE CITY OF PUERTO MALDONADO ON THE LOWER COURSE OF THE MADRE DE DIOS.
THE MISSIONARIES BEGAN BEGAN AN INTENSIVE STUDY OF THE MACHCO LANGUAGE AND WROTE ETHNIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS DESCRIPTIONS THAT TRANSFORMED THE WORLD OF THEIR LIFEWAYS. THEY PUBLISHED THIS WORK. THE TWO MASHCO GROUPS HAVE CONTINUAL CONFRONTATIONS.WITH EACH OTHER. RELATIONSHIPS WITH NEIGHBORING GROUPS WERE FAR FROM PEACEFUL.
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A HISPANIC INDIAN CHRONICLER NARRATES HOW THE INCA AND HIS SON CONQUERED THE MASHCO. THERE WERE MANY WARRIORS AND BATTLES. ONE OF THE REASONS THAT MOTIVATED THE SPANIARDS TO PENETRATETHE AMAZONIAN AREA WAS THE LEGEND OF EL DORADO. THEY CAME HERE IN LATE 1500'S.
IN 1902 TWO IMPORTANT EVENTS TOOK PLACE THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE PACIFICATION OF THIS GROUP. ONE WAS PUTTING UP A MISSION ARMY POST BY THE DOMINICAN ORDER. THIS GAVE CONTACT TO THE WACHIPAERI AND LED TO THE EVANGELIZATION OF THE KOSMIPATA VALLEY. THE OTHER WAS FOUNDING OF THE CITY OF PUERTO MALDONADO ON THE LOWER COURSE OF THE MADRE DE DIOS.
THE MISSIONARIES BEGAN BEGAN AN INTENSIVE STUDY OF THE MACHCO LANGUAGE AND WROTE ETHNIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS DESCRIPTIONS THAT TRANSFORMED THE WORLD OF THEIR LIFEWAYS. THEY PUBLISHED THIS WORK. THE TWO MASHCO GROUPS HAVE CONTINUAL CONFRONTATIONS.WITH EACH OTHER. RELATIONSHIPS WITH NEIGHBORING GROUPS WERE FAR FROM PEACEFUL.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
SHAUR INDIANS IN PERU
THE SHUAR BECAME KNOWN TO US IN THE 1800'S FOR THEIR CUSTOMS OF HUNTING AND SHRINKING HEADS THE SIZE OF A BASEBALL. THIS IS AN UNUSUAL TRADITION. ALTHOUGH THERE WERE MANY HEADHUNTING CULTURES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, THE JIVARO CLAIM IS THE ONLY GROUP KNOWN FOR SHRINKING HUMAN HEADS. THEY LIVE DEEP IN ECUADOR AND NEAR THE AMAZON. THEY ARE A VERY PRIMITIVE SOCIETY. THAT HAS VERY UNUSUAL COSTUMES. THEIR FOUR SUBTRIBES INCLUDE: ASHUAR, AGUARISNA, HUABISNA, AND SHUAR. THE SHUAR ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR PRACTICE OF HEAD SHRINKING.
THEY ARE THE ONLY ONES WHO REVOLTED AGAINST THE SPANISH EMPIRE AND ONE TO REVOLT AGAINST SPANISH EMPIRE AND HAVE THWARTED ALL ATTEMPTS TO BE CONQUERED. THEY HAVE WITHSTOOD ARMIES OF GOLD SEEKING INCAS AND DEFIED THE EARLY CONQUISTADORS. THEY ARE AN INTENSELY WARLIKE GROUP AND VERY AND VERY PROTECTIVE OF THEIR FREEDOM TO SUBORDINATE THEMSELVES TO AUTHORITIES.
EARLY STORIES FROM THE 1599 SAY THEY BANDED TOGETHER AND KILLED 25,000 ANGLOS WHO TRIED TO CONQUER THEM! THE ROGRONE ATTACK STANDS OUT AS RUTHLESS. THE ATTACK WAS INSTIGATED OVER THE NATIVES BEING TAXED IN THEIR GOLD TRADE. AFTER UNCOVERING THE SCRUPULOUS MOLTEN GOLD WAS POURED DOWN THE GOVERNOR'S THROUT UNTIL HE DIED! THE REMAINING SPANIARD'S WERE KILLED ALONG WITH WITH OLDER WOMEN AND CHILDREN. THE YOUNGER WOMEN WERE TAKEN AS PRISONERS TO JOIN THE CLAN. THE VILLAGE WAS BURNED TO THE GROUND.BURNED TO THE GROUND.. FROM THIS POINT ONWARD THE JIVARO INDIANS REMAIN UNCONQUERED DESPITE THE FACT THEY LIVED IN ONE OF THE RICHEST GOLD BEARING TERRITORY OF SOUTH AMERICA. THEIR PRACTICES HAVE DISCOURAGED OUTSIDERS FROM ENTERING.
BY LATE 1800'S THEY WERE KNOWN FOR SHRINKING HEADS OF THEIR ENEMIES AND IT INTRIGUED TRAVELERS AND COMPELLED SOME FOLKS TO VISIT THEM. SOME VISITS BY ANGLOS HELPED THEM RECEIVE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION FOR HEAD SHRINKING.
SOON THE PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT HAD TO PASS LAWS PROHIBITING THE TRAFFICE OF SHRUNKEN HEADS. THEY WERE IN A DESTRCTIVE CYCLE. WITH THEIR ENEMIES.IN THE 30'S THE HEADS HAD SOLD FOR $25.00.
ONE ETHNOLOGIST, BILL JAMIESON, VISITED THE SHUAR TRIBEE FROM 1995 -2001 AND RESEARCHED THEIR NATUROPATHIC HEALINGS AND RELATED RITUALS. HE LEAD FIVE EXPEDITIONS THERE. HE HAS AN EXTENSIVE LIBRARY OF SHUAR PHOTOS AND A COLLECTION OF THEIR SHRUNKEN HEADS.
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THEY ARE THE ONLY ONES WHO REVOLTED AGAINST THE SPANISH EMPIRE AND ONE TO REVOLT AGAINST SPANISH EMPIRE AND HAVE THWARTED ALL ATTEMPTS TO BE CONQUERED. THEY HAVE WITHSTOOD ARMIES OF GOLD SEEKING INCAS AND DEFIED THE EARLY CONQUISTADORS. THEY ARE AN INTENSELY WARLIKE GROUP AND VERY AND VERY PROTECTIVE OF THEIR FREEDOM TO SUBORDINATE THEMSELVES TO AUTHORITIES.
EARLY STORIES FROM THE 1599 SAY THEY BANDED TOGETHER AND KILLED 25,000 ANGLOS WHO TRIED TO CONQUER THEM! THE ROGRONE ATTACK STANDS OUT AS RUTHLESS. THE ATTACK WAS INSTIGATED OVER THE NATIVES BEING TAXED IN THEIR GOLD TRADE. AFTER UNCOVERING THE SCRUPULOUS MOLTEN GOLD WAS POURED DOWN THE GOVERNOR'S THROUT UNTIL HE DIED! THE REMAINING SPANIARD'S WERE KILLED ALONG WITH WITH OLDER WOMEN AND CHILDREN. THE YOUNGER WOMEN WERE TAKEN AS PRISONERS TO JOIN THE CLAN. THE VILLAGE WAS BURNED TO THE GROUND.BURNED TO THE GROUND.. FROM THIS POINT ONWARD THE JIVARO INDIANS REMAIN UNCONQUERED DESPITE THE FACT THEY LIVED IN ONE OF THE RICHEST GOLD BEARING TERRITORY OF SOUTH AMERICA. THEIR PRACTICES HAVE DISCOURAGED OUTSIDERS FROM ENTERING.
BY LATE 1800'S THEY WERE KNOWN FOR SHRINKING HEADS OF THEIR ENEMIES AND IT INTRIGUED TRAVELERS AND COMPELLED SOME FOLKS TO VISIT THEM. SOME VISITS BY ANGLOS HELPED THEM RECEIVE FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION FOR HEAD SHRINKING.
SOON THE PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT HAD TO PASS LAWS PROHIBITING THE TRAFFICE OF SHRUNKEN HEADS. THEY WERE IN A DESTRCTIVE CYCLE. WITH THEIR ENEMIES.IN THE 30'S THE HEADS HAD SOLD FOR $25.00.
ONE ETHNOLOGIST, BILL JAMIESON, VISITED THE SHUAR TRIBEE FROM 1995 -2001 AND RESEARCHED THEIR NATUROPATHIC HEALINGS AND RELATED RITUALS. HE LEAD FIVE EXPEDITIONS THERE. HE HAS AN EXTENSIVE LIBRARY OF SHUAR PHOTOS AND A COLLECTION OF THEIR SHRUNKEN HEADS.
HEAD-HUNTER.COM
Wednesday, November 16, 2011
AGUARUNA NATIVES IN PERU
AGUARUNA IS A JIVAROAN LANGUAGE OF SOUTH AMERICA. THIS LANGUAGE IS SPOKEN BY 30,000 PEOPLE IN NORTHERN PERU. THESE FOLKS LIVE IN VARIOUS TOWNS ALONG THE RIVERS OF MARANON AND SANTIAGO. THEY LIVE AT ELEVATIONS OF 200 TO 100 METERS IN PERU. ONCE THE SPANISH CAME HERE AGUARUNA HAD BEEN FIGHTING THE INCA FOR SOME TIME. THEY WERE FIRST CONTACTED BY SPANISH IN 1549. ALTHOUGH CONTACTED WITH ANGLOS REDUCED THEIR POPULATION, THEY DEFEATED THE SPANISH IN 1600. THEY DID NOT ACCEPT CATHOLOCISM. IN
THE 1970'S MANY AGUARUNA GROUPS TOOK ADVANTAGE OF CHANGE IN PERUVIAN LAWS AND RECEIVED OWNERSHIP OF THEIR LANDS. THEY NOW HAVE COMMUNITIES IN SPANISH AND QUECHUA. THEY PRIMARILY DO SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE, THEY HUNT, AND THEY FISH.THEY RAISE SWEET MANIOC, PLAINTAIN, MAIZE. RICE, BEANS, SQUASH, POTATOES, COTTON AND TOBACCO AND OTHER CROPS. THEY RAISE LIVESTOCK AND SELL ANIMAL SKINS.
THEIR VILLAGES ARE SEMI-PERMANNET AND HAVE UP TO 150 PEOPLE. VILLAGES HAVE BECOME MORE CENTRALIZED. THEYHAVE SCHOOL NEARBY. THEY HAVE DEFENDED THEIR LANDS BY DRESSING UP IN FIERCE-LOOKING COSTUMES. THEYA AVOID WITCHCRAFT. THEIR OVAL HOUSE HAS BEEN LARGELY REPLACED BY SMALLER RECTANGULAR HOUSES. THE HANDYMAN OR VILLAGE CHIEF IS POWERFUL DEPENDING UPON THE NUMBER OF HIS KIN. THEY HAVE A DESIRE TO REMAIN WITH THEIR KIN AND MARRY WITHIN CERTAIN OCIAL UNITS.
MAGIC IS IMPORTANT TO THEM AND THEY USE SPECIAL SONGS TO AID IN HUNTING, GARDENING, AND OTHER ACTIVITIES. THEIR SONGS CAN BE VERY SPECIALIZED. SHAMANS ARE OF TWO TYPES- IWISHIN OR TAJIMAT TUNCHI(CURING SHAMANS) AND WAWEK TUNCHI(SORCERERS). SORCERERS MAY INFLICT ILLNESS BY USING SPIRIT DARTS, AND CURING SHAMANS CURE BY USING DARTS TO ELIMINATE SORCERERS DARTS.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
THE 1970'S MANY AGUARUNA GROUPS TOOK ADVANTAGE OF CHANGE IN PERUVIAN LAWS AND RECEIVED OWNERSHIP OF THEIR LANDS. THEY NOW HAVE COMMUNITIES IN SPANISH AND QUECHUA. THEY PRIMARILY DO SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE, THEY HUNT, AND THEY FISH.THEY RAISE SWEET MANIOC, PLAINTAIN, MAIZE. RICE, BEANS, SQUASH, POTATOES, COTTON AND TOBACCO AND OTHER CROPS. THEY RAISE LIVESTOCK AND SELL ANIMAL SKINS.
