YESTERDAY I WENT TO VISIT SONOMA WHERE IT WAS QUITE WARM FOR A WINTER DAY -ABOUT 60 DEGREES. I HAD NOT VISITE GENERAL VALLEJO'S HOUSE AND THE MISSION FOR OVER 10 YEARS.
MARIANO VALLEJO WAS BORN IN MONTERREY IN 1810 FROM A SPANISH FAMILY. BEFORE COMING TO SONOMA HE HAD BEEN A MEXICAN COMMANDATE GENERAL.
THE MISSION SAN FRANCISCO SOLANO WAS BUILT IN 1823 AND CONSECRATED BY FATHER JOSE ALTIMIRA. THIS MISSION WAS BUILT UNDER MEXICAN RULE AND IT IS THE LAST BUILT IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. THE MISSION GREW INTO A COMPLEX OF BUILDINGS WITH OVER 10,000 ACRES. IN 1832 THE MISSION HAD ITS MOST PROSPEROUS YEAR WITH 900 INDIAN WORKERS HERE. IT SERVED AS A CHURCH UNTIL 1881 WHEN IT WAS SOLD. TODAY IT IS A HISTORICAL MONUMENT FOR STATE PARKS. IN 1826 INDIAN TROBLES DROVE FATHER ALTIMIRA FROM SONOMA. THEN FATHER FORTUNA CONTINUED TO LEAD THE MISSION. IT HAD ABOUT 21 ROOMS ORIGINALLY, BUT ONLY THREE REMAINED IT WAS BUILT OF THICK ADOBE BRICKS TO KEEP OUT THE COLD IT HAS VIRGIL JORGENSEN'S BEAUTIFUL PAINTINGS OF ALL THE MISSIONS IN CALIFORNIA ALONG THE WALLS OF THE DINING ROOM.
THE CHAPEL WAS BUILT IN 1840 TO 1841 TO REPLACE THE ORIGINAL CHURCH FOR THE MISSION. THE COURTYARD HAS BEEN REPLANTED, HOWEVER IT LOOKED QUITE BARREN IN WINTER WITH SOME CACTI. THE WOMEN'S QUARTERS WERE LOCATED WHERE THE CACTI IS GROWING. THEY HAD A TANNERY, HIDE VATS, VINEYARDS, ORCHARDS, CROPS, AND LIVESTOCK AS WELL. THEY HAVE A PLAQUE THAT HONORD THE INDIANS WHO WORKED HERE AND ARE BURIED IN THE MISSION CEMETERY DURING THE 11 YEARS IT EXISTED.
THE MISSION WAS BUILT HERE AFYTER CLOSING THOSE IN DAN FRANCISCO AND SAN RAFAEL. FATHER DURRICA, THE ADMINISTER OF ALL OF CALIFORNIA MISSIONS,HAD A SOLUTION TO KEEP ALL MISSIONS OPEN BY USING INDIAN LABORERS AS VOLUNTEERS FOR THIS NEW MISSION. THE OUTSIDE AND INSIDE WAS PLASTERED WITH WHITEWASHED MUD. SOME HISPANIC WERE DISCUSSING THIS WITH ME.
THE SONOMA BARRACKS WERE NOT OPEN ON A SUNDAY. THEY WERE ORIGINALLY TWO STORIES TALL. THE BARRACKS WERE COMPLETED IN 1841. IT WAS BUILT TO HOUSE MEXICAN ARMY TROOPS UNDER GENERAL VALLEJO IN 1834. VALLEJO WAS COMMANDER OF THE PRESIDEO AND MOVED HIS GARRISON TO SONOMA. FROM 1834 TO 1846 SONOMA WAS HEADQUARTERS OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE FRONTERA DEL NORTE .
AFTER 1835 OVER 100 EXPEDITIONS SET OUT TO SUBDUE THE THE WAPPOS WHO SEVERAL TIMES WANTED TO OVERTHROW THE MEXICAN DOMINATION IN SONOMA. THE WAPPOS REMAIN STRONG. AFTER THE BEAR FLAG TAKEOVER OF SONOMA IN 1846, THE U.S. FLAG WAS RAISED. ONLY 50 MEN LIVED IN THE BARRACKS. SOMEONE WAS AN IMPORTANT ARMY POST. IT WAS NOT OPEN WHEN I VISITED IT ON SUNDAY.
MARIANO VALLEJO WAS FORMERLY A MEXICAN COMMANDANTE. HIS FIRST HOUSE IN SONOMA WAS BURNT. IN 1850 HE PURCHASED THIS LAND WHERE THERE WAS ONCE A SPRING. THEY HAD SEPARATE BUILDINGS FOR SERVANTS. IN 1851 - 1852 THE HOUSE WAS BUILT AND THEY CALLED IT LACHRYMA MONTIS. IT WAS BUILT IN A STYLE CALLED THE BOSTON HOUSE. THEY HAD A CLOSE BUILDING FOR A KITCHEN. THEY HAD MANY FOLKS VISIT THEM. THE COOK WAS CHINESE AND HE HAD INDIAN WORKERS. HE HAD A GRAND PIANO COME FROM EUROPE. SOME OF THEIR ELEGANT ROSEWOOD FURNITURE ALSO CAME FROM EUROPE. HE AND HIS WIFE FRANCISCA HAD 16 CHILDREN. THEY HAD SEVERAL FIREPLACES HEATED BY COALS. IT WAS MADE IN A GOTHIC STYLE WITH GERMAN LIKE CARVED LATTICE WORK ON THE ROOF. THIS HOUSE IS NOT THAT LARGE. HE PLANTED A VARIETY OF TREES IN HIS PROPERTY WHICH HAD A GOOD SPRING AT THAT TIME. THE TREES INCLUDED OLIVES, APPLES, PEARS, PEACHES, ORANGES, PLUMS, NECTARINES, FIGS, AND LEMON TREES. HE HAD ABOUT 8,000 ACRES OF WINE GRAPES.
THEY HAD A WAREHOUSE BUILT AS WELL FOR STORING FOOD AND WINE. IT WAS BUILT FROM TIMBERS FROM EUROPE AND WAS LINED WITH ADOBE BRICKS. TODAY THIS SWISS CHALET IS THE VISITOR'S CENTER WHICH HAS A RESTORED CARRIAGE FROM FRANCE. THERE WAS A BIG RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTED IN THE EARLY 1850'S TO COLLECT WATER FROM THEIR SPRING. THEY CALLED IT MOUNTAIN TEARS OR LACHRYMA MONTIS IN LATIN. HE LIVED HERE FOR 38 YEARS. TODAY THE POOL HOLDS KOI AND RIVER TURTLES. THE FAMILY HAD OTHER PETS.
DURING VALLEJO'S LIFE HE FOUND TIME TO WRITE MANY VOLUMES OF HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA.
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
Monday, January 30, 2012
WAIWAI INDIANS IN BRAZIL
WAIWAI MEANS TAPIOCA PEOPLE. THEN THEY MADE FRIENDS WITH THEIR PEOPLE AND THEIR NEIGHBORS. THEY ATE A LOT OF TAPIOCA. THEY INTERMARRIED WITH OTHER GROUPS. THEY ADOPTED SOME MISSIONARIES WHO MOVED IN DURING THE 1950'S. THEY ASSIMILATED MORE INTO THEIR GROUPS. THEIR NAME CAME TO INCLUDE THOSE THAT SETTLED IN THE AREA - ABOUT 7 TRIBES. THEY LEARNED THE WAIWAI LANGUAGES.
THEY LIVE IN SMALL REMOTE VILLAGES IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS STRADDLING BOTH SIDES OF THE SERRA ACARAI. THEY ORIGINATED ON THE MAPURA RIVER. BY EARLY 19TH CENTURY THEY MIGRATED NORTHWARD. THEY EXPANDED TRADE AND MARRIAGE CONTACTS. WHEN THE GUIANESE WAIWAI IN 1949 MET MISSIONARIES, THEY ALL RELOCATED NEAR THE MISSIONS. BY THE 1970'S THE MIGRATION REVERSED AND FOLKS RETURNED TO THEIR VILLAGES IN BRAZIL.
BY THE 1950'S ABOUT 200 VISITORS CAME TO THEM. BY 1989 THEY HAD 1200 PEOPLE IN 4 WAIWAI VILLAGES. THE INCREASE WAS BECAUSE OF THEIR ASSIMILATION OF NEARBY TRIBES AND LACK OF CONTACT WITH COLONISTS AND DISEASES. THE MISSIONARIES DISPENSED HEALTH CARE. THEIR BIRTH RATE IS 4% PER YEAR.
EXCHANGE OF GOODS WAS ALREADY ESTIMATED BY 1840 ACCORDING TO R.H. SCHONBURGH. ONLY OCCASIONAL EXPEDITIONS PASSED THROUGH THE REGION BEFORE THE 1950'S. THE WAIWAI POPULATION SWELLED AND MOVED NORTH TO ACCESS NEW TRADE GOODS. THEY BELIEVED A RUMOR THAT A FIRE WOULD DESTROY ALL WHO DID NOT CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY. THEY PERSUADED GROUPS TO JOIN THEM. IN THE 1970'S THE NEW INDEPENDENT GUYAMESE GOVERNMENT WAS HOSTILE TO U.S. MISSIONARIES. THEY AND MOST OF THE WAIWAI MOVED BACK TO FORMER SITES IN BRAZIL. DURING PRECONTACT TIMES 15 - 50 PEOPLE WERE IN A SINGLE HOUSE. SETTLEMENTS WERE DISPERSED IN A LARGE AREA. AND THEY MOVED EVERY FIVE TO SEVEN YEARS WHEN HOUSES BECAME OLD OR WHEN RESOURCES BECAME DEPLETED. SINCE CONTACT SETTLEMENTS HAVE UNDERGONE SEVERAL CHANGES. THE NUMBER OF HOUSES HAVE DECREASED AS MORE PEOPLE CONCENTRATE IN LARGER VILLAGES. MULTIFAMILY HOUSES HAVE BEEN REPLACED. SINCE CONTACT SETTLEMENT HAVE UNDERGONE SEVERAL CHANGES. THE NUMBER OF VILLAGES HAVE DECREASED AS MORE PEOPLE CONCENTRATE IN LARGER SETTLEMENTS. THE MULTIFAMILY MUMMO WAS REPLACED WITH SMALLER NUCLEAR FAMILY HOUSES. THE FOLKS TRAVEL FARTHER TO NEW GARDENS AND HUNTING AREAS AS THEY DEPLETE RESOURCES.
THEIR RELIGION UNIVERSE IS SAID TO HAVE FIVE TIERS: AN UNDERWORLD, THE EARTH AND THREE HEAVENS. EACH HAS DIFFERENT TIERS AND POWERS THAT THE WAIWAI TRY TO CONTROL. MANY MYTHS RECOUNT THEIR ORIGIN OF CULTURAL PRACTICES, SOCIAL GROUPS, AND NATURAL FEATURES. VARIOUS SPIRITS INHABIT THE FOREST, RIVERS, AND HEAVENS. THEY BELIEVE THESE SPIRITS, ALTHOUGH UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIAN BELIEFS, ARE CONSIDERED POSSIBLY EVIL. THE MISSIONARIES PUT SHAME IN THE WAIWAI, OVER THEIR TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. IN DOING SO MANY WAIWAI HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED.
THEIR SHAMANS WERE ABLE TO HELP SPIRITS AND USE CURING RITUALS AND SUMMON THE GAME MASTERS. PASTORS TODAY INVOKE A CHRISTA IN GOD IN MUCH THE SAME WAY. TRANSITIONS IN THE LIFE CYCLE WERE MARKED BY SECLUSION AND RITUALS. THEY HAD COLLECTIVE RITUALS AND FERTILITY SPIRITS. TODAY THEY HAVE DANCES AS WELL.
EARLIER SHAMANS CURED ILLNESS THROUGH CONTACT WITH SPIRITS BY USING TOBACCO SMOKE AND SPIRIT STONES. THE WAIWAI DO NOT HAVE AN EXTENSIVE MEDICINAL PLANT KNOWLEDGE. THEY USE WESTERN MEDICINE BY MISSIONARIES. THEIR HEALTH PROGRAM COSTA ARE LOW .
DEATH IS EXPLAINED BY AS SOUL LOSS OF SPIRITS, DISEASE. AND NEGLECT OF TABOOS. ALL PERSONAL POSSESSIONS ARE DESTROYED TO AVOID CONTACT WITH RESIDORES OF THE SOUL. THEY HAVE WAILING RITUALS. AFTER DEATH SOME PEOPLE REINCARNATE AND THE EYE OF THE SOUL TRAVELS UP TO THE FIRST HEAVEN.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THEY LIVE IN SMALL REMOTE VILLAGES IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS STRADDLING BOTH SIDES OF THE SERRA ACARAI. THEY ORIGINATED ON THE MAPURA RIVER. BY EARLY 19TH CENTURY THEY MIGRATED NORTHWARD. THEY EXPANDED TRADE AND MARRIAGE CONTACTS. WHEN THE GUIANESE WAIWAI IN 1949 MET MISSIONARIES, THEY ALL RELOCATED NEAR THE MISSIONS. BY THE 1970'S THE MIGRATION REVERSED AND FOLKS RETURNED TO THEIR VILLAGES IN BRAZIL.
BY THE 1950'S ABOUT 200 VISITORS CAME TO THEM. BY 1989 THEY HAD 1200 PEOPLE IN 4 WAIWAI VILLAGES. THE INCREASE WAS BECAUSE OF THEIR ASSIMILATION OF NEARBY TRIBES AND LACK OF CONTACT WITH COLONISTS AND DISEASES. THE MISSIONARIES DISPENSED HEALTH CARE. THEIR BIRTH RATE IS 4% PER YEAR.
EXCHANGE OF GOODS WAS ALREADY ESTIMATED BY 1840 ACCORDING TO R.H. SCHONBURGH. ONLY OCCASIONAL EXPEDITIONS PASSED THROUGH THE REGION BEFORE THE 1950'S. THE WAIWAI POPULATION SWELLED AND MOVED NORTH TO ACCESS NEW TRADE GOODS. THEY BELIEVED A RUMOR THAT A FIRE WOULD DESTROY ALL WHO DID NOT CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY. THEY PERSUADED GROUPS TO JOIN THEM. IN THE 1970'S THE NEW INDEPENDENT GUYAMESE GOVERNMENT WAS HOSTILE TO U.S. MISSIONARIES. THEY AND MOST OF THE WAIWAI MOVED BACK TO FORMER SITES IN BRAZIL. DURING PRECONTACT TIMES 15 - 50 PEOPLE WERE IN A SINGLE HOUSE. SETTLEMENTS WERE DISPERSED IN A LARGE AREA. AND THEY MOVED EVERY FIVE TO SEVEN YEARS WHEN HOUSES BECAME OLD OR WHEN RESOURCES BECAME DEPLETED. SINCE CONTACT SETTLEMENTS HAVE UNDERGONE SEVERAL CHANGES. THE NUMBER OF HOUSES HAVE DECREASED AS MORE PEOPLE CONCENTRATE IN LARGER VILLAGES. MULTIFAMILY HOUSES HAVE BEEN REPLACED. SINCE CONTACT SETTLEMENT HAVE UNDERGONE SEVERAL CHANGES. THE NUMBER OF VILLAGES HAVE DECREASED AS MORE PEOPLE CONCENTRATE IN LARGER SETTLEMENTS. THE MULTIFAMILY MUMMO WAS REPLACED WITH SMALLER NUCLEAR FAMILY HOUSES. THE FOLKS TRAVEL FARTHER TO NEW GARDENS AND HUNTING AREAS AS THEY DEPLETE RESOURCES.
THEIR RELIGION UNIVERSE IS SAID TO HAVE FIVE TIERS: AN UNDERWORLD, THE EARTH AND THREE HEAVENS. EACH HAS DIFFERENT TIERS AND POWERS THAT THE WAIWAI TRY TO CONTROL. MANY MYTHS RECOUNT THEIR ORIGIN OF CULTURAL PRACTICES, SOCIAL GROUPS, AND NATURAL FEATURES. VARIOUS SPIRITS INHABIT THE FOREST, RIVERS, AND HEAVENS. THEY BELIEVE THESE SPIRITS, ALTHOUGH UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIAN BELIEFS, ARE CONSIDERED POSSIBLY EVIL. THE MISSIONARIES PUT SHAME IN THE WAIWAI, OVER THEIR TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. IN DOING SO MANY WAIWAI HAVE BEEN SUPPRESSED.
THEIR SHAMANS WERE ABLE TO HELP SPIRITS AND USE CURING RITUALS AND SUMMON THE GAME MASTERS. PASTORS TODAY INVOKE A CHRISTA IN GOD IN MUCH THE SAME WAY. TRANSITIONS IN THE LIFE CYCLE WERE MARKED BY SECLUSION AND RITUALS. THEY HAD COLLECTIVE RITUALS AND FERTILITY SPIRITS. TODAY THEY HAVE DANCES AS WELL.
EARLIER SHAMANS CURED ILLNESS THROUGH CONTACT WITH SPIRITS BY USING TOBACCO SMOKE AND SPIRIT STONES. THE WAIWAI DO NOT HAVE AN EXTENSIVE MEDICINAL PLANT KNOWLEDGE. THEY USE WESTERN MEDICINE BY MISSIONARIES. THEIR HEALTH PROGRAM COSTA ARE LOW .
DEATH IS EXPLAINED BY AS SOUL LOSS OF SPIRITS, DISEASE. AND NEGLECT OF TABOOS. ALL PERSONAL POSSESSIONS ARE DESTROYED TO AVOID CONTACT WITH RESIDORES OF THE SOUL. THEY HAVE WAILING RITUALS. AFTER DEATH SOME PEOPLE REINCARNATE AND THE EYE OF THE SOUL TRAVELS UP TO THE FIRST HEAVEN.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
TICUNA INDIANS IN BAZIL
THERE ARE 40,O0O FOLKS IN BRAZIL THAT SPEAK THE LANGUAGE. TICUNA COMES FROM TUPI MEN PAINTED BLACK. THEY PAINT THEMSELVES WITH BLACK GENIPAPE JUICE. THEY ARE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE AMAZON HEADQUARTERS. THEY ARE ALSO IN PERU,COLOMBIA, AND BRAZIL. IN 1981 THERE WERE ABOUT 15,900 TICUNA!
ACCORDING TO THEIR MYTHS THEY ORIGINATED IN THE EWARE RAVINE NEAR THE COLUMBIAN BORDER. THEIR ENEMIES WERE OMAGUA. THEIR BANKS OF THE PUTUMAYO BY ARAWAK, MARIATE, AND YUMALUA WHO WERE ALMOST EXTINCT. THEY HAVE FRIENDS TO THE WEST - THE PEWBA AND YAGUA. ONCE THE ANGLOS ARRIVED THEY HAD WARS WITH PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH MISSIONARIES AND HAD EPIDEMICS. IN THE LATE 1800'S THEY HAD A WAR WITH PARAGUAY. BY 1900'S RUBBER TAPPING BEGAN AND THE INDIANS WERE THEIR WORKERS. THE RUBBER TAPPERS ARE NOW THE OWNERS OF THE LAND AND THE TICUNA WERE FORCED TO BE RELOCATED. THIS HAS GENERATED UNRESOLVED CONFLICT.
RUBBER TAPPING IS DONE BY COLLECTING FROM A RUBBER TREE. IT DOES NOT HARM THE TREE. THEY MAKE AN INCISION IN THE BARK TO CUT THROUGH THE TREE. THEY MAKE AN INCISION IN THE BARK TO CUT THROUGH THE BARK AND OPTIMIZE LATEX. IT IS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY.ATTRACTIVE TO THEIR LAND USE. THEY USE 92 TREE SPECIES FOR THIS ECONOMY!
IN 1932 A WAR BETWEEN COLUMBIA AND PERU ERUPTED. THIS CAUSED THEM TO MOVE FROM LEFT TO RIGHT SIDE OF THE AMAZON.
IN THE 1940'S FARMER'S AND CITY DWELLERS BEGAN TO COLONIZE THE AMAZON TRAPEZE. BY 1950 THEY EXPORTED ANIMALS AND HIDES FOR CASH. IN THE 60'S THEY BUILT CHURCHES AND THEN THE AREA HAD SCHOOLS. IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1970'S TWO TRENDS THAT AFFECTED THE TICUNA WERE: A POPULATION INCREASE AND A CONCENTRATION OF THEIR PEOPLE IN VILLAGES ALONG THE AMAZON.\\THEY USED TO LIVE IN COMMUNAL HOUSES REMOVED FROM EACH OTHER. THEY HAD LARGE HOUSES LATER THE COMMUNAL HOUSES WERE OCCUPIED BY NUCLEAR FAMILIES. LATER NEW COMMUNAL HOUSES WERE OF IN THE AMAZON AREA AND PERIODICALLY INUNDATED BY THE AMAZON RIVER. THESE CHANGES IN THE SETTLEMENT FROM FAMILY HOUSES TO A COMMUNAL HOUSE TRANSFORMED THEIR WAY OF LIFE. THEY LEARNED TO MAKE GOOD CANOES. THEY HAVE NEW TASKS FOR FISHING IN LARGE RIVERS. THEY HAVE ACQUIRED NEW TECHNIQUES FOR CULTIVATING PLANTS. THEIR CONTACT WITH ANGLOS HAS INTENSIFIED. BY THE 1970'S THEY ADOPTED A DIFFERENT SETTLEMENT PATTERN FORMING THEIR VILLAGES. THE ANGLOS BROUGHT IN MORE CATTLE THAT REDUCED LAND FOR HUNTING AND CULTIVATION. TODAY THEIR VILLAGES HAVE ABOUT 70 - 1500 PEOPLE.
THE TICUNA HOUSES HAVE TWO WELL DEFINED SPACES AND LIVING QUARTERS AND A KITCHEN. THEY BUILD THEIR HOUSES ON PLATFORMS TO PROTECT FROM FROM FL;OODS. THEY SLEEP IN MOSQUITO NETTING. THEY REST IN HAMMOCKS DURING THE DAY THEIR CHILDREN SLEEP ON BOARDS OVER TRANSVERSE BEAMS . THEY HAVE AN ANCIENT RELIGION THAT TEACHES THEM THAT THE WORLD IS CONTROLLED BY FORCES AND SPIRITS THAT DETERMINE THE COURSE OF EVENTS. PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH MISSIONARIES ENTERED HERE TO WORK WITH THE TICUNA IN THE FIRST CENTURY. A MAJORITY ARE NOW CATHOLIC. THERE HAS BEEN VARIOUS OTHER MOVEMENTS SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY. TA'E IS THE DIVINITY WHO LIVES IN THE UPPER WORLD AND GIVES THEM THEIR SOULS. THE MOST IMPORTANT BEINGS ARE YOI AND IPI, TWO BROTHER CULTURAL HEROS. THEY CONFRONT SEVERAL DEMONS OF THE INTERMEDIATE WORLD AND THE WORLD BELOW.
