FROM LABOR DAY TO THE END OF SEPTEMBER THEIR IS AN INTERESTING EVENT HAPPENING AT THE SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS ACADEMY. THEIR IS AN OLD CHIMNEY WHERE THE SMALLEST SWIFTS IN NORTH AMERICA ROOST. THEY ARE CALLED VAUX SWIFTS. DURING LABOR DAY TO THE END OF SEPTEMBER THEIR IS A BLACK VORTEX OF SWIFTS FLYING AROUND SUNSET OF 10,0000 BIRDS THAT COME TO SLEEP OVERNIGHT IN A LARGE CHIMNEY. THEN IN THE MORNING THEY FLY OUT TO FEED DURING THE DAY THEY FLY OUT TO FEED . THEY HEAD TO SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA DURING THE WINTER. THEN IN APRIL THEY COME BACK HERE. THEY FINALLY NEST IN BRITISH COLUMBIA IN THE SPRING.
SCIENCE TEACHER, 7TH DAY ADVENTIST ACADEMY IN HEALDSBURG
Thursday, February 23, 2012
GRACE HUDSON MUSEUM VISIT
THE GRACE HUDSON MUSEUM WAS OPEN IN 1986. I VISITED IT IN LAST WEEKEND. IT IS AN IMPORTANT EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE AND HAS OVER 30,000 OBJECTS OF HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC VALUE. THEIR FOCUS IS ON THE HISTORY OF THE POMO INDIANS. JOHN HUDSON WAS A HOMEOPATHIC DOCTOR TURNED ETNOGRAPHER. BOTH HE AND GRACE BECAME WITH THE POMO AND HE BOUGHT A NUMBER OF BASKETS. SOME OF THESE ARE IN PRIVATE COLLECTIONS, THIS MUSEUM, AND THE SMITHSONIAN. HE AND GRACE PHOTOGRAPHED MANY OF THE INDIANS WHERE THEY LIVED IN THE LATE 1800'S.
THEY HAD AN ARCHITECT DESIGN THEIR CHARMING HOUSE IN 1911. IT WAS A CRAFTSMAN BUNGALOW HOUSE OF REDWOOD AND HAD ABOUT 5 ROOMS. IT IS ON THE HISTORIC REGISTER. A DOCENT GAVE US A TOUR OF THE HOUSE. I HAD NOT BEEN THERE FOR YEARS. THEY HAD FRIENDS SUCH AS LUTHER BURBANK.
GRACE LIVED UNTIL 1937 AND WAS FROM A WELL EDUCATED PIONEER FAMILY. SHE HAD AN EARLY TALENT FOR PORTRAITURE AND WAS TRAINED IN ART AT A SAN FRANCISCO COLLEGE. MOST OF HER PAINTINGS WERE OF THE POMO AND SOME HAWAIIANS. SHE BECAME NATIONALLY FAMOUS AND
'THE PAINTER LADY
' BOOK DESCRIBES HER LIFE AND THE LIFE OF THE POMO SHE PAINTED.
JOHN WAS FROM NASHVILLE. HE PRACTICED HOMEOPATHIC MEDICE THERE FOR A FEW YEARS BEFORE MOVING TO NORTHERN CALIFORNIA IN 1889. HE BECAME INTERESTED IN THE POMO . HE SPENT THE REST OF HIS LIFE AS A COLLECTOR AND SCHOLAR. HE RESEARCHED THEIR LIFESTYLE AS WELL AND BECAME AN ETHNOGRAPHER.
THE MUSEUM HAS COLLECTED ENOUGH MONEY TO BUILD A NEW WING ON THE MUSEUM. THEIR IS A KWAIKIUTL TOTEM POLE AT THE ENTRANCE. THE SUN HOUSE WAS NAMED FROM A HOPI SUN SIGN, A SYMBOL OF ETERNAL LIFE. THE HUDSON'S USED IT AS THEIR FAMILY EMBLEM.
THEIR ARE NUMEROUS HISTORIC BASKETS THAT WERE MADE AS WELL AS DESCRIPTIONS OF HER PAINTINGS. I USED TO DO YOGA CLASSES HERE IN ONE WING WHEN WE LIVED HER. THEY ARE PLANNING A $400,000 WING.
GRACEHUDSONMUSEUM.ORG
THEY HAD AN ARCHITECT DESIGN THEIR CHARMING HOUSE IN 1911. IT WAS A CRAFTSMAN BUNGALOW HOUSE OF REDWOOD AND HAD ABOUT 5 ROOMS. IT IS ON THE HISTORIC REGISTER. A DOCENT GAVE US A TOUR OF THE HOUSE. I HAD NOT BEEN THERE FOR YEARS. THEY HAD FRIENDS SUCH AS LUTHER BURBANK.
GRACE LIVED UNTIL 1937 AND WAS FROM A WELL EDUCATED PIONEER FAMILY. SHE HAD AN EARLY TALENT FOR PORTRAITURE AND WAS TRAINED IN ART AT A SAN FRANCISCO COLLEGE. MOST OF HER PAINTINGS WERE OF THE POMO AND SOME HAWAIIANS. SHE BECAME NATIONALLY FAMOUS AND
'THE PAINTER LADY
' BOOK DESCRIBES HER LIFE AND THE LIFE OF THE POMO SHE PAINTED.
JOHN WAS FROM NASHVILLE. HE PRACTICED HOMEOPATHIC MEDICE THERE FOR A FEW YEARS BEFORE MOVING TO NORTHERN CALIFORNIA IN 1889. HE BECAME INTERESTED IN THE POMO . HE SPENT THE REST OF HIS LIFE AS A COLLECTOR AND SCHOLAR. HE RESEARCHED THEIR LIFESTYLE AS WELL AND BECAME AN ETHNOGRAPHER.
THE MUSEUM HAS COLLECTED ENOUGH MONEY TO BUILD A NEW WING ON THE MUSEUM. THEIR IS A KWAIKIUTL TOTEM POLE AT THE ENTRANCE. THE SUN HOUSE WAS NAMED FROM A HOPI SUN SIGN, A SYMBOL OF ETERNAL LIFE. THE HUDSON'S USED IT AS THEIR FAMILY EMBLEM.
THEIR ARE NUMEROUS HISTORIC BASKETS THAT WERE MADE AS WELL AS DESCRIPTIONS OF HER PAINTINGS. I USED TO DO YOGA CLASSES HERE IN ONE WING WHEN WE LIVED HER. THEY ARE PLANNING A $400,000 WING.
GRACEHUDSONMUSEUM.ORG
Wednesday, February 22, 2012
WICHI INDIANS IN ARGENTINA
THE WICHI FISHERMEN DETECTS THE FISH BY NOTING MOVEMENTS IN THE RIVER. THEY USE A NET AND SWING IT DOWNWARD IN A TRAP. FOR 90 YEARS THEY HAVE ENDURED A GRADUAL TAKEOVER OF THEIR LAND BY OUTSIDERS. ONCE A FERTILE GRASSLAND THAT WAS ONCE A FERTILE DOTTED AREA WITH BUSHES AND TREES IS NOW A SOMEWHAT DESERT WITH MANY ANIMALS GONE.
THEY ARE NOT GOING TO DISAPPEAR. HOWEVER THEIR TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE IS VANISHING AS THE OUTSIDE WORLD IS SLOWLY TAKING OVER. THEY ARE ORGANIZING TO SECURE THEIR LAND
SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY THE EUROPEANS HAVE KILLED A NUMBER OF THEM, ALONG WITH A DISEASE. THESE FOLKS EXPLOITED THEIR ENVIRONMENT. TODAY THEY ARE STILL ABOUT 20 TO 50,000 IN A SEMI-ARID REGION. THEY LIVE INTIMATELY WITH THEIR SURROUNDINGS. THEY LIVE IN SCORCHING HEAT OF 50 DEGREES C. THEY FISH IN THE WINTER . IN SUMMER THEY GROW CORN, MELONS, BEANS, BEANS, PUMPKINS, IN SUMMER GARDENS. THEY HUNT QA VARIETY OF MAMMALS THEY MARRY SOME OF THEIR NEIGHBORS.
NATIVE WEB.ORG
THEY ARE NOT GOING TO DISAPPEAR. HOWEVER THEIR TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE IS VANISHING AS THE OUTSIDE WORLD IS SLOWLY TAKING OVER. THEY ARE ORGANIZING TO SECURE THEIR LAND
SINCE THE TURN OF THE CENTURY THE EUROPEANS HAVE KILLED A NUMBER OF THEM, ALONG WITH A DISEASE. THESE FOLKS EXPLOITED THEIR ENVIRONMENT. TODAY THEY ARE STILL ABOUT 20 TO 50,000 IN A SEMI-ARID REGION. THEY LIVE INTIMATELY WITH THEIR SURROUNDINGS. THEY LIVE IN SCORCHING HEAT OF 50 DEGREES C. THEY FISH IN THE WINTER . IN SUMMER THEY GROW CORN, MELONS, BEANS, BEANS, PUMPKINS, IN SUMMER GARDENS. THEY HUNT QA VARIETY OF MAMMALS THEY MARRY SOME OF THEIR NEIGHBORS.
NATIVE WEB.ORG
CHOROTE INDIANS IN ARGENTINA,BOLIVIA, AND PARAGUAN
CHOROTE INDIANS ARE IN PARAGUAN. THEY CALL THEMSELVES " YOXVAXA" MEANING THOSE WHO EAT DOVES. IN 1650'S THEY LIVED IN SOUTHERN CHACO ALONG THE RIVER. THEY WERE FORCED TO MOVE IN LATE COLONIAL TIMES TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE RIVER. THEIR CLIMATE IS TROPICAL. THEY ARE PART OF THE MATACA. IN 1980 THEY HAD 1200 FOLKS.
DURING THE 1900'S OF THEIR NEIGHBORS WERE HOSTILE. THE BOLIVIAN GOVERNMENT SENT OUT TROOPS TO PACIFY THIS TERRITORY. MORE CATTLE RANCHERS OCCUPIED THEIR TERRITORY AND BROUGHT THEIR UNITS INTO CONTACT WITH THE DOMINANT SOCIETY. THE CHACO WAR IN THE 1930'S IMPELLED THE CHOROTE TO MOVE CONTINUOSLY, AND THEY SETTLED IN MISSIONS IN ARGENTINA AND PARAGUAY. BY 1980 THE GOVERNMENT RECOGNIZED THE CHOROTE TO MOVE CONTINUOUSLY AND THEY SETTLED IN MISSIONSIN ARGENTINA AND PARAGUAY. BY 1980 THE GOVERNMENT RECOGNIZED THE NATIVE TERRITORY. SOME OF THE LAND WAS CEDED TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLES.
THEIR HOUSES WERE OF TWO TYPES: SEMI-SEDENTARY VILLAGES IN THE RAINY SEASON. THEIR DENSEST VILLAGES WERE ALONG THE RIVER BANKS. THE HUTS WERE IN A CIRCLE WITH AN OPENING TO THE PLAZA. DURING THE DRY SEASON THEY WENT TO TEMPORARY CAMPS. SOME OF THEM WERE IN MISSIONS. THEIR CIRCULAR ANCIENT VILLAGE WAS REPLACED BY A LUNAR PATTERN AS THEY MADE HOUSES OF MODERN DAY MATERIALS.
THEY DID NOT MARRY WITHIN THE TRIBE. THEIR MATRILOCAL FAMILY LINCLUDED 3 GENERATIONS 3 GENERATIONS. THE NUCLEAR FAMILY IS THE RESULT OF MIGRANT WORKERS AND WAGE EARNING SINCE THE 1900'S.
GRANDPARENTS WERE IMPORTANT TO THE FAMILY AS SOCIAL AND FOR TEACHING CHILDREN LEGENDS. THIS GIVES THE PARENTS A BREAK IN CONTINUAL CHILD RAISING. THE CHOYOTE RELIGIOUS BELIEF IS EXPRESSED THROUGH A DIALECTIC BETWEEN PRINCIPALS OF ORDER IN CONTEMPORARY TIME AND CHAOS IN MYTHICAL TIMES. THEY HAVE COMBINED NATIVE AND CHRISTIAN BELIEF. THEIR NATIVE BELIEF WAS IN A GROUP OF DIETIES. SOME WERE TRICKSTERS AND OTHERS WERE VERY ORDERLY.