THEIR VILLAGES ARE SEMI-PERMANNET AND HAVE UP TO 150 PEOPLE. VILLAGES HAVE BECOME MORE CENTRALIZED. THEYHAVE SCHOOL NEARBY. THEY HAVE DEFENDED THEIR LANDS BY DRESSING UP IN FIERCE-LOOKING COSTUMES. THEYA AVOID WITCHCRAFT. THEIR OVAL HOUSE HAS BEEN LARGELY REPLACED BY SMALLER RECTANGULAR HOUSES. THE HANDYMAN OR VILLAGE CHIEF IS POWERFUL DEPENDING UPON THE NUMBER OF HIS KIN. THEY HAVE A DESIRE TO REMAIN WITH THEIR KIN AND MARRY WITHIN CERTAIN OCIAL UNITS.
MAGIC IS IMPORTANT TO THEM AND THEY USE SPECIAL SONGS TO AID IN HUNTING, GARDENING, AND OTHER ACTIVITIES. THEIR SONGS CAN BE VERY SPECIALIZED. SHAMANS ARE OF TWO TYPES- IWISHIN OR TAJIMAT TUNCHI(CURING SHAMANS) AND WAWEK TUNCHI(SORCERERS). SORCERERS MAY INFLICT ILLNESS BY USING SPIRIT DARTS, AND CURING SHAMANS CURE BY USING DARTS TO ELIMINATE SORCERERS DARTS.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
ACHUAR INDIANS IN PERU
ACHUAR CULTURE IS QUITE INTERESTING. THESE FOLKS LIVE IN PASTAZA HUASAGA AND OTHER RIVERS. THEY HAVE ABOUT 77 ANCESTRAL COMMUNITIES 12,500 PEOPLE. THEY HAVE THREE MAIN ORGANIZATIONS.ORGANIZATIONS AND 2 NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS,
THESE PEOPLE LIVE IN AND WERE BORN IN THE RAIN FOREST. THEY WERE ISOLATED FOR CENTURIES UNTIL 1970'S. THEIR TRADITIONS ARE STILL IMPORTANT AND THEIR LAND IS UNTOUCHED BY LOGGING OR OIL COMPANIES.. THEY HAVE MACAWS AND THEY HAVE FOUGHT FOR FOR CONSERVATION.
THEY LIVE IN HARMONY WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT WHERE ALL ANIMALS AND PLANTS HAVE HUMAN-LIKE ATTRIBUTESWITH A SOUL AND AN INDEPENDANT LIFE. ACCORDING TO THEM EVERY PLANT AND ANIMALCAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY ITS OWN LANGUAGE AND THE ACHUAR UNDERSTAND THEM.
THEY KNOW EVERY TYPE OF TREE AND EVERY ANIMAL SPECIES. THEY KNOW WHERE TO FISH, HOW TO HUNT, AND WHEN TO SEED THEIR CROPS. THE FOREST IS THEIR MOTHER.
THE ACHUAR BELIEVE WHEN SOMEONE DIES SOME PARTS OF THEIR BODY WILL REINCARNATE INTO ANIMALS. THE IWIANCA ANIMALS ARE FORMS OF A PERSON'S SOUL. THESE ARE NEVER HUNTED OR EATEN BYTHEM. TO DO SO WOULD BE CANNABALISM. THEY KNOW EVERY 500 SPECIES OF BIRDS IN THEIR FOREST. EACH PERSON KNOWS EACH TREE AND CAN EXPLAIN THEIR MEDICINAL AND PRACTICAL USES. THEY HAVE EXPERT GUIDES OR BIOLOGISTS TO GIVE YOU VALUABLE INFORMATION.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
THESE PEOPLE LIVE IN AND WERE BORN IN THE RAIN FOREST. THEY WERE ISOLATED FOR CENTURIES UNTIL 1970'S. THEIR TRADITIONS ARE STILL IMPORTANT AND THEIR LAND IS UNTOUCHED BY LOGGING OR OIL COMPANIES.. THEY HAVE MACAWS AND THEY HAVE FOUGHT FOR FOR CONSERVATION.
THEY LIVE IN HARMONY WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT WHERE ALL ANIMALS AND PLANTS HAVE HUMAN-LIKE ATTRIBUTESWITH A SOUL AND AN INDEPENDANT LIFE. ACCORDING TO THEM EVERY PLANT AND ANIMALCAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY ITS OWN LANGUAGE AND THE ACHUAR UNDERSTAND THEM.
THEY KNOW EVERY TYPE OF TREE AND EVERY ANIMAL SPECIES. THEY KNOW WHERE TO FISH, HOW TO HUNT, AND WHEN TO SEED THEIR CROPS. THE FOREST IS THEIR MOTHER.
THE ACHUAR BELIEVE WHEN SOMEONE DIES SOME PARTS OF THEIR BODY WILL REINCARNATE INTO ANIMALS. THE IWIANCA ANIMALS ARE FORMS OF A PERSON'S SOUL. THESE ARE NEVER HUNTED OR EATEN BYTHEM. TO DO SO WOULD BE CANNABALISM. THEY KNOW EVERY 500 SPECIES OF BIRDS IN THEIR FOREST. EACH PERSON KNOWS EACH TREE AND CAN EXPLAIN THEIR MEDICINAL AND PRACTICAL USES. THEY HAVE EXPERT GUIDES OR BIOLOGISTS TO GIVE YOU VALUABLE INFORMATION.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
CALIFORNIA SONGS, DANCES, MYTHS
THE NATIVE AMERICAN LEGENDS,DANCES, AND ARTS WERE ALL PART OF THEIR LIFE. FOUNDATION IS WHAT GARY SNYDER CALLS A CULTURE OF PLACE. THESE EXPRESSIONS NOT ONLY FEED HUMAN SPIRITS BUT ALSO INSTRUCTED PEOPLE OF IN THE RIGHT AND WRONG BEHAVIOR AND HOW THEY WERE OBLIGATED TO NATURE. MANY SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCES WERE CONNECTED DIRECTLY WITH WITH THE NATURAL RESOURCES.
IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE NATURAL WORLD - EACH OF THE RETURN OF AN IMPORTANT PLANT, ANIMAL FOOD WERE MARKED BY SONGS, CEREMONIES, STORIES. THE ANCIENT MAIDU CELEBRATED THE GUEESE IN A GOOSE DANCE. THE KASHAYA POMO HELD CEREMONIES FOR THE RIPENING OF WILD STRAWBERRIES. THE MAIDU HONORED THE COMING OF CLOVER. OTHER RITUALS WERE HELD WHEN CERTAIN FOODS WERE HARVESTED. THE SIERRA MIWOK HELD A FEAST TO EXPRESS HOPE FOR THE ACORN ABUNDANCE. YOKUT SHAMANS CONDUCTED SPECIAL CROP PROPHESY DANCES TO TELL THEM WHAT KINDS OF SEEDS OR ACORN WOULD COME. THEY HAD COMMUNITY RITUALS WHEN NATIVE PEOPLE HUMMBLED THEMSELVES. NO MORE POWER FORCES CONTROLLED THEIR SEASONAL RYTHMS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
THE PLANTS FIGURED PROMINENTLY IN THEIR FOLKLORE , AND THIS IS IN THERE FOLKLORE, AND THIS IS FIGURED PROMINANTLY IN THEIR FOLKORE. IT INFLUENCED HUNTING AND GATHERING BEHAVIOR. IN A POMO MYTH , MEYRRUMIDA, THE OLD MAN, TOLD THE FIRST PEOPLE ABOUT WHAT FOOD TO EAT. HERE YOU WILL EAT THIS KIND OF FOOD, PLUCKING SOME CLOVER. THE PEOPLE FOLLOWED HIM AND ATE. HE DUG UP SOME POTATOES. THESE YOU WILL ALSO EAT. HE FOUND SOME ACORNS IN A CREEK. YOU WILL GATHER THESE TO EAT MUSH.. MOST HAD LEGENDS THAT TOLD OF CONSEQUENCES THAT WOULD OCCUR IF TRHEY VIOLATED NATURAL LAWS. IN ANOTHER POMO LEGEND, AFTER THE PEOPLE HAD VIOLATED THE MARRIAGE , HUNTING, AND FISHING LAWS, MARUMDA SENT A WILD FIRE OVER THE ENTIRE EARTH.. LEGENDS ABOUT DESTRUCTIVE FIRES REFLECT THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL BELIEF AMONG CALIFORNIA TRIBES. THESE WERE A PUNISHMENT FOR SERIOUS VIOLATION OF SOCIAL RULES.
KAT ANDERSON
IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE NATURAL WORLD - EACH OF THE RETURN OF AN IMPORTANT PLANT, ANIMAL FOOD WERE MARKED BY SONGS, CEREMONIES, STORIES. THE ANCIENT MAIDU CELEBRATED THE GUEESE IN A GOOSE DANCE. THE KASHAYA POMO HELD CEREMONIES FOR THE RIPENING OF WILD STRAWBERRIES. THE MAIDU HONORED THE COMING OF CLOVER. OTHER RITUALS WERE HELD WHEN CERTAIN FOODS WERE HARVESTED. THE SIERRA MIWOK HELD A FEAST TO EXPRESS HOPE FOR THE ACORN ABUNDANCE. YOKUT SHAMANS CONDUCTED SPECIAL CROP PROPHESY DANCES TO TELL THEM WHAT KINDS OF SEEDS OR ACORN WOULD COME. THEY HAD COMMUNITY RITUALS WHEN NATIVE PEOPLE HUMMBLED THEMSELVES. NO MORE POWER FORCES CONTROLLED THEIR SEASONAL RYTHMS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
THE PLANTS FIGURED PROMINENTLY IN THEIR FOLKLORE , AND THIS IS IN THERE FOLKLORE, AND THIS IS FIGURED PROMINANTLY IN THEIR FOLKORE. IT INFLUENCED HUNTING AND GATHERING BEHAVIOR. IN A POMO MYTH , MEYRRUMIDA, THE OLD MAN, TOLD THE FIRST PEOPLE ABOUT WHAT FOOD TO EAT. HERE YOU WILL EAT THIS KIND OF FOOD, PLUCKING SOME CLOVER. THE PEOPLE FOLLOWED HIM AND ATE. HE DUG UP SOME POTATOES. THESE YOU WILL ALSO EAT. HE FOUND SOME ACORNS IN A CREEK. YOU WILL GATHER THESE TO EAT MUSH.. MOST HAD LEGENDS THAT TOLD OF CONSEQUENCES THAT WOULD OCCUR IF TRHEY VIOLATED NATURAL LAWS. IN ANOTHER POMO LEGEND, AFTER THE PEOPLE HAD VIOLATED THE MARRIAGE , HUNTING, AND FISHING LAWS, MARUMDA SENT A WILD FIRE OVER THE ENTIRE EARTH.. LEGENDS ABOUT DESTRUCTIVE FIRES REFLECT THE ALMOST UNIVERSAL BELIEF AMONG CALIFORNIA TRIBES. THESE WERE A PUNISHMENT FOR SERIOUS VIOLATION OF SOCIAL RULES.
KAT ANDERSON
ALEUTIAN ISLANDS INDIANS
CULTURAL SURVIVAL OF THE ALEUTS OF PIRBOLOF ISLANDS IN ALASKA IS ONE OF THE MOST UNUSUAL. THEY WERE TAKEN FROM THEIR HOMES ON THE ALUETIAN CHAIN TO TWO HUNDRED INHABITED ISLANDS IN THE CENTRAL IN THE CENTRAL BERING SEA. THE PRIBILOF ALEUTS WERE FORCED INTO SERVICE TO KILL SEA MAMMALS TWO COLONIAL REGIMES, FIRST RUSSIA AND THEN U.S, THE ALEUTS WERE A COG IN A WHEEL OF A MASSIVE FUR INDUSTRY THAT LASTED TWO HUNDRED TEARS FROM WHICH THEIR CULTURAL HISTORY DEVELOPED.