PREVIOUSLY THERE WERE SO MANY MORE SHAMANS THAN TODAY. THEY WERE BELIEVED TO BE MORE POWERFUL THAN THOSE TODAY. MAGICAL POWER IS DERIVED FROM THE SHAMAN'S RELATIONSHIP WITH SPIRITS OF TREES. CURING IS DONE BY MEANS OF SUCKING AND TOBACCO SMOKING. SOME CARRY ONVISIBLE THORNS. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT CEREMONY IS HAIR CROPPING. DURING A GIRL'S FIRST MENSES SHE IS ISOLATED SO MEN DON'T SEE HER. A FESTIVAL IS ORGANIZED WHERE THEY DANCE TO CONTINUOUS DRUMS PLAYING. TRIBES OF OTHER GROUPS PLAY AND COME TOGETHERFOR THREE DAYS. SOME OF THE GUESTS DISGUISE THEMSELVES WITH MASKS. THE GIRL COMES OUT , SHE IS ADORNED AND HER HAIR IS CUT, SHE BEGINS HER ADULT LIFE. SONGS ARE SUNG DURING THE FEMALE INITIATION. THEY ARE ABOUT THE MYTHICAL PASSAGES.
THEIR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE HAS DIMINISHED CONSIDERABLY AS WESTERN MEDICAL PRACTICES ARE MORE PREVALENT. THEY DO SOME PURIFICATION RITUALS AS WELL.
SOME PEOPLE ARE IMMORTAL AND GO TO ENCHANTED PLACES WHERE LIFE IS ETERNAL. THE SOULS OF THE MORTALS GOES TO THE WORLD ABOVE. ANOTHER SOUL ROAMS ROAMS AROUND THE HOUSE WHERE THE PERSON DIED.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
wikipedia.org
ACCORDING TO THEIR MYTHS THEY ORIGINATED IN THE EWARE RAVINE NEAR THE COLUMBIAN BORDER. THEIR ENEMIES WERE OMAGUA. THEIR BANKS OF THE PUTUMAYO BY ARAWAK, MARIATE, AND YUMALUA WHO WERE ALMOST EXTINCT. THEY HAVE FRIENDS TO THE WEST - THE PEWBA AND YAGUA. ONCE THE ANGLOS ARRIVED THEY HAD WARS WITH PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH MISSIONARIES AND HAD EPIDEMICS. IN THE LATE 1800'S THEY HAD A WAR WITH PARAGUAY. BY 1900'S RUBBER TAPPING BEGAN AND THE INDIANS WERE THEIR WORKERS. THE RUBBER TAPPERS ARE NOW THE OWNERS OF THE LAND AND THE TICUNA WERE FORCED TO BE RELOCATED. THIS HAS GENERATED UNRESOLVED CONFLICT.
RUBBER TAPPING IS DONE BY COLLECTING FROM A RUBBER TREE. IT DOES NOT HARM THE TREE. THEY MAKE AN INCISION IN THE BARK TO CUT THROUGH THE TREE. THEY MAKE AN INCISION IN THE BARK TO CUT THROUGH THE BARK AND OPTIMIZE LATEX. IT IS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY.ATTRACTIVE TO THEIR LAND USE. THEY USE 92 TREE SPECIES FOR THIS ECONOMY!
IN 1932 A WAR BETWEEN COLUMBIA AND PERU ERUPTED. THIS CAUSED THEM TO MOVE FROM LEFT TO RIGHT SIDE OF THE AMAZON.
IN THE 1940'S FARMER'S AND CITY DWELLERS BEGAN TO COLONIZE THE AMAZON TRAPEZE. BY 1950 THEY EXPORTED ANIMALS AND HIDES FOR CASH. IN THE 60'S THEY BUILT CHURCHES AND THEN THE AREA HAD SCHOOLS. IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1970'S TWO TRENDS THAT AFFECTED THE TICUNA WERE: A POPULATION INCREASE AND A CONCENTRATION OF THEIR PEOPLE IN VILLAGES ALONG THE AMAZON.\\THEY USED TO LIVE IN COMMUNAL HOUSES REMOVED FROM EACH OTHER. THEY HAD LARGE HOUSES LATER THE COMMUNAL HOUSES WERE OCCUPIED BY NUCLEAR FAMILIES. LATER NEW COMMUNAL HOUSES WERE OF IN THE AMAZON AREA AND PERIODICALLY INUNDATED BY THE AMAZON RIVER. THESE CHANGES IN THE SETTLEMENT FROM FAMILY HOUSES TO A COMMUNAL HOUSE TRANSFORMED THEIR WAY OF LIFE. THEY LEARNED TO MAKE GOOD CANOES. THEY HAVE NEW TASKS FOR FISHING IN LARGE RIVERS. THEY HAVE ACQUIRED NEW TECHNIQUES FOR CULTIVATING PLANTS. THEIR CONTACT WITH ANGLOS HAS INTENSIFIED. BY THE 1970'S THEY ADOPTED A DIFFERENT SETTLEMENT PATTERN FORMING THEIR VILLAGES. THE ANGLOS BROUGHT IN MORE CATTLE THAT REDUCED LAND FOR HUNTING AND CULTIVATION. TODAY THEIR VILLAGES HAVE ABOUT 70 - 1500 PEOPLE.
THE TICUNA HOUSES HAVE TWO WELL DEFINED SPACES AND LIVING QUARTERS AND A KITCHEN. THEY BUILD THEIR HOUSES ON PLATFORMS TO PROTECT FROM FROM FL;OODS. THEY SLEEP IN MOSQUITO NETTING. THEY REST IN HAMMOCKS DURING THE DAY THEIR CHILDREN SLEEP ON BOARDS OVER TRANSVERSE BEAMS . THEY HAVE AN ANCIENT RELIGION THAT TEACHES THEM THAT THE WORLD IS CONTROLLED BY FORCES AND SPIRITS THAT DETERMINE THE COURSE OF EVENTS. PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH MISSIONARIES ENTERED HERE TO WORK WITH THE TICUNA IN THE FIRST CENTURY. A MAJORITY ARE NOW CATHOLIC. THERE HAS BEEN VARIOUS OTHER MOVEMENTS SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY. TA'E IS THE DIVINITY WHO LIVES IN THE UPPER WORLD AND GIVES THEM THEIR SOULS. THE MOST IMPORTANT BEINGS ARE YOI AND IPI, TWO BROTHER CULTURAL HEROS. THEY CONFRONT SEVERAL DEMONS OF THE INTERMEDIATE WORLD AND THE WORLD BELOW.
PREVIOUSLY THERE WERE SO MANY MORE SHAMANS THAN TODAY. THEY WERE BELIEVED TO BE MORE POWERFUL THAN THOSE TODAY. MAGICAL POWER IS DERIVED FROM THE SHAMAN'S RELATIONSHIP WITH SPIRITS OF TREES. CURING IS DONE BY MEANS OF SUCKING AND TOBACCO SMOKING. SOME CARRY ONVISIBLE THORNS. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT CEREMONY IS HAIR CROPPING. DURING A GIRL'S FIRST MENSES SHE IS ISOLATED SO MEN DON'T SEE HER. A FESTIVAL IS ORGANIZED WHERE THEY DANCE TO CONTINUOUS DRUMS PLAYING. TRIBES OF OTHER GROUPS PLAY AND COME TOGETHERFOR THREE DAYS. SOME OF THE GUESTS DISGUISE THEMSELVES WITH MASKS. THE GIRL COMES OUT , SHE IS ADORNED AND HER HAIR IS CUT, SHE BEGINS HER ADULT LIFE. SONGS ARE SUNG DURING THE FEMALE INITIATION. THEY ARE ABOUT THE MYTHICAL PASSAGES.
THEIR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE HAS DIMINISHED CONSIDERABLY AS WESTERN MEDICAL PRACTICES ARE MORE PREVALENT. THEY DO SOME PURIFICATION RITUALS AS WELL.
SOME PEOPLE ARE IMMORTAL AND GO TO ENCHANTED PLACES WHERE LIFE IS ETERNAL. THE SOULS OF THE MORTALS GOES TO THE WORLD ABOVE. ANOTHER SOUL ROAMS ROAMS AROUND THE HOUSE WHERE THE PERSON DIED.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
wikipedia.org
Thursday, January 26, 2012
PETRIFIED FOREST NEAR CALISTOGA
THE PETRIFIED FOREST IS IN NAPA COUNTY HIGH IN ELEVATION AND ON THE WAY TO CALISTOGA. THE PETRIFIED REDWOOD TREES DATE 3 MILLION YEARS OLD. THESE TREES WERE BURIED FROM THE ASH THAT CAME FROM AN ACTIVE VOLCANO OF MT. SAINT HELENA MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO. SILICA REPLACED THE WOOD AND TURNED IT INTO QUARTZ AND SOLID STONE. THE PETRIFIED REDWOOD TREES DATE TO 3 MILLION YEARS OLD. THESE TREES WERE BURIED FROM ASH FROM AN ACTIVE VOLCANO OF MOUNT SAINT HELENA MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO. SILICA REPLACED THE WOOD AND TURNED IT INTO QUARTZ AND SOLID STONE. MANY OF THE OAK TREES ARE OVER 400 YEARS OLD HERE. BESIDES PETRIFIED REDWOODS THERE IS PIT PINE TREE. ONE TREE WAS 2000 YEARS OLD WHEN IT FELL. THE FOREST WAS DISCOVERED BY WILLIAM TRAVERSE IN 1857. THE MUSEUM IS FUN TO VISIT. MY FAMILY AS WELL AS MY MOM IN A WHEELCHAIR VISITED THIS NATURAL WONDER OF AN ANCIENT FOREST. IT HAS MANY UNUSUAL FEATURES AND SOME FOLKS HAVE CARVED AN INDIAN HEAD OUT OF LAVA.
WWW.PETRIFIEDFOREST.COM
WWW.PETRIFIEDFOREST.COM
TERENA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
TH3E TERENA LIVE IN THE NORTHEAST PARAGUAY . AT PRESENT THE TERENA ARE LOCATED ALMOST ENTIRELY IN CITIES OF MIRANDA AND AQUIDANA IN THE BRAZIL. THEY LIVE IN A TROPICAL FOREST. THE TERENA ARE SOME KIND OF BRAZILIANS WHO HAVE INCREASED THEIR POPULATION. IN 1840'S ABOUT 3800 MIGRATED INTO BRAZILIAN TERRITORY AND THEY HAD ABOUT 300O FOLKS. BY MID 1800'S THEIR VILLAGE WAS 12,000. UNTIL THE 1950'S THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES WERE TUBERCULOSIS WHICH CAUSED DEATH. TODAY THEY HAVE CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE CAUSES. THEIR CHILDREN HAVE RESPIRATORY DISEASES. THEY SPEAK ARAWAK.
THEY PRIMARILY CULTIVATE AND MAINTAIN A VASSALAGE OF RELATION WITH PARGUAYAN CHACO. THEY GAVE THEM FOOD AND TEXTILES AND RECEIVED KNIVES, AXES AND PROTECTION. THEY HAD CONFLICTS WITH COLONIAL POWERS,AND THE GUANA MIGRATED TO BRAZILIAN TERRITORY. TWO OF THEIR SUBGROUPS DISAPPEARRED. THE KINKINAW WERE GROWING CROPS IN CHACO 0R SELLING FOOD AND TEXTILES TO NON INDIANS. IN 1860'S THE TERENA FOUGHT WITH BRAZILIAN TROOPS AGAINST PARAGUAY. THE TERENA VILLAGES LAY IN RUINS AND POPULATION WAS DISPERSED TO THE REGION'S FARMS. THEY WORKED UNDER QUASI SLAVERY CONDITIONS. IN THE 20TH CENTURY THEY GOT ON RESERVATIONS SO THEY COULD REGROUP AGAIN.
THEY GREW MANY DIFFERENT CROPS AND RAISED POULTRY. CATTLE AND HORSES WERE RAISED. FOOD GATHERING WAS DONE ON A REGULAR BASIS WAS DONE ON A REGULAR BASIS. MANY MEN WORK ON ALCOHOL MILLS FOR PERIODS FOR PERIODS OF UP TO 89 DAYS/ THEY LIVE AWAY FROM THE VILLAGE.
THEY MAKE POTTERY, BASKETS, WEAVINGS AND THEY SPIN COTTON FOR HAMMOCKS AND BELTS. THEY MAKE CERAMIC KITCHEN UTENSILS. THEY HAVE SOME GOLD CRAFTERS.
THEY TRADE MUCH OF THEIR PRODUCE WITH NEIGHBORS. THEIR LAND WAS USED IN THREE WAYS...INDIVIDUAL FAMILY AND COLLECTIVE FARMING. THEIR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS TEND TO BE FOR CASH FARMING THAT ARE ORIENTED TOWARD SUBSISTENCE FARMING.
THEIR RELIGION WAS ORIENTED TO SHAMANISM. ACCORDING TO THEIR CONCEPTION OF OTHER WORLD, ALL HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANT BEINGS POSSESS A SOUL THAT SURVIVES AFTER DEATH. NATURAL SOURCES INHABIT THE SYMBOLICAL UNIVERSE OF THE TERENA. AN IMPORTANT MYTH IS THAT OF YIRIKOYUVAKAI, THE CIVILIZING TWIN HERO. THEY GAVE THE TERENA THEIR TOOLS. IT IS THIS MYTH THAT JUSTIFIES THE DIVISION. IT IS THIS MYTH THAT JUSTIFIES THE DIVISION IN CEREMONIAL HALVES.
THE SHAMAN WAS THE MAIN FIGURE IN ACTIVITIES CONNECTED WITH THE SUPERNATURAL WORLD. A PERSON BECAME A SHAMAN AFTER A REVELATION OR AFTER BEING SELECTED BY KIN. SOME SHAMANS COMBINE TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS WITH CHRISTIANITY.
THEY HAVE A GREAT FEAST OF TERENA WHICH INCLUDES BOTH SACRED AS WELL AS PROFANE RITUALS. THE CEREMONYBEGAN WITH RITUALS AND INCLUDED GAMES. IT IS HELD IN ONLY A FEW VILLAGES TODAY.
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THEY PRIMARILY CULTIVATE AND MAINTAIN A VASSALAGE OF RELATION WITH PARGUAYAN CHACO. THEY GAVE THEM FOOD AND TEXTILES AND RECEIVED KNIVES, AXES AND PROTECTION. THEY HAD CONFLICTS WITH COLONIAL POWERS,AND THE GUANA MIGRATED TO BRAZILIAN TERRITORY. TWO OF THEIR SUBGROUPS DISAPPEARRED. THE KINKINAW WERE GROWING CROPS IN CHACO 0R SELLING FOOD AND TEXTILES TO NON INDIANS. IN 1860'S THE TERENA FOUGHT WITH BRAZILIAN TROOPS AGAINST PARAGUAY. THE TERENA VILLAGES LAY IN RUINS AND POPULATION WAS DISPERSED TO THE REGION'S FARMS. THEY WORKED UNDER QUASI SLAVERY CONDITIONS. IN THE 20TH CENTURY THEY GOT ON RESERVATIONS SO THEY COULD REGROUP AGAIN.
THEY GREW MANY DIFFERENT CROPS AND RAISED POULTRY. CATTLE AND HORSES WERE RAISED. FOOD GATHERING WAS DONE ON A REGULAR BASIS WAS DONE ON A REGULAR BASIS. MANY MEN WORK ON ALCOHOL MILLS FOR PERIODS FOR PERIODS OF UP TO 89 DAYS/ THEY LIVE AWAY FROM THE VILLAGE.
THEY MAKE POTTERY, BASKETS, WEAVINGS AND THEY SPIN COTTON FOR HAMMOCKS AND BELTS. THEY MAKE CERAMIC KITCHEN UTENSILS. THEY HAVE SOME GOLD CRAFTERS.
THEY TRADE MUCH OF THEIR PRODUCE WITH NEIGHBORS. THEIR LAND WAS USED IN THREE WAYS...INDIVIDUAL FAMILY AND COLLECTIVE FARMING. THEIR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS TEND TO BE FOR CASH FARMING THAT ARE ORIENTED TOWARD SUBSISTENCE FARMING.
THEIR RELIGION WAS ORIENTED TO SHAMANISM. ACCORDING TO THEIR CONCEPTION OF OTHER WORLD, ALL HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANT BEINGS POSSESS A SOUL THAT SURVIVES AFTER DEATH. NATURAL SOURCES INHABIT THE SYMBOLICAL UNIVERSE OF THE TERENA. AN IMPORTANT MYTH IS THAT OF YIRIKOYUVAKAI, THE CIVILIZING TWIN HERO. THEY GAVE THE TERENA THEIR TOOLS. IT IS THIS MYTH THAT JUSTIFIES THE DIVISION. IT IS THIS MYTH THAT JUSTIFIES THE DIVISION IN CEREMONIAL HALVES.
THE SHAMAN WAS THE MAIN FIGURE IN ACTIVITIES CONNECTED WITH THE SUPERNATURAL WORLD. A PERSON BECAME A SHAMAN AFTER A REVELATION OR AFTER BEING SELECTED BY KIN. SOME SHAMANS COMBINE TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS WITH CHRISTIANITY.
THEY HAVE A GREAT FEAST OF TERENA WHICH INCLUDES BOTH SACRED AS WELL AS PROFANE RITUALS. THE CEREMONYBEGAN WITH RITUALS AND INCLUDED GAMES. IT IS HELD IN ONLY A FEW VILLAGES TODAY.
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Wednesday, January 25, 2012
SHARANAOA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THEY LIVE IN THE AREA OF THE UPPER REACHES OF THE RIO PURUS PRIMARILY IN PERU AND SOME IN BRAZIL. THERE ARE MANY SUBTRIBES. THE POPULATION OF ALL OF THESE MIXED CULTURES IS ESTIMATED AT 1800. THEY SPEAK PANOIAN.
THEY FLED A PERUVIAN TO THE RIO CURANJA IN ABOUT 1955. THEY LEFT THE CURANJA AFTER A MEASLES EPIDEMIC AND REACHED THEIR CURRENT LANDS IN 1940'S. THEN THEY HAD AN EPIDEMIC TO THE FLU, AND MEASLES. THEIR POPULATION DROPPED . THEY BELIEVED THESE EPIDEMICS WERE CAUSED BY PERUVIAN BOMBS. THE STRANGERS DID NOT ACQUIRE TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE CANOES AND FISHING NETS UNTIL THE 1960'S. SINCE THEN A FEW SHARANAHUA HAVE BECOME MIGRANT LABORERS TO GET GOODS AND CASH. THEY TRADED WITH MERCHANTS AND EXCHANGE ANIMAL SKINS FOR GUNS, POTS, RUM , CLOTHING AND FLASHLIGHTS. THEY SELL SKINS AND TURTLE EGGS DOWN RIVER. THEY WOULD KILL A TRADER WHEN HE CHEATED THEM. THEY REFUSED TO PAY DEBTS AGAINST THE VALUE OF SKINS. UNTIL THE 1940'S AND 1950'S THEIR GARDENING WAS DONE IN THE UPLAND GARDENS. WHEN THEY MOVE TO THE RIO PURUS AT ABOUT THAT TIME THEY GREW CROPS ON THE FLOOD PLAIN.
IN THE SPRING WOMEN RAISE FAST MATURING MAIZE, WATERMELONS, PEANUTS, FOR THE FALL RAINS. MEN GROW BANANAS, PLAINTAINS, AND SUGARCANE IN THE FLOODPLAINS. THEIR GARDENS PRODUCE 60% OF SHARANAHUA FOODS.
WOMEN GATHER VEGETABLES, FRUITS, AND FUNGI FROM THE FOREST AND TAKE SHRIMP AND FISH FROM THE WATER LOGGED BAMBOO. THE MEN HUNT GAME, BUT MORE CATCH BIRDS OR MONKEYS FOR FOOD. HUNTING IS THEIR MAIN JOB OF OLDER MEN AND BOYS. THE MEAT IS ABOUT 30% OF THEIR DIET. THEY USE A POISON TO CATCH AND STUN THEIR FISH AND MEN SPEAR THEM.
THEIR VILLAGE IS SMALL AND LESS THAN 2000 PEOPLE. THEY BUILD THEIR HOUSES IN A LINE. THEY ARE ON POSTS ABOVE GROUND AND HAVE THATCHED ROOFS AND OFTEN HAVE BARK WALLS.
THEIR ELEVATION FROM THE GROUND PROTECTS THEM FROM RAIN AND IS A BARRIER TO THE DOGS AND CHICKENS.THEY HAVE A SEPARATE HAVE A SEPARATE COOK HOUSE. THEY SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS BASED ON SISTER EXCHANGE. THEY INTERMARRY WITH DESCENT GROUPS. THEY LIVE WITH THEIR MOTHERS'S FAMILY.
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THEY MIGRATED
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THEY FLED A PERUVIAN TO THE RIO CURANJA IN ABOUT 1955. THEY LEFT THE CURANJA AFTER A MEASLES EPIDEMIC AND REACHED THEIR CURRENT LANDS IN 1940'S. THEN THEY HAD AN EPIDEMIC TO THE FLU, AND MEASLES. THEIR POPULATION DROPPED . THEY BELIEVED THESE EPIDEMICS WERE CAUSED BY PERUVIAN BOMBS. THE STRANGERS DID NOT ACQUIRE TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE CANOES AND FISHING NETS UNTIL THE 1960'S. SINCE THEN A FEW SHARANAHUA HAVE BECOME MIGRANT LABORERS TO GET GOODS AND CASH. THEY TRADED WITH MERCHANTS AND EXCHANGE ANIMAL SKINS FOR GUNS, POTS, RUM , CLOTHING AND FLASHLIGHTS. THEY SELL SKINS AND TURTLE EGGS DOWN RIVER. THEY WOULD KILL A TRADER WHEN HE CHEATED THEM. THEY REFUSED TO PAY DEBTS AGAINST THE VALUE OF SKINS. UNTIL THE 1940'S AND 1950'S THEIR GARDENING WAS DONE IN THE UPLAND GARDENS. WHEN THEY MOVE TO THE RIO PURUS AT ABOUT THAT TIME THEY GREW CROPS ON THE FLOOD PLAIN.
IN THE SPRING WOMEN RAISE FAST MATURING MAIZE, WATERMELONS, PEANUTS, FOR THE FALL RAINS. MEN GROW BANANAS, PLAINTAINS, AND SUGARCANE IN THE FLOODPLAINS. THEIR GARDENS PRODUCE 60% OF SHARANAHUA FOODS.
WOMEN GATHER VEGETABLES, FRUITS, AND FUNGI FROM THE FOREST AND TAKE SHRIMP AND FISH FROM THE WATER LOGGED BAMBOO. THE MEN HUNT GAME, BUT MORE CATCH BIRDS OR MONKEYS FOR FOOD. HUNTING IS THEIR MAIN JOB OF OLDER MEN AND BOYS. THE MEAT IS ABOUT 30% OF THEIR DIET. THEY USE A POISON TO CATCH AND STUN THEIR FISH AND MEN SPEAR THEM.
THEIR VILLAGE IS SMALL AND LESS THAN 2000 PEOPLE. THEY BUILD THEIR HOUSES IN A LINE. THEY ARE ON POSTS ABOVE GROUND AND HAVE THATCHED ROOFS AND OFTEN HAVE BARK WALLS.