ROLES OF RELIGIOIN WERE ACQUIRED THROUGH THE CHANNEL OF SHAMANISM. THE ANGELICAN MISSIONS LED A RIVALRY BETWEEN MODERN LEADERS. THEY HAVE CEREMONIES THAT HAVE MUCH DEBATE. THEY SERVE AND MAINTAIN A PERSON'S FULFILLMENT AND WAY TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES. THEY HAVE MUSIC AND DANCING.
ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY BOTH NATURAL AND SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON AND MAY BE CURED ACCORDINGLY WITH THE HELP OF MEDICINE OR A CURER. THEIR MEDICINES ARE DERIVED FROM PLANTS, FLOWERS, AND A CURER. WESTERN MEDICINES ARE PRESCRIBED BY CLINICAL DOCTORS AS WELL AS ANCIENT METHODS.
THEY BELIEVE IN REINCARNATION AND INCLUDE SOME FOOD AND OTHER ITEMS WITH THEM FOR THEIR JOURNEY.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
DURING THE 1900'S OF THEIR NEIGHBORS WERE HOSTILE. THE BOLIVIAN GOVERNMENT SENT OUT TROOPS TO PACIFY THIS TERRITORY. MORE CATTLE RANCHERS OCCUPIED THEIR TERRITORY AND BROUGHT THEIR UNITS INTO CONTACT WITH THE DOMINANT SOCIETY. THE CHACO WAR IN THE 1930'S IMPELLED THE CHOROTE TO MOVE CONTINUOSLY, AND THEY SETTLED IN MISSIONS IN ARGENTINA AND PARAGUAY. BY 1980 THE GOVERNMENT RECOGNIZED THE CHOROTE TO MOVE CONTINUOUSLY AND THEY SETTLED IN MISSIONSIN ARGENTINA AND PARAGUAY. BY 1980 THE GOVERNMENT RECOGNIZED THE NATIVE TERRITORY. SOME OF THE LAND WAS CEDED TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLES.
THEIR HOUSES WERE OF TWO TYPES: SEMI-SEDENTARY VILLAGES IN THE RAINY SEASON. THEIR DENSEST VILLAGES WERE ALONG THE RIVER BANKS. THE HUTS WERE IN A CIRCLE WITH AN OPENING TO THE PLAZA. DURING THE DRY SEASON THEY WENT TO TEMPORARY CAMPS. SOME OF THEM WERE IN MISSIONS. THEIR CIRCULAR ANCIENT VILLAGE WAS REPLACED BY A LUNAR PATTERN AS THEY MADE HOUSES OF MODERN DAY MATERIALS.
THEY DID NOT MARRY WITHIN THE TRIBE. THEIR MATRILOCAL FAMILY LINCLUDED 3 GENERATIONS 3 GENERATIONS. THE NUCLEAR FAMILY IS THE RESULT OF MIGRANT WORKERS AND WAGE EARNING SINCE THE 1900'S.
GRANDPARENTS WERE IMPORTANT TO THE FAMILY AS SOCIAL AND FOR TEACHING CHILDREN LEGENDS. THIS GIVES THE PARENTS A BREAK IN CONTINUAL CHILD RAISING. THE CHOYOTE RELIGIOUS BELIEF IS EXPRESSED THROUGH A DIALECTIC BETWEEN PRINCIPALS OF ORDER IN CONTEMPORARY TIME AND CHAOS IN MYTHICAL TIMES. THEY HAVE COMBINED NATIVE AND CHRISTIAN BELIEF. THEIR NATIVE BELIEF WAS IN A GROUP OF DIETIES. SOME WERE TRICKSTERS AND OTHERS WERE VERY ORDERLY.
ROLES OF RELIGIOIN WERE ACQUIRED THROUGH THE CHANNEL OF SHAMANISM. THE ANGELICAN MISSIONS LED A RIVALRY BETWEEN MODERN LEADERS. THEY HAVE CEREMONIES THAT HAVE MUCH DEBATE. THEY SERVE AND MAINTAIN A PERSON'S FULFILLMENT AND WAY TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES. THEY HAVE MUSIC AND DANCING.
ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY BOTH NATURAL AND SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON AND MAY BE CURED ACCORDINGLY WITH THE HELP OF MEDICINE OR A CURER. THEIR MEDICINES ARE DERIVED FROM PLANTS, FLOWERS, AND A CURER. WESTERN MEDICINES ARE PRESCRIBED BY CLINICAL DOCTORS AS WELL AS ANCIENT METHODS.
THEY BELIEVE IN REINCARNATION AND INCLUDE SOME FOOD AND OTHER ITEMS WITH THEM FOR THEIR JOURNEY.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Tuesday, February 21, 2012
AYMARA INDIAN IN ARGENTINA
THEIR NAME MEANS HUMAN LANGUAGE. IT INCLUDED ALL PEOPLE WHO SPOKE AYMARA LANGUAGE. THIS GROUP ARE ON A HIGH PLATEAU IN THE ANDES ABOUT 4000M ABOVE SEA LEVEL.. THEY ARE IN THE CENTER OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN CONTINENT. THEY LIVE IN THE CENTER OF SOUTH AMERICA ABOUT 7000M IN ELEVATION. THE SUMMER HAS DAILY RAINFALLS. IN 1950 THEIR POPULATION WAS 600,000 TO 900,000, PRIMARILY LIVING IN BOLIVIA. MANY STILL IN PERU. THE AYMARA ARE CONSIDERED DESCENDANTS OF SOME OF EARLIEST NATIVES HERE -THE TIAHUANACO. THEY LIVED HERE ABOUT 500 TO 200 A.D. TO A.D.1000. THEY SUDDENLY COLLAPSED. MOST FOLKS FROM ECUADOR, CHILI, ANS ARGENTINA WERE LINKED CLOSELY IN ECONOMY AND POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE INCAS. BUT THE AYMARA RETAINED THEIR LANGUAGE.
AFTER IN IN 1533, THE AYMARA SHARED THE FATE OF TH MOST SOUTH AMERICAN PEOPLE - SUPPRESSION. SPANIARDS EXPLOITED METAL AND FORCED THE INDIANS TO WORK IN MINES. IN 1825 THE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA RESULTED AFTER 15 YEARS OF WAR. THE BOLIVIAN AYMARA HAD A REVOLUTION IN 1952, LEADING TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REFORM. THIS STORMY POLITICAL SCENE HAS RESULTED IN AN UNDEVELOPED ECONOMY, POOR COMMUNITIES AND OTHER OTHER INDIAN PROBLEMS.
THE AYMARA SWITCHED TO PASTORALISM AND AGRICULTURE. THEY SETTLED IN A SMALL CLUSTER THROUGHOUT THE ALTIPLANO. SEVERAL 1000 YEARS LATER IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD , THEY HAD 2 TYPES OF HIGHLAND COMMUNITIES. A HACIENDA COMMUNITY AND A FREE HOLDING COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERGING SETTLEMENTS. THEIR HOMES BECAME WIDELY DISPERSED IN THE COMUNARIO, WHEREAS THE COLONIO WERE CLOSE KNIT CLUSTERS. THE BUILDINGS OF EACH UNIT WERE SURROUNDED WITH WALLS. IN THE 1950'S THEY BUILT URBAN CENTERS. TODAY THE AYMARA ARE PRACTICING CATHOLICISM. THEY BLEND IT WITH INDIGENOUS RELIGION. THEY BELIEVE IN THE SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON AS CLASSIFIED SIMILAR TO NATURAL ONES. RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE RANKED. SOME ANCIENT RITES ARE STILL PRACTICED THEIR SPIRITS LIVE IN HEAVEN AND HIGH MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES AND SACRED PLACES.
SEVERAL TYPES OF MAGICIANS ARE INTERMEDIARIES BETWEEN NATURAL AND THE SUPERNATURAL THEIR PRACTITIONERS WANT TO BRING ABOUT A BALANCE. MAGIC IS USED TO CURE SICKNESS, PLANTING, HARVESTING, CHILD BIRTH, AND OTHER RITUALS. THEY HAVE SEVERAL TYPES OF FIESTAS.
DURING CEREMONIES THEY HAVE BANDS AND DANCING. ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY NATURAL AND SUPERNATIONAL PHENOMENA. THEY CURE OF MEDICINE FROM PLANTS, FLOWERS, AND LEAVES AND TEAS. DOCTORS AND INDIGENOUS METHODS ARE USED. THEY HAVE FORMAL RITES OF PASSAGES FOR THE DECEASED. IT CAN BE A PERIOD OF 3 TO 10 YEARS. THEY BELIEVE THEIR SOULS COME BACK EARTH.
EVERY CULTURE.COM
AFTER IN IN 1533, THE AYMARA SHARED THE FATE OF TH MOST SOUTH AMERICAN PEOPLE - SUPPRESSION. SPANIARDS EXPLOITED METAL AND FORCED THE INDIANS TO WORK IN MINES. IN 1825 THE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA RESULTED AFTER 15 YEARS OF WAR. THE BOLIVIAN AYMARA HAD A REVOLUTION IN 1952, LEADING TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REFORM. THIS STORMY POLITICAL SCENE HAS RESULTED IN AN UNDEVELOPED ECONOMY, POOR COMMUNITIES AND OTHER OTHER INDIAN PROBLEMS.
THE AYMARA SWITCHED TO PASTORALISM AND AGRICULTURE. THEY SETTLED IN A SMALL CLUSTER THROUGHOUT THE ALTIPLANO. SEVERAL 1000 YEARS LATER IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD , THEY HAD 2 TYPES OF HIGHLAND COMMUNITIES. A HACIENDA COMMUNITY AND A FREE HOLDING COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERGING SETTLEMENTS. THEIR HOMES BECAME WIDELY DISPERSED IN THE COMUNARIO, WHEREAS THE COLONIO WERE CLOSE KNIT CLUSTERS. THE BUILDINGS OF EACH UNIT WERE SURROUNDED WITH WALLS. IN THE 1950'S THEY BUILT URBAN CENTERS. TODAY THE AYMARA ARE PRACTICING CATHOLICISM. THEY BLEND IT WITH INDIGENOUS RELIGION. THEY BELIEVE IN THE SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON AS CLASSIFIED SIMILAR TO NATURAL ONES. RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE RANKED. SOME ANCIENT RITES ARE STILL PRACTICED THEIR SPIRITS LIVE IN HEAVEN AND HIGH MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES AND SACRED PLACES.
SEVERAL TYPES OF MAGICIANS ARE INTERMEDIARIES BETWEEN NATURAL AND THE SUPERNATURAL THEIR PRACTITIONERS WANT TO BRING ABOUT A BALANCE. MAGIC IS USED TO CURE SICKNESS, PLANTING, HARVESTING, CHILD BIRTH, AND OTHER RITUALS. THEY HAVE SEVERAL TYPES OF FIESTAS.
DURING CEREMONIES THEY HAVE BANDS AND DANCING. ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY NATURAL AND SUPERNATIONAL PHENOMENA. THEY CURE OF MEDICINE FROM PLANTS, FLOWERS, AND LEAVES AND TEAS. DOCTORS AND INDIGENOUS METHODS ARE USED. THEY HAVE FORMAL RITES OF PASSAGES FOR THE DECEASED. IT CAN BE A PERIOD OF 3 TO 10 YEARS. THEY BELIEVE THEIR SOULS COME BACK EARTH.