THE SEAL HUNTERS ARE DESCENDANTS OF THE GREAT MARITIME RACE OF THE ALEUTS WHO SETTLED ALONG THE ALEUTIANS ARCHIPELAGO, A 1300 KM CHAIN OF ISLANDS THAT EXTEND SOUTH TO ALASKA. RUSSIANS CALLED THEM ALEUTS, BUT THEIR NAME IS CALLED UNANGAN WHICH MEANS THE COAST. THEY MIGRATED ACROSS THE BERING STRAIT BRIDGE FROM ASIA BETWEEN 12,000 TO 15,000 YEARS OLD. AN EARLY ESKIMO ALEUTIAN CULTURE BEGAN TO DEVELOP ABOUT 8000 YEARS AGO IN THE BEARING SEA. THEY LATER BRANCHED TO THE DISTINCTIVE OF CULTURE AND LANGUAGE OF THE UNANGAN ALONG THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. AN ESKIMO CULTURE DEVELOPED AROUND 8000 YEARS AGO AND BRANCHED INTO THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. AN ESKIMO CULTURE DEVELOPED ABOUT 8000 YEARS AGO. THEY LIVED IN SEMI SUBTERRANEAN AND RIGOROUS CLIMATE. THEY POSSESS SPECIAL SKILLS FOR HUNTING MARITIME MAMMALS FROM THEIR KAYAKS. THE RUSSIAN FUR TRADERS WERE HERE AFTER 1750 TO HUNT SEA OTTERS AND SEALS. IN THE FIRST 50 YEARS OF RUSSIAN CONTROL THE ALEUTIANS DIED FROM DISEASES , WARS, MALNUTRITION, AND PRIVATION CAUSED BY THE TRANSPORT OF OF HUNTERS AWAY FROM THEIR FAMILIES AND VILLAGES TO HUNT SEA MAMMALS FROM RUSSIANS.
THE ALEUT POPULATIONS IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE BEEN 12 TO 15,000. TODAY THERE ARE ABOUT 2,000 ALEUTS AND ONLY 340 SPEAK ALEUT LANGUAGE.
IN 1786 A RUSSIAN MAN, PRIBOLOF, DISCOVERED TWO ISLANDS AND THEY WERE GIVEN HIS NAME. THESE ISLANDS ARE THE GREATEST CONCENTRATION OF NORTHERN PACIFIC FUR SEALS IN THE WORLD. THE RUSSIAN TRADERS HAD NEARLY ELIMINATED THE SEA OTTER AND WERE SEEKING THE NEXT MOST VALUABLE SOURCE OF FURS. THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRIBOLOFS EXTENDED THE RUSSIAN FUR TRADE IN THE IN AMERICA FOR ANOTHER CENTURY
THE ALEUT HUNTERS WERE TAKEN TO THE ISLANDS OFTEN WITHOUT CHOICE ON A SEASONAL BASIS AND BY THE 1820'S PERMANENT SETTLEMENT WERE ON THE TWO ISLANDS. SEALS WERE KILLED RUTHLESSLY WHEN THE RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY ESTABLISHED A LICENSED FUR SEAL MONOPOLY CONSERVATION OF THE SEALS WAS ENFORCED BY TAKING A ONLY 3 - 5 YEAR OLD NONBREEDING MALES, AND PROHIBITING TAKING ANY FEMALE SEALS.
A GREAT SHOCK CAME TO THE ALEUTS AS THEY LOST THEIR SEA NAVIGATION AND SEA HUNTING SKILLS ON THE PROBILOFS WHEN THEY WERE FORCED INTO A LAND BASED INDUSTRY THAT INTERFERED WITH THEIR TRADITIONAL SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES. THE MEN WORKED TO FISH WITH DURING THE SEALING MONTHS. THEY WORKED FOR A COMPANY TO HARVEST SEALS IN ASSEMBLY LINES!
WOMEN AND CHILDREN GATHERED SEAL MEAT LEFT OVER ON THE BEACH TO SALT FOR WINTER USE. DURING WINTER THE MEN HUNTED STELLAR SEA LIONS FROM SHORE. THEY HAD TO HAVE STRICT HUNTING ETHICS AND RESPECT FOR ELDERS. THEIR OTHER FOODS WERE DUCKS REINDEER, HALIBUT AND SEA EGGS. THEY DEVELOPED AN EXISTENCE OF NETWORKS BETWEEN THE PRIBOLOF OF ALEUTS AND THEIR RELATIVES ON THE OTHER ISLANDS.
THE ALEUTS HAD INSTRUCTIONS FROM THEIR SHAMANS REGARDING HUNTING TABOOS, WEATHER, AND PREDICTIONS FOR THE FUTURE. SUN AND SEA LIFE WERE SACRED SOURCES OF LIFE. THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH RESPECTED THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. ALL OF THEIR SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES RECEIVE THE PRIEST'S BLESSINGS. THE MAIN CHALLENGE WAS AS A LARGE ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO TO SEAL KILLING. THERE WERE MANY MEASURES TAKEN. IN 1983 THE U.S. GOVERNMENT WITHDREW $6.2 MILLION ANNUAL ALLOCATION TO THE PRIBILOFS. THEN THE U.S. WITHDREW FROM INTERNATIONAL FUR SEAL TREATY, LEAVING THE NORTHERN FUR SEAL WITHOUT INTERNATIONAL MIGRATORY PROTECTION. THEIR LEADERS HAD THE DIFFICULT TASK OF BALANCING TRADITIONAL ALEUT VALUES WITH ELEMENTS OF WESTERN CULTURE THEY NEEDED IN ORDER TO MOVE TOWARDS MANAGING AND PLANNING THEIR DESTINY. THEY HAVE SUCCEEDED IN A SHORT PERIOD MIRACULOUSLY.
THE SEAL HUNTERS ARE DESCENDANTS OF THE GREAT MARITIME RACE OF THE ALEUTS WHO SETTLED ALONG THE ALEUTIANS ARCHIPELAGO, A 1300 KM CHAIN OF ISLANDS THAT EXTEND SOUTH TO ALASKA. RUSSIANS CALLED THEM ALEUTS, BUT THEIR NAME IS CALLED UNANGAN WHICH MEANS THE COAST. THEY MIGRATED ACROSS THE BERING STRAIT BRIDGE FROM ASIA BETWEEN 12,000 TO 15,000 YEARS OLD. AN EARLY ESKIMO ALEUTIAN CULTURE BEGAN TO DEVELOP ABOUT 8000 YEARS AGO IN THE BEARING SEA. THEY LATER BRANCHED TO THE DISTINCTIVE OF CULTURE AND LANGUAGE OF THE UNANGAN ALONG THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. AN ESKIMO CULTURE DEVELOPED AROUND 8000 YEARS AGO AND BRANCHED INTO THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. AN ESKIMO CULTURE DEVELOPED ABOUT 8000 YEARS AGO. THEY LIVED IN SEMI SUBTERRANEAN AND RIGOROUS CLIMATE. THEY POSSESS SPECIAL SKILLS FOR HUNTING MARITIME MAMMALS FROM THEIR KAYAKS. THE RUSSIAN FUR TRADERS WERE HERE AFTER 1750 TO HUNT SEA OTTERS AND SEALS. IN THE FIRST 50 YEARS OF RUSSIAN CONTROL THE ALEUTIANS DIED FROM DISEASES , WARS, MALNUTRITION, AND PRIVATION CAUSED BY THE TRANSPORT OF OF HUNTERS AWAY FROM THEIR FAMILIES AND VILLAGES TO HUNT SEA MAMMALS FROM RUSSIANS.
THE ALEUT POPULATIONS IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE BEEN 12 TO 15,000. TODAY THERE ARE ABOUT 2,000 ALEUTS AND ONLY 340 SPEAK ALEUT LANGUAGE.
IN 1786 A RUSSIAN MAN, PRIBOLOF, DISCOVERED TWO ISLANDS AND THEY WERE GIVEN HIS NAME. THESE ISLANDS ARE THE GREATEST CONCENTRATION OF NORTHERN PACIFIC FUR SEALS IN THE WORLD. THE RUSSIAN TRADERS HAD NEARLY ELIMINATED THE SEA OTTER AND WERE SEEKING THE NEXT MOST VALUABLE SOURCE OF FURS. THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRIBOLOFS EXTENDED THE RUSSIAN FUR TRADE IN THE IN AMERICA FOR ANOTHER CENTURY
THE ALEUT HUNTERS WERE TAKEN TO THE ISLANDS OFTEN WITHOUT CHOICE ON A SEASONAL BASIS AND BY THE 1820'S PERMANENT SETTLEMENT WERE ON THE TWO ISLANDS. SEALS WERE KILLED RUTHLESSLY WHEN THE RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY ESTABLISHED A LICENSED FUR SEAL MONOPOLY CONSERVATION OF THE SEALS WAS ENFORCED BY TAKING A ONLY 3 - 5 YEAR OLD NONBREEDING MALES, AND PROHIBITING TAKING ANY FEMALE SEALS.
A GREAT SHOCK CAME TO THE ALEUTS AS THEY LOST THEIR SEA NAVIGATION AND SEA HUNTING SKILLS ON THE PROBILOFS WHEN THEY WERE FORCED INTO A LAND BASED INDUSTRY THAT INTERFERED WITH THEIR TRADITIONAL SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES. THE MEN WORKED TO FISH WITH DURING THE SEALING MONTHS. THEY WORKED FOR A COMPANY TO HARVEST SEALS IN ASSEMBLY LINES!
WOMEN AND CHILDREN GATHERED SEAL MEAT LEFT OVER ON THE BEACH TO SALT FOR WINTER USE. DURING WINTER THE MEN HUNTED STELLAR SEA LIONS FROM SHORE. THEY HAD TO HAVE STRICT HUNTING ETHICS AND RESPECT FOR ELDERS. THEIR OTHER FOODS WERE DUCKS REINDEER, HALIBUT AND SEA EGGS. THEY DEVELOPED AN EXISTENCE OF NETWORKS BETWEEN THE PRIBOLOF OF ALEUTS AND THEIR RELATIVES ON THE OTHER ISLANDS.
THE ALEUTS HAD INSTRUCTIONS FROM THEIR SHAMANS REGARDING HUNTING TABOOS, WEATHER, AND PREDICTIONS FOR THE FUTURE. SUN AND SEA LIFE WERE SACRED SOURCES OF LIFE. THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH RESPECTED THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. ALL OF THEIR SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIES RECEIVE THE PRIEST'S BLESSINGS. THE MAIN CHALLENGE WAS AS A LARGE ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO TO SEAL KILLING. THERE WERE MANY MEASURES TAKEN. IN 1983 THE U.S. GOVERNMENT WITHDREW $6.2 MILLION ANNUAL ALLOCATION TO THE PRIBILOFS. THEN THE U.S. WITHDREW FROM INTERNATIONAL FUR SEAL TREATY, LEAVING THE NORTHERN FUR SEAL WITHOUT INTERNATIONAL MIGRATORY PROTECTION. THEIR LEADERS HAD THE DIFFICULT TASK OF BALANCING TRADITIONAL ALEUT VALUES WITH ELEMENTS OF WESTERN CULTURE THEY NEEDED IN ORDER TO MOVE TOWARDS MANAGING AND PLANNING THEIR DESTINY. THEY HAVE SUCCEEDED IN A SHORT PERIOD MIRACULOUSLY.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
MI'KMAQ INDIANS OF PRINCE EDWARD
MI'KMAQ INDIANS SPOKE ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGE AND ABOUT 8000 INDIANS SPOKE IT IN THE CANADIAN MARITIMES AND SOME IN THE U.S. TOWNS. THEIR LANGUAGE USED TO BE WRITTEN IN PICTOGRAPHS. THE PICTOGRAPHS WERE MODIFIED BY MISSION FOLKS WHO USED THEM TO TEACH CHRIST PRAYERS TO MICMAQ PEOPLE. THEY DON'T RESEMBLE EGYPT OR MAYAN HIEROGLYPHS. THE MI'KMAQ ARE NATIVE TO THE NEW WORLD AND ARE RELATED TO OTHER NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES LIKE LENAPE. THE MI'MAQ IS A LANGUAGE A NUMBER OF CHILDREN LEARN . HOWEVER, IT IS DECLINING SINCE THE 1970'S.