THEIR ELEVATION FROM THE GROUND PROTECTS THEM FROM RAIN AND IS A BARRIER TO THE DOGS AND CHICKENS.THEY HAVE A SEPARATE HAVE A SEPARATE COOK HOUSE. THEY SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS BASED ON SISTER EXCHANGE. THEY INTERMARRY WITH DESCENT GROUPS. THEY LIVE WITH THEIR MOTHERS'S FAMILY.
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THEY MIGRATED
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PEMON TRIBE IN BRAZIL
THE PEMON MEANS PEOPLE. AREKUNA IS USED BY THE PEMON. THE FOLKS LIVING IN THE VALLEY OF KAMARATA ARE CALLED KAMARAKOTO. IN THE LATE 1970'S PEMON WERE IN VENEZULA AND THEY NUMBERED ABOUT 8000. THEIR GROWTH RATES HAVE INCREASED.
ALL OF THEIR NEIGHBORS MAKE FRIENDS WITH EACH OTHER. BY THE MID 1800'S THEY HAD SPANISH MISSIONARIES IN THE CARONI REGION AND RAIDED AMONG SETTLEMENTS. DURING THE LATER HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY THEY HAD NO EXTENSIVE WARFARE.
THEY HAVE MOUNTAINS ON ALL SIDES. THE ISABUREO RIVERS WERE USED BY THE PEMON AND SPANISH MISSIONS. BY 1817 THEY COLLAPSED. THE MOUNTAINS PROTECTED FROM EXTENSIVE INCURSIONS UNTIL THE 20TH CENTURY. DIRECT CONTINUOUS CONTACTS BETWEEN PEMON AND ANGLOS WERE MINIMAL. DIAMOD MINING HAS BEEN A STRONG AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE SINCE 1945. VENEZUELA GOVERNMENTS PRESENCE INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY IN THE SANTA ELENA AREA ON THE BORDER OF BRAZIL. ROAD PENETRATION DATES FROM THE EARLY 1970'S. IN THE 1990'S THE MOST PRESSING ISSUE WAS LAND ENTITLEMENT.
THEIR SETTLEMENTS RANGE FROM A SINGLE FAMILY TO A MAXIMUMOF 6 OR 7 FAMILIES. THEY PREFERED LOCATE HOUSES IN OPEN SAVANANAH BY STREAMS. THEY HAVE A ROUND HOUSE FOR LARGER CEREMONIAL CENTERS AND THEY DRAW LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE.
PEMON DWELLINGS MAY BE OBLONG OR ROUND, OR RECTANGULAR. THEY HAVE A NUCLEAR OR ETENDED FAMILY. THE HOUSES ARE OF MUD OR SLATTED WALLS WITH THATCHED ROOFS. THEY ARE OPEN AND UNDIVIDED INSIDE. THEY ARE MISSION TYPE.
THESE FOLKS ARE SLASH AND BURN CULTIVATORS, FISHERS, HUNTERS, AND GATHERES OF WILD FRUIT. THEY GROW MANIOC, PEPPERS, AND A LEAF VEGETABLE. THESE ARE THEIR MAIN DIET. THESE ARE THEIR MAIN DIET. YAMS, CORN, PUMPKINS, AND PLAINTAINS ARE ALSO GROWN. THEY EAT A LOT OF FISH.TODAY THEY USE SHOTGUNS TO HUNT TAPIR, DEER, PECCARIES, PACAS, AND BIRDS. GOURDS ARE RAISED AND USED ALONG WITH FOOD CROPS AND FOR MANIOC - BEER CONTAINERS. THEY MAKE MONEY IN DIAMOND DIGGING.
THEY MAKE DECOATED BASKETRY CLAY BOWLS, WOODEN DUGOUT AND BARK CANOES, AND PADDLES AND HAMMOCKS. THEY HAVE AN EXTENSIVE AND LONG DISTANCE TRADE NETWORK.THEY HAVE AN EXTENSIVE LONG TRADE NETWORK WITH LINKS WITH NEIGHBORING TRIBES. MANY ITEMS THEY TRADE WITH OUT CASH AND THEY KEEP ALL PEMON IN THE TRADE NETWORK THAT WAY.
EACH FAMILY HAS USAGE RIGHTS TO THE FIELDS IT CULTIVATES. WHEN THE FIELDS GO FALLOWTHE LAND REVERTS TO THE COMMUNITY.
NUCLEAR FAMILIES REVAIL WITH 2 - 3 GENERATIONS OF EXTENDED FAMILIES BUILD GENERATIONS OF EXTENDED FAMILIES BUILD UP AS SONS IN LAW MARRY IN OR BRING THEIR WIVES BAACK HOME AFTER BRIDE SERVICE.
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ALL OF THEIR NEIGHBORS MAKE FRIENDS WITH EACH OTHER. BY THE MID 1800'S THEY HAD SPANISH MISSIONARIES IN THE CARONI REGION AND RAIDED AMONG SETTLEMENTS. DURING THE LATER HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY THEY HAD NO EXTENSIVE WARFARE.
THEY HAVE MOUNTAINS ON ALL SIDES. THE ISABUREO RIVERS WERE USED BY THE PEMON AND SPANISH MISSIONS. BY 1817 THEY COLLAPSED. THE MOUNTAINS PROTECTED FROM EXTENSIVE INCURSIONS UNTIL THE 20TH CENTURY. DIRECT CONTINUOUS CONTACTS BETWEEN PEMON AND ANGLOS WERE MINIMAL. DIAMOD MINING HAS BEEN A STRONG AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE SINCE 1945. VENEZUELA GOVERNMENTS PRESENCE INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY IN THE SANTA ELENA AREA ON THE BORDER OF BRAZIL. ROAD PENETRATION DATES FROM THE EARLY 1970'S. IN THE 1990'S THE MOST PRESSING ISSUE WAS LAND ENTITLEMENT.
THEIR SETTLEMENTS RANGE FROM A SINGLE FAMILY TO A MAXIMUMOF 6 OR 7 FAMILIES. THEY PREFERED LOCATE HOUSES IN OPEN SAVANANAH BY STREAMS. THEY HAVE A ROUND HOUSE FOR LARGER CEREMONIAL CENTERS AND THEY DRAW LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE.
PEMON DWELLINGS MAY BE OBLONG OR ROUND, OR RECTANGULAR. THEY HAVE A NUCLEAR OR ETENDED FAMILY. THE HOUSES ARE OF MUD OR SLATTED WALLS WITH THATCHED ROOFS. THEY ARE OPEN AND UNDIVIDED INSIDE. THEY ARE MISSION TYPE.
THESE FOLKS ARE SLASH AND BURN CULTIVATORS, FISHERS, HUNTERS, AND GATHERES OF WILD FRUIT. THEY GROW MANIOC, PEPPERS, AND A LEAF VEGETABLE. THESE ARE THEIR MAIN DIET. THESE ARE THEIR MAIN DIET. YAMS, CORN, PUMPKINS, AND PLAINTAINS ARE ALSO GROWN. THEY EAT A LOT OF FISH.TODAY THEY USE SHOTGUNS TO HUNT TAPIR, DEER, PECCARIES, PACAS, AND BIRDS. GOURDS ARE RAISED AND USED ALONG WITH FOOD CROPS AND FOR MANIOC - BEER CONTAINERS. THEY MAKE MONEY IN DIAMOND DIGGING.
THEY MAKE DECOATED BASKETRY CLAY BOWLS, WOODEN DUGOUT AND BARK CANOES, AND PADDLES AND HAMMOCKS. THEY HAVE AN EXTENSIVE AND LONG DISTANCE TRADE NETWORK.THEY HAVE AN EXTENSIVE LONG TRADE NETWORK WITH LINKS WITH NEIGHBORING TRIBES. MANY ITEMS THEY TRADE WITH OUT CASH AND THEY KEEP ALL PEMON IN THE TRADE NETWORK THAT WAY.
EACH FAMILY HAS USAGE RIGHTS TO THE FIELDS IT CULTIVATES. WHEN THE FIELDS GO FALLOWTHE LAND REVERTS TO THE COMMUNITY.
NUCLEAR FAMILIES REVAIL WITH 2 - 3 GENERATIONS OF EXTENDED FAMILIES BUILD GENERATIONS OF EXTENDED FAMILIES BUILD UP AS SONS IN LAW MARRY IN OR BRING THEIR WIVES BAACK HOME AFTER BRIDE SERVICE.
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Tuesday, January 24, 2012
PALIKUR TRIBE IN BRAZIL
THE PALIKUR HAVE A RECORD OF BEING DISCOVERED BY VICENTE VANE IN 1500. THEY CALL THEMSELVES PARIKIVANEZ OR PEOPLE.
IN THE 16TH CENTURY THE PALIKUR LIVED IN THE REGION NORTH OF THE MOUTH OF THE AMAZON, BETWEEN TWO RIVERS. IN 1902 THEY MIGRATED TO FRENCH GIANA AFTER A DISPUTE.
IN THE 16TH CENTURY THE PALIKUR LIVED ON THE REGION NORTH OF THE MOUTH OF TWO RIVERS. IN 1902 THEY MIGRATED TO FRENCH GIANA AFTER A DISPUTE. THE MAJORITY RETURNED TO THEIR HOMELAND. BY 1650 THEIR POPULATION RETURNED TO THEIR HOMELAND. BY 1650 THEIR POPULATION WAS 3500 OF WHICH 400 WERE BOWMAN WHEN THEY MIGRATED TO FRENCH GIANA.
ENGLISH, DUTCH, AND FRENCH FOLLOWED THE EXPEDITION OF LAWRENCE KEYMES IN 1596. THE PALIKUR HAD SOME ENEMIES AS USUAL, AND FORMED A CONFEDERATION WITH THE KARIPUNA. BY THE 18TH CENTURY THE RECORDS SHOW NO MORE CONFLICTS WITH THE GALIBI.
IN 1783 A JESUIT PRIEST FATHER ESTABLISHED A SHORT LIVED MISSION BUT DID NOT CONVERT THE SMALL GROUP. BY THE 18TH CENTURY A PORTUGUESE GROUP EXPEDITION OCCUPIED THE CONTESTED TERRITORY AND TURNED ALL INDIAN VILLAGES AND CARRIED THE PEOPLE TO BRAZIL AS LATE AS THE 1920'S THE PALIKER CONTINUED TO BAPTIZE SOME OF THEIR FOLKS. THEY WERE NOT GIVEN SCHOOL INSTRUCTIONS BECAUSE PALIKER ELDERS BELIEVED TO BE A FORM OF SLAVERY. BY 1967 WHEN CONTACTS WITH BRAZILIANS IMPROVED THE PALIKER WERE AMENABLE TO FORMAL SCHOOLING AND PROGRAMS OF THE NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION. THEY BUILT LARGER HOUSES AWAY FROM SINGLE FAMILY UNITS, AND WERE DIVIDED INTO LARGER VILLAGES. EACH OF WHICH WERE OCCUPIED INTO ONE CLAN. CLAN GROUPS ARE DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN SEVERAL VILLAGES. ABOUT 1/2 OF THEIR POPULATION WAS URANURAN. THEY LIVE IN RECTANGULAR HOUSES OCCUPIED. BY A NUCLEAR FAMILY. THEIR FLOORS ARE PLANKS. THE HOUSES HAVE TWO SIDED STRAW ROOFS AND CAVES. THEY SLEEP ON WOVEN HAMMOCKS. BY THE 1900'S THEY BEGAN TO SLEEP ON RUSH MATS. IN THE 1940'S THEY BEGAN USING MOSQUITO NETS.
AS IN ANCIENT TIMES THEIR MARRIAGES WERE MONOGAMOUS AND THEY COULD NOT MARRY WITHIN THE SAME CLAN. A BRIDE SERVICE WAS USUALLY PERFORMED BY THE BRIDE GROOM. TODAY A BOY AND GIRL MAY LIVE TOGETHER AFTER A DANCE. TODAY EXTENDED FAMILIES HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NUCLEARFAMILIES.
THEIR RELIGION TODAY IS CALLED CHRISTIAN. THEY BELIEVE IN VARIOUS TIERS OF HEAVEN WHERE MYTHICAL SHAMANS LIVE. THEY BELIEVE IN SEVERAL HELLS AND A MYTH ABOUT THE FLOOD IS PRESENT IN THEIR MYTHOLOGY.
ACCORDING TO THEIR TRADITIONS NUMEROUS SPIRITS ARE SAID TO FREQUENT AIR, RIVERS, FORESTS, AND MOUNTAINS.
THEY ALSO HAVE SHAMANS AND SORCERERS WHO ARE BLOWERS WHO ARE BLOWERS ESPECIALLY THE FARMER. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT CEREMONY IS CALLED ARAMTAME OR A FEAST THAT PAYS HOMAGE TO THE BENEVOLENT SPIRITS. THE CEREMONY IS PERFORMED BY THE UACA GALIBI AT FULL MOON. THEIR CEREMONY OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IS THE KISEPA CEREMONY WHICH IS PERFORMED TO PAY LAST RESPECTS TO SOMEONE WHO PASSED. IT TAKES ABOUT A YEAR AFTER DEATH. MANY HAVE JOINED THE PENTECOSTAL CHURCH AND HAVE STOPPED THESE CEREMONIES. MANY OF THEIR SONGS ARE BY CHRISTMAS HYMNS.
MANY STILL USE NATIVE REMEDIES. THEY BELIEVE ILLNESS WAS CAUSED BY A SUPERNATURAL AGENT.
SHAMANS STILL ACT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SUPERNATURAL AGENTS. A SORCERER USED TOBACCO SMOKE TO CURE A SICK PERSON.
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. THE MAJORITY RETURNED TO THEIR HOMELAND. BY 1650 THEIR POPULATION WAS 3500 OF WHICH 400 WERE BOWMAN. THEIR POPULATION SHRUNK TO 300 WHEN THEY MIGRATED TO FRENCH GIANA.
ENGLISH, DUTCH, AND FRENCH FOLLOWED THE EXPEDITION OF LAWRENCE KEYMES IN 1596. THE PALIMAR HAD SOME ENEMIES AS USUAL AND FORMED A CONFEDERATION WITH THE KARIPINA. BY THE 18TH CENTUR
Y A PORTUGUESE GROUP EXPEDITION OCCU
PIED CONTESTED TERR
IT
ORY AND TURNED ALL IND
IAN VILLAGES AND CARRIED THE PEOPLE TO BRAZIL. AS LATE THE 1920'S THE PALIKER CONTINUED TO BAPTIZE SOME OF THEIR FOLKS. THEY WERE NOT GIVEN SCHOOL INSTRUCTIONS BECAUSE PALIKER ELDERS BELIEVED TO BE A FORM OF SLAVERY . BY 1967 WHEN CONTACTS WERE WITH BRAZILIANS IMPROVED THE PALIKER FOLKS AND WERE AMENABLE TO FORMAL SCHOOLING AND PROGRAMS OF THE NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION. THEY BUILT LARGER HOUSES AWAY FROM SINGLE FAMILY UNITS. THEY WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO LARGER VILLAGES EACH OF WHICH WERE OCCUPIED INTO ONE CLAN. CLAN GROUPS ARE DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN SEVERAL VILLAGES. ABOUT 1/2 OF THEIR POPULATION WAS IN URUCANA. THEY LIVE IN RECTANGULAR HOUSES
E 1920'S T
IN THE 16TH CENTURY THE PALIKUR LIVED IN THE REGION NORTH OF THE MOUTH OF THE AMAZON, BETWEEN TWO RIVERS. IN 1902 THEY MIGRATED TO FRENCH GIANA AFTER A DISPUTE.
IN THE 16TH CENTURY THE PALIKUR LIVED ON THE REGION NORTH OF THE MOUTH OF TWO RIVERS. IN 1902 THEY MIGRATED TO FRENCH GIANA AFTER A DISPUTE. THE MAJORITY RETURNED TO THEIR HOMELAND. BY 1650 THEIR POPULATION RETURNED TO THEIR HOMELAND. BY 1650 THEIR POPULATION WAS 3500 OF WHICH 400 WERE BOWMAN WHEN THEY MIGRATED TO FRENCH GIANA.
ENGLISH, DUTCH, AND FRENCH FOLLOWED THE EXPEDITION OF LAWRENCE KEYMES IN 1596. THE PALIKUR HAD SOME ENEMIES AS USUAL, AND FORMED A CONFEDERATION WITH THE KARIPUNA. BY THE 18TH CENTURY THE RECORDS SHOW NO MORE CONFLICTS WITH THE GALIBI.
IN 1783 A JESUIT PRIEST FATHER ESTABLISHED A SHORT LIVED MISSION BUT DID NOT CONVERT THE SMALL GROUP. BY THE 18TH CENTURY A PORTUGUESE GROUP EXPEDITION OCCUPIED THE CONTESTED TERRITORY AND TURNED ALL INDIAN VILLAGES AND CARRIED THE PEOPLE TO BRAZIL AS LATE AS THE 1920'S THE PALIKER CONTINUED TO BAPTIZE SOME OF THEIR FOLKS. THEY WERE NOT GIVEN SCHOOL INSTRUCTIONS BECAUSE PALIKER ELDERS BELIEVED TO BE A FORM OF SLAVERY. BY 1967 WHEN CONTACTS WITH BRAZILIANS IMPROVED THE PALIKER WERE AMENABLE TO FORMAL SCHOOLING AND PROGRAMS OF THE NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION. THEY BUILT LARGER HOUSES AWAY FROM SINGLE FAMILY UNITS, AND WERE DIVIDED INTO LARGER VILLAGES. EACH OF WHICH WERE OCCUPIED INTO ONE CLAN. CLAN GROUPS ARE DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN SEVERAL VILLAGES. ABOUT 1/2 OF THEIR POPULATION WAS URANURAN. THEY LIVE IN RECTANGULAR HOUSES OCCUPIED. BY A NUCLEAR FAMILY. THEIR FLOORS ARE PLANKS. THE HOUSES HAVE TWO SIDED STRAW ROOFS AND CAVES. THEY SLEEP ON WOVEN HAMMOCKS. BY THE 1900'S THEY BEGAN TO SLEEP ON RUSH MATS. IN THE 1940'S THEY BEGAN USING MOSQUITO NETS.
AS IN ANCIENT TIMES THEIR MARRIAGES WERE MONOGAMOUS AND THEY COULD NOT MARRY WITHIN THE SAME CLAN. A BRIDE SERVICE WAS USUALLY PERFORMED BY THE BRIDE GROOM. TODAY A BOY AND GIRL MAY LIVE TOGETHER AFTER A DANCE. TODAY EXTENDED FAMILIES HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NUCLEARFAMILIES.
THEIR RELIGION TODAY IS CALLED CHRISTIAN. THEY BELIEVE IN VARIOUS TIERS OF HEAVEN WHERE MYTHICAL SHAMANS LIVE. THEY BELIEVE IN SEVERAL HELLS AND A MYTH ABOUT THE FLOOD IS PRESENT IN THEIR MYTHOLOGY.
ACCORDING TO THEIR TRADITIONS NUMEROUS SPIRITS ARE SAID TO FREQUENT AIR, RIVERS, FORESTS, AND MOUNTAINS.
THEY ALSO HAVE SHAMANS AND SORCERERS WHO ARE BLOWERS WHO ARE BLOWERS ESPECIALLY THE FARMER. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT CEREMONY IS CALLED ARAMTAME OR A FEAST THAT PAYS HOMAGE TO THE BENEVOLENT SPIRITS. THE CEREMONY IS PERFORMED BY THE UACA GALIBI AT FULL MOON. THEIR CEREMONY OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IS THE KISEPA CEREMONY WHICH IS PERFORMED TO PAY LAST RESPECTS TO SOMEONE WHO PASSED. IT TAKES ABOUT A YEAR AFTER DEATH. MANY HAVE JOINED THE PENTECOSTAL CHURCH AND HAVE STOPPED THESE CEREMONIES. MANY OF THEIR SONGS ARE BY CHRISTMAS HYMNS.
MANY STILL USE NATIVE REMEDIES. THEY BELIEVE ILLNESS WAS CAUSED BY A SUPERNATURAL AGENT.
SHAMANS STILL ACT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SUPERNATURAL AGENTS. A SORCERER USED TOBACCO SMOKE TO CURE A SICK PERSON.
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EVEERYWHERECULTURE.COM
. THE MAJORITY RETURNED TO THEIR HOMELAND. BY 1650 THEIR POPULATION WAS 3500 OF WHICH 400 WERE BOWMAN. THEIR POPULATION SHRUNK TO 300 WHEN THEY MIGRATED TO FRENCH GIANA.
ENGLISH, DUTCH, AND FRENCH FOLLOWED THE EXPEDITION OF LAWRENCE KEYMES IN 1596. THE PALIMAR HAD SOME ENEMIES AS USUAL AND FORMED A CONFEDERATION WITH THE KARIPINA. BY THE 18TH CENTUR
Y A PORTUGUESE GROUP EXPEDITION OCCU
PIED CONTESTED TERR
IT
ORY AND TURNED ALL IND
IAN VILLAGES AND CARRIED THE PEOPLE TO BRAZIL. AS LATE THE 1920'S THE PALIKER CONTINUED TO BAPTIZE SOME OF THEIR FOLKS. THEY WERE NOT GIVEN SCHOOL INSTRUCTIONS BECAUSE PALIKER ELDERS BELIEVED TO BE A FORM OF SLAVERY . BY 1967 WHEN CONTACTS WERE WITH BRAZILIANS IMPROVED THE PALIKER FOLKS AND WERE AMENABLE TO FORMAL SCHOOLING AND PROGRAMS OF THE NATIONAL INDIAN FOUNDATION. THEY BUILT LARGER HOUSES AWAY FROM SINGLE FAMILY UNITS. THEY WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO LARGER VILLAGES EACH OF WHICH WERE OCCUPIED INTO ONE CLAN. CLAN GROUPS ARE DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN SEVERAL VILLAGES. ABOUT 1/2 OF THEIR POPULATION WAS IN URUCANA. THEY LIVE IN RECTANGULAR HOUSES
E 1920'S T
NANBIKIKWARA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THE NAMBIKIKWARA ARE FAMOUS IN BRAZIL FOR BEING STUDIED BY CLAUDE LEVI STRAUS. THEY LIVE ON THE JURENA RIVER. THEY ALSO LIVE IN THE AMAZON RAIN FOREST AND A TRANSITIONAL AREA BETWEEN THE TWO EASY ECOSYSTEMS.. THEY HAVE A SIMPLE MATERIAL CULTURE AND COMPLETED COSMOLOGY. THEIR TERRITORY IS PARTLY SAVANNA AND DENSE FOREST THAT COVERS 5% OF THE REGION.
HISTORICALLY THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD WAS IN THE COXIPO RIVER IN 1719. THE PORTUGUESE WORKED THESE RIVERS AND DID NOT BOTHER THE INDIANS. THE FIRST RECORDS OF WHERE THE NAMB DATE FROM 1770 AS THEY ROAD TO SEARCH FOR MORE GOLD. THE EXPEDITION MENTIONS SABANE PEOPLE NEAR RIVERS THEY CROSSED. THEY WERE PART OF THE NANBIKIKWARA TERRITORY.