EVERY CULTURE.COM
TACANA INDIANS IN BOLIVIA
THESE 5000 INDIANS LIVE ALONG THE MADRE DE DIOS RIVER. ABOUT 3500 PEOPLE SPEAK THEIR LANGUAGE. THE TACANA LANGUAGE BELONGS TO THE TACANA FAMILY AND IT HAS TWO DIALECTS. AFTER 16TH CENTURY MISSIONARIES ESTABLISHED MISSIONS AMONG THEM. THE TACONAS SPOKE QUECHUA. IN SOME REGIONS QUECHUA HAS ENTIRELY REPLACED THE TACONA LANGUAGE. THESE FOLKS WORK FOR CASH AND ARE LABORERS, CATTLE RAISERS, AND ARE SUBSISTENCE FARMERS.
THEY FORAGE FOR VEGETABLES AND FRUITS; MOST IMPORTANT WERE BRAZIL NUTS. FRUIT OF PALM AND TURTLE EGGS WERE SIGNIFICANT. HUNTING WAS A GROUP EFFORT WITH DOGS. THEY DRUG THE FISH WITH SALOMAN TREE AND SHOOT THEM. LARGER FISH ARE CAUGHT USING A WOODEN DOUBLE HOOK, THE DESIGN OF WHICH IS UNIQUE. THEY RAISE CHICKENS, ADOPTED CATTLE AND HORSE HUSBANDRY. TAGANA ARE ALSO HORTICULRUALISTS.
THEIR GARDENS ARE SCATTERED AND MUCH TIME IS SPENT FROM TRAVELING FROM EACH ONE TO THE OTHER. THEY HAVE BANANA AND PLANTAINS ALONG RIVERS. SOME TACUNA GROUPS, LIVED IN DWELLINGS AVERAGING 18 X 6 M AND HOUSING UP TO 20 FAMILIES. THEY SLEPT IN SMALL HUTS DESIGNED TO EXCLUDE MOSQUITOS. SOME GROUPS SLEPT ON THE GROUND. A CHIEF GAINS HIS PROVISION BY HIS PERSONALITY, HAVING A LARGE FAMILY. SOMETIMES A GROUP SPLITS IF THE NEW CHIEF'S BROTHER WISHES TO BE A CHIEF HIMSELF. A CHIEF'S FOLLOWERS MUST WORK FOR HIM.
CHILDREN MARRY AROUND AGE 10. WOMEN DELIVER THE CHILDREN IN THE FOREST. THEY PLAY A BALL GAME IN WHICH THEY HIT THE BALL WITH THEIR BELLIES. THEY PROTECT THEMSELVES WITH BELTS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THEY FORAGE FOR VEGETABLES AND FRUITS; MOST IMPORTANT WERE BRAZIL NUTS. FRUIT OF PALM AND TURTLE EGGS WERE SIGNIFICANT. HUNTING WAS A GROUP EFFORT WITH DOGS. THEY DRUG THE FISH WITH SALOMAN TREE AND SHOOT THEM. LARGER FISH ARE CAUGHT USING A WOODEN DOUBLE HOOK, THE DESIGN OF WHICH IS UNIQUE. THEY RAISE CHICKENS, ADOPTED CATTLE AND HORSE HUSBANDRY. TAGANA ARE ALSO HORTICULRUALISTS.
THEIR GARDENS ARE SCATTERED AND MUCH TIME IS SPENT FROM TRAVELING FROM EACH ONE TO THE OTHER. THEY HAVE BANANA AND PLANTAINS ALONG RIVERS. SOME TACUNA GROUPS, LIVED IN DWELLINGS AVERAGING 18 X 6 M AND HOUSING UP TO 20 FAMILIES. THEY SLEPT IN SMALL HUTS DESIGNED TO EXCLUDE MOSQUITOS. SOME GROUPS SLEPT ON THE GROUND. A CHIEF GAINS HIS PROVISION BY HIS PERSONALITY, HAVING A LARGE FAMILY. SOMETIMES A GROUP SPLITS IF THE NEW CHIEF'S BROTHER WISHES TO BE A CHIEF HIMSELF. A CHIEF'S FOLLOWERS MUST WORK FOR HIM.
CHILDREN MARRY AROUND AGE 10. WOMEN DELIVER THE CHILDREN IN THE FOREST. THEY PLAY A BALL GAME IN WHICH THEY HIT THE BALL WITH THEIR BELLIES. THEY PROTECT THEMSELVES WITH BELTS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
MOJO INDIANS IN BOLIVIA
17,000 MOJO INDIANS LIVE IN SOUTH CENTRAL BENI. 5,000 SPEAK MOJO, AN ARAWAKEN LANGUAGE. THE SPANISH MET THEM IN 1580. THEY HAD LARGE AGRICULTURAL FIELDS. THEY FOUGHT TWO ATTEMPTS TO TO CONQUER THEM IN THE EARLY 17TH CENTURY. THEY WERE CAPTURED BY SLAVE RAIDERS. BY THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES THEY WERE FORCED TO WORK AS RUBBER TAPPERS AND WORKED AS SERVANTS. THEY BECAME DISPERSED AND KNOW ARE SCATTERED WIDELY.
BY THE 1950'S THEY NOW LIVE PRIVATELY AS SUBSISTENCE FARMERS RAISE MANIOC, BANANAS AND SWEAT POTATOE, MAIZE AND SELL A SMALL SURPLUS OF THESE CROPS. THEY ARE SUCCESSFUL, HUNTERS, FISHERS, AND AGRICULTURE. IN THE PLAINS GROUPS OF MEN HUNT WITH DOGS TO COLLECT DEER. IN THE RAINY SEASONTHEY WOULD CLUB THE ANIMALS IN BOATS. THEY HUNTED DUCKS AFTER A DRINKING BOUT. THEIR CLOTHES WERE MADE FROM THE BARK OF TREES.
THEY MADE POTTERY WITH SPONGE ASHES. THE POWER OF THE CHIEF WAS INFORMAL. THE CHIEFS WERE SHAMANS. THEIR POWER WAS GREATER DURING THE WAR AND WHILE HUNTING. THESE ACTIVITIES REQUIRED STRICT OBEDIENCE.
MOJO MARRIAGES WERE FRAGILE WITH NO CEREMONIES. JUAGUARS WERE THE OBJECT OF CULT WORSHIP. MEN WHO WERE INJURED BY JAGUAR WERE SHAMANS.
EVERY CULTURE.COM
BY THE 1950'S THEY NOW LIVE PRIVATELY AS SUBSISTENCE FARMERS RAISE MANIOC, BANANAS AND SWEAT POTATOE, MAIZE AND SELL A SMALL SURPLUS OF THESE CROPS. THEY ARE SUCCESSFUL, HUNTERS, FISHERS, AND AGRICULTURE. IN THE PLAINS GROUPS OF MEN HUNT WITH DOGS TO COLLECT DEER. IN THE RAINY SEASONTHEY WOULD CLUB THE ANIMALS IN BOATS. THEY HUNTED DUCKS AFTER A DRINKING BOUT. THEIR CLOTHES WERE MADE FROM THE BARK OF TREES.
THEY MADE POTTERY WITH SPONGE ASHES. THE POWER OF THE CHIEF WAS INFORMAL. THE CHIEFS WERE SHAMANS. THEIR POWER WAS GREATER DURING THE WAR AND WHILE HUNTING. THESE ACTIVITIES REQUIRED STRICT OBEDIENCE.
MOJO MARRIAGES WERE FRAGILE WITH NO CEREMONIES. JUAGUARS WERE THE OBJECT OF CULT WORSHIP. MEN WHO WERE INJURED BY JAGUAR WERE SHAMANS.
EVERY CULTURE.COM
Monday, February 20, 2012
GUARANI INDIANS IN BOLIVIA
THESE INDIANS SPEAK GUARARI. THEY LIVE IN ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, URAGUAY, AND BOLIVIA.THEY HAVE 250,000 PEOPLE THERE. THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED ONCE EUROPEANS CAME HERE. THE PARAGUAN POPULATION LEARNS GUARANI FROM THEIR NEIGHBORS AND FORMLLY IN SCHOOL.
THEIR NAME MEANS 'PEOPLE'. SOME CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY. SOME HAVE NOT INTEGRATED INTO THE DOMINANT SOCIETY, BUT ARE NATIVES. GUARANI MEANS WARRIOR IN THEIR DIALECT. THEIR HISTORY IS NOT WELL KNOWN. THEIR EARLY HISTORY IS BASED ON EARLY TRADITION. THEY WERE NOMADIC AND LITTLE WAS WRITTEN IN THE HISTORIC RECORDS. THEIR EARLY VILLAGES WERE 10 TO 15 FAMILIES. COMMUNITIES WERE UNITED BY COMMON INTEREST. COMMUNITIES WERE UNITED BY COMMON COMMON INTEREST. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE GUARANI NUMBERED 400,000. ONCE EUROPEANS CAME HERE THEY WERE SEDENTARY AND WERE AGRICULTURAL WAS MANIOC, MAIZE, AND GAME.
THEY PASSED DOWN MYTHS. THEY KNEW MANY DIETIES WHO RULE AT NIGHT OR IN DIFFERENT PLACES. THERE WAS A WEREWOLF DIETY, AND ANIMISTIC LEGENDS WITH HUMMINGBIRDS WHO BRING GOOD SPIRITS. THEY BELIEVE IN REINCARNATION.THEIR IS A SACRED YERBA. THERE ARE ELFS AND GOBLINS. THERE ARE EVIL MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES. THEY HAVE A SACRED WATERFALL THAT HAVE SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE.
IN 1537 THE GONZOLO DE MENDOZA WENT THROUGH THROUGH PARAGUAY. HE ENCOUNTERED THE GUAYRA AND HAD THEIR GOVERNOR MAKE A POLICY THAT THEY COULD MARRY EUROPEANS. AND HE INITIATED ENSLAVEMENT OF THE INDIANS! THE DEPOT OF THE SLAVE TRADE WAS WHERE CRIMINALS REFUGED.
IN 1629 AN ARMY SURROUNDED A MISSION, SET FIRE TO A CHURCH AND OTHER BUILDINGS, KILLED THOSE WHO RESISTED AND CARRIED THE REST INTO SLAVERY. THEIR WERE SLAVE LABORERS WHO CAPTURED INDIANS AT MISSIONS. THEY BURNED CHURCHES. THE SLAVES WENT TO RIO DE JANEIRO. BY 1638 BY 1638 ALL THE MISSIONS WERE ABANDONED.
BY THIS TIME ONE FATHER WAS ABLE TO HAVE THE POPE FORBID ENSLAVEMENT OF THE MISSIONARIES. THEIR MISSIONS WERE TURNED OVER TO PRIESTS. BUT UNDER A CODE OF ORDERS THE MISSIONS DECLINED AND MANY EPIDEMICS HIT THE GUARANI PEOPLE.
TODAY NEARLY ALL THE FOREST TRIBES ARE ON PARAGUAY.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
THEIR NAME MEANS 'PEOPLE'. SOME CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY. SOME HAVE NOT INTEGRATED INTO THE DOMINANT SOCIETY, BUT ARE NATIVES. GUARANI MEANS WARRIOR IN THEIR DIALECT. THEIR HISTORY IS NOT WELL KNOWN. THEIR EARLY HISTORY IS BASED ON EARLY TRADITION. THEY WERE NOMADIC AND LITTLE WAS WRITTEN IN THE HISTORIC RECORDS. THEIR EARLY VILLAGES WERE 10 TO 15 FAMILIES. COMMUNITIES WERE UNITED BY COMMON INTEREST. COMMUNITIES WERE UNITED BY COMMON COMMON INTEREST. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE GUARANI NUMBERED 400,000. ONCE EUROPEANS CAME HERE THEY WERE SEDENTARY AND WERE AGRICULTURAL WAS MANIOC, MAIZE, AND GAME.
THEY PASSED DOWN MYTHS. THEY KNEW MANY DIETIES WHO RULE AT NIGHT OR IN DIFFERENT PLACES. THERE WAS A WEREWOLF DIETY, AND ANIMISTIC LEGENDS WITH HUMMINGBIRDS WHO BRING GOOD SPIRITS. THEY BELIEVE IN REINCARNATION.THEIR IS A SACRED YERBA. THERE ARE ELFS AND GOBLINS. THERE ARE EVIL MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES. THEY HAVE A SACRED WATERFALL THAT HAVE SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE.