THESE INDIANS ARE INDIGENOUS TO EASTERN CANADA. THEIR ORIGINAL WAS NAME WAS LUN'K OR THE PEOPLE. THEY LIKED TO DO PORCUPINE ART. THEY HAD A NUMBER OF ALLIES WHO FRAMED HISTORIC 25,000 MI'KMAQ. THEY STILL LIVE ON TRADITIONAL LAND. THEY ALLIED WITH THE FRENCH, BUT DID NOT KICK THE WINNING SIDE ON THE FIGHT FOR NOVA SCOTIA.
THE FRENCH DID NOT MASSACRE THE MI'KMAQS, NOR INFRINGE ON THEIR TERRITORY. BEFORE THE EARTH WAS NEW THE SUN WAS ALL THAT IS EXISTED IN THE UNIVERSE. THE SUN DIVIDED THE EARTH INTO SEVERAL PARTS. IN EACH PART THE SUN CAUSED A MAN AND A WOMAN TO TO BE BORN THEY BORE CHILDREN AND LIVED FOR MANY YEARS. WICKEDNESS PERVADED THIS FAMILY , AND AND SLOWLY THEY KILLED ONE ANOTHER . THE SUN WEPT IN GRIEF. THE TEARS BECAME RAIN. THEY FILLED AND COVERED THE EARTH WITH THE EARTH WITH WATER. THEY GOT IN THEIR BARK CANOES TO SAVE THEMSELVES FROM THE FLOOD. A VIOLENT WIND OVERTURNED THEIR BOATS. ALL PERISHED FROM THE SEA. HOWEVER AN OLD MAN AND WOMAN SURVIVED AND POPULATED THE EARTH. STORYTELLING IS A MEANS OF ENTERTAINMENT AND SHARING IMPORTANT INFORMATION.
THIS TRIBE LIVES ON A RESERVATION WHICH IS UNDER THEIR CONTROL. THE LEADER OF THE TRIBE IS CALLED THE CHIEF OR "OSAKMAW" IN THEIR LANGUAGE. IN THE PAST THE MI'KMAQ LANGUAGE WAS CHOSEN BY TRIBAL COUNCIL MEMBERS. OFTEN THEY PICKED THE LAST CHIEF'S SONS OR NEPHEWS. TODAY CHIEFS ARE ELECTED IN MOST MI'KMAQ NATIONS , LIKE MAYORS.
TODAY THEY SPEAK ENGLISH. THE KIDS PLAY AND GO TO SCHOOL. THEY LEARN AND PLAY WITH OTHER KIDS AND LEARN MORALS FROM THEIR PARENTS. IN THE PAST THEY HAD MORE CHORES. THEY HAD GAMES. THE TEAMS LIKED HOCKEY GAMES. THE TEENS LIKED HOCKEY GAMES. THE MOMS MADE CRADLEBOARDS. THEY ORIGINALLY LIVED IN WIGWAMS OF WOOD AND BIRCHBARK. TODAY THEY LIVE IN MODERN HOUSES OR APARTMENTS.
THEY DID NOT HAVE LONG FEATHER HEADDRESSES. INSTEAD THEY WORE THEIR BEADED HEADBANDS WITH FEATHERS. SOME MEN PAINTED FACES RED AS THEY WENT INTO BATTLE. THEY WORE THEIR HAIR LONG AND LOOSE. FRENCH MISSIONARIES COULD NOT TELL MEN AND WOMEN APART BECAUSE THEIR HAIR WAS SO LONG!
IN 1800'S SOME CHIEF'S BEGAN WEARING AN IMPRESSIVE FEATHER HEADDRESS. TODAY SOME PEOPLE STILL WEAR TRADITIONAL MI'KMAQ CLOTHING AND THEY WEAR FEATHERS IN THEIR HAIR TO DANCE.
THEY WERE KNOWN FOR THEIR BIRCHBARK CANOES WITH AN UPWARD CURVE. IT IS STILL POPULAR TODAY. THEY USE DOGS AS PACK ANIMALS. THEY WERE SEMI NOMADIC. THEY DIDN'T FARM AND MOVED TO COLLECT FOOD FOR FOR THEIR FAMILIES. THEY WERE GOOD AT FISHING. AND HUNTING CARIBOU AND MOOSE. THEIR MEN ALSO WERE GOOD AT FISHING AND HUNTING. THEY HARPOONED SEALS, WALRUS, AND EVEN WHALES. OTHER FOODS IN THE MI'KMAQ DIET WERE BERRIES, SQUASH, AND MAPLE SYRUP. THEY USED FISHING SPEARS. THEY WERE SKILLED AT BEADWORK AND BASKETWEAVING. THEY CARVED BEADS CALLED WAMPUM OF PURPLE AND WHITE SHELLS BEADS. THEY MADE WAMPUM BELTS. THEY WERE GREAT TRADERS, CARRYING GOODS BETWEEN NORTHERN TRIBES, LIKE THE INNU AND CREE AND NEW ENGLAND. THEY WERE FIERCE WARRIORS. WHO BOUGHTY THE IROQUOIS AND BEOTHUNT. THEY HAVE QUITE A BIT OF MI'KMAQ LEGENDS AND FAIRYTALES. STORYTELLING IS VERY IMPORTANT. SOME OF THEIR PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN MANY CONFLICTS OF LAND RIGHTS. THE MI'KMAQ AND OTHER TRIBES SIGNED TREATIES GIVING UP OWNERSHIP. HOWEVER THE GOVERNMENT AGREED THE MI'KMAQ WOULD HAVE FISHING ANF HUNTING, AND LOGGING RIGHTS.THESE RIGHTS MADE THE ANGLOS ANGRY. THE MI'KMAQS HAD TO PAY FOR THOSE RIGHTS. SOME ANGLOS WERE SO ANGRY ABOUT THE NATIVES RIGHTS. THE MI'KMAQ HAD TO PAY FOR THEIR RIGHTS TO FISH, ETC. THE ANGLOS DESTROYED THEIR FISHING EQUIPMENT AND BURNED A SACRED SITE. THERE IS STILL TENSION THERE.
THESE FOLKS HAVE BEEN HERE FOR AT LEAST 10,000 YEARS ACCORDING TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS BUT THEY HAVE NOT FOUND PHYSICAL TRACES. BEFORE 13,000 AGO NO ONE KNEW YEARS AGO WAS LIVING HERE BECAUSE THE ENTIRE AREA WAS COVERED WITH ICE. THE EARLIEST KNOWN INHABITANT WERE MAKING WEAPONS, KILLED GAME AND CLEANED HIDES BY AT LEAST 10,000 YEAR AGO AT A CAMP DISCOVERED IN DELBERT, NOVA SCOTIA. EVEN THEN SMALL ICE CAPS COVERED THE MOUNTAINS. LATER THE CLIMATE BECAME WARMER AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORESTS AND ANIMALS APPEARED. THE EUROPEANS HAVE BEEN HERE FOR LESS THAN 500 YEARS. DURING THOSE 1000'S OF YEARS LOCAL INITIATIVES AND COMMUNICATION AND TRADE RESULTED IN CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MARITIME OF LIFE. THEIR TEHNOLOGY DESIGNS RELIGIOUS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES.\
DESPITE THE CHANGES THEY HAVE PLACE NAMES THAT ARE FAMILIAR TO THEM AND THEY STILL SPEAK THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGES. THEY STIL USE SKILLS IN THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINES WHICH ARE RETAINED BY THE NATIVES.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
THESE INDIANS ARE INDIGENOUS TO EASTERN CANADA. THEIR ORIGINAL WAS NAME WAS LUN'K OR THE PEOPLE. THEY LIKED TO DO PORCUPINE ART. THEY HAD A NUMBER OF ALLIES WHO FRAMED HISTORIC 25,000 MI'KMAQ. THEY STILL LIVE ON TRADITIONAL LAND. THEY ALLIED WITH THE FRENCH, BUT DID NOT KICK THE WINNING SIDE ON THE FIGHT FOR NOVA SCOTIA.
THE FRENCH DID NOT MASSACRE THE MI'KMAQS, NOR INFRINGE ON THEIR TERRITORY. BEFORE THE EARTH WAS NEW THE SUN WAS ALL THAT IS EXISTED IN THE UNIVERSE. THE SUN DIVIDED THE EARTH INTO SEVERAL PARTS. IN EACH PART THE SUN CAUSED A MAN AND A WOMAN TO TO BE BORN THEY BORE CHILDREN AND LIVED FOR MANY YEARS. WICKEDNESS PERVADED THIS FAMILY , AND AND SLOWLY THEY KILLED ONE ANOTHER . THE SUN WEPT IN GRIEF. THE TEARS BECAME RAIN. THEY FILLED AND COVERED THE EARTH WITH THE EARTH WITH WATER. THEY GOT IN THEIR BARK CANOES TO SAVE THEMSELVES FROM THE FLOOD. A VIOLENT WIND OVERTURNED THEIR BOATS. ALL PERISHED FROM THE SEA. HOWEVER AN OLD MAN AND WOMAN SURVIVED AND POPULATED THE EARTH. STORYTELLING IS A MEANS OF ENTERTAINMENT AND SHARING IMPORTANT INFORMATION.
THIS TRIBE LIVES ON A RESERVATION WHICH IS UNDER THEIR CONTROL. THE LEADER OF THE TRIBE IS CALLED THE CHIEF OR "OSAKMAW" IN THEIR LANGUAGE. IN THE PAST THE MI'KMAQ LANGUAGE WAS CHOSEN BY TRIBAL COUNCIL MEMBERS. OFTEN THEY PICKED THE LAST CHIEF'S SONS OR NEPHEWS. TODAY CHIEFS ARE ELECTED IN MOST MI'KMAQ NATIONS , LIKE MAYORS.
TODAY THEY SPEAK ENGLISH. THE KIDS PLAY AND GO TO SCHOOL. THEY LEARN AND PLAY WITH OTHER KIDS AND LEARN MORALS FROM THEIR PARENTS. IN THE PAST THEY HAD MORE CHORES. THEY HAD GAMES. THE TEAMS LIKED HOCKEY GAMES. THE TEENS LIKED HOCKEY GAMES. THE MOMS MADE CRADLEBOARDS. THEY ORIGINALLY LIVED IN WIGWAMS OF WOOD AND BIRCHBARK. TODAY THEY LIVE IN MODERN HOUSES OR APARTMENTS.
THEY DID NOT HAVE LONG FEATHER HEADDRESSES. INSTEAD THEY WORE THEIR BEADED HEADBANDS WITH FEATHERS. SOME MEN PAINTED FACES RED AS THEY WENT INTO BATTLE. THEY WORE THEIR HAIR LONG AND LOOSE. FRENCH MISSIONARIES COULD NOT TELL MEN AND WOMEN APART BECAUSE THEIR HAIR WAS SO LONG!
IN 1800'S SOME CHIEF'S BEGAN WEARING AN IMPRESSIVE FEATHER HEADDRESS. TODAY SOME PEOPLE STILL WEAR TRADITIONAL MI'KMAQ CLOTHING AND THEY WEAR FEATHERS IN THEIR HAIR TO DANCE.