BY THE END OF THE 1770'S GOLD WAS BECOMING EXHAUSTED. ANOTHER GROUP ENTERED THEIR TERRITORY WHO EXTRACTED POAIA IN 1854. BY 1900'S THE INDIAN PROTECTION ACT WAS DIRECTED BY RONDON. IN 1959 MISSIONARIES FROM THE SUMMER INSTITUTE REGION WORK WITH THE NANBIKWARA GROUPS. THE NANBIKWARA HAD PERMANENT CONTACTS WITH CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES.
IN THE 1940'S THE RUBBER EXTRACTION INTENSIFIED ACROSS THE AMAZON REGION AND THE NANBIKIWARA WERE WORKING AS THEIR LABORERS.
BY 1940 TO 1970 THERE ARE RECORDS THAT SAY THEY FEEL THEY HAD EPIDEMICS AND THEY AVOIDED FREQUENT CONTACT WITH ANGLOS.
BY THE 1960'S THEIR MOST FERTILE SOIL WAS SOLD TO FARMING COMPANIES WHO RECEIVED FEDERAL FUNDS.
THEIR HOUSES WERE BASICALLY WIKIUPS MADE OF PALES OF PALM LEAVES FOR A ROOF. THEY ARE PLACED ON TOP OF A SMALL ROOF. THEY PLACED ON TOP OF AS SMALL HILL AND SOME HAVE A LARGE PLAZA NEAR RIVERS. THEY HAVE TRAILS RADIATING AWAY FROM THE VILLAGE.
IN THE VILLAGE PLAZA THEY HAVE RITUALS. DURING HUNTING THEY BUILT TEMPORARY CAMPS. THEY WERE SEMI-NOMADIC. THEY HAVE SHAMANS WHO POSSESS MANY OBJECTS AND HAVE BODY DECORATIONS. THEY WEAR BLACK BEADS. THEY ALSO HAVE INTERNAL DECORATIONS AND CAN SEE CURING SESSIONS. THE SHAMAN HAS A KIND OF DEATH WALK IN THE FOREST. HIS INITIATION IS BRUTAL - HE IS BEATEN AND MAY HAVE ARROWS SHOT AT HIM. THIS IS A KIND OF FORMAL APPRENTICESHIP. THEY SING AND SUCK OUT BAD OBJECTS , AND BLOW TOBACCO SMOKE.
SOCIOAMBENTAL.ORG
HISTORICALLY THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD WAS IN THE COXIPO RIVER IN 1719. THE PORTUGUESE WORKED THESE RIVERS AND DID NOT BOTHER THE INDIANS. THE FIRST RECORDS OF WHERE THE NAMB DATE FROM 1770 AS THEY ROAD TO SEARCH FOR MORE GOLD. THE EXPEDITION MENTIONS SABANE PEOPLE NEAR RIVERS THEY CROSSED. THEY WERE PART OF THE NANBIKIKWARA TERRITORY.
BY THE END OF THE 1770'S GOLD WAS BECOMING EXHAUSTED. ANOTHER GROUP ENTERED THEIR TERRITORY WHO EXTRACTED POAIA IN 1854. BY 1900'S THE INDIAN PROTECTION ACT WAS DIRECTED BY RONDON. IN 1959 MISSIONARIES FROM THE SUMMER INSTITUTE REGION WORK WITH THE NANBIKWARA GROUPS. THE NANBIKWARA HAD PERMANENT CONTACTS WITH CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES.
IN THE 1940'S THE RUBBER EXTRACTION INTENSIFIED ACROSS THE AMAZON REGION AND THE NANBIKIWARA WERE WORKING AS THEIR LABORERS.
BY 1940 TO 1970 THERE ARE RECORDS THAT SAY THEY FEEL THEY HAD EPIDEMICS AND THEY AVOIDED FREQUENT CONTACT WITH ANGLOS.
BY THE 1960'S THEIR MOST FERTILE SOIL WAS SOLD TO FARMING COMPANIES WHO RECEIVED FEDERAL FUNDS.
THEIR HOUSES WERE BASICALLY WIKIUPS MADE OF PALES OF PALM LEAVES FOR A ROOF. THEY ARE PLACED ON TOP OF A SMALL ROOF. THEY PLACED ON TOP OF AS SMALL HILL AND SOME HAVE A LARGE PLAZA NEAR RIVERS. THEY HAVE TRAILS RADIATING AWAY FROM THE VILLAGE.
IN THE VILLAGE PLAZA THEY HAVE RITUALS. DURING HUNTING THEY BUILT TEMPORARY CAMPS. THEY WERE SEMI-NOMADIC. THEY HAVE SHAMANS WHO POSSESS MANY OBJECTS AND HAVE BODY DECORATIONS. THEY WEAR BLACK BEADS. THEY ALSO HAVE INTERNAL DECORATIONS AND CAN SEE CURING SESSIONS. THE SHAMAN HAS A KIND OF DEATH WALK IN THE FOREST. HIS INITIATION IS BRUTAL - HE IS BEATEN AND MAY HAVE ARROWS SHOT AT HIM. THIS IS A KIND OF FORMAL APPRENTICESHIP. THEY SING AND SUCK OUT BAD OBJECTS , AND BLOW TOBACCO SMOKE.
SOCIOAMBENTAL.ORG
Monday, January 23, 2012
MAXAKAI TRIBE FROM BRAZIL
THESE INDIANS ARE OVERCOMING GREAT DIFFICULTY ARE OVERCOMING GREAT DIFFICULTIES - ALCOHOLISM, SOCIAL MALADJUSTMENTS, AND ECOMOMIC PROBLEMS.
THEY AGAINST INTER ETHNIC MARRIAGES. THE MAXAKALI OF THE MUCIRI VALLEY ARE IN THE STATE OF MINAS GERAIS. THEY IDENTIFY THEMSELVES AS KUMANAXUE.
THE MAXAKAI TRIBE ARE PART OF SEVERAL GROUPS. AFTER 1808 THEY WERE ORGANIZED POLITICALLY AS ALLIES WHEN THERE WAS A SYSTEMATIC INVASION OF THEIR LAND AND CONFLICTS WITH GROUPS. THEY HAD A CONFEDERATION, WHICH WAS CONNECTED TO A LARGER UNIT IN TERMS OF POLITICAL UNITS. BECAUSE OF THE DOMINATING SOCIETY SUCH VILLAGES BECAME ISOLATED FROM EACH OTHER. IN GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. VARIOUS RITUAL GROUPS WERE IDENTIFIED AS OFFICIAL AND PRIVATE DOCUMENTS. VARIOUS RITUAL GROUPS WERE IDENTIFIED AS OFFICIAL AND PRIVATE DOCUMENTS. THE DIFFERENT GROUPS BEGAN TO BE IDENTIFIED AS DIFFERENT TRIBES. THE VISITORS WHO CAME HERE NOTICED THEIR LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WERE SIMILAR AMONG GROUPS. THEY WERE ALLIED TO FIGHT ENEMIES WHO BELONG TO THE SAME ETHNIC GROUP. THEY BECAME ISOLATED FROM EACH OTHER IN GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. THEY ESTABLISHED THE ALLIANCE WITH COLONISTS IN ORDER TO FIGHT TRADITIONAL ENEMIES. THE INDIANS CLAIMED TO BELONG TO THE SAME ETHNIC GROUP WHICH THE MALALI TESTIFIED.
THEY BUILT THEIR HOUSES BETWEEN THE PARDO AND DOCO RIVERS AND PRESENT DAY SOUTHEAST BAHIA. OTHER GROUPS LIVE IN THE TWO INDIGENOUS AREAS, AGUA BOA AND IN THE MACURA VALLEY. THE EARLIEST REFERENCES DATE TO THE 16TH CENTURY. BY THE 18TH CENTURY THE PORTUGUESE EXPANDED HERE. THE MALAKALI BECAME PRESSURE BY THE COLONISTS IN 1721 AND 1808. THIS AREA WAS CLOSED BY THE PORTUGUESE CROWN TO AVOID MINING.
THE NATIVES MOVE AROUND THIS REGION. THIS MADE THEM HAVE TERRITORIAL DISPUTES. EACH GROUP CAME UP WITH TO SETTLE DISPUTES. THE MAXAKOLI WERE RECRUITED TO ACCEPT BEING WORKERS IN COMPULSORY ORDERS FOR MILITARY DIVISIONS. FROM THEN ON THEY KNOWN AS TAME INDIANS. A SUBGROUP PATAX WERE UNSOCIABLE.
IN 1914 THE RAILROAD WAS BUILT ACROSS THE LLEMBURANAS RIVER, AND ESTABLISHED EXCHANGE RELATIONS WITH MACHIACALIS. THERE WAS PRESSURE FOR THE MAXAKALI OF THE KRAN AND RUBIAM FROM1917 TO MOVE TO UMBURANAS. THEY SOUGHT REFUGE THERE.
IN 1920 THERE WERE CONSTANT SKIRMISHES BETWEEN INDIANS AND NON INDIANS. IN 1920 THE STATE GOVERNMENT CEDED 2000 HA OF LAND TO THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ON THE RIVER. THEY HAD SEVERAL EPIDEMICS AND MUCH DISSATISFACTION. THERE WAS STILL CONFRONTATION WITH LAND OWNERS. THE INDIGENOUS POSTS WERE SEPARATED IN 1956 BY A CORRIDOR OF RURAL ESTABLISHMENTS.
THEIR HOUSES WERE VERY MINIMAL. ROUND IN STRUCTURE AND BUILT OF STAKES WITH ROOFS OF PALM LEAVES THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE WAS ALSO SIMPLE. THEIR WEAPONS ARE THE BOW AND ARROW FROM A TRUMPET BUSH. THEIR ARROWS ARE OF BAMBOO, IN THREE DIFFERENT FORMATS. SOME WERE FOR WAR, OTHERS FOR HUNTING LARGE GAME. THEY USE VARIOUS PALMS AND CARVE THEM. MEN MAKE BOWS AND ARROWS, BROOMS, LARGE BASKETS, SIFTERS, AND TWO STRING BOWS. WOMEN FISH, GATHER AND HARVEST ROCAS. THEY MAKE POTTERY, HAMMOCKS, NECKLACES, BASKETS FOR CARRYING OBJECTS WITH STRINGS PLACED ON THEIR FOREHEAD. IN THE PAST THEY WORE NO CLOTHING.. TODAY THEY HAVE ADOPTED CLOTHING OF ANGLOS. MUCH OF THEIR SOCIAL LIFE IS MARKED BY RITES. MEN HAVE SECRET RITUAL INITIATIONS. WOMEN HAVE NONE. BOYS ENTER A SMALL HUTS TO LEARN PROPER ACTIVITIES FOR BECOMING MEN.
THEY BELIEVE DISEASES ARE A RESULT OF SPIRITS THAT CAPTURE THE PERSON'S SOUL. THEY HAVE CURING RITUALS TO RESTORE BALANCE. THE MEN GO INTO A HOUSE OF RELIGION AND HAVE RULES. THEN THEY RETURN TO THE SICK ONE AND HOLD CHANTS AND PRAAYERS WITH A CLOUD OF SMOKE .
THEY ALSO HAVE RITES OF
SOCIOAMBIENTAL.ORG
THEY AGAINST INTER ETHNIC MARRIAGES. THE MAXAKALI OF THE MUCIRI VALLEY ARE IN THE STATE OF MINAS GERAIS. THEY IDENTIFY THEMSELVES AS KUMANAXUE.
THE MAXAKAI TRIBE ARE PART OF SEVERAL GROUPS. AFTER 1808 THEY WERE ORGANIZED POLITICALLY AS ALLIES WHEN THERE WAS A SYSTEMATIC INVASION OF THEIR LAND AND CONFLICTS WITH GROUPS. THEY HAD A CONFEDERATION, WHICH WAS CONNECTED TO A LARGER UNIT IN TERMS OF POLITICAL UNITS. BECAUSE OF THE DOMINATING SOCIETY SUCH VILLAGES BECAME ISOLATED FROM EACH OTHER. IN GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. VARIOUS RITUAL GROUPS WERE IDENTIFIED AS OFFICIAL AND PRIVATE DOCUMENTS. VARIOUS RITUAL GROUPS WERE IDENTIFIED AS OFFICIAL AND PRIVATE DOCUMENTS. THE DIFFERENT GROUPS BEGAN TO BE IDENTIFIED AS DIFFERENT TRIBES. THE VISITORS WHO CAME HERE NOTICED THEIR LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WERE SIMILAR AMONG GROUPS. THEY WERE ALLIED TO FIGHT ENEMIES WHO BELONG TO THE SAME ETHNIC GROUP. THEY BECAME ISOLATED FROM EACH OTHER IN GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. THEY ESTABLISHED THE ALLIANCE WITH COLONISTS IN ORDER TO FIGHT TRADITIONAL ENEMIES. THE INDIANS CLAIMED TO BELONG TO THE SAME ETHNIC GROUP WHICH THE MALALI TESTIFIED.
THEY BUILT THEIR HOUSES BETWEEN THE PARDO AND DOCO RIVERS AND PRESENT DAY SOUTHEAST BAHIA. OTHER GROUPS LIVE IN THE TWO INDIGENOUS AREAS, AGUA BOA AND IN THE MACURA VALLEY. THE EARLIEST REFERENCES DATE TO THE 16TH CENTURY. BY THE 18TH CENTURY THE PORTUGUESE EXPANDED HERE. THE MALAKALI BECAME PRESSURE BY THE COLONISTS IN 1721 AND 1808. THIS AREA WAS CLOSED BY THE PORTUGUESE CROWN TO AVOID MINING.
THE NATIVES MOVE AROUND THIS REGION. THIS MADE THEM HAVE TERRITORIAL DISPUTES. EACH GROUP CAME UP WITH TO SETTLE DISPUTES. THE MAXAKOLI WERE RECRUITED TO ACCEPT BEING WORKERS IN COMPULSORY ORDERS FOR MILITARY DIVISIONS. FROM THEN ON THEY KNOWN AS TAME INDIANS. A SUBGROUP PATAX WERE UNSOCIABLE.
IN 1914 THE RAILROAD WAS BUILT ACROSS THE LLEMBURANAS RIVER, AND ESTABLISHED EXCHANGE RELATIONS WITH MACHIACALIS. THERE WAS PRESSURE FOR THE MAXAKALI OF THE KRAN AND RUBIAM FROM1917 TO MOVE TO UMBURANAS. THEY SOUGHT REFUGE THERE.
IN 1920 THERE WERE CONSTANT SKIRMISHES BETWEEN INDIANS AND NON INDIANS. IN 1920 THE STATE GOVERNMENT CEDED 2000 HA OF LAND TO THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ON THE RIVER. THEY HAD SEVERAL EPIDEMICS AND MUCH DISSATISFACTION. THERE WAS STILL CONFRONTATION WITH LAND OWNERS. THE INDIGENOUS POSTS WERE SEPARATED IN 1956 BY A CORRIDOR OF RURAL ESTABLISHMENTS.
THEIR HOUSES WERE VERY MINIMAL. ROUND IN STRUCTURE AND BUILT OF STAKES WITH ROOFS OF PALM LEAVES THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE WAS ALSO SIMPLE. THEIR WEAPONS ARE THE BOW AND ARROW FROM A TRUMPET BUSH. THEIR ARROWS ARE OF BAMBOO, IN THREE DIFFERENT FORMATS. SOME WERE FOR WAR, OTHERS FOR HUNTING LARGE GAME. THEY USE VARIOUS PALMS AND CARVE THEM. MEN MAKE BOWS AND ARROWS, BROOMS, LARGE BASKETS, SIFTERS, AND TWO STRING BOWS. WOMEN FISH, GATHER AND HARVEST ROCAS. THEY MAKE POTTERY, HAMMOCKS, NECKLACES, BASKETS FOR CARRYING OBJECTS WITH STRINGS PLACED ON THEIR FOREHEAD. IN THE PAST THEY WORE NO CLOTHING.. TODAY THEY HAVE ADOPTED CLOTHING OF ANGLOS. MUCH OF THEIR SOCIAL LIFE IS MARKED BY RITES. MEN HAVE SECRET RITUAL INITIATIONS. WOMEN HAVE NONE. BOYS ENTER A SMALL HUTS TO LEARN PROPER ACTIVITIES FOR BECOMING MEN.
THEY BELIEVE DISEASES ARE A RESULT OF SPIRITS THAT CAPTURE THE PERSON'S SOUL. THEY HAVE CURING RITUALS TO RESTORE BALANCE. THE MEN GO INTO A HOUSE OF RELIGION AND HAVE RULES. THEN THEY RETURN TO THE SICK ONE AND HOLD CHANTS AND PRAAYERS WITH A CLOUD OF SMOKE .
THEY ALSO HAVE RITES OF
SOCIOAMBIENTAL.ORG
MARUBA TRIBE IN BRAZIL
THE MARUBA LIVE IN THE SOUTHWEST AMAZON THEY HAVE SUBGROUPS. BY THE MID 1900'S THEY CONCENTRATED IN THE SOUTHERN 1/3 OF THE REGION. THEIR REGION IS COVERED BY A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST. THEIR POPULATION IS INCREASING BUT THEY WERE DEVASTATED BY THE RUBBER BOOM. ABOUT 600 FOLKS . IN 1906 THEY WROTE IN SPANISH. THEY WERE RELATED TO PERUVIANS. THEY WERE RELATED TO PERUVIANS FROM THE HEADWATERS. THE RUBBER BUSINESS COLLAPSED IN 1912 BECAUSE OF LOWER RUBBER PRICES IN MALASIA. BY 1950 THE MARUBA WERE ALMOST ABANDONED AND FORGOTTEN BY THE WHITES.
IN 1950 THEY LACKED IRON TOOLS AND GUNS. THEY MET SOME ANGLOS AND EXCHANGED WITH THEM VARIOUS GOODS. IN 1962 MISSIONARIES ESTABLISHED THEMSELVES IN THE ITUI HEADWATERS. AFTER THE 1960'S THEY CAME TO THE MARUBA AND BECAME LUMBER WORKERS AND EXCHANGED ALL TYPES OF GOODS WITH ANGLOS.
BOTH PARENTS AND OTHERS IN THE DOMESTIC GROUP RAISED THE CHILDREN. THEY DO NOT USE PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT IN CHILD REARING, BUT USE A STINGING NETTLE. THEY BELIEVE IN SPIRITS OR YOVE THAT HAVE HUMAN LOOK ALIKES AND ARE GOOD, IMMORTAL, AND HEALTHY. THE YOCHI ARE HARMFUL ANIMALS OR HUMANS. HUMANS HAVE SEVERAL SOULS THAT OF THE RIGHT SIDE AND THE LEFT. LAND WAS CREATED BY KANA. PLANTS WERE CREATED BY CREATED KANA MARI. HUMANS EMERGED FROM THE GROUND NEAR THE MOUTH OF A RIVER.
THEY HAVE A FEW SHAMANS WITH YOVE HUTS TO OCCUPY HIS BODY. THE SHAMANS CAN CURE , BUT IT'S MAIN PURPOSE IS TO CONTAIN CONTACT YOVE WITH MEN AND WOMEN. THEIR MAIN CEREMONIES MARK THE MAIZE HARVEST, WHERE THEY HAVE A BIG MEAL AND DRINK BEER AND DRUM IN A HUT.
THEY BUILD HUTS OF WOOD AND MAKE DELICATE STRINGS OF BEADS WITH LIANA STRING. THEY ALSO LIKE TO COOK. THEY USE TOBACCO POWDER TO CURE PEOPLE AS THEY CHANT. A RESIN COLRED PAINT IS APPLIED TO ARCHING BODY PARTS. MOST MEDICINES ARE FROM PLANTS. THEY USED TO CREMATE FOLKS WHO PASSED AWAY BUT NOW BURY THEM.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
IN 1950 THEY LACKED IRON TOOLS AND GUNS. THEY MET SOME ANGLOS AND EXCHANGED WITH THEM VARIOUS GOODS. IN 1962 MISSIONARIES ESTABLISHED THEMSELVES IN THE ITUI HEADWATERS. AFTER THE 1960'S THEY CAME TO THE MARUBA AND BECAME LUMBER WORKERS AND EXCHANGED ALL TYPES OF GOODS WITH ANGLOS.
BOTH PARENTS AND OTHERS IN THE DOMESTIC GROUP RAISED THE CHILDREN. THEY DO NOT USE PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT IN CHILD REARING, BUT USE A STINGING NETTLE. THEY BELIEVE IN SPIRITS OR YOVE THAT HAVE HUMAN LOOK ALIKES AND ARE GOOD, IMMORTAL, AND HEALTHY. THE YOCHI ARE HARMFUL ANIMALS OR HUMANS. HUMANS HAVE SEVERAL SOULS THAT OF THE RIGHT SIDE AND THE LEFT. LAND WAS CREATED BY KANA. PLANTS WERE CREATED BY CREATED KANA MARI. HUMANS EMERGED FROM THE GROUND NEAR THE MOUTH OF A RIVER.
THEY HAVE A FEW SHAMANS WITH YOVE HUTS TO OCCUPY HIS BODY. THE SHAMANS CAN CURE , BUT IT'S MAIN PURPOSE IS TO CONTAIN CONTACT YOVE WITH MEN AND WOMEN. THEIR MAIN CEREMONIES MARK THE MAIZE HARVEST, WHERE THEY HAVE A BIG MEAL AND DRINK BEER AND DRUM IN A HUT.
THEY BUILD HUTS OF WOOD AND MAKE DELICATE STRINGS OF BEADS WITH LIANA STRING. THEY ALSO LIKE TO COOK. THEY USE TOBACCO POWDER TO CURE PEOPLE AS THEY CHANT. A RESIN COLRED PAINT IS APPLIED TO ARCHING BODY PARTS. MOST MEDICINES ARE FROM PLANTS. THEY USED TO CREMATE FOLKS WHO PASSED AWAY BUT NOW BURY THEM.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Friday, January 20, 2012
MARUBA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THE MARUBA LIVE IN THE SOUTHWEST AMAZON THEY HAVE SUBGROUPS. BY THE MID 1900'S THEY CONCENTRATED IN THE SOUTHERN 1/3 OF THE REGION. THEIR REGION IS COVERED BY A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST. THEIR POPULATION IS INCREASING BUT THEY WERE DEVASTATED BY THE RUBBER BOOM. THEY HAVE ABOUT 600 FOLKS. IN 1906 THEY WROTE IN SPANISH. THEY WERE RELATED TO THE PERUVIANS FROM THE HEADWATERS. THE RUBBER BUSINESS COLLAPSED IN 1912 BECAUSE OF LOWER PRICES IN MALAYSIA. BY 1950 THE MARUBA WERE ALMOST ABANDONED AND FORGOTTEN BY THE WHITES. IN THIS PERIOD THEY LACKED IRON TOOLS AND GUNS. THEY MET SOME ANGLOS AND EXCHANGED ITEMS. IN 1962 MISSIONARIES ESTABLISHED THEMSELVES IN THE ITUI HEADWATERS. AFTER THE 1960'S THE MISSIONARIES CAME TO THE MARUBU AND BECAME LUMBER WORKERS AND EXCHANGED ALL TYPES OF GOODS WITH ANGLOS.