IN 1537 THE GONZOLO DE MENDOZA WENT THROUGH THROUGH PARAGUAY. HE ENCOUNTERED THE GUAYRA AND HAD THEIR GOVERNOR MAKE A POLICY THAT THEY COULD MARRY EUROPEANS. AND HE INITIATED ENSLAVEMENT OF THE INDIANS! THE DEPOT OF THE SLAVE TRADE WAS WHERE CRIMINALS REFUGED.
IN 1629 AN ARMY SURROUNDED A MISSION, SET FIRE TO A CHURCH AND OTHER BUILDINGS, KILLED THOSE WHO RESISTED AND CARRIED THE REST INTO SLAVERY. THEIR WERE SLAVE LABORERS WHO CAPTURED INDIANS AT MISSIONS. THEY BURNED CHURCHES. THE SLAVES WENT TO RIO DE JANEIRO. BY 1638 BY 1638 ALL THE MISSIONS WERE ABANDONED.
BY THIS TIME ONE FATHER WAS ABLE TO HAVE THE POPE FORBID ENSLAVEMENT OF THE MISSIONARIES. THEIR MISSIONS WERE TURNED OVER TO PRIESTS. BUT UNDER A CODE OF ORDERS THE MISSIONS DECLINED AND MANY EPIDEMICS HIT THE GUARANI PEOPLE.
TODAY NEARLY ALL THE FOREST TRIBES ARE ON PARAGUAY.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
CALISTOGA EXCURSION
IN FEBRUARY I VISITED CALISTOGA FOR ADAY WALK AND IT WAS ABOUT 60 DEGREES. PEOPLE AT THE CALISTOGA INN WERE NOT SWIMMING AS IT WAS SO COLD! I WALKED AROUND THE TOWN IN THE SHOPS TALKING TO SOME PEOPLE AND VIEWED SOME OF THE SPAS AND THEIR ACCOMMODATIONS. THERE WERE NOT MANY PEOPLE HERE AS IT WAS PRETTY COLD. SOME FAMILIES AT THE PETRIFIED FOREST WERE HAVING A PICNIC. I SPOKE TO A NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO WERE SHOP OWNERS ABOUT MY BUSINESSES AND THEY HAD FEW VISITORS. THERE WAS A MODERN GALLERY AND THEY ADDED A HOT AIR BALLON BUSINESS. I TRIED TO GO THE HISTORIC BRANDON HOUSE BUT IT WAS BEING RESTORED. I VISITED THE MAIN PARK WHERE THERE IS A RIVER THAT GOES THROUGH TOWN. ONE OLDER MAN SAID THIS STREAM HAS SALMON THAT SWIM HERE TODAY. THERE WERE QUITE A FEW CHILDREN PLAYING ON THE EQUIPMENT.
THIS IS IN WAPPO TERROTORY. THERE WERE A NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO WERE EATING IN RESTAURANTS. I HAD BROUGHT MY OWN FOOD. THE MOUNTAINS WERE VERY PRETTY. I SAW A DEER ALONG THE WAY THAT HAD BEEN HIT BY A CAR. I CAME HOME AND TOOK A SHOWER AND DID SOME NEEDLEWORK. IT POURED THAT NIGHT AND I READ A BOOK.
THIS IS IN WAPPO TERROTORY. THERE WERE A NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO WERE EATING IN RESTAURANTS. I HAD BROUGHT MY OWN FOOD. THE MOUNTAINS WERE VERY PRETTY. I SAW A DEER ALONG THE WAY THAT HAD BEEN HIT BY A CAR. I CAME HOME AND TOOK A SHOWER AND DID SOME NEEDLEWORK. IT POURED THAT NIGHT AND I READ A BOOK.
CHORATE INDIANS IN THE BOLIVIA
THE MAIN CHORATE MEANS "THOSE EAT DOVES". THEY ARE RIVER PEOPLE. THEY CLIMATE IS TROPICAL OF A DRY RAINY TYPE. THE CHOROTE LANGUAGE IS OF THE MACA FAMILY. IN 1980 THEY HAD 1200 FOLKS.
THEY HAD FREQUENT INTERMARRIAGE WITH NEIGHBORS. THEY HAD SOME HOSTILE RELATIONS. THE CHACO WERE BETWEEN PARAGUAY AND BOLIVIA WAS IN 1932 TO 1935. IT IMPELLED CHOROTE TO MOVE CONTINOUSLY. THEY WERE FORCED TO SETTLE IN MISSIONS.
IN ABORIGINAL TIMES THE CHORATE HAD TWO TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS - SEMI SEDENTARY VILLAGES FOR RAIN AND TEMPORARY CAMPS FOR DRY SEASON. THEIR MOST DENSELY SETTLED VILLAGES WERE ON THE BANKS OF PILCO MAYO RIVER. THE HUTS WERE IN A CIRCLE AND ACCESS OPENINGS WERE ORIENTED TO A CENTRAL PLAZA WHERE RITUALS AND SPORTS TOOK PLACE. DURING THE DRY SEASON THEY BUILT TEMPORARY CAMPS.
IN SETTLING THE CHOROTE IN MISSIONS AND PREVENTING MULTI-ETHNIC SETTLEMENTS. THEIR CIRCULAR PATTERN OF VILLAGES WAS REPLACED BY A LINEAR TYPE OF PATTERN. THEIR HUTS WERE EVENTUALLY REPLACED BY MODERN MATERIALS. THEY DID NOT ALLOW MARRIAGE WITHIN THE BAND. IT WAS PROHIBITED. THE SCOPE OF EXOGAMY EXTENDED TO FRIENDLY FOLKS. THESE FOLKS DID NOT MARRY WITH THEIR BAND. DIVORCE CAN BE INITIATED BY EITHER SPOUSE.
THE DOMESTIC UNIT WITH YOUNG CHILDREN WERE THE ARTICULATION OF THEIR SOCIAL SYSTEM. THE MATRILOCAL FAMILY INVOLVES INCLUDES THREE GENERATION. CHILDREN WERE RAISED PERMISSIVELY AND GRANDPARENTS WERE FORMALLY THE MAIN SOCIALIZING AGENTS. THE ELDERS GIVE THEM INFORMAL ADVICE.
THE CHAROTE HAVE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS IN CHAOS THAT EXISTED IN MYTHICAL TIMES AND PRINCIPALS, OF ORDER IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES. THEY STILL HAVE ANCIENT RELIGIOUS IDEAS THAT ARE MIXED WITH CHRISTIAN BELIEF.
THEIR ORIGINAL NATIVE BELIEF WAS IN A GROUP OF DEITIES THAT PERSONIFY CHAOS AND ORDER OF EMPHASIZING EITHER THE TRICKSTER OR A GOOD BENEFICIAL OUTCOME. SUCH ARRANGEMENT IS THE OUTCOME OF EMPHASIZING EITHER THE TRICKSTER OR A GOOD BENEFICIAL OUTCOME.
THE RELIGIOUS ROLES WERE ACQUIRED THROUGH THE CHANNEL OF A SHAMAN. THEY DELIGHTED IN A CAROB FIEST AS A TRADITIONAL CEREMONY TO ENHANCE GROUP
SOCIOBILITY. MISSIONARIES WERE SHOCKED AT THESE ASPECTS. THE FEMALES WENT THROUGH
A FEMALE INITIATION. THERE WERE DRINKS, SCALPS, VIXTORY DANCES, AND DANCES OF YOUNG PEOPLE.
THEIR MEDICINE WAS FOR A SICKNESS THAT RESULTED FROM SOME MANIFESTATION OF SOME VITAL PRINCIPAL BY A SHAMAN'S MALEVOLENCE OR TABOO. THE CURING RITUAL OF SHAMAN'S AND ELDERS FEATURE MAGIC FLIGHT. THEIR CURING RITUALS IN WHICH SHAMANS AND ELDERS COLLABORATE FEATURES MAGICAL FLIGHT AND FIGHT/HELPING SPIRITS AND MASSAGING. THESE PRACTICES WERE REPRESENTED BY BY THE MISSIONARIES BUT SHAMANIC PRACTICES HAVE BEEN RIVIVED SINCE THE 1980'S. AND EXIST WITH MODERN MEDICINE.
THEY BELIEVE DEATH AND ACCESS A CERTAIN STATE OF BEING AND TRANSFORMING TO NE OF A CLASS OF MAINLY NEGATIVE DEITIES. THAT LIVE IN A SUBTERRANEAN WORLD.
EVERY-CULTURE.COM
THEY HAD FREQUENT INTERMARRIAGE WITH NEIGHBORS. THEY HAD SOME HOSTILE RELATIONS. THE CHACO WERE BETWEEN PARAGUAY AND BOLIVIA WAS IN 1932 TO 1935. IT IMPELLED CHOROTE TO MOVE CONTINOUSLY. THEY WERE FORCED TO SETTLE IN MISSIONS.
IN ABORIGINAL TIMES THE CHORATE HAD TWO TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS - SEMI SEDENTARY VILLAGES FOR RAIN AND TEMPORARY CAMPS FOR DRY SEASON. THEIR MOST DENSELY SETTLED VILLAGES WERE ON THE BANKS OF PILCO MAYO RIVER. THE HUTS WERE IN A CIRCLE AND ACCESS OPENINGS WERE ORIENTED TO A CENTRAL PLAZA WHERE RITUALS AND SPORTS TOOK PLACE. DURING THE DRY SEASON THEY BUILT TEMPORARY CAMPS.
IN SETTLING THE CHOROTE IN MISSIONS AND PREVENTING MULTI-ETHNIC SETTLEMENTS. THEIR CIRCULAR PATTERN OF VILLAGES WAS REPLACED BY A LINEAR TYPE OF PATTERN. THEIR HUTS WERE EVENTUALLY REPLACED BY MODERN MATERIALS. THEY DID NOT ALLOW MARRIAGE WITHIN THE BAND. IT WAS PROHIBITED. THE SCOPE OF EXOGAMY EXTENDED TO FRIENDLY FOLKS. THESE FOLKS DID NOT MARRY WITH THEIR BAND. DIVORCE CAN BE INITIATED BY EITHER SPOUSE.
THE DOMESTIC UNIT WITH YOUNG CHILDREN WERE THE ARTICULATION OF THEIR SOCIAL SYSTEM. THE MATRILOCAL FAMILY INVOLVES INCLUDES THREE GENERATION. CHILDREN WERE RAISED PERMISSIVELY AND GRANDPARENTS WERE FORMALLY THE MAIN SOCIALIZING AGENTS. THE ELDERS GIVE THEM INFORMAL ADVICE.
THE CHAROTE HAVE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS IN CHAOS THAT EXISTED IN MYTHICAL TIMES AND PRINCIPALS, OF ORDER IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES. THEY STILL HAVE ANCIENT RELIGIOUS IDEAS THAT ARE MIXED WITH CHRISTIAN BELIEF.
THEIR ORIGINAL NATIVE BELIEF WAS IN A GROUP OF DEITIES THAT PERSONIFY CHAOS AND ORDER OF EMPHASIZING EITHER THE TRICKSTER OR A GOOD BENEFICIAL OUTCOME. SUCH ARRANGEMENT IS THE OUTCOME OF EMPHASIZING EITHER THE TRICKSTER OR A GOOD BENEFICIAL OUTCOME.
THE RELIGIOUS ROLES WERE ACQUIRED THROUGH THE CHANNEL OF A SHAMAN. THEY DELIGHTED IN A CAROB FIEST AS A TRADITIONAL CEREMONY TO ENHANCE GROUP
SOCIOBILITY. MISSIONARIES WERE SHOCKED AT THESE ASPECTS. THE FEMALES WENT THROUGH
A FEMALE INITIATION. THERE WERE DRINKS, SCALPS, VIXTORY DANCES, AND DANCES OF YOUNG PEOPLE.