THEY WERE KNOWN FOR THEIR BIRCHBARK CANOES WITH AN UPWARD CURVE. IT IS STILL POPULAR TODAY. THEY USE DOGS AS PACK ANIMALS. THEY WERE SEMI NOMADIC. THEY DIDN'T FARM AND MOVED TO COLLECT FOOD FOR FOR THEIR FAMILIES. THEY WERE GOOD AT FISHING. AND HUNTING CARIBOU AND MOOSE. THEIR MEN ALSO WERE GOOD AT FISHING AND HUNTING. THEY HARPOONED SEALS, WALRUS, AND EVEN WHALES. OTHER FOODS IN THE MI'KMAQ DIET WERE BERRIES, SQUASH, AND MAPLE SYRUP. THEY USED FISHING SPEARS. THEY WERE SKILLED AT BEADWORK AND BASKETWEAVING. THEY CARVED BEADS CALLED WAMPUM OF PURPLE AND WHITE SHELLS BEADS. THEY MADE WAMPUM BELTS. THEY WERE GREAT TRADERS, CARRYING GOODS BETWEEN NORTHERN TRIBES, LIKE THE INNU AND CREE AND NEW ENGLAND. THEY WERE FIERCE WARRIORS. WHO BOUGHTY THE IROQUOIS AND BEOTHUNT. THEY HAVE QUITE A BIT OF MI'KMAQ LEGENDS AND FAIRYTALES. STORYTELLING IS VERY IMPORTANT. SOME OF THEIR PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN MANY CONFLICTS OF LAND RIGHTS. THE MI'KMAQ AND OTHER TRIBES SIGNED TREATIES GIVING UP OWNERSHIP. HOWEVER THE GOVERNMENT AGREED THE MI'KMAQ WOULD HAVE FISHING ANF HUNTING, AND LOGGING RIGHTS.THESE RIGHTS MADE THE ANGLOS ANGRY. THE MI'KMAQS HAD TO PAY FOR THOSE RIGHTS. SOME ANGLOS WERE SO ANGRY ABOUT THE NATIVES RIGHTS. THE MI'KMAQ HAD TO PAY FOR THEIR RIGHTS TO FISH, ETC. THE ANGLOS DESTROYED THEIR FISHING EQUIPMENT AND BURNED A SACRED SITE. THERE IS STILL TENSION THERE.
THESE FOLKS HAVE BEEN HERE FOR AT LEAST 10,000 YEARS ACCORDING TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS BUT THEY HAVE NOT FOUND PHYSICAL TRACES. BEFORE 13,000 AGO NO ONE KNEW YEARS AGO WAS LIVING HERE BECAUSE THE ENTIRE AREA WAS COVERED WITH ICE. THE EARLIEST KNOWN INHABITANT WERE MAKING WEAPONS, KILLED GAME AND CLEANED HIDES BY AT LEAST 10,000 YEAR AGO AT A CAMP DISCOVERED IN DELBERT, NOVA SCOTIA. EVEN THEN SMALL ICE CAPS COVERED THE MOUNTAINS. LATER THE CLIMATE BECAME WARMER AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORESTS AND ANIMALS APPEARED. THE EUROPEANS HAVE BEEN HERE FOR LESS THAN 500 YEARS. DURING THOSE 1000'S OF YEARS LOCAL INITIATIVES AND COMMUNICATION AND TRADE RESULTED IN CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MARITIME OF LIFE. THEIR TEHNOLOGY DESIGNS RELIGIOUS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES.\
DESPITE THE CHANGES THEY HAVE PLACE NAMES THAT ARE FAMILIAR TO THEM AND THEY STILL SPEAK THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGES. THEY STIL USE SKILLS IN THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINES WHICH ARE RETAINED BY THE NATIVES.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
INNU NATION IN NOVA SCOTIA
THIS WEBSITE IS ABOUT THE INNU PEOPLE AND PLACE NAMES IN LABRADOR. PEOPLE OF EVERY CULTURE GIVE NAMES TO THE LAKES, RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, AND OTHER PLACE NAMES FOR RIVERS, LANDS, ETC.
FOR ABORIGINAL PEOPLE THEY GIVE INFORMATION THAT IS GOOD FOR HUNTING, FISHING, OR THEY DESCRIBE THE LAND IN SOME WAY THAT HELPS PEOPLE WHEN THEY ARE TRAVELING. AN EXAMPLE FROM LABRADOR INNU IS KUKAMESS AT KATAHT MEANING "WHERE THERE ARE TROUT." THEY GIVE PEOPLE DIRECTION ABOUT WHERE TO GO BY USING PLACE NAMES. IMAGINE TRYING TO TELL PEOPLE WHERE TO GO WITHOUT HAVING NAMES OF MOUNTAINS OR RIVERS. PLACE NAMES ARE USED WHEN TELLING STORIES ABOUT PEOPLE'S EXPERIENCES ON THE LAND. THE NAMES OF PLACES MAY RECORD SIGNIFICANT LIFE EVENTS SUCH AS BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND BURIAL LOCATIONS, CAMPSITES, OR CANOE MAKING, SALMON SPEARING, TRAPPING, PORCUPINE SINGING, CARIBOU HUNTING AND OTHER FORMS OF LAND USE TOOK PLACE.
ASHTUNKANIK, THE INNU NAME FOR SNEGAMOAK LAKE, MEANS CANOE BUILDING SHELTER. ANOTHER INNU EXAMPLE IS KAUIPUSHKAMAT, WHICH MEANS "BURNT AREA LAKE." THESE NAMES GIVE ARCHAEOLOGISTS CLUES TO INNU LIFE DURING FUR TRADE PERIOD AS WELL AS BEFORE CONTACT WITH ANGLOS. THEY HELP THEM FIND ANCIENT SITES.
SOME PLACES NAMES REFER TO RELIGIOUS EVENTS. AN INNU PLACE WITH GREAT RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE IS ON AN ISLAND NAMED AFTER AN OLD SHAMAN WITH A LONG NAME. PLACE NAMES ARE IMPORTANT FOR A PEOPLE'S SENSE OF PLACE..
IN 2004 PETER ARMITAGE AND SEVERAL OTHER PEOPLE PUT TOGETHER ANOTHER PROJECT FOR MAPPING THEIR AREA. AND THEN THEY PUT IT ON A DIGITAL MAP BASE USING GIS.
INNU.COM
FOR ABORIGINAL PEOPLE THEY GIVE INFORMATION THAT IS GOOD FOR HUNTING, FISHING, OR THEY DESCRIBE THE LAND IN SOME WAY THAT HELPS PEOPLE WHEN THEY ARE TRAVELING. AN EXAMPLE FROM LABRADOR INNU IS KUKAMESS AT KATAHT MEANING "WHERE THERE ARE TROUT." THEY GIVE PEOPLE DIRECTION ABOUT WHERE TO GO BY USING PLACE NAMES. IMAGINE TRYING TO TELL PEOPLE WHERE TO GO WITHOUT HAVING NAMES OF MOUNTAINS OR RIVERS. PLACE NAMES ARE USED WHEN TELLING STORIES ABOUT PEOPLE'S EXPERIENCES ON THE LAND. THE NAMES OF PLACES MAY RECORD SIGNIFICANT LIFE EVENTS SUCH AS BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND BURIAL LOCATIONS, CAMPSITES, OR CANOE MAKING, SALMON SPEARING, TRAPPING, PORCUPINE SINGING, CARIBOU HUNTING AND OTHER FORMS OF LAND USE TOOK PLACE.
ASHTUNKANIK, THE INNU NAME FOR SNEGAMOAK LAKE, MEANS CANOE BUILDING SHELTER. ANOTHER INNU EXAMPLE IS KAUIPUSHKAMAT, WHICH MEANS "BURNT AREA LAKE." THESE NAMES GIVE ARCHAEOLOGISTS CLUES TO INNU LIFE DURING FUR TRADE PERIOD AS WELL AS BEFORE CONTACT WITH ANGLOS. THEY HELP THEM FIND ANCIENT SITES.
SOME PLACES NAMES REFER TO RELIGIOUS EVENTS. AN INNU PLACE WITH GREAT RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE IS ON AN ISLAND NAMED AFTER AN OLD SHAMAN WITH A LONG NAME. PLACE NAMES ARE IMPORTANT FOR A PEOPLE'S SENSE OF PLACE..
IN 2004 PETER ARMITAGE AND SEVERAL OTHER PEOPLE PUT TOGETHER ANOTHER PROJECT FOR MAPPING THEIR AREA. AND THEN THEY PUT IT ON A DIGITAL MAP BASE USING GIS.
INNU.COM
TSESHAHT INDIANS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
THE TSESHAHT PEOPLE WERE CREATED AT CISAA AND CAME TO OWN THE THE BROKEN GROUP ISLANDS AND LANDS UP THE ALBERNI. HISTORICALLY THEY WERE WHALERS AND FISHERMEN- THEIR LIVES REVOLVED AROUND LAND AND WATER . THEY CONTROLLED THE SOMERS RIVER AND HAD A NUMBER OF FISHING STORIES. IT WAS GOVERNED BY THE "TUPAATI", A SYSTEM WHERE HEREDITARY PRIVILAGES WERE DETERMINED BY OWNERSHIP AND USE OF PRACTICALLY EVERYTHING OF VALUE. TODAY THE TSESHAHT ARE IN THIS VALLEY AND HOLD THEIR TERRITORY IN TRADITIONAL WAYS OF LIVING. THE "CISAA" OR LAND OF THEIR CREATION HAS BEEN DECLARED A PARK RESERVE. THEIR FIRST NATION RESERVE LAND IS NOW VIBRANT WITH ABOUT 900 MEMBERS AND ALIVE WITH NATURAL RESOURCES. THEY HAVE ABUNDANT FISH AND WELL DEVELOPED FORESTRY INTERESTS, THEY HAVE INITIATIVES. THEY ARE PROUD OF THEIR HERITAGE AND WORK AS A COMMUNITY TO PRESERVE AND TEACH THEIR PAST . THEY ARE ONE OF 14 NATIONS THAT ARE PART OF THIS COUNCIL- TSESHAHT TRANSLATES AS "THE PEOPLE ALL ALONG THE MOUNTAINS AND SEA."
HISTORICALLY THEY WERE WHALERS. THEIR TERRITORIES CHANGED THROUGH MARRIAGES, WARFARE, AND AMALGAMATION. ONCE EUROPEANS CAME THEY HAD EPIDEMICS OF DISEASES AND WARFARE. THE HUPATCHAS WERE MADE TO LIVE IN TSESHAHT TERRITORY ON THE CONDITION THEY LIVE DOWN RIVER FROM THE TSESHAHT.
TSESHAHT.COM
HISTORICALLY THEY WERE WHALERS. THEIR TERRITORIES CHANGED THROUGH MARRIAGES, WARFARE, AND AMALGAMATION. ONCE EUROPEANS CAME THEY HAD EPIDEMICS OF DISEASES AND WARFARE. THE HUPATCHAS WERE MADE TO LIVE IN TSESHAHT TERRITORY ON THE CONDITION THEY LIVE DOWN RIVER FROM THE TSESHAHT.
TSESHAHT.COM
Tuesday, November 8, 2011
A CONCERT AT THE SANTA ROSA JUNIOR COLLEGE
I WENT AN EXCELLENT CONCERT AT THE SANTA ROSA JUNIOR COLLEGE. THEIR WAS AN AUDIENCE OF ABOUT OLDSTERS, TEENS, AND MIDDLE AGE FOLKS. THE ENSEMBLE WAS COMPOSED OF FOUR PLAYERS. ONE WAS AN ELECTRIC GUITAR OLDER MAN, A YOUNG MAN WITH DRUMS AND SYMBOLS, A MIDDLE AGE MAN WITH AN ELECTRIC BASS, AND AN OLDER MAN WITH A SHINY SAXAPHONE. THEY PLAYED OLD TUNES, SOME WERE MODERN, AND SOME WERE TIMED AT VERY FAST PACE. EVERYONE CLAPPED AS THE PLAYERS EACH TOOK TURNS PLAYING SOLO SO WE COULD HEAR THEIR PROFICIENT EASE OF PLAYING.
I FOUND ONLY A FEW ACORNS AT THE JUNIOR COLLEGE AND ONE TEEN I ASKED COULD IDENTIFY IT AS A WHITE OAK. HE PROBABLY WAS STUDYING BIOLOGY.??
I FOUND ONLY A FEW ACORNS AT THE JUNIOR COLLEGE AND ONE TEEN I ASKED COULD IDENTIFY IT AS A WHITE OAK. HE PROBABLY WAS STUDYING BIOLOGY.??