THEY DO NOT USE USE PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT IN CHILD REARINGS, BUT USED STINGING NETTLE. THEY BELIEVE. THEY BELIEVE IN SPIRITS OR YOVE THAT HAVE HUMAN LOOK ALIKES AND ARE GOOD IMORTAL AND HEALTHY. THE YOCHI ARE HARMFUL ANIMALS OR HUMANS THAT HAVE SEVERAL SOULS- THAT OF THE RIGHT SIDE AND THE LEFT SIDE.. LAND WAS MADE BY KANA. PLANTS WERE MADE BY KANA MARI. HUMANS EMERGED FROM THE GROUND NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER.
THEY HAVE A FEW SHAMANS WITH YOVE HUTS TO OCCUPY HIS BODY. THE SHAMAN CAN CURE, BUT ITS
MAIN PURPOSE IS TO CONTACT YOVE WITH MEN AND WOMEN. THEIR CEREMONIES MARK THE MAIZE HARVEST, WHERE THEY HAVE A BIG MEAL AND DRINK BEER AND DRUM IN A HUT.
THEY BUILD HUTS OF WOOD AND THE DELICACY OF STRINGS OF BEADS, THEY MAKE LIANA STRING AND COOK. THEY USE A TOBACCO POWDER TO CURE PEOPLE AS THEY CHANT . A RESIN COLORED PAINT IS APPLIED TO TO ACHING BODY PARTS. MOST MEDICINES ARE FROM PLANTS. THEY USED TO CREMATE THE DEAD, BUT TODAY THEY BURY THEM.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THEY DO NOT USE USE PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT IN CHILD REARINGS, BUT USED STINGING NETTLE. THEY BELIEVE. THEY BELIEVE IN SPIRITS OR YOVE THAT HAVE HUMAN LOOK ALIKES AND ARE GOOD IMORTAL AND HEALTHY. THE YOCHI ARE HARMFUL ANIMALS OR HUMANS THAT HAVE SEVERAL SOULS- THAT OF THE RIGHT SIDE AND THE LEFT SIDE.. LAND WAS MADE BY KANA. PLANTS WERE MADE BY KANA MARI. HUMANS EMERGED FROM THE GROUND NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER.
THEY HAVE A FEW SHAMANS WITH YOVE HUTS TO OCCUPY HIS BODY. THE SHAMAN CAN CURE, BUT ITS
MAIN PURPOSE IS TO CONTACT YOVE WITH MEN AND WOMEN. THEIR CEREMONIES MARK THE MAIZE HARVEST, WHERE THEY HAVE A BIG MEAL AND DRINK BEER AND DRUM IN A HUT.
THEY BUILD HUTS OF WOOD AND THE DELICACY OF STRINGS OF BEADS, THEY MAKE LIANA STRING AND COOK. THEY USE A TOBACCO POWDER TO CURE PEOPLE AS THEY CHANT . A RESIN COLORED PAINT IS APPLIED TO TO ACHING BODY PARTS. MOST MEDICINES ARE FROM PLANTS. THEY USED TO CREMATE THE DEAD, BUT TODAY THEY BURY THEM.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
MANCHMERI TRIBE IN BRAZIL
THE MANCHMERI SHARE IN AMAZONIA, THE SAME ARAWAK LANGUAGE. BOTH OF THESE GROUPS CAN BE CONSIDERED THE SAME PEOPLE. IN BRAZIL THEY ARE IN MAMOADATER INDIGENOUS TERRITORY. THEY OCCUPY THE SOUTH REGION OF THE STATE OF ACRE. SOME LIVE IN BOLIVIA AND PERU. THEIR ENVIRONMENT HAS RIVERS , FIELDS, AND FORESTS. THEY USED ALL OF THESE TERRITORIES. IN THE PLAIN FIELDS THEY SPROUTED GRASSES IN THE SUMMER WHICH ANIMALS AND DEER AND CAPYBARA GRAZED. THEIR FORESTS HAVE OTHER VEGTATION THAT ATTRACT GAME ANIMALS. HERE THEY COLLECT TABOCA FOREST.
THE FUNCI CREATED THE MANIODATE INDIGENOUS TERRITORY IN 1975. THEY TRANSFERRED THEM TO TO MANIOADATE TERRITORY. THIS IS AN AREA OF LAND THAT IS ABOUT 313,000 HA IN SIZE. THEY HAVE DEVELOPED MANY CITIES. THE MANCHMERI WERE LIVING ALONG THE MACAUCA AND CALATE RIVER. THEY LIVED UNTIL ABOUT 90 YEARS! IN THE PAST THERE WAS ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE FROM UPPER IACO. THEY HAD MANY CONTACTS WITH THEIR OTHER NEIGHBORS NEIGHBORS. THEY FORMED THE YANERI MEANING LIVING CLOSE TO EACH OTHER AND INTERMARRYING. THE NCIENT PEOPLE HERE CALLED PIRO SIMILARILY LIVED NEXT TO EACH OTHER. THEY HAD MANY TRIBAL NAMES. IN THE PAST THEY HAD ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE. THE PIRO SAY THEY DID NOT INTERMARRY BETWEEN EACH OTHER. THEY ONLY DID SO WHEN THEY ENSLAVED AND FORCED TO LIVE TOGETHER BY RUBBER BOSSES.
BY THE 19TH CENTURY THEY SAW THE START OF LARGE SCALE INVASIONS AND BEGAN TO SUFFER MASSACRES. PRESSURE CAME FROM TWO DIRECTIONS, BY RUBBER TAPPERS WHO ALSO SETTLED FAMILIES IN THIS REGION. AT FIRST THE INDIANS WERE NOT INCORPORATED AS A WORKFORCE IN RUBBER, BUT WERE FOREST GUIDES. IN THE QUEST FOR NEW RUBBER. WHEN THEIR CRISIS HIT THEY WERE ENCOURAGED TO REMOVE RUBBER.
RUBBER TRANSFORMED THEIR LIFE PROVOKING CONFLICTS OF OF THEIR ANCESTORS. THERE WAS A LONG CONFLICT WITH THE BOLVIANS. THEIR GOVERNMENT TRIED TO EXPEL THEM FROM THEIR LAND AND ENSLAVED THEM FOR EXTRACTING RUBBER, AND SUPPLYING GAME AND FISH AS WELL AS DOMESTIC WORK.
THEIR WORD FOR SHAMAN WAS KARRUNHOTI. THIS FIGURE IS OUND IN VARIOUS CIRCLES OF MANACHINARI LIFE. KARRUNHOTI WOULD VENTURE ABOVE INTO THE FOREST TO CONSUME WINE. HE WENT ALONE AND WITH WHOEVER HE WAS GOING TO CURE. THE NEXT DAY THE PAIENT WAS GOOD. WOMEN WOULD NOT GO ON ANY ACCOUNT. HE HAD MORE POLITICAL POWER THAN THE CHIEF. HE SUSPENDED HIS HAMMOCK AND BEGAN TO SING AND WHEN THE TIME WAS RIGHT HE WOULD SAY COME HERE. THE SICK PERSON CAME AND WHAT HE COULD TAKE OUT WITH HIS HANDS HE TOOK OUT. AND HE SUCKED OUT OTHER SICKNESS AS WELL.
WHEN SOMEONE DIE HE'D TAKE REVENGE AND KILL SOMEONE IN THE OLD DAYS. THEY FOUGHT AMONG THEMSELVES. MY FATHER TOLD ME THAT SOMEONE WOULD GO HUNTING WITH A JAGUAR TO TELL HIM WHICH PATH TO TAKE. MY FATHER SANG ALONE LIKE THAT.
THEY HUNTED USING PERSONAL TRAILS RATHER THAN BELONGING TO A GROUP.. THE TRAILS ARE USED RESTRICTIVELY. THE TRAILS MAY NOT BE SHORTTENED. THE TRAILS MAY BE SHORT OR LONG. A HUNTER ARMED WITH A RIFLE WOULD ALSO USE DOGS HISTORICALLY. IF HE RETURNS WITHOUT ANY MEAT HE GOES THROUGH A PURIFYING SESSION. THIS ACTS AS A WAY TO EXPEL HARM.
THEY FISH WITH A NET. AND IT IS AN IMPORTANT FOOD SOURCE. THE WIFE SPENDS TIME THERE TOO. BY JUNE THEY CLEAR THE FIELDS SO BY AUGUST IT WILL DRY TO BURN. BY SEPTEMBER THEIR RICE IS HARVESTED . AFTER BURNING THEY PLANT SEEDS AS IT IS WARM, THEIR FORM OF AGRICULTURE IS SIMILAR TO OTHERS IN THE AREA.
SOCIOCONTINENTAL.ORG
THE FUNCI CREATED THE MANIODATE INDIGENOUS TERRITORY IN 1975. THEY TRANSFERRED THEM TO TO MANIOADATE TERRITORY. THIS IS AN AREA OF LAND THAT IS ABOUT 313,000 HA IN SIZE. THEY HAVE DEVELOPED MANY CITIES. THE MANCHMERI WERE LIVING ALONG THE MACAUCA AND CALATE RIVER. THEY LIVED UNTIL ABOUT 90 YEARS! IN THE PAST THERE WAS ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE FROM UPPER IACO. THEY HAD MANY CONTACTS WITH THEIR OTHER NEIGHBORS NEIGHBORS. THEY FORMED THE YANERI MEANING LIVING CLOSE TO EACH OTHER AND INTERMARRYING. THE NCIENT PEOPLE HERE CALLED PIRO SIMILARILY LIVED NEXT TO EACH OTHER. THEY HAD MANY TRIBAL NAMES. IN THE PAST THEY HAD ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE. THE PIRO SAY THEY DID NOT INTERMARRY BETWEEN EACH OTHER. THEY ONLY DID SO WHEN THEY ENSLAVED AND FORCED TO LIVE TOGETHER BY RUBBER BOSSES.
BY THE 19TH CENTURY THEY SAW THE START OF LARGE SCALE INVASIONS AND BEGAN TO SUFFER MASSACRES. PRESSURE CAME FROM TWO DIRECTIONS, BY RUBBER TAPPERS WHO ALSO SETTLED FAMILIES IN THIS REGION. AT FIRST THE INDIANS WERE NOT INCORPORATED AS A WORKFORCE IN RUBBER, BUT WERE FOREST GUIDES. IN THE QUEST FOR NEW RUBBER. WHEN THEIR CRISIS HIT THEY WERE ENCOURAGED TO REMOVE RUBBER.
RUBBER TRANSFORMED THEIR LIFE PROVOKING CONFLICTS OF OF THEIR ANCESTORS. THERE WAS A LONG CONFLICT WITH THE BOLVIANS. THEIR GOVERNMENT TRIED TO EXPEL THEM FROM THEIR LAND AND ENSLAVED THEM FOR EXTRACTING RUBBER, AND SUPPLYING GAME AND FISH AS WELL AS DOMESTIC WORK.
THEIR WORD FOR SHAMAN WAS KARRUNHOTI. THIS FIGURE IS OUND IN VARIOUS CIRCLES OF MANACHINARI LIFE. KARRUNHOTI WOULD VENTURE ABOVE INTO THE FOREST TO CONSUME WINE. HE WENT ALONE AND WITH WHOEVER HE WAS GOING TO CURE. THE NEXT DAY THE PAIENT WAS GOOD. WOMEN WOULD NOT GO ON ANY ACCOUNT. HE HAD MORE POLITICAL POWER THAN THE CHIEF. HE SUSPENDED HIS HAMMOCK AND BEGAN TO SING AND WHEN THE TIME WAS RIGHT HE WOULD SAY COME HERE. THE SICK PERSON CAME AND WHAT HE COULD TAKE OUT WITH HIS HANDS HE TOOK OUT. AND HE SUCKED OUT OTHER SICKNESS AS WELL.
WHEN SOMEONE DIE HE'D TAKE REVENGE AND KILL SOMEONE IN THE OLD DAYS. THEY FOUGHT AMONG THEMSELVES. MY FATHER TOLD ME THAT SOMEONE WOULD GO HUNTING WITH A JAGUAR TO TELL HIM WHICH PATH TO TAKE. MY FATHER SANG ALONE LIKE THAT.
THEY HUNTED USING PERSONAL TRAILS RATHER THAN BELONGING TO A GROUP.. THE TRAILS ARE USED RESTRICTIVELY. THE TRAILS MAY NOT BE SHORTTENED. THE TRAILS MAY BE SHORT OR LONG. A HUNTER ARMED WITH A RIFLE WOULD ALSO USE DOGS HISTORICALLY. IF HE RETURNS WITHOUT ANY MEAT HE GOES THROUGH A PURIFYING SESSION. THIS ACTS AS A WAY TO EXPEL HARM.
THEY FISH WITH A NET. AND IT IS AN IMPORTANT FOOD SOURCE. THE WIFE SPENDS TIME THERE TOO. BY JUNE THEY CLEAR THE FIELDS SO BY AUGUST IT WILL DRY TO BURN. BY SEPTEMBER THEIR RICE IS HARVESTED . AFTER BURNING THEY PLANT SEEDS AS IT IS WARM, THEIR FORM OF AGRICULTURE IS SIMILAR TO OTHERS IN THE AREA.
SOCIOCONTINENTAL.ORG
MACUNA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THEIR NAME MACUNA IS A SPEECH COMMUNITY. THEY LIVE IN A TROPICAL FOREST IN NORTHWEST AMAZON NEAR THE PIRA PARANA RIVERS. IN 1973 THEIR POPULATION WAS 400 FOLKS. IN 1989 THE CENSUS INCLUDED 600 FOLKS. THEIR LANGUAGE IS DIFFERENT CLANS EASTERN TUCANOAN. THE DIFFERENT CLANS FORM THE MACUNA SPEECH.
THEY HAD A VIOLENT CONFLICT IN THE PAST WITH WITH THEIR SOUTHERN NEIGHBORS. THE PORTUGUESE MET THEM IN 18TH CENTURY. DURING LATE 19TH CENTURY RUBBER WAS EXPLOITED. THE MACUNA EXPERIENCED THE IMPACT OF THE RUBBER COMPANIES. THEY WERE FORCED TO WORK FOR WHITE RUBBER PATRONS. THE FIRST CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES EXISTED SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY.
THEIR NEIGHBORS HAD A NEW ECONOMIC BOOM BASED ON GROWING CACAO LEAVES FOR COCAINE. SOON THE MACUNA ALSO WERE INVOLVED ALSO WERE INVOLVED. ANGLOS CAME HERE TO TRADE THESE LEAVES. THE BOOM ENDED BY 1980'S THE MACUNA NO COCAO LEAVES FOR SALE AND WHITE TRADERS AND THE TRADERS HAD LEFT. GOLD WAS FOUND NEARBY THEIR TERRITORY AND 1000'S OF WHITE GOLD MINERS CAME HERE . THE MACUNA UTILIZED THE GOLD RUSH AS A NEW SOURCE OF INCOME. SOME DIG FOR GOLD ON THEIR OWN OR LOOK FOR TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT.
THE GOVERNMENT CREATED TWO RESERVATIONS FOR THEM, INCLUDING A TERRITORY. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT FOR THEM. THEY LIVE IN A SINGLE FAMILY AND A MULTIFAMILY LONG HOUSE CALLED MALOCA. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF A ROUND AREA. ANOTHER IS RECTANGULAR AND EARLIER THEY HAD BUILT HUGE. BOTH ARE SEEN IN A NUMBER OF SMALL SINGLE SMALL FAMILY HOUSES. DURING IMPORTANT CEREMONIES 70 PEOPLE CAN BE ACCOMMODATED HERE. THE MALOCAS WERE IN TURN GROUPED INTO LARGE NEIGHBORHOODS.
NO MARRIAGE CEREMONY IS PERFORMED FOR THIS TRIBE. IT IS NEGOTIATED WITH BETWEEN SENIOR MEN OF FAMILIES INVOLVED. DIVORCE WAS RARELY PRACTICED. THE NUCLEAR FAMILY FORMED PART OF THE LARGER RESIDENCE THE FAMILY WAS THE BASIC UNIT AND IF THEY CLEARED LAND A GROUP OF FOLKS HELPED OUT. FISH AND GAME WERE SHARED BY FAMILIES OF THE MALOCA. FOOD SHARING IS COOPERATIVE. THEIR PROPERTY IS NOT INHERITED FROM FATHER TO SON.
CHILDREN ARE RAISED PERMISSIVELY. YOUNG KIDS ARE CARED FOR FOR BY THE MOTHER AND AN ELDER SIBLING. GIRLS HELP MOMS IN GARDENS AND DOMESTIC CHORES. BOYS HELP THEIR FATHER AND OLDER BOYS ON HUNTING AND FISHING TRIPS.
TODAY THEIR SCHOOLS ARE GOVERNMENT SPONSORED. IN 1970'S FORMAL SCHOOL WAS INTRODUCED.
THEY LIVE ON SWIDDEN, HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING OF WILD FOREST RESOURCES. THEIR STAPLE IS BITTER MANIOC. A LARGE NUMBER OF PLANTS OTHER PLANTS ARE GROWN-PLAINTAINS, SWEET POTATOES, BANANAS, PINEAPPLES AND SUGARCANE.. FISH IS THEIR PRIMARY PROTEIN. THEY SPEND A GOOD DEAL OF TIME HUNTING, PACAS, PECARRIES, AND TAPIRS, MONKEYS, AND CAMINS. THE FUR TRADE PLAYED AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE ECONOMY UNTIL THE 1970'S. WHEN IT WAS PROHIBITED. FARINHA, A MANIOC ROOT IS TRADED WITH ANGLOS FOR CENTURIES.
THEY PRODUCE POTTERY AND BASKETS. ARROW POISON IS ANOTHER PRODUCT THE MACUNA OBTAINED FROM MACU GROUPS. THEY PARTICIPATED IN LARGE SCALE TRADING SYSTEMS SEEMS TO HAVE OPERATED IN A LARGE AREA. THE MACUNA ARE EXPERT BASKET MAKERS. SALT IS PRODUCED LOCALLY, BUT TODAY IT IS OBTAINED FROM ONE ANGLO.THEY BUY METAL TOOLS, AXES, KNIVES, AND HUNTING, AND FISHING GEAR FROM ANGLOS.
EACH MACUNA CLAN IS CONSIDERED THE OWNER OF CERTAIN LAND PROPERTIES. THIS OWNERSHIP IS DERIVED FROM MYTH OF CREATION. EVERY CLAN MEMBER HAS THE RIGHT TO HUNT, FISH AND CLEAR LAND FOR CROPS. THE FOREST AND RIVER CROPS ARE THE COMMUNAL PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN FAMILIES. WHO HAVE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO THEIR FIELDS.
ACCORDING TO MACUNA THE WORLD AND ALL IN IT WAS CREATED BY 4 GODLIKE MYTHYLOGICAL AND ANCESTRAL MOTHERS, OR WOMAN SHAMANS. THE SEXUAL UNION BETWEEN THE MYTHOLOGICAL HEROS AND THE ANCESTRAL MOTHER GAVE BIRTH TO THE CLAN ANCESTORS. THEIR HEROS ARE THUNDER AND LIGHTENING WHEREAS THE ANCESTRAL MOTHER IS CONCEIVED IN A STAR.
THEY HAVE IMPORTANT CEREMONIES ALL PEOPLE NEED TO COME. ALL PEOPLE NEED TO COME TO THESE RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES. THERE ARE SHAMANS WHOMANAGE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS WORLD OF ANCESTORS. OTHERS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY HEALERS. THE SERVICES OF THE SHAMANS ARE REQUIRED CONTINUOUSLY.THE CHANTER RECOUNTS A MYTHOLICAL CREATION STORY, THAT REENACTS THE MAJOR DANCE RITUALS. TODAY ONLY MEN HOLD THESE IMPORTANT RITUAL OFFICES. IN THE PAST FEMALES WERE ALSO SHAMANS. DURING RITUALSONLY CEREMONIAL FOODS.FOODS ARE CONSUMED: COCA, TOBACCO, LOCALLY BREWED BEER, AND A HALLUCINOGENIC DRUG - YAGE. THESE COMMUNAL RITUALS DRAMATIZE AND SYMBOLICALLY REENACT MYTHICAL EVENTS TO THE CREATION OF THE WORLD AND THE PEOPLE LIVING HERE ARE BROUGHT BACK TO LIFE. THEY BELIEVE IN REIN CARNATION AND IN ALTERNATE GENERATIONS.
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THEY HAD A VIOLENT CONFLICT IN THE PAST WITH WITH THEIR SOUTHERN NEIGHBORS. THE PORTUGUESE MET THEM IN 18TH CENTURY. DURING LATE 19TH CENTURY RUBBER WAS EXPLOITED. THE MACUNA EXPERIENCED THE IMPACT OF THE RUBBER COMPANIES. THEY WERE FORCED TO WORK FOR WHITE RUBBER PATRONS. THE FIRST CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES EXISTED SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY.
THEIR NEIGHBORS HAD A NEW ECONOMIC BOOM BASED ON GROWING CACAO LEAVES FOR COCAINE. SOON THE MACUNA ALSO WERE INVOLVED ALSO WERE INVOLVED. ANGLOS CAME HERE TO TRADE THESE LEAVES. THE BOOM ENDED BY 1980'S THE MACUNA NO COCAO LEAVES FOR SALE AND WHITE TRADERS AND THE TRADERS HAD LEFT. GOLD WAS FOUND NEARBY THEIR TERRITORY AND 1000'S OF WHITE GOLD MINERS CAME HERE . THE MACUNA UTILIZED THE GOLD RUSH AS A NEW SOURCE OF INCOME. SOME DIG FOR GOLD ON THEIR OWN OR LOOK FOR TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT.
THE GOVERNMENT CREATED TWO RESERVATIONS FOR THEM, INCLUDING A TERRITORY. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT FOR THEM. THEY LIVE IN A SINGLE FAMILY AND A MULTIFAMILY LONG HOUSE CALLED MALOCA. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF A ROUND AREA. ANOTHER IS RECTANGULAR AND EARLIER THEY HAD BUILT HUGE. BOTH ARE SEEN IN A NUMBER OF SMALL SINGLE SMALL FAMILY HOUSES. DURING IMPORTANT CEREMONIES 70 PEOPLE CAN BE ACCOMMODATED HERE. THE MALOCAS WERE IN TURN GROUPED INTO LARGE NEIGHBORHOODS.
NO MARRIAGE CEREMONY IS PERFORMED FOR THIS TRIBE. IT IS NEGOTIATED WITH BETWEEN SENIOR MEN OF FAMILIES INVOLVED. DIVORCE WAS RARELY PRACTICED. THE NUCLEAR FAMILY FORMED PART OF THE LARGER RESIDENCE THE FAMILY WAS THE BASIC UNIT AND IF THEY CLEARED LAND A GROUP OF FOLKS HELPED OUT. FISH AND GAME WERE SHARED BY FAMILIES OF THE MALOCA. FOOD SHARING IS COOPERATIVE. THEIR PROPERTY IS NOT INHERITED FROM FATHER TO SON.
CHILDREN ARE RAISED PERMISSIVELY. YOUNG KIDS ARE CARED FOR FOR BY THE MOTHER AND AN ELDER SIBLING. GIRLS HELP MOMS IN GARDENS AND DOMESTIC CHORES. BOYS HELP THEIR FATHER AND OLDER BOYS ON HUNTING AND FISHING TRIPS.
TODAY THEIR SCHOOLS ARE GOVERNMENT SPONSORED. IN 1970'S FORMAL SCHOOL WAS INTRODUCED.