THEIR MEDICINE WAS FOR A SICKNESS THAT RESULTED FROM SOME MANIFESTATION OF SOME VITAL PRINCIPAL BY A SHAMAN'S MALEVOLENCE OR TABOO. THE CURING RITUAL OF SHAMAN'S AND ELDERS FEATURE MAGIC FLIGHT. THEIR CURING RITUALS IN WHICH SHAMANS AND ELDERS COLLABORATE FEATURES MAGICAL FLIGHT AND FIGHT/HELPING SPIRITS AND MASSAGING. THESE PRACTICES WERE REPRESENTED BY BY THE MISSIONARIES BUT SHAMANIC PRACTICES HAVE BEEN RIVIVED SINCE THE 1980'S. AND EXIST WITH MODERN MEDICINE.
THEY BELIEVE DEATH AND ACCESS A CERTAIN STATE OF BEING AND TRANSFORMING TO NE OF A CLASS OF MAINLY NEGATIVE DEITIES. THAT LIVE IN A SUBTERRANEAN WORLD.
EVERY-CULTURE.COM
Friday, February 17, 2012
AYMARA INDIANS IN ARGENTINA
THEIR NAME IS OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN. THEY JUST CALLED THEMSELVES HUMAN BEINGS. THEIR LOCATION IS CONCENTRATED IN ANDEAN HIGH PLATEAU OF 4000 M IN ELEVATION. THEY HAVE ABOUT 170,000 SQ. KM. IN THE SUMMER THEY HAVE DAILY RAINS. THEIR WINTERS ARE DROUGHTS. THEY LIVE NEAR THE LAKE TITICACA.
IN 1950 THEY HAD A POPULATION OF ABOUT 600,000 TO 900,000 IN BOLIVIA MAINLY ABOUT 1/2 LIVE IN IN PERU AND 30% LIVE IN BOLIVIA.
THE AYMARA ARE CONSIDERED THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS OF SOUTH AMERICA. THEY ARE ESTIMATED TO HAVE LIVED HERE BETWEEN 500 AND 200 B.C. TO 1000 A.D. THEIR CULTURE CULTURE SUDDENLY COLLAPSED BEFORE THE 13TH CENTURY. THE INCA REACHED THEIR PEAK BEFORE THE TENTH 15TH CENTURY. THE AYMARA WERE ABLE TO RETAIN THEIR LANGUAGE. THIS CONTRIBUTED TO 60% STILL PERSISTING CULTURAL AND SOCIAL SEPARATION.
AFTER 1533 WHEN THE SPANISH OVERTOOK THE AYMARA AND OTHER PEOPLE IN SOUTH AMERICA, THE INDIANS WERE SUPPRESSED. IN BOLIVIA THE SPANIARDS STARTED THE EXPLOITATION OF SILVER AND THE INDIANS WERE FORCED TO WORK IN MINES. THE 18TH CENTURY WAS OF GREAT UNREST AND THE VARIOUS INDIANS REVOLTED. THE AYMARA IN THE AREA WERE NOT AFFECTED AT THIS TIME.
HOWEVER, A REVOLUTION IN 1952 WHICH LED TO ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL REFORMATION SUCH AS UNIVERSAL SUFFERAGE, AND LAND REFORMATION AND UNDERDEVELOPED ECONOMY. THE QUECHUA ARE RELATED TO THEM. THEY BORROW RESOURCES WITH THEM. THEY SWITHED TO PASTORALISM AND AGRICTURE AND SETTLED IN SMALL CLUSTERS. SEVERAL 1000 YEARS LATER DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD TWO TYPES OF OF HIGHLANDS COMMUNITIES WERE FORMED. THE HACIENDA DOMINATED COMMUNITY AND MARGINAL COMMUNITY WHICH CONTRIBUTATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERGENT SETTLEMENT PATTERNS. THE AYMARA OWN DWELLINGS IN MORE THAN ONE ONE LOCATION. THEY ARE SURROUNDED BY A WALL. IN THE 1950'S THEY MIGRATED TO URBAN CENTERS. THEY KEPT THEIR PATTERN
WITH A WALL AROUND THEIR FAMILY.
THEIR MARRIAGES ARE AN ECONIMICAL UNION OF THREE HOUSEHOLDS - PARENTS OF THE GROOM, PARENTS OF THE BRIDE, AND NEWLYWEDS. MARRIAGES ARE ENTERED AS A SERIES OF STAGES. THE NUCLEAR FAMILY HAS EXTENDED NETWORKS. CHILDREN ARE RAISED WITH AND GUIDED VS. FORCED.
THE MAJORITY OF AYMARA TODAY ARE ROMAN CATHOLIC. THEY BLEND THEIR RELIGION WITH INDIGENOUS TRADITIONS. SOME OF THIER TRADITIONAL RITES ARE PRACTICED. SPIRITS ARE NOT IN HEAVEN BUT IN HIGH MOUNTAINS, AND OTHER SACRED P-LACES, RIVERS , LAKES.
THEIR INTERMEDIARIES BETWEEN THE THE NATURAL AND SUPERNATURAL SPHERES ARE SEVERAL KINDS OF MAGICIANS. THEY BRING A BALANCE BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURAL PHENOMENA. MAGIC IS USED IN COURTSHIP, AT CHILDBIRTH, TO CURE ILLNESS, AT PLANTING AND HARVEST RITUALS. THEIR RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS ARE SURROUNDED BY RULES AND REGULATIONS. THEY SERVE TO MAINTAIN THE PERSON'S FULFILLMENT OR OCCASSIONAL NEED TO EXPRESS GROUP COHESION. THEY USE MANY MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
ILLNESS IS BELIEVED TO BE CAUSED BY NATURE AND SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENA AND MAY BE CURED BY MEDICINEOR A CURER. MOST MEDICINES ARE FROM PLANTS, ROOT, FLOWERS, OR TEAS. THESE CAN BE USED WITH WESTERN MEDICINES FROM A DOCTOR.
BOTH FOOD AND DRINK ARE IMPORTANT TO THEIR MOURNING CELEBRATION. THEIR SOULS ARE BELIEVED TO RETURN TO EARTH AND TREATED PROPERLY.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
IN 1950 THEY HAD A POPULATION OF ABOUT 600,000 TO 900,000 IN BOLIVIA MAINLY ABOUT 1/2 LIVE IN IN PERU AND 30% LIVE IN BOLIVIA.
THE AYMARA ARE CONSIDERED THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS OF SOUTH AMERICA. THEY ARE ESTIMATED TO HAVE LIVED HERE BETWEEN 500 AND 200 B.C. TO 1000 A.D. THEIR CULTURE CULTURE SUDDENLY COLLAPSED BEFORE THE 13TH CENTURY. THE INCA REACHED THEIR PEAK BEFORE THE TENTH 15TH CENTURY. THE AYMARA WERE ABLE TO RETAIN THEIR LANGUAGE. THIS CONTRIBUTED TO 60% STILL PERSISTING CULTURAL AND SOCIAL SEPARATION.
AFTER 1533 WHEN THE SPANISH OVERTOOK THE AYMARA AND OTHER PEOPLE IN SOUTH AMERICA, THE INDIANS WERE SUPPRESSED. IN BOLIVIA THE SPANIARDS STARTED THE EXPLOITATION OF SILVER AND THE INDIANS WERE FORCED TO WORK IN MINES. THE 18TH CENTURY WAS OF GREAT UNREST AND THE VARIOUS INDIANS REVOLTED. THE AYMARA IN THE AREA WERE NOT AFFECTED AT THIS TIME.
HOWEVER, A REVOLUTION IN 1952 WHICH LED TO ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL REFORMATION SUCH AS UNIVERSAL SUFFERAGE, AND LAND REFORMATION AND UNDERDEVELOPED ECONOMY. THE QUECHUA ARE RELATED TO THEM. THEY BORROW RESOURCES WITH THEM. THEY SWITHED TO PASTORALISM AND AGRICTURE AND SETTLED IN SMALL CLUSTERS. SEVERAL 1000 YEARS LATER DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD TWO TYPES OF OF HIGHLANDS COMMUNITIES WERE FORMED. THE HACIENDA DOMINATED COMMUNITY AND MARGINAL COMMUNITY WHICH CONTRIBUTATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERGENT SETTLEMENT PATTERNS. THE AYMARA OWN DWELLINGS IN MORE THAN ONE ONE LOCATION. THEY ARE SURROUNDED BY A WALL. IN THE 1950'S THEY MIGRATED TO URBAN CENTERS. THEY KEPT THEIR PATTERN
WITH A WALL AROUND THEIR FAMILY.
THEIR MARRIAGES ARE AN ECONIMICAL UNION OF THREE HOUSEHOLDS - PARENTS OF THE GROOM, PARENTS OF THE BRIDE, AND NEWLYWEDS. MARRIAGES ARE ENTERED AS A SERIES OF STAGES. THE NUCLEAR FAMILY HAS EXTENDED NETWORKS. CHILDREN ARE RAISED WITH AND GUIDED VS. FORCED.
THE MAJORITY OF AYMARA TODAY ARE ROMAN CATHOLIC. THEY BLEND THEIR RELIGION WITH INDIGENOUS TRADITIONS. SOME OF THIER TRADITIONAL RITES ARE PRACTICED. SPIRITS ARE NOT IN HEAVEN BUT IN HIGH MOUNTAINS, AND OTHER SACRED P-LACES, RIVERS , LAKES.
THEIR INTERMEDIARIES BETWEEN THE THE NATURAL AND SUPERNATURAL SPHERES ARE SEVERAL KINDS OF MAGICIANS. THEY BRING A BALANCE BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURAL PHENOMENA. MAGIC IS USED IN COURTSHIP, AT CHILDBIRTH, TO CURE ILLNESS, AT PLANTING AND HARVEST RITUALS. THEIR RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS ARE SURROUNDED BY RULES AND REGULATIONS. THEY SERVE TO MAINTAIN THE PERSON'S FULFILLMENT OR OCCASSIONAL NEED TO EXPRESS GROUP COHESION. THEY USE MANY MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
ILLNESS IS BELIEVED TO BE CAUSED BY NATURE AND SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENA AND MAY BE CURED BY MEDICINEOR A CURER. MOST MEDICINES ARE FROM PLANTS, ROOT, FLOWERS, OR TEAS. THESE CAN BE USED WITH WESTERN MEDICINES FROM A DOCTOR.
BOTH FOOD AND DRINK ARE IMPORTANT TO THEIR MOURNING CELEBRATION. THEIR SOULS ARE BELIEVED TO RETURN TO EARTH AND TREATED PROPERLY.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
BARASANA INDIANS IN COLUMBIA
THESE INDIANS LIVE ON UAUPS RIVER AND ALONG MINOR RIVERS. THEY HAVE 17 ETHNIC GROUPS LIVING IN COLUMBIA.THE INDIANS SPEAK EASTERN TUKOAN LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE RANGE OF NETWORK OF EXCHANGES THAT INCLUDE MARRIAGE RITUALS AND COMMUNITIES.
SINCE 1650 A DRASTIC DECREASE IN POPULATION IN THE AMAZON OCCURRED DUE TO SLAVERY, EPIDEMICS, AND YLLOW FEVER. THERE WAS A NEED FOR MANUAL LABOR. THE MISSIONARIES AND COLONISTS WERE LED TO MAKE INCURSIONS INTO THE BACKLANDS OF THE RIVERS NEAR THE AMAZON, CAPTURING INDIANS AS SLAVES AND MASSACURING THOSE WHO RESISTED. THE CITY OF MANUAS BUILT IN 1670, WAS A BASE IN SEARCH FOR SLAVES. AFTER THE DEFEAT OF THE MANOA IN THE RIO NEGRO, THE PORTUGUESE WERE NOT AFFECTED BY THE WHITES. THE COMMERCE IN THE SLAVES WAS SO INTENSE THAT IN THE 1740'S ABOUT 20,000 INDIANS WERE PRISONERS.
THEY HAD OFFICIAL SLAVE TRADE. IN 1740 THE PORTUGUESE CONTACT WITH NATIVES KILLED A HUGE NUMBER OF FOLKS FROM SMALLPOX. CLOTHES MAY HAVE ALSO SPREAD THE DISEASE. BY 1750 AND 1760'S MEASLES WERE ANOTHER EPIDEMIC.