SPRING LAKE HIKE IN NOVEMBER 2011
I WENT TO SPRING LAKE TODAY AND WALKED ABOUT 6 MILES. THERE WERE A FEW FISHERMAN AND SEVERAL BIKERS. THERE WERE SEVERAL GROUPS OF HIKERS AND ONE LARGE GROUP WAS A MEET UP HIKING GROUP. IT ONLY DRIZZLED A LITTLE. A LARGE BUCK WITH LARGE ANTLERS. ONE HIKER POINTED OUT THAT HE SAW A SMALL FRESHWATER OTTER IN THE INLET OF THE LAKE -I HAD NEVER SEEN ONE IN FRESHWATER! HE MUST EAT SOME FISH. WE HAD SEEN A SMALL COUGAR IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE LAKE ONE DAY. AND ABOUT A MONTH AGO WE SAW TWO BARN OWLS WHO HAD MADE A NEST IN AN EUCALYPTUS TREE BY THE SMALL LAGOON. THEY HAD TWO SMALL BABBIES IN THEIR NEST THAT WE ALL GAZED AT HIGH ABOVE US ABOUT 30 FEET IN THE TREE. SOON THEY HAD ALL LEFT.
SCHUSWAP NATIONAL TRIBE COUNCIL
THE MEMORIAL IS AN EXCELLENT PROPOSAL OF THEIR DEMAND (1910). SOON AFTER THEY WERE ESTABLISHED ON THE CROWN COLONY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA IN 1858. THEY HAD REPRESENTATIVES FOR INTERIOR TRIBES PRESSED FOR LEGAL AND POLITICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE LAND ISSUE AND QUESTIONS. BY THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 1800'S PETITIONS HAD BEEN MADE TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS ABOUT LAND RIGHTS. THE MEMORIAL IS ONE OF SEVERAL DOCUMENTS OUTLINING THEIR RIGHTS AS THEY AFFECTED FIRST NATIONS IN B.C. THE SCHUSWAP, COUTECU AND OKANAGAN TRIBES. THE FIRST NEW COMMERS WERE THE FUR TRADERS WHO BUILT FORTS IN 1812. THEY DEVELOPED A RELATIONSHIP WITH INDIANS BASED ON MUTUAL ENTERPRISE.
THERE WERE FUR TRADERS WHO ESTABLISHED FORTS AT KAMLOOPS IN 1812. THEY EXCHANGEDEUROPEAN GOODS FOR FURS! AFTER 1858 NEW EUROPEANS WITH LITTLE INTEREST IN ACCOMODATIONS WITH THE NATIVES EXPLOITED THEM AND SETTLED IN THEIR TRADITIONAL HOMELANDS. IN 1858 THE COLONY OF B.C. IN 1858 IN RESPONSE TO THE FRASIER RIVER , GOLD RUSH AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIAN RESERVES.
SCHUSWAPNATION.ORG
THERE WERE FUR TRADERS WHO ESTABLISHED FORTS AT KAMLOOPS IN 1812. THEY EXCHANGEDEUROPEAN GOODS FOR FURS! AFTER 1858 NEW EUROPEANS WITH LITTLE INTEREST IN ACCOMODATIONS WITH THE NATIVES EXPLOITED THEM AND SETTLED IN THEIR TRADITIONAL HOMELANDS. IN 1858 THE COLONY OF B.C. IN 1858 IN RESPONSE TO THE FRASIER RIVER , GOLD RUSH AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIAN RESERVES.
SCHUSWAPNATION.ORG
TRANSFORM YOUR LIFE WITH HANDWRITING
SELF DISCOVERIES AND ABILITY TO MAKE CHANGES AND SUPPORT YOU TO MAKE CHANGES AND SUPPORT YOU IN MAKING POSITIVE DIFFERENCE A POSITIVE DIFFERENCE IN YOUR WORLD. IF YOU ADAPT TO A CLIFF HANDWRITING PATTERN IT IS LIKE SACRED TRADITION.
IT TAKES YOU 40 DAYS FOR THE NEUROLOGICAL PATTERN TO CHANGE AND BECOME EVIDENT. THE PRACTICE OF HANDWRITING OFFERS HOW TO RID YOURSELF OF SELF SABOTAGE ATTITUDES VS. WORKSHOPS OF SELF HELP. YOUR HANDWRITING IS A PATTERN OF HOW YOU SEE YOURSELF. IT IS PROGRAMMED BY YOUR SUBCONSCIOUS FROM BIRTH. IT REFLECTS YOUR STRONG POINTS AND YOUR INBORN CREATIVITY.
WHEN YOU ARE READY TO BRING AN ISSUE IN YOUR LIFE TO COMPLETION THAT ISSUE WILL CONFRONT YOU IMMEDIATELY AND DEARLY IN THE FORM OF A PERSON , A SITUATION OR A RELATIONSHIP.
VIMALA RODGERS
IT TAKES YOU 40 DAYS FOR THE NEUROLOGICAL PATTERN TO CHANGE AND BECOME EVIDENT. THE PRACTICE OF HANDWRITING OFFERS HOW TO RID YOURSELF OF SELF SABOTAGE ATTITUDES VS. WORKSHOPS OF SELF HELP. YOUR HANDWRITING IS A PATTERN OF HOW YOU SEE YOURSELF. IT IS PROGRAMMED BY YOUR SUBCONSCIOUS FROM BIRTH. IT REFLECTS YOUR STRONG POINTS AND YOUR INBORN CREATIVITY.
WHEN YOU ARE READY TO BRING AN ISSUE IN YOUR LIFE TO COMPLETION THAT ISSUE WILL CONFRONT YOU IMMEDIATELY AND DEARLY IN THE FORM OF A PERSON , A SITUATION OR A RELATIONSHIP.
VIMALA RODGERS
OKANAGAN INDIAN IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
THE OKANAGAN INDIAN BAND IS PART OF SEVEN BANDS. THEY ARE LOCATED AT THE HEAD OF THE OKANANGAN BAND NEAR VERNON. THEY HAVE 11,282 HECTARES. HALF OF THEIR 1690 MEMBERS LIVE ON THE RESERVE AND 1/2 LIVE OFF. THEY HAVE HEALTH SERVICES. SOCIAL SERVICES, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION TO NAME A FEW OF THEIR SERVICES. THEY WANT TO PROMOTE THEIR LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND HISTORY FOR ALL . THEY HAVE DEVELOPED A NATION DECLARATION AND A NATIONAL ALLIANCE MANDATE.
THEY HAVE SEVEN RESERVES OF 11,000 HECTARES. THEY FACE UNIQUE CHALLENGES WITHIN THEIR ORGANIZATION. THEY NEED TO BUILD CAPACITY FOR LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. THEY ARE WORKING FOR PROVIDING CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE SERVICES. ONE ANTHROPOLOGIST SAID THEY ARE DERIVED FROM A PLACE ON THE RIVER NEAR THE FALLS. THE SALMON ARE THERE AND THIS HELPS THEM SURVIVE.
OKANAGAN COUNCIL CHAMBER WAS ORIGINALLY BUILT ON ANOTHER SITE AND MOVED TO ITS CURRENT LOCATION, THE HEAD OF THE LAKE IN THE EARLY 1900'S. THEIR ELDER JOSEPHINE EDWARDS WAS ONE OF THE MAIN CONTRIBUTORS TO THE RESTRICTION OF THE NEW COUNCIL CHAMBER. THEY HAD BEEN BUILT NEXT TO THE COMMUNITY MEETING PLACE. IT WAS BUILT TO HOUSE CHIEF AND COUNCIL MEETINGS AND USED FOR STICK GAMES. THESE ENDED IN THE 1980'S. THIS WAS A CENTRAL MEETING PLACE FOR ALL NEIGHBORING TRIBES. THE STRUCTURE WAS BUILT AS A MEMORIAL TO SHOW WHERE OUR PEOPLE MET TO KEEP THEIR RICH CULTURE ALIVE.
THE COMMONAGE CLAIM OF 1877 - 2000
IN 1877 THE NORTHERN OKANAGAN COMMONAGE RESERVE WAS ESTABLISHED. IT STATED THAT THE JOINT RESERVE COMMISSION GAVE THE NATIVES PASTURE IN COMMON WITH ANGLO SETTLERS. THE COMMAGE AREA WAS SURVEYED AND APPROVED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT. IN 1889 THE GOVERNMENT HAD PRESSURE TO TERMINATE THE NATIVE LAND WITHOUT CONSULTING THE OKANANGAN. THE BAND NEVER RECEIVED COMPENSATION FROM THEIR LOSS.
OKIB.CA.HISTORY
THEY HAVE SEVEN RESERVES OF 11,000 HECTARES. THEY FACE UNIQUE CHALLENGES WITHIN THEIR ORGANIZATION. THEY NEED TO BUILD CAPACITY FOR LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. THEY ARE WORKING FOR PROVIDING CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE SERVICES. ONE ANTHROPOLOGIST SAID THEY ARE DERIVED FROM A PLACE ON THE RIVER NEAR THE FALLS. THE SALMON ARE THERE AND THIS HELPS THEM SURVIVE.
OKANAGAN COUNCIL CHAMBER WAS ORIGINALLY BUILT ON ANOTHER SITE AND MOVED TO ITS CURRENT LOCATION, THE HEAD OF THE LAKE IN THE EARLY 1900'S. THEIR ELDER JOSEPHINE EDWARDS WAS ONE OF THE MAIN CONTRIBUTORS TO THE RESTRICTION OF THE NEW COUNCIL CHAMBER. THEY HAD BEEN BUILT NEXT TO THE COMMUNITY MEETING PLACE. IT WAS BUILT TO HOUSE CHIEF AND COUNCIL MEETINGS AND USED FOR STICK GAMES. THESE ENDED IN THE 1980'S. THIS WAS A CENTRAL MEETING PLACE FOR ALL NEIGHBORING TRIBES. THE STRUCTURE WAS BUILT AS A MEMORIAL TO SHOW WHERE OUR PEOPLE MET TO KEEP THEIR RICH CULTURE ALIVE.
THE COMMONAGE CLAIM OF 1877 - 2000
IN 1877 THE NORTHERN OKANAGAN COMMONAGE RESERVE WAS ESTABLISHED. IT STATED THAT THE JOINT RESERVE COMMISSION GAVE THE NATIVES PASTURE IN COMMON WITH ANGLO SETTLERS. THE COMMAGE AREA WAS SURVEYED AND APPROVED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT. IN 1889 THE GOVERNMENT HAD PRESSURE TO TERMINATE THE NATIVE LAND WITHOUT CONSULTING THE OKANANGAN. THE BAND NEVER RECEIVED COMPENSATION FROM THEIR LOSS.
OKIB.CA.HISTORY
NAMGIS FIRST NATION IN CANADA
THE GWA'NI LEGEND
A LONG TIME AGO WHEN THE WORLD WAS YOUNG AND AND SPIRIT BEINGS WANDERED THE WORLD, GWA' NALALIS THIS FAMILY SETTLED AT XWALKX. A SUPERNATURAL BEING WHO ASKED HIM IF THE WORLD TO BE A MOUNTAIN. HE SAID NO AS MOUNTAINS CRUMBLE AND FALL DOWN. HE ASKED HIM IF HE WANTED TO BE A TREE AND HE SAID NO. CEDAR TREES GET STRUCK BY LIGHTENING. THEN HE ASKED IF HE WANTED TO BE A BOULDER AND HE SAID NO AS THEY MAY CRACK AND CRUMBLE. FINALLY HE ASKED IF HE WANTED TO BE A RIVER . YES, LET ME BE A RIVER AS LONG AS THE DAYS DAWN. SO THE SUPERNATURAL BEING PUT HIS HAND ON GWANALIS FOREHEAD AND PUSHED HIM DOWN AND SAID YOU WILL BE A RIVER FOREVER. YOU WILL BE FULL OF SALMON SO THAT YOUR DESCENDANTS MAY NEVER STARVE.
BY 1792 CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER ENCOUNTERED MAMGIS AT THE GWA'NI RIVER. THEY WERE CALLED NAMGIS AT THE GWA'NI RIVER. THEY WERE CALLED NAMGIS. THE MANGIS WERE FAMILIAR EUROPEAN TRADE GOODS AS THEY HAD WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS ON NORTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND. THE NAMGIS WERE ONE NATION THAT HAD A LARGE POPULATION OF TO 10,000 FOLKS. THEY WERE ORGANIZED AS FAMILY UNITS EACH SHARING A BIG HOUSE. THE CEREMONIALS AND RITUALS OF THE POTLATCH REGULATED THE MAMGIS SOCIAL LIFE. THE MAMGIS ALWAYS THANKED THE SPIRITS FOR GIVING THEMSELVES UP FOR THEIR USE.