THEY LIVE ON SWIDDEN, HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING OF WILD FOREST RESOURCES. THEIR STAPLE IS BITTER MANIOC. A LARGE NUMBER OF PLANTS OTHER PLANTS ARE GROWN-PLAINTAINS, SWEET POTATOES, BANANAS, PINEAPPLES AND SUGARCANE.. FISH IS THEIR PRIMARY PROTEIN. THEY SPEND A GOOD DEAL OF TIME HUNTING, PACAS, PECARRIES, AND TAPIRS, MONKEYS, AND CAMINS. THE FUR TRADE PLAYED AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE ECONOMY UNTIL THE 1970'S. WHEN IT WAS PROHIBITED. FARINHA, A MANIOC ROOT IS TRADED WITH ANGLOS FOR CENTURIES.
THEY PRODUCE POTTERY AND BASKETS. ARROW POISON IS ANOTHER PRODUCT THE MACUNA OBTAINED FROM MACU GROUPS. THEY PARTICIPATED IN LARGE SCALE TRADING SYSTEMS SEEMS TO HAVE OPERATED IN A LARGE AREA. THE MACUNA ARE EXPERT BASKET MAKERS. SALT IS PRODUCED LOCALLY, BUT TODAY IT IS OBTAINED FROM ONE ANGLO.THEY BUY METAL TOOLS, AXES, KNIVES, AND HUNTING, AND FISHING GEAR FROM ANGLOS.
EACH MACUNA CLAN IS CONSIDERED THE OWNER OF CERTAIN LAND PROPERTIES. THIS OWNERSHIP IS DERIVED FROM MYTH OF CREATION. EVERY CLAN MEMBER HAS THE RIGHT TO HUNT, FISH AND CLEAR LAND FOR CROPS. THE FOREST AND RIVER CROPS ARE THE COMMUNAL PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN FAMILIES. WHO HAVE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO THEIR FIELDS.
ACCORDING TO MACUNA THE WORLD AND ALL IN IT WAS CREATED BY 4 GODLIKE MYTHYLOGICAL AND ANCESTRAL MOTHERS, OR WOMAN SHAMANS. THE SEXUAL UNION BETWEEN THE MYTHOLOGICAL HEROS AND THE ANCESTRAL MOTHER GAVE BIRTH TO THE CLAN ANCESTORS. THEIR HEROS ARE THUNDER AND LIGHTENING WHEREAS THE ANCESTRAL MOTHER IS CONCEIVED IN A STAR.
THEY HAVE IMPORTANT CEREMONIES ALL PEOPLE NEED TO COME. ALL PEOPLE NEED TO COME TO THESE RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES. THERE ARE SHAMANS WHOMANAGE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS WORLD OF ANCESTORS. OTHERS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY HEALERS. THE SERVICES OF THE SHAMANS ARE REQUIRED CONTINUOUSLY.THE CHANTER RECOUNTS A MYTHOLICAL CREATION STORY, THAT REENACTS THE MAJOR DANCE RITUALS. TODAY ONLY MEN HOLD THESE IMPORTANT RITUAL OFFICES. IN THE PAST FEMALES WERE ALSO SHAMANS. DURING RITUALSONLY CEREMONIAL FOODS.FOODS ARE CONSUMED: COCA, TOBACCO, LOCALLY BREWED BEER, AND A HALLUCINOGENIC DRUG - YAGE. THESE COMMUNAL RITUALS DRAMATIZE AND SYMBOLICALLY REENACT MYTHICAL EVENTS TO THE CREATION OF THE WORLD AND THE PEOPLE LIVING HERE ARE BROUGHT BACK TO LIFE. THEY BELIEVE IN REIN CARNATION AND IN ALTERNATE GENERATIONS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Tuesday, January 17, 2012
KAIABI INDIAN IN BRAZIL
THE KAIABI INDIAN HAVE VIGOROUSLY RESISTED THE INVASION OF THEIR LANDS BY RUBBER COMPANIES SINCE THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY. AFTER 1950'S THE LAND WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS. MOST KAIABI MOVED TO INDIAN PARK. THEY PRACTICED DIVERSE AGRICULTURE, WITH A COMPLEX DESIGN BASED ON THEIR MYTHOLOGY. THEY ARE ACTIVE IN INDIGENOUS MOVEMENT ORGANIZED IN DEFENSE OF OF THE PARK'S INTERESTS. THESE NATIVES WERE CONSIDERED WILD AND INDOMITABLE UNTIL THE 1900'S. MANY CONFLICTS TOOK PLACE WITH RUBBER COMPANIES, TRAVELERS, AND FUNCTIONARIES FROM THE INDIAN PROTECTION SERVICE. WERE INDUCED TO WORK FOR THE RUBBER COMPANIES. LATER THEY REMOVED TIMBER AND PLANTED FARMS. BY THE 1950'S THE LAND HAD BEEN DIVIDED INTO PLOTS BY THE STATE. THIS EXPEDITION MET THE KAIABI IN A SITUATION OF CONFLICT WITH NO LIKELIHOOD OF IMPROVEMENT. THE MIGRATION TO OTHER AREAS WITHIN THE TERRITORY AND ARMED RESISTANCE TO THE INVADERS WAS NOT FEASIBLE. NO ONE SUPPORTED THE NATIVES FOR THEIR LANDS. THE INDIAN PROTECTION SERVICE ACTED AGAINST THEM IN RECRUITING THEM TO WORK IN RUBBER COMPANIES. OR THEY COULD MOVE TO THEIR INDIGENOUS PARK.
THERE WAS A MIGRATION TO THIS PARK AFTER INVOLVEMENT WITH THE EXPEDITION. THERE WAS STILL A LOT OF CONFLICT. THIS LEFT DEEP MARKS AND DIVIDED THEM. THEIR WAS A SMALL GROUP WHICH DID NOT REMOVED TO INDIGENOUS PARK. THERE ARE CURRENTLY 1000 FOLKS IN HERE AND THEIR GROWTH RATE IS GOING UP. THEY NOW HAVE BETTER MEDICAL ASSISTANCE AND HIGH BIRTH RATES. THEY HAD SMALL FAMILY UNITS IN THEIR VILLAGES. THEY LATER ATTENDED THEIR FAMILIES INTO LARGER UNITS. THEIR ARE ADVANTAGES IN LIVING IN LARGER UNITS. SETTLEMENTS RANGE FROM SMALL ONE FAMILY GROUPINGS. BEFORE TRANSFERENCE THE KAIABI HOUSES WERE VERY LARGE SHELTERINGS FOR THEIR MEMBERS. THEY WERE BUILT WITH STRAW THATCHED ROOFS. THESE FOLKS ARE STRONGLY AGRICULTURAL WHICH THEY KEPT AS THEY MIGRATED TO A NEW COUNTRY. THEY CULTIVATED PLANTS AND HAD AN ELABORATE EXCHANGE SYSTEM. THEY PLANTED MANIOC SWIDDENS AND USED TO HARVEST VARIOUS PLANTS SUCH AS CORN, COTTON, POTATOES, YAM, AND BANANAS, BEANS, PUMPKIN, AND WATERMELON. THEIR STAPLE IS MANIOC FLOUR AND FISH. THIS IS COMPLIMENTED WITH CASSAVA BREAD AND FRUITS. WITH INCREASED SEDENTARISM OF THE GROUP THEY GOT HAVE MORE FISH.
THEY HAVE A RICH MATERIAL CULTURE AND MAKE BASKETS AND HAVE SIEVES. THEY ARE DECORATED WITH FIGURES FROM THESE GROUPS MYTHOLOGY. THEY ALSO WEAVE COTTON HAMMOCKS. THE KAIABI ARE WARRIOR PEOPLE. THEY HAVE RITUALS AFTER SOMEONE PASSES AWAY.
SOCIOAMBIENTAL.ORG
THERE WAS A MIGRATION TO THIS PARK AFTER INVOLVEMENT WITH THE EXPEDITION. THERE WAS STILL A LOT OF CONFLICT. THIS LEFT DEEP MARKS AND DIVIDED THEM. THEIR WAS A SMALL GROUP WHICH DID NOT REMOVED TO INDIGENOUS PARK. THERE ARE CURRENTLY 1000 FOLKS IN HERE AND THEIR GROWTH RATE IS GOING UP. THEY NOW HAVE BETTER MEDICAL ASSISTANCE AND HIGH BIRTH RATES. THEY HAD SMALL FAMILY UNITS IN THEIR VILLAGES. THEY LATER ATTENDED THEIR FAMILIES INTO LARGER UNITS. THEIR ARE ADVANTAGES IN LIVING IN LARGER UNITS. SETTLEMENTS RANGE FROM SMALL ONE FAMILY GROUPINGS. BEFORE TRANSFERENCE THE KAIABI HOUSES WERE VERY LARGE SHELTERINGS FOR THEIR MEMBERS. THEY WERE BUILT WITH STRAW THATCHED ROOFS. THESE FOLKS ARE STRONGLY AGRICULTURAL WHICH THEY KEPT AS THEY MIGRATED TO A NEW COUNTRY. THEY CULTIVATED PLANTS AND HAD AN ELABORATE EXCHANGE SYSTEM. THEY PLANTED MANIOC SWIDDENS AND USED TO HARVEST VARIOUS PLANTS SUCH AS CORN, COTTON, POTATOES, YAM, AND BANANAS, BEANS, PUMPKIN, AND WATERMELON. THEIR STAPLE IS MANIOC FLOUR AND FISH. THIS IS COMPLIMENTED WITH CASSAVA BREAD AND FRUITS. WITH INCREASED SEDENTARISM OF THE GROUP THEY GOT HAVE MORE FISH.
THEY HAVE A RICH MATERIAL CULTURE AND MAKE BASKETS AND HAVE SIEVES. THEY ARE DECORATED WITH FIGURES FROM THESE GROUPS MYTHOLOGY. THEY ALSO WEAVE COTTON HAMMOCKS. THE KAIABI ARE WARRIOR PEOPLE. THEY HAVE RITUALS AFTER SOMEONE PASSES AWAY.
SOCIOAMBIENTAL.ORG
KARAJA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THERE ARE ABOUT 2000 WHO SPEAK KRAJA. THIS TRIBE USED TO BE A HUNTING AND FARMING SOCIETY. THAT WAS PARTIALLY DISPLACED WHEN A HUGE IRON ORE DEPOSIT WAS FOUND THERE. THEY LIVED ON A RESERVATION ON AN ISLAND ALONG THE ARAQUAIA RIVER. BY THE 1970'S IT WAS BADLY MANAGED BY THE GOVERNMENT. TODAY THEY MAKE DOLLS THAT ARE OF HIGH VALUE AND ARE SO;D. THEY ORIGINALLY LIVED OFF HUNTING , FISHING, AND THEY DIDN'T COLLECT PLANT FOODS.
THERE WERE TWO SISTERS AS THE TALE GOES. ONE NIGHT THEIR FATHER TOLD THEM A STORY.
ONE SISTER SAID THE STARS ARE BEAUTIFUL. AND SHE ASKED WHAT WAS THAT IN THE SKY. HER FATHER ANSWERED SAYING IT WAS TAHINA-CA. IT IS FAR AWAY. THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN GET THERE IS TO REALLY WISH FOR IT IN YOUR HEART. SHE WISHED FOR THE STAR EVERY NIGHT.
ONE DAY SOMEONE CAME TO HER HOUSE. IT WAS TAHINA-CA. OUT OF JOY SHE WENT TO THE FIREPLACE AND GREW A FIRE. SHE CALLED HER FATHER AND SISTER JUST TO SEE HOW BIG THE STAR WAS. SHE BECAME DISAPPOINTED WHEN SHE REALIZED THE BIG GLOWING STAR WAS ONLY A VERY OLD MAN WITH WHITE HAIR.
SHE SHOUTED AT HIM AND BECAME VERY ANGRY. SHE SAID GO AWAY TAHINA-CA. HE TURNED HIS BACK AND STARTED TO CRY. THE YOUNG SISTER WAS SORRY FOR THE OLD MAN. SHE SAID I WILL MARRY YOU. THEN THE MAN WAS HAPPY.
AFTER THEIR MARRIAGE THE MAN SAID I MUST PREPARE A PIECE OF LAND TO PLANT SOME PLANTS THAT YOUR PEOPLE HAVE NOT SEEN. I MUST GO ALONE. HE WAS A WEAK MAN AND WENT TO THE RIVER TO DIP HIS HAND INTO THE RIVER TO PICK UP SOME SEEDS. OTHER TIMES HE WENT TO THE RIVER TO GET PLANTS. THEN HE CUT TREES FROM THE FOREST. THE WIFE DECIDE TO LOOK FOR HER HUSBAND. SHE FOUND THE OPEN CLEARING AND A YOUNG MAN TOILING AND SPREADING ASHES THERE. AS THE WIFE WAS AFRAID HER HUSBAND HAD BEEN HURT SHE ASKED HIM IF IF HE HAD SEEN AN OLD MAN. HE SMILED AND SAID "I AM TAHINA-CA". I TOOK THAT DISGUISE TO SEE IF THE ONE THAT WISHED ME REALLY WANTED ME DISPITE OF MY LOOKS. HE SAID LET'S GO BACK TO SHOW THEN ALL THSES PLANTS. THE FIRST WAS SAD THAT SHE HAD REFUSED HIM. SHE FAINTED AND BECAME A BIRD OF PREY WHO SHOUTS BEHIND THE NIGHT AS SOON AS THE STARS COME OUT.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.COM
THERE WERE TWO SISTERS AS THE TALE GOES. ONE NIGHT THEIR FATHER TOLD THEM A STORY.
ONE SISTER SAID THE STARS ARE BEAUTIFUL. AND SHE ASKED WHAT WAS THAT IN THE SKY. HER FATHER ANSWERED SAYING IT WAS TAHINA-CA. IT IS FAR AWAY. THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN GET THERE IS TO REALLY WISH FOR IT IN YOUR HEART. SHE WISHED FOR THE STAR EVERY NIGHT.
ONE DAY SOMEONE CAME TO HER HOUSE. IT WAS TAHINA-CA. OUT OF JOY SHE WENT TO THE FIREPLACE AND GREW A FIRE. SHE CALLED HER FATHER AND SISTER JUST TO SEE HOW BIG THE STAR WAS. SHE BECAME DISAPPOINTED WHEN SHE REALIZED THE BIG GLOWING STAR WAS ONLY A VERY OLD MAN WITH WHITE HAIR.
SHE SHOUTED AT HIM AND BECAME VERY ANGRY. SHE SAID GO AWAY TAHINA-CA. HE TURNED HIS BACK AND STARTED TO CRY. THE YOUNG SISTER WAS SORRY FOR THE OLD MAN. SHE SAID I WILL MARRY YOU. THEN THE MAN WAS HAPPY.
AFTER THEIR MARRIAGE THE MAN SAID I MUST PREPARE A PIECE OF LAND TO PLANT SOME PLANTS THAT YOUR PEOPLE HAVE NOT SEEN. I MUST GO ALONE. HE WAS A WEAK MAN AND WENT TO THE RIVER TO DIP HIS HAND INTO THE RIVER TO PICK UP SOME SEEDS. OTHER TIMES HE WENT TO THE RIVER TO GET PLANTS. THEN HE CUT TREES FROM THE FOREST. THE WIFE DECIDE TO LOOK FOR HER HUSBAND. SHE FOUND THE OPEN CLEARING AND A YOUNG MAN TOILING AND SPREADING ASHES THERE. AS THE WIFE WAS AFRAID HER HUSBAND HAD BEEN HURT SHE ASKED HIM IF IF HE HAD SEEN AN OLD MAN. HE SMILED AND SAID "I AM TAHINA-CA". I TOOK THAT DISGUISE TO SEE IF THE ONE THAT WISHED ME REALLY WANTED ME DISPITE OF MY LOOKS. HE SAID LET'S GO BACK TO SHOW THEN ALL THSES PLANTS. THE FIRST WAS SAD THAT SHE HAD REFUSED HIM. SHE FAINTED AND BECAME A BIRD OF PREY WHO SHOUTS BEHIND THE NIGHT AS SOON AS THE STARS COME OUT.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.COM
Monday, January 9, 2012
CULINA TRIBE IN BRAZIL
THE CULINA CALL THEMSELVES MADILLA PEOPLE AND DISTINGUISH SEVENTY OR MORE SUBGROUPS. THEY ARE NAMED BY ANIMALS. THEY LIVE IN VILLAGES SCATTERED ALONG THE RIVERS OF PURUS-JURUA IN WESTERN BRAZIL. THEY SPEAK ARAWAK LANGUAGES. THEIR PREHISTORY IS HOTLY DEBATED. THE ORIGINAL ARAWAKEN SPEAKERS LIVED NEAR THE PRESENT CITY OF OF MANUAUS AROUND 3000 B.C. IN THE ABSCENCE OF RESEARCH LITTLE ELSE IS KNOWN. IT APPEARS THAT THE CULINA FIRST AVOIDED CONTACT WITH RUBBER TAPPERS AND THEY DID HARD MANUAL LABOR. THEY HUNTED GAME. THEY CONTACTED THE OTHER BRAZILIANS WHO PROVED TO BE DESTRUCTIVE TO THEM. AMONG THE CULINA, THEIR GROUPS LIVING ALONG THE JURUA AND ENVIRON RIVERS THERE IS CONSIDERABLE CONTACT WITH BRAZILIANS. THEY RELY ON BRAZILIAN LOCAL ECONOMY. THEY ARE STRUGGLING TO HAVE THERE TERRITORY DEMARCATED. THEY WERE SUBJECTED TO SLAVERY, TORTURE AND MURDER. THEY GOT DISEASES AND MANY FOLKS DIED.
THE CULINA CONTINUED TO WORK RUBBER TAPPERS AND FARMERS ALONG THE RIVERS. BY THE LATE 1800'S THE CULINA BUILT THEIR VILLAGES DEEP IN THE FORESTS BETWEEN MAJOR WATERWAYS.
THEIR HOUSES WERE BUILT IN THE FORESTS IN LONGHOUSE STYLE. THE CENTRAL SPACE WAS USED FOR THE RITUALS AND COMMUNAL ACTIVITIES. THESE VILLAGES COULD HOLD ABOUT 300 INDIVIDUALS.
THE MOVEMENT TO RIVER BANKS PRODUCED CHANGES IN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS. FAMILIES BUILT SEPARATE HOUSES ABOUT 1 METER ABOVE GROUND. THEY HAVE A SINGLE ENCLOSED ROOM WITH A LARGE PLATFORM FOR COOKING. THESE LARGE VILLAGESEXTENDED FAMILIES WITH 200 PEOPLE.
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THE CULINA CONTINUED TO WORK RUBBER TAPPERS AND FARMERS ALONG THE RIVERS. BY THE LATE 1800'S THE CULINA BUILT THEIR VILLAGES DEEP IN THE FORESTS BETWEEN MAJOR WATERWAYS.
THEIR HOUSES WERE BUILT IN THE FORESTS IN LONGHOUSE STYLE. THE CENTRAL SPACE WAS USED FOR THE RITUALS AND COMMUNAL ACTIVITIES. THESE VILLAGES COULD HOLD ABOUT 300 INDIVIDUALS.
THE MOVEMENT TO RIVER BANKS PRODUCED CHANGES IN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS. FAMILIES BUILT SEPARATE HOUSES ABOUT 1 METER ABOVE GROUND. THEY HAVE A SINGLE ENCLOSED ROOM WITH A LARGE PLATFORM FOR COOKING. THESE LARGE VILLAGESEXTENDED FAMILIES WITH 200 PEOPLE.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
KAIABI INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THE KAIABI INDIANS HAVE VIGOROUSLY RESISTED THE INVASION OF THEIR LANDS BY THE RUBBER COMPANIES. SINCE THE END OF 19TH CENTURY. AFTER THE 1950'S THE LAND WAS DIVIDED INTO GROUPS. MOST KAIABI MOVED TO THE INDIAN PARK. THEY PRACTICED DIVERSE AGRICULTURAL WITH A COMPLEX DESIGNS BASED ON THEIR MYTHOLOGY. THEY ARE ACTIVE IN INDIGENOUS MOVEMENT ORGANIZED IN DEFENSE OF THE PARK'S INTERESTS.. THESE NATIVES WERE CONSIDERED WILD AND VERY WARLIKE UNTIL THE 1900'S. MANY CONFLICTS TOOK PLACE WITH RUBBER TAPPERS, TRAVELERS, AND FUNCTIONARIES FROM THE INDIAN PROTECTION SERVICE. LATER THE INDIANS WERE INDUCED TO WORK FOR THE RUBBER COMPANIES.
THEY REMOVED TIMBER AND PLANTED FARMS. BY THE 1950'S THE LAND HAD BEEN DIVIDED INTO PLOTS BY THE STATE. THIS EXPEDITION MET THE KAIABI IN A SITUATION OF CONFLICT WITH NO LIKELIHOODOF IMPROVEMENT. THE MIGRATION TO OTHER AREAS WITHIN THE TERRITORY AND ARMED RESISTANCE TO THE INVADERS WAS NOT FEASIBLE. NO ONE SUPPORTED THE NATIVES FOR THEIR LANDS. THE INDIAN PROTECTION SERVICE ACTED AGAINST THEM IN RECRUITING THEM TO WORK AGAINST THE THE RUBBER COMPANY. OR THEY COULD MOVE MOVE TO THEIR INDIGENOUS PARK. THERE WAS A MIGRATION TO THIS PARK AFTER INVOLVEMENT WITH THE EXPEDITION. THERE WAS STILL A LOT OF CONFLICT. THIS LEFT DEEP MARKS AND DIVIDED THEM. THERE WAS A SMALL GROUP WHICH DID NOT REMOVE TO INDIGENOUS PARK.
THERE ARE CURRENTLY 1000 FOLKS HERE, AND THEIR GROWTH RATE IS GOING UP. THEY NOW HAVE BETTER MECHANICAL ASSISTANCE AND HIGH BIRTH RATES. THEY HAD SMALL FAMILY UNITS IN THEIR VILLAGES EXTENDED THEIR FAMILIES INTO LARGER UNITS. THERE ARE ADVANTAGES OF LIVING IN LARGER UNITS.
SETTLEMENTS RANGE FROM SMALL ONE FAMILY GROUPS. BEFORE TRANSFERENCE THE KAIABI HOUSES WERE VERY LARGE SHELTERS FOR MANY MEMBERS. THEY WERE BUILT USING STRAW THATCHED ROOFS. THESE FOLKS ARE STRONGLY AGRICULTURAL WHICH THEY KEPT AS THEY MIGRATED TO A NE COUNTRY. THEY CULTIVATED PLANTS AND HAD AN ELABORATE SYSTEM . THEY PLANTED MANIOC SWIDDENS AND USED TO HARVEST VARIOUS PLANTS SUCH AS CORN, COTTON, POTATOES, YAMS, BANANAS, BEANS, PUMPKINS AND WATERMELONS. THEIR STAPLES OF THEIR DIET IS MANIOC FLOUR AND FISH. IT IS COMPLIMENTED CASA SAVA BREAD AND FRUITS. WITH INCREASED SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR OF THE GROUP THEY GOT ALOT MORE FISH. THEY HAVE A RICH MATERIAL CULTURE AND MAKE BASKETS AND COLT SIEVES. THEY ARE DECORATED WITH FIGURES FROM THE GROUP'S MYTHOLOGY. THEY ALSO WEAVE COTTON
HAMMOCKS.