IN 1757 THE INDIANS REVOLTED AGAINST THE MISSIONARIES. THEY DESTROYED CHAPELS AND RELIGIOUS ITEMS KILLING A PRIEST. IN THE 18TH CENTURY THE PAST GOVERNMENT REMOVED THE POWER OF THE MISSIONS AND THEY LOST CONTROL OVER THE VILLAGE. THE MILITARY WERE THE DIRECTORS OF THE NATIVES. FINALLY THE MARQUE DE POMBAL PUT AN END TO SLAVERY AND THE INDIANS WERE ASSIMILATED TO COLONIAL SOCIETY . HE ESTABLISHED A SYSTEM FOR LABOR FOR MEN IN GOOD HEALTH. THEY BUILT HOUSES IN THE COLONIAL TOWN, AND OTHERS WORKED ON PLANTATIONS. THIS SYSTEM WAS NOT RESPECTED AND THE INDIANS WERE EXPLOITED AGAIN. HUNDREDS WERE TAKEN TO COLONIAL TOWNS. BY 1750 THE INDIANS TERRITORY WAS ALL OPEN BY THE PORT MILITARY AND THE INCREASE IN DEPOPULATION OF NATIVES IN VILLAGES. AGAIN THEY USED INDIANS TO WORK ON BOATS AND AGRICULTURE. THEIR AGRICULTURE WAS INDIGO, MANIOC AND CACAO. THE INDIANS MADE MANUAL REVOLTS.
THE RIO NEGRO IS THE LARGEST BLACKWATER RIVER IN THE WORLD. SPECIAQLISTS CHARACTERIZE THESE WATERS AS EXTREMELY ACIDIC AND POOR IN NUTRIENTS. THEY HAVE BEEN IMPOVISHED BY LEACHING. THIS POVERTY HAS AN EFFECT ON THE LIVES OF THE FISH . THE OPPOSITE OCCURS ON THE WHITEWATER RIVERS. THESE WATERS ARE RICH IN NUTRIENTS AND THE FISH OR PIRARUCA ARE ABUNDANT. THE FLOODED LANDS ARE INADEQUATE FOR MANIOC AND IS GROWN IN GARDENS. THIS AREA IS A HIGH AGRO-BIODIVERSITY.
IN FLOODED LANDS THE FISH LAY THEIR EGGS AND THEY ARE PRESERVED BY THE INDIANS. THEY BUILD THEIR HOUSES OF STRAW AND THATCH. THEIR BRUSH AREAS ARE PREFERED HABITAT TO GROW MEDICINAL PLANTS. THEY ALSO CULTIVATE PLANTS IN BRUSH AREAS. THEIR STRATEGIES OF HUNTING AND GATHERING AND LAND MOVEMENT HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE TO NOT DEGRADE THEIR LAND.
THEY GIVE RISE TO DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL ZONES. THEY ALSO USE SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS TO LET OLD CROPS DRY OUT AND LATER BURNED. EACH FAMILY HAS THREE GARDENS. AN IMPORTANT CHRACTERISTIC IS A RITUAL COMPLEX IN INVOLVING THE USE OF SACRED FLUTES AND TRUMPETS. THIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MYTHOLOGY INCLUDING AN INTIATION, THE ANCESTORS, WARFARE AND THE SEASONAL CYCLES. \
THE SHAMANS USED HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS AND CONTACT WITH MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. THE MEMBERS IN THESE CEREMONIES REUNITE DESPITE WITH THE MYTHICAL PAST. THEIR SOCIAL STRUCTURE GAINS GREATER VISIBILITY.
SOCIOAMBIENTAL.ORG
SINCE 1650 A DRASTIC DECREASE IN POPULATION IN THE AMAZON OCCURRED DUE TO SLAVERY, EPIDEMICS, AND YLLOW FEVER. THERE WAS A NEED FOR MANUAL LABOR. THE MISSIONARIES AND COLONISTS WERE LED TO MAKE INCURSIONS INTO THE BACKLANDS OF THE RIVERS NEAR THE AMAZON, CAPTURING INDIANS AS SLAVES AND MASSACURING THOSE WHO RESISTED. THE CITY OF MANUAS BUILT IN 1670, WAS A BASE IN SEARCH FOR SLAVES. AFTER THE DEFEAT OF THE MANOA IN THE RIO NEGRO, THE PORTUGUESE WERE NOT AFFECTED BY THE WHITES. THE COMMERCE IN THE SLAVES WAS SO INTENSE THAT IN THE 1740'S ABOUT 20,000 INDIANS WERE PRISONERS.
THEY HAD OFFICIAL SLAVE TRADE. IN 1740 THE PORTUGUESE CONTACT WITH NATIVES KILLED A HUGE NUMBER OF FOLKS FROM SMALLPOX. CLOTHES MAY HAVE ALSO SPREAD THE DISEASE. BY 1750 AND 1760'S MEASLES WERE ANOTHER EPIDEMIC.
IN 1757 THE INDIANS REVOLTED AGAINST THE MISSIONARIES. THEY DESTROYED CHAPELS AND RELIGIOUS ITEMS KILLING A PRIEST. IN THE 18TH CENTURY THE PAST GOVERNMENT REMOVED THE POWER OF THE MISSIONS AND THEY LOST CONTROL OVER THE VILLAGE. THE MILITARY WERE THE DIRECTORS OF THE NATIVES. FINALLY THE MARQUE DE POMBAL PUT AN END TO SLAVERY AND THE INDIANS WERE ASSIMILATED TO COLONIAL SOCIETY . HE ESTABLISHED A SYSTEM FOR LABOR FOR MEN IN GOOD HEALTH. THEY BUILT HOUSES IN THE COLONIAL TOWN, AND OTHERS WORKED ON PLANTATIONS. THIS SYSTEM WAS NOT RESPECTED AND THE INDIANS WERE EXPLOITED AGAIN. HUNDREDS WERE TAKEN TO COLONIAL TOWNS. BY 1750 THE INDIANS TERRITORY WAS ALL OPEN BY THE PORT MILITARY AND THE INCREASE IN DEPOPULATION OF NATIVES IN VILLAGES. AGAIN THEY USED INDIANS TO WORK ON BOATS AND AGRICULTURE. THEIR AGRICULTURE WAS INDIGO, MANIOC AND CACAO. THE INDIANS MADE MANUAL REVOLTS.
THE RIO NEGRO IS THE LARGEST BLACKWATER RIVER IN THE WORLD. SPECIAQLISTS CHARACTERIZE THESE WATERS AS EXTREMELY ACIDIC AND POOR IN NUTRIENTS. THEY HAVE BEEN IMPOVISHED BY LEACHING. THIS POVERTY HAS AN EFFECT ON THE LIVES OF THE FISH . THE OPPOSITE OCCURS ON THE WHITEWATER RIVERS. THESE WATERS ARE RICH IN NUTRIENTS AND THE FISH OR PIRARUCA ARE ABUNDANT. THE FLOODED LANDS ARE INADEQUATE FOR MANIOC AND IS GROWN IN GARDENS. THIS AREA IS A HIGH AGRO-BIODIVERSITY.
IN FLOODED LANDS THE FISH LAY THEIR EGGS AND THEY ARE PRESERVED BY THE INDIANS. THEY BUILD THEIR HOUSES OF STRAW AND THATCH. THEIR BRUSH AREAS ARE PREFERED HABITAT TO GROW MEDICINAL PLANTS. THEY ALSO CULTIVATE PLANTS IN BRUSH AREAS. THEIR STRATEGIES OF HUNTING AND GATHERING AND LAND MOVEMENT HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE TO NOT DEGRADE THEIR LAND.
THEY GIVE RISE TO DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL ZONES. THEY ALSO USE SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS TO LET OLD CROPS DRY OUT AND LATER BURNED. EACH FAMILY HAS THREE GARDENS. AN IMPORTANT CHRACTERISTIC IS A RITUAL COMPLEX IN INVOLVING THE USE OF SACRED FLUTES AND TRUMPETS. THIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A MYTHOLOGY INCLUDING AN INTIATION, THE ANCESTORS, WARFARE AND THE SEASONAL CYCLES. \
THE SHAMANS USED HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS AND CONTACT WITH MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. THE MEMBERS IN THESE CEREMONIES REUNITE DESPITE WITH THE MYTHICAL PAST. THEIR SOCIAL STRUCTURE GAINS GREATER VISIBILITY.
SOCIOAMBIENTAL.ORG
IKA TRIBE IN COLUMBIA
THE INDIANS OF THE SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA WERE NEVER TRULY VANQUISHED BY THE SPANIARDS. DESCENDANTS OF AN ANCIENT SOUTH AMERICAN CIVILIZATION CALLED THE TAYRONA, AWAVA, AND IKA NUMBERED ABOUT 45,000 TODAY.
FOR4 CENTURIES THEY FLED TO PEAKS OF 18,000 ' ABOVE THE CARRIBEAN. THEIR DREAM WAS TO BALANCE THE POTENTIAL OF THE HUMAN MIND AND SPIRIT WITH ALL THE FORCES OF NATURE. THEIR INTIATION CAN TAKE UP TO 18 YEARS. THEY ARE TAUGHT THE VALUE OF THEIR SOCIETY.
SEPARATED BY LANGUAGE DIALECTS ALL OF THE TRIBES ABOVE HAVE SIMILAR MYTH AND MEMORY. THEY ARE TRUE MYTH AND MEMORY. THEY ARE TRUE TO THEIR ANCIENT RITUALS. THEY ARE INSPIRED BY A RITUAL PRIESTHOOD. THEY BELIEVE THEIR SPIRITUAL WORK ALONE MAINTAINS THEIR COSMIC BALANCE.
THEY CALL THE FORCE OF CREATION THE"ALUNA", HUMAN THOUGHT, SAIL AND IMAGINATION. THEIR 9 LAYERED WORLD OF THEIR COSMOLOGY WAS ALL EXPRESSIONS OF CREATION, AND EACH INFORMS THE OTHER. THE WHITE HATS WORN BY THE ARHUACO TRIBE SYMBOLIZE SNOWFIELDS OF SACRED PEAKS. THE HAIR ON A PERSON'S BODY ECHOS FOREST TREES THAT COVER MOUNTAINS. EVERY ELEMENT OF NATURE IS EMBUED WITH GREAT SIGNIFICANCE. AND ALL CREATURES CAN BE SEEN AS TEACHERS.
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC.COM
FOR4 CENTURIES THEY FLED TO PEAKS OF 18,000 ' ABOVE THE CARRIBEAN. THEIR DREAM WAS TO BALANCE THE POTENTIAL OF THE HUMAN MIND AND SPIRIT WITH ALL THE FORCES OF NATURE. THEIR INTIATION CAN TAKE UP TO 18 YEARS. THEY ARE TAUGHT THE VALUE OF THEIR SOCIETY.
SEPARATED BY LANGUAGE DIALECTS ALL OF THE TRIBES ABOVE HAVE SIMILAR MYTH AND MEMORY. THEY ARE TRUE MYTH AND MEMORY. THEY ARE TRUE TO THEIR ANCIENT RITUALS. THEY ARE INSPIRED BY A RITUAL PRIESTHOOD. THEY BELIEVE THEIR SPIRITUAL WORK ALONE MAINTAINS THEIR COSMIC BALANCE.
THEY CALL THE FORCE OF CREATION THE"ALUNA", HUMAN THOUGHT, SAIL AND IMAGINATION. THEIR 9 LAYERED WORLD OF THEIR COSMOLOGY WAS ALL EXPRESSIONS OF CREATION, AND EACH INFORMS THE OTHER. THE WHITE HATS WORN BY THE ARHUACO TRIBE SYMBOLIZE SNOWFIELDS OF SACRED PEAKS. THE HAIR ON A PERSON'S BODY ECHOS FOREST TREES THAT COVER MOUNTAINS. EVERY ELEMENT OF NATURE IS EMBUED WITH GREAT SIGNIFICANCE. AND ALL CREATURES CAN BE SEEN AS TEACHERS.