IN THE 1880'S THE FIRST ANGLOS ESTABLISHED A FISH SALTRY AT ALERT BAY. SINCE THAT TIME THE NATIVES HAVE BEEN INVOLVED WITH THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE NORTH ISLAND. THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORY AND RESOURCES HAVE BEEN A VITAL PART OF THEIR ECONOMY. THE POTLATCH WAS A WAY TO COMMEMORATE A MILESTONE IN ONE FAMILY AS THEY PERFORMED DANCES.
AFTER THE ARRIVAL AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS THE THE KWAKWAKA'WAKU ADOPTED THEIR STYLE OF HOUSING. THEIR PLACE TO PERFORM CEREMONY AND RITUAL CHANGED TOO. WITH THE CHANGING WORLD, THEIR BELIEF SYSTEM WAS INSTITUTED SPECIFICALLY FOR CONDUCTING ANCIENT RITES TO KEEP HERITAGE ALIVE.
NAMGIS.BC,CA
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A LONG TIME AGO WHEN THE WORLD WAS YOUNG AND AND SPIRIT BEINGS WANDERED THE WORLD, GWA' NALALIS THIS FAMILY SETTLED AT XWALKX. A SUPERNATURAL BEING WHO ASKED HIM IF THE WORLD TO BE A MOUNTAIN. HE SAID NO AS MOUNTAINS CRUMBLE AND FALL DOWN. HE ASKED HIM IF HE WANTED TO BE A TREE AND HE SAID NO. CEDAR TREES GET STRUCK BY LIGHTENING. THEN HE ASKED IF HE WANTED TO BE A BOULDER AND HE SAID NO AS THEY MAY CRACK AND CRUMBLE. FINALLY HE ASKED IF HE WANTED TO BE A RIVER . YES, LET ME BE A RIVER AS LONG AS THE DAYS DAWN. SO THE SUPERNATURAL BEING PUT HIS HAND ON GWANALIS FOREHEAD AND PUSHED HIM DOWN AND SAID YOU WILL BE A RIVER FOREVER. YOU WILL BE FULL OF SALMON SO THAT YOUR DESCENDANTS MAY NEVER STARVE.
BY 1792 CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER ENCOUNTERED MAMGIS AT THE GWA'NI RIVER. THEY WERE CALLED NAMGIS AT THE GWA'NI RIVER. THEY WERE CALLED NAMGIS. THE MANGIS WERE FAMILIAR EUROPEAN TRADE GOODS AS THEY HAD WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS ON NORTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND. THE NAMGIS WERE ONE NATION THAT HAD A LARGE POPULATION OF TO 10,000 FOLKS. THEY WERE ORGANIZED AS FAMILY UNITS EACH SHARING A BIG HOUSE. THE CEREMONIALS AND RITUALS OF THE POTLATCH REGULATED THE MAMGIS SOCIAL LIFE. THE MAMGIS ALWAYS THANKED THE SPIRITS FOR GIVING THEMSELVES UP FOR THEIR USE.
IN THE 1880'S THE FIRST ANGLOS ESTABLISHED A FISH SALTRY AT ALERT BAY. SINCE THAT TIME THE NATIVES HAVE BEEN INVOLVED WITH THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE NORTH ISLAND. THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORY AND RESOURCES HAVE BEEN A VITAL PART OF THEIR ECONOMY. THE POTLATCH WAS A WAY TO COMMEMORATE A MILESTONE IN ONE FAMILY AS THEY PERFORMED DANCES.
AFTER THE ARRIVAL AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS THE THE KWAKWAKA'WAKU ADOPTED THEIR STYLE OF HOUSING. THEIR PLACE TO PERFORM CEREMONY AND RITUAL CHANGED TOO. WITH THE CHANGING WORLD, THEIR BELIEF SYSTEM WAS INSTITUTED SPECIFICALLY FOR CONDUCTING ANCIENT RITES TO KEEP HERITAGE ALIVE.
NAMGIS.BC,CA
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Monday, November 7, 2011
KITSELAS FIRST PEOPLE IN CANADA
THE PEOPLE OF KITSELAS CANYON HAVE THRIVED HERE SINCE OF KIT SELAS CANYON HAVE THRIVED HERE SINCE MANY THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO WITH FERTILIZE RIVERS AND LAND. THEY ARE PROUD OF THEIR HERITAGE. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE NOTED THEIR TOOLS DATE 5000+ YEARS AGO.
THEIR LANGUAGE IS TSIMSHIAN. THEY HAVE FOUR MAIN CLANS AS WELL AS AS SUBCLANS. THE KITSELA HAVE 500 PLUS PEOPLE. THEY LIVE ON NINE RESERVATIONS. THEY HAVE DEVELOPED AN HISTORICAL SITE WITH FOUR LONG HOUSES AND TOTEM POLES. THEY GIVE REGULAR TOURS. LITTLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK HAS TAKEN PLACE HERE AS THE GRAND TRUNK RAILROAD BUILT OVER THE SITE. THE SITE IS LOCATED ON THE WEST SIDE OF SKEENA RIVER SOUTH OF THE CANYON. THEIR WORD FOR GRIZZLY BEAR IS "MEDEEK". ANOTHER VILLAGE IS GITAUS OR "THE PEOPLE OF THE SANDBAR". THIS VILLAGE WAS TESTED BY ARCHAEOLOGISTS BUT CAN'T BE COMPARED TO TSUNYOW BECAUSE THEY HAD NO TESTS THERE.
THE PAUL MASON SITE WAS DISCOVERED IN 1981, BUT THE VILLAGE WAS LOST FROM ORAL HISTORIES OF THE GITAUS. THERE WERE 10 HOUSE FLOORS DISCOVERED AND THE EARLIEST HUMAN OCCUPATION WAS RADIOCARBON DATED TO 5000 YEARS BEFORE PRESENT. tHEY FOUND MICROBLADES, FLAKED COBBLE TOOLS TOOLS. THEY PROCESSED LEATHER AND FISH HERE AND CUT UP MEAT. THE OBSIDIAN AND QUARTZ MATERIALS MAKE UP THE TOOLS. THIS DISCOVERY INDICATES THESE PEOPLE HAD TRADE NETWORKS A FEW HUNDRED YEARS BEFORE THE PEOPLE WERE AT GITAUS. 3200 YEARS BEFORE PRESENT THIS SITE HAD PERMANENT DWELLINGS BASED UPON PREPARED HOUSE FLOORS. DURING THIS TIME THEY STARTED DRYING FISH. BASED ON THE EVIDENCE OF TWO HEARTHS ON THE HOUSES THEY MAY HAVE HAD TWO FAMILIES EACH. ALL HOUSE SIZES ARE THE SAME. THE OTHER VILLAGE HAD DIFFERENT HOUSE SIZES.
THE VILLAGE OF GITLAXDZAWK IS ON A SMALL ISLAND IN KITSELEY CANYON. IN 1910 IT IS CONNECTED TO LAND BY FILL WHEN THEY BUILT THE GRAND TRUNK PAC RAILROAD TUNNELS. GITLAXDZAWK HAS THREE MEANINGS: 1) A PEOPLE OF THE PHASE PLACE WHERE THEY STEAL CANOE BOTTOM BOARDS. THEY OPERATED A TALL SYSTEM IN THE CANYON. LARGE BOULDERS WERE THROWN IN CANOES THAT DISREGARDED THE PAYMENT. IT WAS ALSO CALLED PEOPLE OF THE RAVINE AND THE FORTRESS. THEY HAVE TEN HOUSES THERE. A SITE ON THE ISLAND THERE. TODAY THERE IS NO ACCESS TO IT. THE MAIN VILLAGE WAS BUILT ON A HILL WHICH WAS FORTIFIED BY TIMBERS AND LOGS AND CONSTRUED WITH GREATER PROTECTION.
THE HOUSES WERE IRREGULARLY PLACED. IN EACH HOUSE THEY HAD 30 RESIDENTS AND 300 FOLKS IN A VILLAGE. BECAUSE OF IMMIGRANT CONTACT IN THE SKEENA VALLEY, THE NATIVES ABANDONED THIS AREA. SOME POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRANT SETTLEMENT SUCH AS THEIR ACTIVITY IN WANING FUR TRADE, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FOR THE GITSELASU AND LATER INVOLVEMENT IN THE COMMERCIAL FISHING ALONG THE COAST. THEY WERE AFFECTED BY SMALLPOX. THEY NO LONGER CONTROLLED MOVEMENTS THROUGH THE CANYON AFFECTING THEIR COMPETITION WITH SETTLERS FOR RESOURCES SUCH AS FISH, GAME, TIMBER AND OTHER JOBS.
THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND PETROGLYPHS OF HUMANS AND ANIMALS IN THE SKEENA VALLEY. NO ONE KNOWS THEIR MEANING. THEY MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH SHAMANISM. THE SHAMANS CURED PEOPLE OF POSSIBLY MADE PETROGLYPHS AS PART OF THEIR ACTIVITY. THESE ACTIVITIES OCCUR ED AWAY FROM THE VILLAGES AND MAKING PETROGLPHS MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH TRANFORMATION. SOME PETROGLYPHS MAY BE SUBMERGED IN WATER BY RISING RIVERS OR TIDAL LEVELS, OR MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH SHAMANIC IDEA OF TRANSFORMATION.
THE MOST INTERESTING THING ABOUT THESE PETROGLYPHS IS THEIR IDEA ABOUT TRANSFORMATION. THIS IS A SPIRITUAL CONCEPT OF 'TSIMSIAN'. ONE CARVING HAS THE APPEARANCE OF A HUMAN FACE. OR MASK. WHEN VIEWED FROM THE OTHER SIDE THE FACE IS TRANSFORMED INTO THAT OF AN ANIMAL OR POSSIBLY ANOTHER MASK. OTHER PETROGLYPHS ARE FOUND IN THIS AREA.
KITSELAS.COM
THEIR LANGUAGE IS TSIMSHIAN. THEY HAVE FOUR MAIN CLANS AS WELL AS AS SUBCLANS. THE KITSELA HAVE 500 PLUS PEOPLE. THEY LIVE ON NINE RESERVATIONS. THEY HAVE DEVELOPED AN HISTORICAL SITE WITH FOUR LONG HOUSES AND TOTEM POLES. THEY GIVE REGULAR TOURS. LITTLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK HAS TAKEN PLACE HERE AS THE GRAND TRUNK RAILROAD BUILT OVER THE SITE. THE SITE IS LOCATED ON THE WEST SIDE OF SKEENA RIVER SOUTH OF THE CANYON. THEIR WORD FOR GRIZZLY BEAR IS "MEDEEK". ANOTHER VILLAGE IS GITAUS OR "THE PEOPLE OF THE SANDBAR". THIS VILLAGE WAS TESTED BY ARCHAEOLOGISTS BUT CAN'T BE COMPARED TO TSUNYOW BECAUSE THEY HAD NO TESTS THERE.
THE PAUL MASON SITE WAS DISCOVERED IN 1981, BUT THE VILLAGE WAS LOST FROM ORAL HISTORIES OF THE GITAUS. THERE WERE 10 HOUSE FLOORS DISCOVERED AND THE EARLIEST HUMAN OCCUPATION WAS RADIOCARBON DATED TO 5000 YEARS BEFORE PRESENT. tHEY FOUND MICROBLADES, FLAKED COBBLE TOOLS TOOLS. THEY PROCESSED LEATHER AND FISH HERE AND CUT UP MEAT. THE OBSIDIAN AND QUARTZ MATERIALS MAKE UP THE TOOLS. THIS DISCOVERY INDICATES THESE PEOPLE HAD TRADE NETWORKS A FEW HUNDRED YEARS BEFORE THE PEOPLE WERE AT GITAUS. 3200 YEARS BEFORE PRESENT THIS SITE HAD PERMANENT DWELLINGS BASED UPON PREPARED HOUSE FLOORS. DURING THIS TIME THEY STARTED DRYING FISH. BASED ON THE EVIDENCE OF TWO HEARTHS ON THE HOUSES THEY MAY HAVE HAD TWO FAMILIES EACH. ALL HOUSE SIZES ARE THE SAME. THE OTHER VILLAGE HAD DIFFERENT HOUSE SIZES.