THE KAIABI INDIANS ARE WARRIORS. THEY HAVE MANY RITUALS FOR MEMBERS WHO HAVE DIED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
THEY REMOVED TIMBER AND PLANTED FARMS. BY THE 1950'S THE LAND HAD BEEN DIVIDED INTO PLOTS BY THE STATE. THIS EXPEDITION MET THE KAIABI IN A SITUATION OF CONFLICT WITH NO LIKELIHOODOF IMPROVEMENT. THE MIGRATION TO OTHER AREAS WITHIN THE TERRITORY AND ARMED RESISTANCE TO THE INVADERS WAS NOT FEASIBLE. NO ONE SUPPORTED THE NATIVES FOR THEIR LANDS. THE INDIAN PROTECTION SERVICE ACTED AGAINST THEM IN RECRUITING THEM TO WORK AGAINST THE THE RUBBER COMPANY. OR THEY COULD MOVE MOVE TO THEIR INDIGENOUS PARK. THERE WAS A MIGRATION TO THIS PARK AFTER INVOLVEMENT WITH THE EXPEDITION. THERE WAS STILL A LOT OF CONFLICT. THIS LEFT DEEP MARKS AND DIVIDED THEM. THERE WAS A SMALL GROUP WHICH DID NOT REMOVE TO INDIGENOUS PARK.
THERE ARE CURRENTLY 1000 FOLKS HERE, AND THEIR GROWTH RATE IS GOING UP. THEY NOW HAVE BETTER MECHANICAL ASSISTANCE AND HIGH BIRTH RATES. THEY HAD SMALL FAMILY UNITS IN THEIR VILLAGES EXTENDED THEIR FAMILIES INTO LARGER UNITS. THERE ARE ADVANTAGES OF LIVING IN LARGER UNITS.
SETTLEMENTS RANGE FROM SMALL ONE FAMILY GROUPS. BEFORE TRANSFERENCE THE KAIABI HOUSES WERE VERY LARGE SHELTERS FOR MANY MEMBERS. THEY WERE BUILT USING STRAW THATCHED ROOFS. THESE FOLKS ARE STRONGLY AGRICULTURAL WHICH THEY KEPT AS THEY MIGRATED TO A NE COUNTRY. THEY CULTIVATED PLANTS AND HAD AN ELABORATE SYSTEM . THEY PLANTED MANIOC SWIDDENS AND USED TO HARVEST VARIOUS PLANTS SUCH AS CORN, COTTON, POTATOES, YAMS, BANANAS, BEANS, PUMPKINS AND WATERMELONS. THEIR STAPLES OF THEIR DIET IS MANIOC FLOUR AND FISH. IT IS COMPLIMENTED CASA SAVA BREAD AND FRUITS. WITH INCREASED SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR OF THE GROUP THEY GOT ALOT MORE FISH. THEY HAVE A RICH MATERIAL CULTURE AND MAKE BASKETS AND COLT SIEVES. THEY ARE DECORATED WITH FIGURES FROM THE GROUP'S MYTHOLOGY. THEY ALSO WEAVE COTTON
HAMMOCKS.
THE KAIABI INDIANS ARE WARRIORS. THEY HAVE MANY RITUALS FOR MEMBERS WHO HAVE DIED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
KARAJA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THERE ARE ABOUT 2000 PEOPLE WHO SPEAK KARAJA IN BRAZIL. THIS TRIBE USED TO BE A HUNTING AND FARMING SOCIETY THAT WAS PARTIALLY DISPLACED WHEN A HUGE IRON ORE DEPOSIT WAS FOUND HERE. THEY LIVE ON A RESERVATION ON AN ISLAND ALONG THE ARAQUAIA RIVER. BY THE 1970'S IT WAS BADLY MANAGED BY THE GOVERNMENT. TODAY THEY MAKE DOLLS THAT ARE OF HIGH VALUE AND SOLD.
THEY TRADITIONALLY LIVED OFF HUNTING AND FISHING AND THEY DIDN'T COLLECT PLANT FOODS APPARENTLY. THERE WERE TWO SISTERS AS THE TALE GOES AND 1 NIGHT THEIR FATHER TOLD THEM A SHORT STORY. ONE SISTER THOUGHT HOW BEAUTIFUL THE STARS WERE. SHE ASKED WHAT WAS THAT IN THE SKY. HER FATHER ANSWERED SAYING IT WAS TAHINA-CA. IT IS FAR AWAY. THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN GET IT IS TO REALLY WISH FOR IT IN YOUR HEART. SHE WISHED FOR THE STAR EVERY NIGHT.
ONE DAY SOMEONE CAME TO HER HOUSE. IT WAS TAHINA-CA. OUT OF JOY SHE WENT TO THE FIREPLACE WHERE SHE BUILT A FIRE. SHE CALLED HER FATHER TO SEE HOW BIG THE STAR WAS. SHE BECAME DISAPPOINTED WHEN SHE REALIZED THE BIG GLOWING STAR WAS ONLY A VERY OLD MAN WITH WHITE HAIR. SHE SHOUTED AT HIM AND GOT VERY ANGRY. SHE SAID GO AWAY! TAHINA-CA TURNED HIS BACK AND STARTED TO CRY. THE YOUNG SISTER WAS SORRY FOR THE OLD MAN. SHE SAID I WILL MARRY YOU; THEN THE MAN BECAME HAPPY.
AFTER THEIR MARRIAGE THE MAN SAID I MUST PREPARE A PIECE OF LAND TO PLANT SOME PLANTS THAT YOUR PEOPLE HAVE NOT SEEN. HE WAS A WEAK MAN AND I WENT TO THE RIVER AND WOULD DIP HIS HAND INTO THE WATER. TO PICK UP SOME SEEDS. OTHER TIMES SHE WENT TO THE RIVER TO GET PLANTS. THEN HE CUT TREES FROM THE FOREST . THE WIFE DECIDED TO LOOK FOR HER HUSBAND. SHE FOUND THE OPEN CLEARING AND A YOUNG MAN TOILING. AND A YOUNG MAN TOILING AND SPREADING ASHES THERE. AS THE WIFE WAS AFRAID HER HUSBAND HAD BEEN HURT SHE ASKED HIM IF HE HAD SEEN AN OLD MAN. HE SMILED AND SAID I AM TAHINA-CA. I TOOK OFF THAT DISGUISE TO SEE IF THE ONE THAT WISHED ME WOULD REALLY WANT ME DISPITE MY LOOKS. HE SAID LET'S GO BACK TO SHOW THEM ALL THESE PLANTS. THE FIRST WAS SAD THAT SHE HAD REFUSED HIM. SHE FAINTED AND BECAME A BIRD OF PREY WHO SHOUTS DURING THE NIGHT AS SOON AS THE STARS COME OUT.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
THEY TRADITIONALLY LIVED OFF HUNTING AND FISHING AND THEY DIDN'T COLLECT PLANT FOODS APPARENTLY. THERE WERE TWO SISTERS AS THE TALE GOES AND 1 NIGHT THEIR FATHER TOLD THEM A SHORT STORY. ONE SISTER THOUGHT HOW BEAUTIFUL THE STARS WERE. SHE ASKED WHAT WAS THAT IN THE SKY. HER FATHER ANSWERED SAYING IT WAS TAHINA-CA. IT IS FAR AWAY. THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN GET IT IS TO REALLY WISH FOR IT IN YOUR HEART. SHE WISHED FOR THE STAR EVERY NIGHT.
ONE DAY SOMEONE CAME TO HER HOUSE. IT WAS TAHINA-CA. OUT OF JOY SHE WENT TO THE FIREPLACE WHERE SHE BUILT A FIRE. SHE CALLED HER FATHER TO SEE HOW BIG THE STAR WAS. SHE BECAME DISAPPOINTED WHEN SHE REALIZED THE BIG GLOWING STAR WAS ONLY A VERY OLD MAN WITH WHITE HAIR. SHE SHOUTED AT HIM AND GOT VERY ANGRY. SHE SAID GO AWAY! TAHINA-CA TURNED HIS BACK AND STARTED TO CRY. THE YOUNG SISTER WAS SORRY FOR THE OLD MAN. SHE SAID I WILL MARRY YOU; THEN THE MAN BECAME HAPPY.
AFTER THEIR MARRIAGE THE MAN SAID I MUST PREPARE A PIECE OF LAND TO PLANT SOME PLANTS THAT YOUR PEOPLE HAVE NOT SEEN. HE WAS A WEAK MAN AND I WENT TO THE RIVER AND WOULD DIP HIS HAND INTO THE WATER. TO PICK UP SOME SEEDS. OTHER TIMES SHE WENT TO THE RIVER TO GET PLANTS. THEN HE CUT TREES FROM THE FOREST . THE WIFE DECIDED TO LOOK FOR HER HUSBAND. SHE FOUND THE OPEN CLEARING AND A YOUNG MAN TOILING. AND A YOUNG MAN TOILING AND SPREADING ASHES THERE. AS THE WIFE WAS AFRAID HER HUSBAND HAD BEEN HURT SHE ASKED HIM IF HE HAD SEEN AN OLD MAN. HE SMILED AND SAID I AM TAHINA-CA. I TOOK OFF THAT DISGUISE TO SEE IF THE ONE THAT WISHED ME WOULD REALLY WANT ME DISPITE MY LOOKS. HE SAID LET'S GO BACK TO SHOW THEM ALL THESE PLANTS. THE FIRST WAS SAD THAT SHE HAD REFUSED HIM. SHE FAINTED AND BECAME A BIRD OF PREY WHO SHOUTS DURING THE NIGHT AS SOON AS THE STARS COME OUT.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
Thursday, January 5, 2012
WE BOUGHT A ZOO MOVIE
I RECENTLY WENT TO A MOVIE THAT WAS ABOUT A DADA WITH A 4 YEAR OLD GIRL AND A TEENAGE BOY WHO IS ACTING OUT IN SCHOOL. THE DAD IS IN A JOB HE DOESN'T LIKE. HE DECIDES TO LOOK FOR ANOTHER HOUSE IN A DIFFERENT AREA AND TAKES ALONG HIS 4 YEAR OLD GIRL. AS SOON AS HE SEES AN OLD HOUSE IN THE COUNTRY BOTH OF THEM LIKE THE AREA. SO HE DECIDES TO BUY THIS ZOO NOT REALLY KNOWING WHAT ALL IS INVOLVED. THERE HAVE BEEN ABOUT 5 PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN DEDICATED TO TAKING CARE OF THE ANIMALS WITHOUT PAY. HIS TEENAGE SON IS DISAPPOINTED AS HE DOES NOT HAVE HIS FRIENDS AROUND HERE. THEY GET INTO ARGUMENTS AS THE DAD HAS NOT SPENT MUCH TIME WITH THE SON. HE FINDS OUT THAT THE ZOO IS VERY COSTLY TO RUN. ONE OF THE ACCOUNTANTS HAS THE WORKERS GO AGAINST HIM AS THEY HAVE NO MONEY IN THE ZOO ACCOUNT. AT TTHIS POINT THE OWNER PUTS ON HIS WIFE'S OLD SWEATSHIRT IN WHICH HE FINDS A NOTE THAT SHE LEFT HIM $80,000FOR CIRCUS MONEY! HE TALKS TO HIS OLDER BROTHER WHO THINKS HE SHOULD LET IT GO. INSTEAD HE HOLDS A MEETING WITH HIS STAFF AND TELLS THEM ABOUT HIS NEW ACCOUNT AND LET THE ACCOUNTANT GO. THERE ARE FUNNY SITUATIONS IN THIS MOVIE THAT WILL MAKE YOU LAUGH AND THERE ARE SAD PARTS AS WELL AS HE HAS TO EUTHENIZE A LARGE TIGER AS HE IS IN PAIN AND THERE IS NO WAY TO MEDICATE HIM. THERE ARE SOME 200 WILD ANIMALS AND THE ZOO HAS TO BE INSPECTED BY A STRICT AGENT. HE GIVES THEM THE OK AND THEY PUT UP SIGNS ALL AROUND TOWN. THE SUMMER HAS MUCH RAIN AND THEY GET DISAPPOINTED ABOUT IT. THEN ON THEIR OPENING DAY THERE IS MAGICALLY SUNSHINE AND THEY HAVE A RIBBON THAT IS CUT. WELL THEY SEE NO ONE COMING. HOWEVER THERE WAS A BIG TREE THAT FELL DOWN AND BEHIND IT THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE THAT THEY HELP SCRAMBLE OVER THE TREE. I CRIED AS I THOUGHT ABOUT ALL THAT WORK AND THE SURPRISE THAT THEY ACTUALLY DID HAVE A CROUD COME OUT.
Wednesday, January 4, 2012
GUARANI INDIANS IN BRAZIL
GUARANI INDIANS ARE PART OF THE TUPI TRIBE AND SPEAK GUARANI. THESE FOLKS ARE REPEATED TO PEOPLES OF SOUTH AMERICA. THEY LIVE IN PARAGUAY AND ACERIQUAY RIVERS AND LOWER PARAQUAY RIVER. THEIR POPULATION HAS BEEN REDUCED BY EUROPEAN DISEASES AND MANY HAVE INTERMARRIED WITH SOME EUROPEANS. THIS LANGUAGE IS STILL WIDELY SPOKEN BY WIDELY SPOKEN BY GUARANIN. THEIR CHILDREN LEARN IT IN SCHOOLS.
TUPA IS THERE CREATOR IN THE SCHOOLS. HE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THUNDER AND THE SUN. THEIR BELIEFS DOWN THROUGH WORD OF MOUTH NO WRITTEN RECORDS. MANY GUARANI HAVE BEEN ASSIMILATED INTO MODERN MANY SQUARES HAVE BEEN ASSIMILATED INTO MODERN SOCIETY THEIR BELIEFS ARE ALTERED OR REPLACED BY CHRISTIANITY. THEIR MYTHS AND LEGENDS HAVE PROVIDED THEM CORE BELIEFS IN RURAL AREAS CONTINUAL. TUPA IS THEIR SUPREME GOD OF ALL CREATION. HE GOT HELP FROM THE THE MOON GODDESS ARASY. THEY WERE IN A LOCATION SPECIFIED AS A HILL IN THE AREGUA, PARAGUAY. THIS IS WHERE THERE IS OPEN SPACE WITH THE OCEAN ON ONE SIDE AND FORESTS AND PLENTY OF ANIMALS. THEY ALSO MADE THE STARS. TUPA CREATED THE FIRST RACE OF PEOPLE IN AN ELABORATE CEREMONY. AFTER BREATHING LIFE INTO THE THE HUMAN FORMS HE LEFT INTO WITH THE GOOD AND EVIL FORCES. THE ORIGINAL HUMANS HAD THREE SONS AND A LARGE NUMBER OF DAUGHTERS. THE FIRST SON WAS THE WISEST AND THE GREAT PROPHET OF THE GUARANI. ONE OF THE GUARDIANS DAUGHTERS WAS PORASY WHO SACRIFICED HER LIFE IN ORDER TO RID THE WORLDS OF THE SEVEN THE 7 LEGENDARY MONSTERS. SEVERAL OF THE FIRST HUMANS WERE CONSIDERED TO HAVE ASCENDED UPON THEIR DEATHS AND BECOME MINOR VEHICLES.
THEIR BEUATIFUL DAUGHTER WAS MARRANGATU AND YES WAS CAPTURED BY THE EVIL SPIRIT. THEY HAD 7 SONS WHO WERE ALL CURSED. THEY ARE PRIMARY FIGURES. WHO IN THEIR MYTHOLOGY.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
TUPA IS THERE CREATOR IN THE SCHOOLS. HE IS ASSOCIATED WITH THUNDER AND THE SUN. THEIR BELIEFS DOWN THROUGH WORD OF MOUTH NO WRITTEN RECORDS. MANY GUARANI HAVE BEEN ASSIMILATED INTO MODERN MANY SQUARES HAVE BEEN ASSIMILATED INTO MODERN SOCIETY THEIR BELIEFS ARE ALTERED OR REPLACED BY CHRISTIANITY. THEIR MYTHS AND LEGENDS HAVE PROVIDED THEM CORE BELIEFS IN RURAL AREAS CONTINUAL. TUPA IS THEIR SUPREME GOD OF ALL CREATION. HE GOT HELP FROM THE THE MOON GODDESS ARASY. THEY WERE IN A LOCATION SPECIFIED AS A HILL IN THE AREGUA, PARAGUAY. THIS IS WHERE THERE IS OPEN SPACE WITH THE OCEAN ON ONE SIDE AND FORESTS AND PLENTY OF ANIMALS. THEY ALSO MADE THE STARS. TUPA CREATED THE FIRST RACE OF PEOPLE IN AN ELABORATE CEREMONY. AFTER BREATHING LIFE INTO THE THE HUMAN FORMS HE LEFT INTO WITH THE GOOD AND EVIL FORCES. THE ORIGINAL HUMANS HAD THREE SONS AND A LARGE NUMBER OF DAUGHTERS. THE FIRST SON WAS THE WISEST AND THE GREAT PROPHET OF THE GUARANI. ONE OF THE GUARDIANS DAUGHTERS WAS PORASY WHO SACRIFICED HER LIFE IN ORDER TO RID THE WORLDS OF THE SEVEN THE 7 LEGENDARY MONSTERS. SEVERAL OF THE FIRST HUMANS WERE CONSIDERED TO HAVE ASCENDED UPON THEIR DEATHS AND BECOME MINOR VEHICLES.
THEIR BEUATIFUL DAUGHTER WAS MARRANGATU AND YES WAS CAPTURED BY THE EVIL SPIRIT. THEY HAD 7 SONS WHO WERE ALL CURSED. THEY ARE PRIMARY FIGURES. WHO IN THEIR MYTHOLOGY.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
Tuesday, January 3, 2012
CURRIPAO INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THE CURRIPAO SPEAK 5 DIALECTS OF ARAWAK AND MAIPURE ALONG THE RIO ICANATHEY LIVE IN NORTHWESTERN AMAZON. SINCE ABORIGINAL TIMES THE WAKUENAI HAVE INHABITED THIS AREA OF THE AMAZON.
IN 1985 THERE WERE 54000 PEOPLE IN 133 COMMUNITIES IN BRAZIL AND VENEZUELLA. THESE FOLKS HAVE BEEN HERE SINCE 3500 B.P. ACCORDING TO THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS. BY THE 16TH CENTURY EUROPEANS ARRIVED! THEY HAD ENEMIES AS WELL AS FRIENDLY TRIBES.
PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH SLAVES TRADE PENETRATED THIS THE UPPER RIO NEGRO, RESULTING IN INTERTRIBAL WARFARE . BY THE 1750'S THEY ABOLISHED SLAVERY AND THEN THEY CONTRACTED DISEASES. THE FRONTIER MILITARY EXPLOITED INDIAN LABOR. THEIR ABUSES RESULTED IN INDIAN RESISTANCE AND MOVEMENTS THAT LASTED 40 YEARS.
BY 1870'S THE RUBBER BOOM REACHED THE UPPER RIO NEGRO. THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS WQERE CENTERED ON ANCESTRAL SPIRIT AND THE LAWS OF THE ANCESTORS. THEY HAD CREATURE RELATIONS AMONG HUMAN, ANIMALS, AND THE SPIRIT WORLD! THEY HAD A PROFOUND FAITH IN SHAMANS. THEY MEDIATED BETWEEN HUMANS AND DIETIES AND THE POWERS OF THE HIGHEST DIETIES. THEIR COSMIC HISTORY IS REMEMBERED IN SACRED MYTHS WHICH RECOUNT THE CREATION OF THE WORLD. THEIR CREATOR IS A TRICKSTER AND SHAMAN WHO DWELLS IN THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF THE COSMOS. THE CREATOR'S SON IS AN EXTRAORDINARY HUMAN, ANIMAL, SPIRIT BEING WHO GIVES SACRED KNOWLEDGE TO HUMANITY AND WHOSE SONG OPENED THE WORLD TO THE PRESENT FORM. THEY BELIEVE THERE ARE 10 TIES TO THE SKY QABOVE EACH ONE HAS A DIFFERENT CLASS OF SPIRITS. MISSIONARIES HAVE MODIFIED THEIR BELIEFS. THEY HAVE MANY SHAMANS. THEY HELD CEREMONIES WHENEVER THEIR WAS A SURPLUS OF FOODS. THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE WERE THE INITIATION RITUAL. THEY HAD SACRED FLUTES AND DRUMS. THE CURRIPAO STILL MAINTAIN MANU OF THEIR TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. THEIR ARTS INCLUDED PETROGLYPH MAKING, SINGING RITUAL CHANTING, PLAYING INSTRUMENTS, MYTH TELLING, BODY PAINTING.
THEY USE HERBAL MEDICINE FOR REMEDIES -CURING RITUALS BY SHAMANS AND HAVING SOME RESTRICTIONS IN THEIR DIET. THEIR CATHOLIC USE TRADITIONAL AND WESTERN MEDICINE.
THEY BELIEVE IN SORCERY IS BASED ON SORCERERS AND BAD SPIRITS. THEY BELIEVE AT DEATH TWO PARTS OF A PERSON'S SOUL SEPARATES. THEY COLLECT ANCESTOR'S SOUL. TWO OF A PERSON'S SOUL SEPARATES. THE COLLECTIVE ANCESTOR'S SOUL IS UNITED IN THE HUMAN BVODY. A SIMILAR PROCESS POLARITY OF SOULS OF SOULIS BELIEVED OF SOULS IS BELIEVED TO OCCUR WITH ANIMAL AND THIRD SPECIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
IN 1985 THERE WERE 54000 PEOPLE IN 133 COMMUNITIES IN BRAZIL AND VENEZUELLA. THESE FOLKS HAVE BEEN HERE SINCE 3500 B.P. ACCORDING TO THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS. BY THE 16TH CENTURY EUROPEANS ARRIVED! THEY HAD ENEMIES AS WELL AS FRIENDLY TRIBES.
PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH SLAVES TRADE PENETRATED THIS THE UPPER RIO NEGRO, RESULTING IN INTERTRIBAL WARFARE . BY THE 1750'S THEY ABOLISHED SLAVERY AND THEN THEY CONTRACTED DISEASES. THE FRONTIER MILITARY EXPLOITED INDIAN LABOR. THEIR ABUSES RESULTED IN INDIAN RESISTANCE AND MOVEMENTS THAT LASTED 40 YEARS.