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC.COM
TACANA INDIANS IN BOLIVIA
THERE ARE 5000 TACANA INDIANS WHO LIVE ALONG THE MADRE DE DIOS IN BOLIVIA. THEY LIVE IN TROPICAL FORESTS AND THE FOOTHILLS OF THE ANDES. ABOUT 3500 FOLKS SPEAK TWO DIALECTS. IN 1539 THE FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES BUILT MISSIONS HERE. MANY TACANA SPOKE QUECHUA. TODAY THE TACANA WORK FOR CASH AS LABORERS OR CATTLE RAISING AS WELL AS FARMERS.
TRADITIONALLY THEY DEPENDED UPON FORAGING, ESPECIALLY VEGETATBLES AND FRUITS. THEY COLLECTED NUTS, FRUITS OF PALM TREES AND TURTLE EGGS WERE A LARGE PART OF THEIR DIET.THEY HUNTED IN GROUPS AND USED LARGE DOGS BY THE 1800'S. THEY USED BOWS AND ARROWS. THEY FISHED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE DRY SEASON. THEY CAPTURE FISH IN POOLS LEFT BY RECEDING WATERS. THEY SOMETIMES USED THE SAP OF THE SOLIMAN TREES TO DRUG THE FISH.
IN HISTORIC TIMES THE TACUNA CENTURY RAISE CHICKENS AND IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THEY ADOPTED CATTLE AND HORSE HUSBANDRY. THEY PLANTED GARDENS OF 50 X 20 M. THEY HVE PLANTATIONS OF BANANAS AND PLAINTAINS.
TRADITIONALLY SOME OF THE TACUNA GROUPS LIVED IN DWELLINGS THEY HOUSED UP TO TWENTY FAMILIES. THEY SLEEP IN HUTS DESIGNED TO EXCLUDE MOSQUITOS AND BATS. SOME GROUPS USED NO FURNITURE AND SLEPT ON THE GROUND. THEY USED PIECES OF BARK AS BEDS.
CHILDREN MARRY AT ABOUT AGE 10, BUT IT IS NOT CONSUMMATED UNTIL AFTER PUBERTY. WOMEN DELIVER THEIR CHILDREN IN THE FOREST. THEY HAVE RITUALS AND GAMES THAT PROVIDE SOCIAL INTERACTION.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
TRADITIONALLY THEY DEPENDED UPON FORAGING, ESPECIALLY VEGETATBLES AND FRUITS. THEY COLLECTED NUTS, FRUITS OF PALM TREES AND TURTLE EGGS WERE A LARGE PART OF THEIR DIET.THEY HUNTED IN GROUPS AND USED LARGE DOGS BY THE 1800'S. THEY USED BOWS AND ARROWS. THEY FISHED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE DRY SEASON. THEY CAPTURE FISH IN POOLS LEFT BY RECEDING WATERS. THEY SOMETIMES USED THE SAP OF THE SOLIMAN TREES TO DRUG THE FISH.
IN HISTORIC TIMES THE TACUNA CENTURY RAISE CHICKENS AND IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THEY ADOPTED CATTLE AND HORSE HUSBANDRY. THEY PLANTED GARDENS OF 50 X 20 M. THEY HVE PLANTATIONS OF BANANAS AND PLAINTAINS.
TRADITIONALLY SOME OF THE TACUNA GROUPS LIVED IN DWELLINGS THEY HOUSED UP TO TWENTY FAMILIES. THEY SLEEP IN HUTS DESIGNED TO EXCLUDE MOSQUITOS AND BATS. SOME GROUPS USED NO FURNITURE AND SLEPT ON THE GROUND. THEY USED PIECES OF BARK AS BEDS.
CHILDREN MARRY AT ABOUT AGE 10, BUT IT IS NOT CONSUMMATED UNTIL AFTER PUBERTY. WOMEN DELIVER THEIR CHILDREN IN THE FOREST. THEY HAVE RITUALS AND GAMES THAT PROVIDE SOCIAL INTERACTION.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
HUARARA INDIANS IN BOLIVIA
HUARAYA INDIANS LIVE IN MADRE DE DIOS. IF THE BOLIVIAN DEPARTMENT OF PANDO COULD HELP THEM THAT WOULD BE GOOD. THEIR NAME DATES TO THE TIME OF INCA RULE. SINCE THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY THESE PEOPLE HAVE MANY SUBGROUPS.
THEY LIVE ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF MADRE DE DIOS RIVER TO THE ANDEAN SLOPES. THE REGION HAS MANY RIVERS. DURING THE 1900'S THEY HAD ABOUT 3000 FOLKS. THEIR POPULATION HAS SINCE DECREASED. THERE IS NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THESE PEOPLE. THEY HAD NO CONTACT BETWEEN THE HUARAYO AND THE INCA EMPIRE. THE HUARAYO COLLECT INCA YOUTHS FOR SERVICE IN THE INCA ARMY. THEY KNEW WEAVING GREW CORN USED A SLING.
THE HUARAYO CONTACTS WITH WESTERNERS BEGAN IN 1539. THE EXPEDITION OF MERCEDIAN MISSINARIES COME TO THE AREA OF HUARAYO IN 1587. BY 1700'S THEY MOVED TO RIO MADRE DE DIOS UNDER PRESSURE TO ASSIMILATE TO WESTERN WAYS.
A SECOND WAY OF RUBBER BOOM IN 1941 HAD A HARMFUL EFFECT UPON THE HUARAYA. BY 1960 THEY MOVED TO THE VILLAGE OF PALMOREAL. IN THE PAST THEY LIVED IN COMMUNAL HOUSES BUT TODAY THEY USE PALM LEAF THATCH FOR THE FLOOR. THEY ARE HUNTER AND FISHERS AND MANY GROW CROPS THAT THEY SELL IN MARKET. IN ORDER TO MARRY A YOUNG MAN HAS TO SERVE HIS PARENTS IN LAW FOR SEVERAL YEARS AND PROVIDE THEM GOOD FOOD FOR SEVERAL YEARS! THEY MAKE FABRIC FROM BARK BEATENWITH WOODEN CLUBS.
THEY TRADED WITH THE INCA. WOMEN HELP WITH PLANTING AND HARVESTING. CHRISTIANITY IS NOT ESPECIALLY STRONG ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCHERS. THEY FEAR EVIL SPIRITS. THE SHAMAN IS IMPORTANT AND HE MEDIATES BETWEEN LIVING PEOPLE AND THE SOUL OF THE DEAD. THE SHAMAN IS A HEALER AND A SEER. HE USES HIS EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL AND HERBAL PLANTS. THIS IS PASSED TO HIS ELDEST SON. BY MEANS OF A HIGH PITCHED WHISTLING THE ULCERS OF A PATIENT OPENAND WORMS JUMPED OUT!
IN THE PAST THE HUARAYO DRANK AYAHUASCA AND REACHED A DREAM STATE. THE SHAMAN EXPLAINED THE DREAMS AND INTERPRETED WHO OR WHAT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ILLNESS. TODAY THEY NO LONGER DRINK FERMENTED DRINKS. THEY BELIEVE A DISEASE IS THE THORN OF THE CHONTA PALM SENT INTO A VICTIM'S BODY. BY SHAMANISTIC MEANS THEY BLOW TOBACCO FUMES OVER THE PATIENT , SINGING AND MASSAGING THE AFFECTED PART OF THE BODY. THEY MAY SUCK A THORN FROM THE BODY AND DESTROY IT.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THEY LIVE ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF MADRE DE DIOS RIVER TO THE ANDEAN SLOPES. THE REGION HAS MANY RIVERS. DURING THE 1900'S THEY HAD ABOUT 3000 FOLKS. THEIR POPULATION HAS SINCE DECREASED. THERE IS NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THESE PEOPLE. THEY HAD NO CONTACT BETWEEN THE HUARAYO AND THE INCA EMPIRE. THE HUARAYO COLLECT INCA YOUTHS FOR SERVICE IN THE INCA ARMY. THEY KNEW WEAVING GREW CORN USED A SLING.
THE HUARAYO CONTACTS WITH WESTERNERS BEGAN IN 1539. THE EXPEDITION OF MERCEDIAN MISSINARIES COME TO THE AREA OF HUARAYO IN 1587. BY 1700'S THEY MOVED TO RIO MADRE DE DIOS UNDER PRESSURE TO ASSIMILATE TO WESTERN WAYS.
A SECOND WAY OF RUBBER BOOM IN 1941 HAD A HARMFUL EFFECT UPON THE HUARAYA. BY 1960 THEY MOVED TO THE VILLAGE OF PALMOREAL. IN THE PAST THEY LIVED IN COMMUNAL HOUSES BUT TODAY THEY USE PALM LEAF THATCH FOR THE FLOOR. THEY ARE HUNTER AND FISHERS AND MANY GROW CROPS THAT THEY SELL IN MARKET. IN ORDER TO MARRY A YOUNG MAN HAS TO SERVE HIS PARENTS IN LAW FOR SEVERAL YEARS AND PROVIDE THEM GOOD FOOD FOR SEVERAL YEARS! THEY MAKE FABRIC FROM BARK BEATENWITH WOODEN CLUBS.
THEY TRADED WITH THE INCA. WOMEN HELP WITH PLANTING AND HARVESTING. CHRISTIANITY IS NOT ESPECIALLY STRONG ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCHERS. THEY FEAR EVIL SPIRITS. THE SHAMAN IS IMPORTANT AND HE MEDIATES BETWEEN LIVING PEOPLE AND THE SOUL OF THE DEAD. THE SHAMAN IS A HEALER AND A SEER. HE USES HIS EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL AND HERBAL PLANTS. THIS IS PASSED TO HIS ELDEST SON. BY MEANS OF A HIGH PITCHED WHISTLING THE ULCERS OF A PATIENT OPENAND WORMS JUMPED OUT!
IN THE PAST THE HUARAYO DRANK AYAHUASCA AND REACHED A DREAM STATE. THE SHAMAN EXPLAINED THE DREAMS AND INTERPRETED WHO OR WHAT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ILLNESS. TODAY THEY NO LONGER DRINK FERMENTED DRINKS. THEY BELIEVE A DISEASE IS THE THORN OF THE CHONTA PALM SENT INTO A VICTIM'S BODY. BY SHAMANISTIC MEANS THEY BLOW TOBACCO FUMES OVER THE PATIENT , SINGING AND MASSAGING THE AFFECTED PART OF THE BODY. THEY MAY SUCK A THORN FROM THE BODY AND DESTROY IT.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Thursday, February 16, 2012
TACANO INDIANS IN BOLIVIA
THERE ARE 5000 TACUNA INDIANS LIVE ALONG THE MADRE DE DIOS RIVER IN BOLIVIA. THEY LIVE IN TROPICAL FORESTS AND IN THE FOOTHILLS OF THE ANDEAS. ABOUT 3500 FOLKS SPEAK ABOUT TWO DIALECTS. IN 1539 THE FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES BUILT MISSIONS HERE. MANY TACANA SPOKE QUECHUA. TODAY THE TACUNA SPEAK QUECHUA. TODAY THE TACANA SPOKE QUECHUA. TODAY THE TACANA WORK FOR CASH AS LABORERS OR CATTLE RAISING, AND AS FARMERS.
TRADITIONALLY THEY DEPENDED UPON FORAGING, EPECIALLY FOR VEGETABLES AND FRUITS. THEY COLLECTED NUTS AND FRUITS OF PALM TREES AND TURTLE EGGS WERE A LARGE PART OF THEIR DIET. THEY HUNTED IN GROUPS AND USED BOWS AND ARROWS EVEN IN THE 1800'S. THEY FISHED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE DRY SEASON; THEY CAPTURE FISH IN POOLS LEFT BY RECEDING WATERS. THEY SOMETIMES USED THE SAP OF OF THE SOLIMAN TREE TO DRUG THE FISH. IN HISTORIC TIMES THE TACUNA RAISED CHICKENS AND IN THE TWENTIENTH CENTURY THEY ADOPTED CATTLE AND HORSE HUSBANDRY. THEY PLANTED GARDENS OF 50 X 20 M . THEY HAVE PLANTATIONS OF BANANAS AND PLAINTAINS.