THE VILLAGE OF GITLAXDZAWK IS ON A SMALL ISLAND IN KITSELEY CANYON. IN 1910 IT IS CONNECTED TO LAND BY FILL WHEN THEY BUILT THE GRAND TRUNK PAC RAILROAD TUNNELS. GITLAXDZAWK HAS THREE MEANINGS: 1) A PEOPLE OF THE PHASE PLACE WHERE THEY STEAL CANOE BOTTOM BOARDS. THEY OPERATED A TALL SYSTEM IN THE CANYON. LARGE BOULDERS WERE THROWN IN CANOES THAT DISREGARDED THE PAYMENT. IT WAS ALSO CALLED PEOPLE OF THE RAVINE AND THE FORTRESS. THEY HAVE TEN HOUSES THERE. A SITE ON THE ISLAND THERE. TODAY THERE IS NO ACCESS TO IT. THE MAIN VILLAGE WAS BUILT ON A HILL WHICH WAS FORTIFIED BY TIMBERS AND LOGS AND CONSTRUED WITH GREATER PROTECTION.
THE HOUSES WERE IRREGULARLY PLACED. IN EACH HOUSE THEY HAD 30 RESIDENTS AND 300 FOLKS IN A VILLAGE. BECAUSE OF IMMIGRANT CONTACT IN THE SKEENA VALLEY, THE NATIVES ABANDONED THIS AREA. SOME POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRANT SETTLEMENT SUCH AS THEIR ACTIVITY IN WANING FUR TRADE, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FOR THE GITSELASU AND LATER INVOLVEMENT IN THE COMMERCIAL FISHING ALONG THE COAST. THEY WERE AFFECTED BY SMALLPOX. THEY NO LONGER CONTROLLED MOVEMENTS THROUGH THE CANYON AFFECTING THEIR COMPETITION WITH SETTLERS FOR RESOURCES SUCH AS FISH, GAME, TIMBER AND OTHER JOBS.
THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND PETROGLYPHS OF HUMANS AND ANIMALS IN THE SKEENA VALLEY. NO ONE KNOWS THEIR MEANING. THEY MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH SHAMANISM. THE SHAMANS CURED PEOPLE OF POSSIBLY MADE PETROGLYPHS AS PART OF THEIR ACTIVITY. THESE ACTIVITIES OCCUR ED AWAY FROM THE VILLAGES AND MAKING PETROGLPHS MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH TRANFORMATION. SOME PETROGLYPHS MAY BE SUBMERGED IN WATER BY RISING RIVERS OR TIDAL LEVELS, OR MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH SHAMANIC IDEA OF TRANSFORMATION.
THE MOST INTERESTING THING ABOUT THESE PETROGLYPHS IS THEIR IDEA ABOUT TRANSFORMATION. THIS IS A SPIRITUAL CONCEPT OF 'TSIMSIAN'. ONE CARVING HAS THE APPEARANCE OF A HUMAN FACE. OR MASK. WHEN VIEWED FROM THE OTHER SIDE THE FACE IS TRANSFORMED INTO THAT OF AN ANIMAL OR POSSIBLY ANOTHER MASK. OTHER PETROGLYPHS ARE FOUND IN THIS AREA.
KITSELAS.COM
TRIONDEK HWECH'IN IN FIRST NATION
THESE FOLKS LIVED IN DAWSON CITY AND ARE WITH THE HAN LINGUISTIC GROUPING. THIS IS A LINGUISTIC TERM RECENTLY REPLACED BY THE TRONDECK HWECH'IN. IT MEANS THE PEOPLE OF KLONDIKE RIVER. THEY MOVED TO THE MOOSEHIDE RESERVATION DOWN RIVER FROM DAWSON AT THE TIME OF THE GOLDRUSH. IN THE 1950'S THEIR POPULATION DECLINED AND THEY MOVED BACK TO DAWSOM WHERE THEY REMAIN TODAY. BY 1999 THEIR POPULATION WAS 620, AND 420 LIVED OFF THE RESERVATION IN OTHER TOWNS. BY 1998 THE FIRST NATION OWNWED ABOUT 1000SQUARE MILES MILES OF LAQND IN THEIR TERRITORY. THEY WILL BE GIVEN $21,000,000 COMPENSATION OVER 15 YEARS.
THE TRONDECK HWICH'IN WERE ONE OF YUKON'S MOST AFFECTED TRIBE BY WHITE GOLD MINERS AND SETTLERS. THEY ARE ACTIVELY RECLAIMING THEIR CULTURAL WAYS. DURING GOLD RUSH CHIEF ISAAC TOOK SONGS AND DANCES OF HIS PEOPLE TO THE VILLAGE OF MANSFIELD ALASKA. THE DAWSON FOLKS ARE COMITTED TO REGAINING THEIR SONGS AND DANCES IN THIS AREA.
CYFN.CA/OWNNATION
THE TRONDECK HWICH'IN WERE ONE OF YUKON'S MOST AFFECTED TRIBE BY WHITE GOLD MINERS AND SETTLERS. THEY ARE ACTIVELY RECLAIMING THEIR CULTURAL WAYS. DURING GOLD RUSH CHIEF ISAAC TOOK SONGS AND DANCES OF HIS PEOPLE TO THE VILLAGE OF MANSFIELD ALASKA. THE DAWSON FOLKS ARE COMITTED TO REGAINING THEIR SONGS AND DANCES IN THIS AREA.
CYFN.CA/OWNNATION
WHITE RIVER INDIANS IN CANADA
BEAVER CREEK IS WHERE THE WHITE RIVER INDIANS LIVE. THEY ARE AFFILIATED WITH UPPER TANANA AND NORTHERN TUTLCHONE. IN 2000 THEY HAD 124 MEMBERS AND ABOUT 80 LIVED IN ANOTHER OTHER COMMUNITIES. THE UPPER TANANA LANGUAGE IS ATHAPASKAN DIALECT AND IS OF MANY GROUPS. THE WHITE RIVER PEOPLE INCLUDE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN TUTCHONE. TODAY THE WHITE RIVER PEOPLE INCLUDE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN TUTCHONE. TODAY THE WHITE RIVER NATION HAS NOT SIGNED THE FINAL AGREEMENT. THEY ARE IN THE PROCESS OF NEGOTIATING WITH THE FEDERAL AND YUKON GOVERNMENTS.
FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL THEY HAVE DEFINED THEMSELVES BY THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ANIMALS. THEIR LAWS, SPIRITUAL BELIEFS, AND CLAN SYSTEM ARE BASED ON TREMEDOUS DEPENDANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT. THEIR LEGENDS TELL THEM HOW THEY ORIGINATED IN THE WORLD. AND ARE TOLD TODAY BY OUR ELDERS AND YOU WHO LEARN CARRY ON THEIR TRADITIONS. THEIR ANCESTORS TELL HOW CROW STARTED THEY WORLD. HE BROUGHT FIRST LIGHT INTO THE WORLD. HE LET THE STARS, SUN, AND MOON ESCAPE FROM A WEALTHY MAN SO THAT THEY BELONGED TO EVERYONE.
CYFN.CAOURNATIONS
FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL THEY HAVE DEFINED THEMSELVES BY THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ANIMALS. THEIR LAWS, SPIRITUAL BELIEFS, AND CLAN SYSTEM ARE BASED ON TREMEDOUS DEPENDANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT. THEIR LEGENDS TELL THEM HOW THEY ORIGINATED IN THE WORLD. AND ARE TOLD TODAY BY OUR ELDERS AND YOU WHO LEARN CARRY ON THEIR TRADITIONS. THEIR ANCESTORS TELL HOW CROW STARTED THEY WORLD. HE BROUGHT FIRST LIGHT INTO THE WORLD. HE LET THE STARS, SUN, AND MOON ESCAPE FROM A WEALTHY MAN SO THAT THEY BELONGED TO EVERYONE.
CYFN.CAOURNATIONS
MY EXPERIENCE AS A BLM ARCHAEOLOGIST WITH A HORSE
WHEN I WAS AN ARCHAEOLOGIST WITH THE BLM IN PHOENIX I WENT INTO THE DESERT TO SURVEY A 10 MILE LONG LINEAR ROUTE. IT WAS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO FIND THE RIGHT ROAD AND LOCATION BECAUSE OF THE GENERAL FLATNESS OF THE DESERT. IN ANY CASE I USUALLY HAD AT THAT TIME A REMOTE RADIO TO CALL THE OFFICE IF LOST OR MY CAR BROKE DOWN. I REMEMBER ONE UNUSUAL TIME WHEN I MET A RANCHER WHO SADDLED A HORSE FOR ME ON A HOT SUMMER DAY AND I HAD 10 MILES TO SURVEY. THIS LONG LINEAR SURVEY WAS FLAGGED AND IN REMOTE TERRITORY. THE COWBOY RODE HIS HORSE WITH ME AS I VIEWED THE GROUND FOR PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC ARTIFACTS. I COULD ACTUALLY VIEW SEVERAL KNAPPING AREAS WHERE THE NATIVES LEFT OBSIDIAN REMAINS.
INTERESTING ENOUGH AT ONE POINT MY HORSE GOT A CHOLLA IN HIS TALE AND LEG! HE REARED UP WITH A WHELP. I THOUGHT I WAS DEAD. BUT LUCKILY THE COWBOY WAS ABLE TO CALM HIM AND REMOVE THE CHOLLA FROM HIS LEG...
INTERESTING ENOUGH AT ONE POINT MY HORSE GOT A CHOLLA IN HIS TALE AND LEG! HE REARED UP WITH A WHELP. I THOUGHT I WAS DEAD. BUT LUCKILY THE COWBOY WAS ABLE TO CALM HIM AND REMOVE THE CHOLLA FROM HIS LEG...
CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING
THIS WEEK'S TOPIC WAS UNCONDITIONAL LOVE AND THAT WE CAN ALL WAKE UP TO LEARN TO LOVE ALL. OUR MINISER SAID TO BELIEVE IN DIVINITY. WE HAVEN'T YET LEARNED TO LOVE THIS WAY. WE ARE WAKING UP TO TO WHO WE ARE THAT IS HIDDEN IN WHOLENESS TO US. YOU ARE SELF GIVING TO GOD WHEN WE REALIZE OUR RELATIONSHIP TO THOUGHT IS LOVE FOR US.
HE ASKED HAVE YOU EVER PRAYED FOR WHOLENESS OF THE EARTH? WE CAN USE GUIDING PRINCIPALS OF THE EARTH AND YEARN FOR THE WORLD HEART. PRAY FOR THE HOMELESS ANSD BORDERS ARE IRRELEVANT. FELLOWSHIP CONNECTS IN OUR WORLD AS ONE GLOBAL ONE. EACH OF US BECOME POINTS OF ADVOCATES FOR ADVANCING OUR WORLD. HE MENTIONED A CHINESE STORY THAT THEY SAY THEIR TEA POTS ARE SEASONED AFTER 100 YEARS , AND THE THE TEA POT WILL MAKE ITS OWN TEA. USE HIGHER THOUGHTS AND EVERYONE WINS. IMAGINE THAT THOUGHT UNTIL POT MAKES TEA BY ITSELF!
HE ASKED HAVE YOU EVER PRAYED FOR WHOLENESS OF THE EARTH? WE CAN USE GUIDING PRINCIPALS OF THE EARTH AND YEARN FOR THE WORLD HEART. PRAY FOR THE HOMELESS ANSD BORDERS ARE IRRELEVANT. FELLOWSHIP CONNECTS IN OUR WORLD AS ONE GLOBAL ONE. EACH OF US BECOME POINTS OF ADVOCATES FOR ADVANCING OUR WORLD. HE MENTIONED A CHINESE STORY THAT THEY SAY THEIR TEA POTS ARE SEASONED AFTER 100 YEARS , AND THE THE TEA POT WILL MAKE ITS OWN TEA. USE HIGHER THOUGHTS AND EVERYONE WINS. IMAGINE THAT THOUGHT UNTIL POT MAKES TEA BY ITSELF!
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