BY 1870'S THE RUBBER BOOM REACHED THE UPPER RIO NEGRO. THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS WQERE CENTERED ON ANCESTRAL SPIRIT AND THE LAWS OF THE ANCESTORS. THEY HAD CREATURE RELATIONS AMONG HUMAN, ANIMALS, AND THE SPIRIT WORLD! THEY HAD A PROFOUND FAITH IN SHAMANS. THEY MEDIATED BETWEEN HUMANS AND DIETIES AND THE POWERS OF THE HIGHEST DIETIES. THEIR COSMIC HISTORY IS REMEMBERED IN SACRED MYTHS WHICH RECOUNT THE CREATION OF THE WORLD. THEIR CREATOR IS A TRICKSTER AND SHAMAN WHO DWELLS IN THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF THE COSMOS. THE CREATOR'S SON IS AN EXTRAORDINARY HUMAN, ANIMAL, SPIRIT BEING WHO GIVES SACRED KNOWLEDGE TO HUMANITY AND WHOSE SONG OPENED THE WORLD TO THE PRESENT FORM. THEY BELIEVE THERE ARE 10 TIES TO THE SKY QABOVE EACH ONE HAS A DIFFERENT CLASS OF SPIRITS. MISSIONARIES HAVE MODIFIED THEIR BELIEFS. THEY HAVE MANY SHAMANS. THEY HELD CEREMONIES WHENEVER THEIR WAS A SURPLUS OF FOODS. THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE WERE THE INITIATION RITUAL. THEY HAD SACRED FLUTES AND DRUMS. THE CURRIPAO STILL MAINTAIN MANU OF THEIR TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. THEIR ARTS INCLUDED PETROGLYPH MAKING, SINGING RITUAL CHANTING, PLAYING INSTRUMENTS, MYTH TELLING, BODY PAINTING.
THEY USE HERBAL MEDICINE FOR REMEDIES -CURING RITUALS BY SHAMANS AND HAVING SOME RESTRICTIONS IN THEIR DIET. THEIR CATHOLIC USE TRADITIONAL AND WESTERN MEDICINE.
THEY BELIEVE IN SORCERY IS BASED ON SORCERERS AND BAD SPIRITS. THEY BELIEVE AT DEATH TWO PARTS OF A PERSON'S SOUL SEPARATES. THEY COLLECT ANCESTOR'S SOUL. TWO OF A PERSON'S SOUL SEPARATES. THE COLLECTIVE ANCESTOR'S SOUL IS UNITED IN THE HUMAN BVODY. A SIMILAR PROCESS POLARITY OF SOULS OF SOULIS BELIEVED OF SOULS IS BELIEVED TO OCCUR WITH ANIMAL AND THIRD SPECIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
CUBEO CULTURE IN BRAZIL
THERE ARE ABOUT 7000 CUBEO SPEAKERS. THEY LIVE NEAR COLUMBIA NEAR THE AMAZON AMAZON RIVER. THEIR VILLAGES ARE ALONG THIS RIVER. THEIR IS NO INVESTIGATIONS OF THE VAUPE AREA. BY THE MID 17TH CENTURY THE FIRST MISSION VILLAGES WERE BUILT. THESE EXPLORERS RIO NEGRO AND PEREZ DE QUESADA WANTED ECONOMIC CONTROL OVER THE AREA. THEN SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE HAD SETTLEMENTS ON THE BORDER. AT THE END OF THE CENTURY THE COBEO HAD ANIMAL FARMS, AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION, MANUFACTURING, AND HACIENDAS, AND HANDICRAFTS. THERE CENTERS OF COMMERCE WERE MANY.
THE CUBEO WERE ABUSED BY THE MISSIONARIES AND MANIFESTED THEIR DISCONTENT BY MISS IONIC MOVEMENTS. BY LATE 1900'S THE CUBEO WERE SUBJECTED TO SUBHUMAN CONDITIONS, AS OUTSIDERS CAME TO EXTRACT RUBBER , BALEITA, CHICHLE, COCAINE AND GOLD. THE CUBEO REJECTED THE MISSIONARIES. PART OF THE CUBEO LAND HAS BEEN LEGALIZED AND GIVEN TO THE INDIANS. THEY NOW HAVE HEALTH AND EDUCATION SYSTEMS AND OTHER ENTERPRIZES. THEY TRADE WITH OTHER NEIGHBORING GROUPS DURING RECENT TIMES. THEY HAVE TIGHT LINKS TO ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE WITH THE BAMIVA AND ARAWAKEN SPEAKING GROUPS. THEIR SETTLEMENT ON THE VAWES RIVER HAS DEVELOPED THEIR SOCIETY IN A MORE DRAMATIC FORM THAN OTHER GROUPS.
THESE PEOPLE SPEAK TUKANO AND MAKE BARK CLOTH MASKS AND DOLLS. THEY WEAR THE MASKS DURING A MOURNING CEREMONY. THIS IS A COMPLEX CEREMONY CEREMONY . IT CAN LAST AT LEAST FOUR DAYS AND HAS 50 RITUAL EVENTS. IT TRANSLATES GRIEF WITH JOY. THEY MAKE KNEE LENGTH MASKS FROM WHITE BARK CLOTH AND PAINT ED THENRED WITH VEGETABLE DYES. THEY ARE WORN BY MALES. THEY REPRESENT INSECTS, OGRES, FOREST SPIRITS. SHAMANISM IS A COMPONENT OF THE CUBEO. THEY BELIEVE THE MASKS CONTAIN THE FULL SACRED POWER OF THE FULL SPIRIT DEPICTED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.
THE CUBEO WERE ABUSED BY THE MISSIONARIES AND MANIFESTED THEIR DISCONTENT BY MISS IONIC MOVEMENTS. BY LATE 1900'S THE CUBEO WERE SUBJECTED TO SUBHUMAN CONDITIONS, AS OUTSIDERS CAME TO EXTRACT RUBBER , BALEITA, CHICHLE, COCAINE AND GOLD. THE CUBEO REJECTED THE MISSIONARIES. PART OF THE CUBEO LAND HAS BEEN LEGALIZED AND GIVEN TO THE INDIANS. THEY NOW HAVE HEALTH AND EDUCATION SYSTEMS AND OTHER ENTERPRIZES. THEY TRADE WITH OTHER NEIGHBORING GROUPS DURING RECENT TIMES. THEY HAVE TIGHT LINKS TO ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE WITH THE BAMIVA AND ARAWAKEN SPEAKING GROUPS. THEIR SETTLEMENT ON THE VAWES RIVER HAS DEVELOPED THEIR SOCIETY IN A MORE DRAMATIC FORM THAN OTHER GROUPS.
THESE PEOPLE SPEAK TUKANO AND MAKE BARK CLOTH MASKS AND DOLLS. THEY WEAR THE MASKS DURING A MOURNING CEREMONY. THIS IS A COMPLEX CEREMONY CEREMONY . IT CAN LAST AT LEAST FOUR DAYS AND HAS 50 RITUAL EVENTS. IT TRANSLATES GRIEF WITH JOY. THEY MAKE KNEE LENGTH MASKS FROM WHITE BARK CLOTH AND PAINT ED THENRED WITH VEGETABLE DYES. THEY ARE WORN BY MALES. THEY REPRESENT INSECTS, OGRES, FOREST SPIRITS. SHAMANISM IS A COMPONENT OF THE CUBEO. THEY BELIEVE THE MASKS CONTAIN THE FULL SACRED POWER OF THE FULL SPIRIT DEPICTED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.
Monday, January 2, 2012
KASHINAWA TRIBE IN BRAZIL
THE KASHINAWA ARE INDIGENOUS ARE INDIGENOUS TO THE AMAZON. THEY ACCEPT OUTSIDERS. THEY LIVE IN 20 SETTLEMENTS. SCATTERED ALONG THE UPPER AMAZON. THEY HAVE 3000 LIVING HERE 2000 IN BRAZIL, AND 1000 IN CARONA PORTILLO. THEY PROBABLY LIVED HERE IN THE GENERAL AREA WHERE THEY PASS WHERE THEY PASSED. THEY HAVE LIVED HERE SINCE 1200 A.D. BRAZILIANS FROM THE 1860S MADE EXPEDITIONS TO LOCATE RUBBER, SARSAPARILLA, CACAO, AND COPAIBA OIL. THE EARLY COLONISTS SETTLED HERE. THESE EARLY CONTACTS SEEM TO HAVE BEEN PEACEFUL. BY 1898 PERUVIAN RUBBER WORKERS STAGED A PLANNED MASSACRE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND DECIMATED THEIR POPULATION AND DESIGNATED THEIR POPULATION. BY 1910 THE KASHINAWA WORKED RUBBER MAKERS FOR BRAZIL BOSSES UNDER THE THE DEBT-PEONAGE SYSTEM. OTHERS FLED AND MOVED TO THE PERU IN ISOLATION. MANY BECAME CATHOLICS LIKE THEIR BRAZILIAN BOSSES.
BY 1970 THEY BUILT A HIGHWAY THAT OPENED UP THE AREA TO CATTLE RANCHING. AND A BATTLE OVER CONTROL OVER OF THE LAND. IT STILL CONTINUES. THEY DEVELOPED AN INDIGENOUS MOVEMENT AND SOME NEW IDEAS OF THEIR OWN. THEY BUILT SCHOOL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATIVES. THEY STILL HAVE MUCH OF THEIR CULTURE AND ADEPT SOME BRAZIL SOME BRAZIL SOME BRAZIL ELEMENTS . THEY BUILT A SINGLE HOUSE LARGE HOUSE IN THE MIDDLE OF THEIR GARDEN. THEY MADE HOUSES WITH HARDWOOD POSTS AND THATCHED ROOFS AND EARTHEN FLOORS. THE VILLAGE HAD A 25 TO 1`000 25 TO 100 PEOPLE. ALONG THE RIVER BANKS. 25 TO 100 PEOPLE. ALONG RIVER BANKS THEY BUILT RAISED PALM BARK FLOOR HOUSES WITH SLEEPING ROOMS COOKING HUTS NEARBY.
THE KASHINAWA WERE ANIMISTS AND BELIEVED THAT ALL OF NATURE AND HUMANS HAVE A SPIRITUAL PART - YUSHIN SPIRITS LIKE HUMANS ARE MEAN AND PLAYFUL DURING DREAMS WHILE UNCONSCIOUS AND UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HALLUCINOGENIC BREW. MEN DRINK THIS BREW. CATHOLIC RELIGIOUS IDEAS HAVE NOT ELIMINATED THESE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. THEIR CEREMONIES CARE CARE FOR INITIATION, FERTILITY AND HEADMEAN RITUALS, AND A GREEN CORN MOON.
ONLY SOME MEN HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINE MEN. SOME MEN HAVE SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE AND PROVIDE HERBAL TREATMENT! THOSE NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBALS ARE TREATED BY HERBALS GIVEN BY A SHAMAN. WHEN ONE DIES THEY BELIEVE A PERSON'S SPIRIT DIESWITH HIM OR HER. ONE RELIEVES THE LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND ULTIMATELY DISSAPATES IN THE FOREST. OTHER SPIRITS JOIN ANCESTORS. OTHERS JOIN THE LIVING.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
BY 1970 THEY BUILT A HIGHWAY THAT OPENED UP THE AREA TO CATTLE RANCHING. AND A BATTLE OVER CONTROL OVER OF THE LAND. IT STILL CONTINUES. THEY DEVELOPED AN INDIGENOUS MOVEMENT AND SOME NEW IDEAS OF THEIR OWN. THEY BUILT SCHOOL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATIVES. THEY STILL HAVE MUCH OF THEIR CULTURE AND ADEPT SOME BRAZIL SOME BRAZIL SOME BRAZIL ELEMENTS . THEY BUILT A SINGLE HOUSE LARGE HOUSE IN THE MIDDLE OF THEIR GARDEN. THEY MADE HOUSES WITH HARDWOOD POSTS AND THATCHED ROOFS AND EARTHEN FLOORS. THE VILLAGE HAD A 25 TO 1`000 25 TO 100 PEOPLE. ALONG THE RIVER BANKS. 25 TO 100 PEOPLE. ALONG RIVER BANKS THEY BUILT RAISED PALM BARK FLOOR HOUSES WITH SLEEPING ROOMS COOKING HUTS NEARBY.
THE KASHINAWA WERE ANIMISTS AND BELIEVED THAT ALL OF NATURE AND HUMANS HAVE A SPIRITUAL PART - YUSHIN SPIRITS LIKE HUMANS ARE MEAN AND PLAYFUL DURING DREAMS WHILE UNCONSCIOUS AND UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HALLUCINOGENIC BREW. MEN DRINK THIS BREW. CATHOLIC RELIGIOUS IDEAS HAVE NOT ELIMINATED THESE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. THEIR CEREMONIES CARE CARE FOR INITIATION, FERTILITY AND HEADMEAN RITUALS, AND A GREEN CORN MOON.
ONLY SOME MEN HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINE MEN. SOME MEN HAVE SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE AND PROVIDE HERBAL TREATMENT! THOSE NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBALS ARE TREATED BY HERBALS GIVEN BY A SHAMAN. WHEN ONE DIES THEY BELIEVE A PERSON'S SPIRIT DIESWITH HIM OR HER. ONE RELIEVES THE LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND ULTIMATELY DISSAPATES IN THE FOREST. OTHER SPIRITS JOIN ANCESTORS. OTHERS JOIN THE LIVING.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
FORT ROSS STATE PARK
THIS STATE PARK WAS BUILT IN 1812 BY THE MEMBERS OF THE RUSSIAN-AMERICAN COMPANY WITH HELP BY THE ALASKANS NATIVES. IT LOOKED LARGER THE LAST TIME I WAS THERE BEFORE ABOUT 15 YEARS AGO. I SAW THE SPOUTING OF A WHALE, HAWKS, AND SEVERAL SEALS. THE PARKS WERE BUILDING A NEW WAREHOUSE. THEY HAVE A SMALL INTERPRETIVE CENTER, AND AT TIMES AS A FAMILY WE SAW A RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CEREMONY. THE FORT WAS MADE OF REDWOOD LOGS THAT WERE HEWED WITH AXES. ONE BUILDING HAD ALL KINDS OF METAL TOOLS THAT WERE HAND MADE BY A BLACKSMITH. THEY ALSO HAD BRICK MAKERS, TANNERS OF LEATHER, BARREL MAKING, AND SHIP BUILDING. THEY HAD BUILT 50 SOME BUILDINGS AT ONE TIME. IT COVERS ABOUT 3300 ACRES. THERE IS AN HISTORIC RANCH HOUSE THAT REPRESENTS THE RANCHING ERA THAT FOLLOWED THE 1840'S END OF THE FORT.
THIS SITE WAS AN OLD KASHAYA POMO COASTAL VILLAGE SITE. I NOTICED THE MIDDEN SOIL. THERE WAS VERY CLEAR WEATHER YESTERDAY. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUGGEST THAT THE KASHAYA MOVED THEIR VILLAGES FROM RIDGETOP TO FOOTHILLS TO THE CLIFFS ALONG THE COAST THEY WERE HERE FOR CENTURIES BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN AND GUALALA RIVERS. THEY ATE ABALONE, MUSSELS, AND FISH. THEY HARVESTED SEA SALT FOR TRADING. THEY COLLECTED PLANTS, ACORNS, DEER AND OTHER MAMMALS. THEY PRODUCED BEAUTIFUL BASKETS FROM WOOLLY SEDGE GRASS, BULLRUSH ROOTS, REDWOOD BARK, WILLOW AND REDBUD BRANCHES.. THEY COLORED THEIR BASKETS WITH JUICES AND BERRIES. DECORATED THEM WITH FEATHERS, QUILLS, AND BEADS. THEY TRADED WITH COAST MIWOK. THERE WAS A WELL IN THE CENTER OF THE FORT
IN 1742 THE RUSSIANS LEFT THE SIBERIAN AREA TO SEEK FUR BEARING MAMMALS NEAR THE EASTERN ISLANDS. IN 1784 SHELIKOV BUILT THE FIRST PERMANENT RUSSIAN VILLAGE ON KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA. HE ORGANIZED A RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY IN 1800 WHICH ESTABLISHED COLONIES FROM KODIAK ISLAND TO SITKA IN ALASKA AND HAWAII.
THE OPERATION EXPANDED WHEN AMERICAN SHIP CAPTAIN CONTRACTED WITH THIS COMPANY TO
JOINT VENTURES. THEY HAD ALASKANS HUNT FOR SEA OTTERS ALONG THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA AND BAJAS.OTTER PELTS WERE TRADED WITH CHINA AND THIS COMPANY MADE MANY PROFITS. THE COMPANY'S MANAGER HAD HIS ASSISTANT LOCATE A SITE IN CALIFORNIA THAT COULD BE A TRADING BASE. THEY USED BODEGA BAY AS THIS BASE. THEY HAD 40 RUSSIANS AND 150 ALASKANS EXPLORE THE ENTIRE REGION. THEY REMOVED 2000 SEA OTTER PELTS TO ALASKA.
TO BUILD FORT ROSS KUSKOV, AN ASSISTANT TO THE RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY, BROUGHT 25 RUSSIANS AND 80 ALASKANS TO BUILD HOUSES AND THE STOCKADE THEY GREW WHEAT AND OTHER CROPS FOR RUSSIANS IN ALASKA. IN 1820'S THEY BUILT THE RUSSIAN CHAPEL. THE SETTLEMENT HAD RUSSIANS, SIBERIANS, ALASKANS, HAWAIIANS, POMO0, MIXED EUROPEANS, THERE FOR AT LEAST 30 YEARS.
AFTER THE FORT CLOSED IN 1841, AND JOHN SUTTER BOUGHT IT. BY 1873 GEORGE CALL BOUGHT IT AND HAD AN 8000 ACRE PROPERTY. HE OWNED IT FOR 100 YEARS AND THEN IN 1903 STATE PARKS BOUGHT THE STOCKADE. THEY HAVE VARIOUS INTERPRETIVE LIVING HISTORY DAYS FOR SCHOOLS.
CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS
THIS SITE WAS AN OLD KASHAYA POMO COASTAL VILLAGE SITE. I NOTICED THE MIDDEN SOIL. THERE WAS VERY CLEAR WEATHER YESTERDAY. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUGGEST THAT THE KASHAYA MOVED THEIR VILLAGES FROM RIDGETOP TO FOOTHILLS TO THE CLIFFS ALONG THE COAST THEY WERE HERE FOR CENTURIES BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN AND GUALALA RIVERS. THEY ATE ABALONE, MUSSELS, AND FISH. THEY HARVESTED SEA SALT FOR TRADING. THEY COLLECTED PLANTS, ACORNS, DEER AND OTHER MAMMALS. THEY PRODUCED BEAUTIFUL BASKETS FROM WOOLLY SEDGE GRASS, BULLRUSH ROOTS, REDWOOD BARK, WILLOW AND REDBUD BRANCHES.. THEY COLORED THEIR BASKETS WITH JUICES AND BERRIES. DECORATED THEM WITH FEATHERS, QUILLS, AND BEADS. THEY TRADED WITH COAST MIWOK. THERE WAS A WELL IN THE CENTER OF THE FORT
IN 1742 THE RUSSIANS LEFT THE SIBERIAN AREA TO SEEK FUR BEARING MAMMALS NEAR THE EASTERN ISLANDS. IN 1784 SHELIKOV BUILT THE FIRST PERMANENT RUSSIAN VILLAGE ON KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA. HE ORGANIZED A RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY IN 1800 WHICH ESTABLISHED COLONIES FROM KODIAK ISLAND TO SITKA IN ALASKA AND HAWAII.
THE OPERATION EXPANDED WHEN AMERICAN SHIP CAPTAIN CONTRACTED WITH THIS COMPANY TO
JOINT VENTURES. THEY HAD ALASKANS HUNT FOR SEA OTTERS ALONG THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA AND BAJAS.OTTER PELTS WERE TRADED WITH CHINA AND THIS COMPANY MADE MANY PROFITS. THE COMPANY'S MANAGER HAD HIS ASSISTANT LOCATE A SITE IN CALIFORNIA THAT COULD BE A TRADING BASE. THEY USED BODEGA BAY AS THIS BASE. THEY HAD 40 RUSSIANS AND 150 ALASKANS EXPLORE THE ENTIRE REGION. THEY REMOVED 2000 SEA OTTER PELTS TO ALASKA.
TO BUILD FORT ROSS KUSKOV, AN ASSISTANT TO THE RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY, BROUGHT 25 RUSSIANS AND 80 ALASKANS TO BUILD HOUSES AND THE STOCKADE THEY GREW WHEAT AND OTHER CROPS FOR RUSSIANS IN ALASKA. IN 1820'S THEY BUILT THE RUSSIAN CHAPEL. THE SETTLEMENT HAD RUSSIANS, SIBERIANS, ALASKANS, HAWAIIANS, POMO0, MIXED EUROPEANS, THERE FOR AT LEAST 30 YEARS.
AFTER THE FORT CLOSED IN 1841, AND JOHN SUTTER BOUGHT IT. BY 1873 GEORGE CALL BOUGHT IT AND HAD AN 8000 ACRE PROPERTY. HE OWNED IT FOR 100 YEARS AND THEN IN 1903 STATE PARKS BOUGHT THE STOCKADE. THEY HAVE VARIOUS INTERPRETIVE LIVING HISTORY DAYS FOR SCHOOLS.
CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS
DECENDANTS MOVIE
THIS WEEKEND I SAW A GREAT WEEKEND. I USUALLY DON'T ATTEND MOVIES. SOMETHING ABOUT MY INTUITION TOLD ME THAT I SHOULD SEE THIS MOVIE ABOUT A RICH LAWYER AND HIS FAMILY. HIS WIFE HAD A MAJOR ACCIDENT SKIING IN HAWAII. SHE WAS IN A COMA AND WAS FED INTRAVENIOUSLY. HE DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO BE A FATHER AS HIS WIFE TOOK CARE OF THE KIDS. HE BROUGHT HIS OLDER COLLEGE DAUGHTER FROM ANOTHER ISLANDBACK TO SEE HER MOM, SHE SAID SHE WAS NEVER CLOSE TO HER. THE TWO DAUGHTERS USED BAD LANGUAGE AND HE DISCOURAGED THHEM TO DO THAT. THEY ALL WENT TO A BEACH TO SEE SOME LAND THAT HE WAS THINKING OF CONVERTING TO A HOUSING COMPLEX. HE ALSO MET UP WITH HIS DAD AND MOM WHO HAD DEMENTIA. HE DECIDED TO NOT DEVELOP THE LAND. AS IT ENDS UP HIS WIFE DIES . THEY THROW HER CREMATED ASHES INTO THE OCEAN AS THEY HAVE A CEREMONY ON A CANOE(DAD AND TWO DAUGHTERS). THEY CANOE OUT IN THE OCEAN AND THROW THEIR LAYS IN THE OCEAN TOO.
I MET SOME OLD FRIENDS THERE FROM HEALDSBURG.
I MET SOME OLD FRIENDS THERE FROM HEALDSBURG.
CENTER FOR SPIRITUAL LIVING
YESTERDAY I WENT TO THE CENTER OF SPIRITUAL LIVING WHERE THEY HAD A GOOD CHOIR SINGING AND WE ALSO SANG AND WE JOINED IN AN AFFIRMATION. THE MINISTER SAID THAT WE BE OPEN TO A WORLD THAT MUCH, MUCH MORE. I AM OPEN TO AN EXPERIENCE OF LIFE THAT IS BEYOND MY WILDEST DREAMS. HE HELPS MOTIVATE PEOPLE BY A VISION. THEY GAVE US SEEDS TO PLANT TO CELEBRATE THE NEW YEAR. THIS MINISTRY TEACHES US TO DEVELOP OUR SPIRITUAL LIFE BY ATTENDING CLASSES AND SPENDING TIME TO TRANSFORM OUR LIFE.
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