TRADITIONALLY SOME OF THE TACUNA GROUPS LIVED IN DWELLINGS HOUSED UP TO 20 FAMILIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
TRADITIONALLY THEY DEPENDED UPON FORAGING, EPECIALLY FOR VEGETABLES AND FRUITS. THEY COLLECTED NUTS AND FRUITS OF PALM TREES AND TURTLE EGGS WERE A LARGE PART OF THEIR DIET. THEY HUNTED IN GROUPS AND USED BOWS AND ARROWS EVEN IN THE 1800'S. THEY FISHED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE DRY SEASON; THEY CAPTURE FISH IN POOLS LEFT BY RECEDING WATERS. THEY SOMETIMES USED THE SAP OF OF THE SOLIMAN TREE TO DRUG THE FISH. IN HISTORIC TIMES THE TACUNA RAISED CHICKENS AND IN THE TWENTIENTH CENTURY THEY ADOPTED CATTLE AND HORSE HUSBANDRY. THEY PLANTED GARDENS OF 50 X 20 M . THEY HAVE PLANTATIONS OF BANANAS AND PLAINTAINS.
TRADITIONALLY SOME OF THE TACUNA GROUPS LIVED IN DWELLINGS HOUSED UP TO 20 FAMILIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Wednesday, February 15, 2012
ACHUAR INDIANS IN EQUADOR
EQUALLY IF NOT MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE RAINFOREST EXPERIENCE IS THE PEOPLE=THE ACHUAR. THEY HAVE ABOUT 2 MILLION ACRES OF RAINFOREST . THEY WERE THE LAST INDIGENOUS GROUP IN THE FOREST TO REMAIN ISOLATED FOR CENTURIES UNTIL THE EARLY 1970'S. THEY HAVE @ 2 MILLION ACRES OF RAIN FOREST. THEY HAVE FOUGHT FOR THEIR CONSERVATION. THEIR TRADITIONS ARE INTACT. THEY BELIEVE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
THEY LIVE IN HARMONY WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT UNTIL THE 70'S. ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE HUMAN - LIKE ATTRIBUTES WITH A SOUL. THEY EACH HAVE THEIR OWN LANGUAGE UNDERSTOOD BY THEM. THEY KNOW EACH TYPE OF AND EVERY ANIMAL. HOW TO FISH , HUNT AND SOW THEIR CROPS. THE FOREST IS THEIR MOTHER.
THEY BELIEVE WHEN WE SOMEONE DIES PARTS OF THEIR BODIES REINCARNATE TO ANIMALS. SPECIAL "IWIACH" ANIMALS ARE NEVER HUNTED. THE ANCHUAR ARE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE 500 SPECIES OF BIRDS. THEIR NATURALISTS ARE EXPERT GUIDES.
THEY ARE ORGANIZED IN A FEDERATION OF 64 COMMUNITIES THAT REPRESENT ABOUT 6000 ACHUAR. THEY LIVE ALONG THE PASTAZA RIVER. SOME LIVE IN PERU, THEY HVE LIVED HERE FOR THE 1000'S OF YEARS. THEY ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR VAST KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. THEY ARE GREAT LAND MANAGERS. THEIR NAME COMES FROM THE MORETA PALM TREE IN FLODDED REGIONS, AND SHUAR = PEOPLE.
THEY PRACTICED SLASH AND BURN. THIS MEANS THEY ESTABLISH NEW GARDEN PLOTS ON AREAS OF VIRGIN FORESTS. THEY USE IT FOR THREE YEARS. EACH FAMILY HAS AT LEAST ONE GARDEN. THEY GROW POTATOES, MANIOC, BANANAS, PALMS,GUABA, MEDICINAL AND NARCOTIC PLANTS.
THEY HUNT FISH AND GATHER FOODS. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT BEVERAGE IS NINA-MANCH, KNOWN AS CHICHA. IT IS A FERMENTED DRINK OF MANIOC. WOMEN SERVE IT TO GUESTS.
LADATCO.COM
THEY LIVE IN HARMONY WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT UNTIL THE 70'S. ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE HUMAN - LIKE ATTRIBUTES WITH A SOUL. THEY EACH HAVE THEIR OWN LANGUAGE UNDERSTOOD BY THEM. THEY KNOW EACH TYPE OF AND EVERY ANIMAL. HOW TO FISH , HUNT AND SOW THEIR CROPS. THE FOREST IS THEIR MOTHER.
THEY BELIEVE WHEN WE SOMEONE DIES PARTS OF THEIR BODIES REINCARNATE TO ANIMALS. SPECIAL "IWIACH" ANIMALS ARE NEVER HUNTED. THE ANCHUAR ARE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE 500 SPECIES OF BIRDS. THEIR NATURALISTS ARE EXPERT GUIDES.
THEY ARE ORGANIZED IN A FEDERATION OF 64 COMMUNITIES THAT REPRESENT ABOUT 6000 ACHUAR. THEY LIVE ALONG THE PASTAZA RIVER. SOME LIVE IN PERU, THEY HVE LIVED HERE FOR THE 1000'S OF YEARS. THEY ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR VAST KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. THEY ARE GREAT LAND MANAGERS. THEIR NAME COMES FROM THE MORETA PALM TREE IN FLODDED REGIONS, AND SHUAR = PEOPLE.
THEY PRACTICED SLASH AND BURN. THIS MEANS THEY ESTABLISH NEW GARDEN PLOTS ON AREAS OF VIRGIN FORESTS. THEY USE IT FOR THREE YEARS. EACH FAMILY HAS AT LEAST ONE GARDEN. THEY GROW POTATOES, MANIOC, BANANAS, PALMS,GUABA, MEDICINAL AND NARCOTIC PLANTS.
THEY HUNT FISH AND GATHER FOODS. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT BEVERAGE IS NINA-MANCH, KNOWN AS CHICHA. IT IS A FERMENTED DRINK OF MANIOC. WOMEN SERVE IT TO GUESTS.
LADATCO.COM
SHAVANTI INDIANS IN BRAZIL
ABOUT 6000 SHAVANTI LIVED ON SEVEN RESERVATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN MATO GROSSO, ALONG THE RIO XINGU. THEY SPEAK LANGUAGE OF THE GE LANGUAGE FAMILY.
IN THE 18TH CENTURY THEY CAME IN CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDERS AND LIVED EAST OF THE PRESENT LOCATION. A GOLD RUSH CAME WHEN SEEKERS CAME HERE IN THE 18TH CENTURY. THE WEALTH OF MINES, 1/5TH WAS PAID TO PORTUGAL; A GOVERNOR WAS SENT TO BRING ORDER TO THE NEW CAPTAINCY.
THESE NEW DISCOVERERS CLASHED WITH THE INDIANS. THE INDIANS ABANDONED VILLAGES AND DISPERSED UNTIL THE MINERS BECAME DISCOURAGED. IN LATE 18TH CENTURY ONE GOVERNOR PACIFIED SEVERAL 1000 SHAVANTE AND SETTLED THEM AT MISSIONS. BY THE 1900'S THE MINES WERE EXHAUSTED , SETTLERS LEFT THE AREA. THE SHAVANTE WHO REMAINED AT THE MISSIONS AFTER EPEDEMICS HAD REDUCED THERE NUMBERS AND RETURNED TO THEIR VILLAGES. ABOUT THE 19TH CENTURY SHAVANTE GROUPS BEGAN TO MOVE WEST SEPARATELY FROM OTHER RELATED GROUPS. ACCORDING TO A LEGEND THE SHAVANTE WERE THOSE WHO HAD COURAGE TO CROSS THE GREAT RIVER.
ALTHOUGH THE SHAVANTE WERE ISOLATED THE INDIAN PROTECTION SERVICE UNDERTOOK THE PACIFICATION OF THIS TRIBE IN THE 1940'S . THEIR RESISTANCE BEGAN TO CRUMBLE. THE LANDS THEY ONCE CONTROLLED WERE SOLD TO PRIVATE INVESTORS, ISOLATING THEIR VILLAGES FROM ONE. BY THE LATE 1950'S , ALL VILLAGES EXCEPT FOR 1 WERE ATTACHED TO GOVERNMENT INDIAN POSTS MISSIONS. EVENTUALLY THE GOVERNMENT GAVE THEM RESERVATIONS. AFTER THIS TIME OF CONTACT ,EPIDEMIC DISEASES HIT THEIR POPULATION AND THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED TO 2000 IN THE 1960'S.
DESPITE THEIR LOSS OF POPULATION, THEIR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IS INTACT . SOME MEN WORK ON FARMS OUTSIDE RESERVATIONS, AND SOME GROW RICE FOR SALE. IN THE 1970's FUNAI GAVE THEM A START TO GROW RICE ON A LARGE SCALE USING. BUT IT WAS UNSUCCESSFUL AND HAS BEEN STOPPED.
THEIR HABITAT IS A SAVANNAH, WITH A DRY AND WET SEASON. MOST OF THE LAND BETWEEN THE RIVERS IS PLANTED IN SWIDDEN AGRICUTURE. THEY CLEAR GARDENS IN THE SUMMER AND PLANT IN OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER; THEN THEY HARVEST IN FEBRUARY. THEIR STAPLE CROPS ARE MAIZE., BEANS, PUMPKINS. AND THEY SPENT RELATIVELY LITTLE TIME ON AGRICULTURE. THEY GROW RICE AND OTHER CROPS.
BEFORE THEY LIVED ON THE RESERVATION THEY USED TO GATHER WILD FOODS. THEY ATE EDIBLE TUBERS AND HEARTS OF PALMS. THEY ALSO FOUND MANY FRUITS. WOMEN STILL GO ON COLLECTIVE GATHERING TRIPS ALL DAY. NATIVE PLANTS STILL ARE USED IN THEIR DIET.
THEY CONSIDER THEMSELVES TO BE PRIMARILY HUNTERS. MEN HUNT ALONE AND WITH OTHERS. IN THE SUMMER THEY SET FIRE TO THE SCRUB. THEY USED TO HUNT WITH BOW AND ARROWS. TODAY THEY HAVE GUNS. THEY EAT TAPIR,PECCARAIES, AND DEER. THEY ROAST THEIR MEAT BY SMOKING. HE GIVES HIS GAME TO HIS WIFE OR MOTHER IN LAW WHO SHARES IT WITH THE HOUSEHOLD.
FISHING IS LESS IMPORTANT AND IS DONE IN THE SUMMER. FAMILIES GO THE RIVER WITH FISH HOOKS AND LINES. THEY USE A FISH PERSON. WHEN A LARGE NUMBER OF FISH ARE CAUGHT THEY SMOKE THEM.
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THEIR VILLAGES ARE LAID OUT IN A CONFIGURATION OF A HORSESHOE THE CHIEFS HOUSE IS AT ONE END .THEY HAVE A BACHELOR'S HUT AS WELL. THE HORSES LOOK LIKE BEEHIVES AND THEY PLANT SAPLINGS AND THEN TIE THEM TO A CENTER POLE. IN THE INTERIOR IS A CENTRAL FIREPLACE. HIS WIFE AND YOUNG CHILDREN SLEEP AROUND THE PERIMETER. THEY HAVE THEIR BELONGINGS IN BASKETS.
THE WOMEN MAKE POTTERRY. GOURDS ARE USED TO HOLD WATER THE BABY IS KEPT IN A BASKET ON THE MOM'S BACK. THEY MAKE ALL KINDS OF BASKETS. THEY ALSO MAKE LARGE MATS FOR SLEEPING, AND SMALLER ONES FOR PLATES. THEY GROW COTTON AND THEY SPIN IT FOR CORDS AND CEREMONIAL NECKLACES. BEFORE CONTACT THEY WORE LITTLE CLOTHING. BODY PAINT WAS RITUAL USES.
THEIR SOCIAL IS LAND BASED ON KINSHIP. EXOGAMUS MOITIES WITH MEMBERSHIP MEMBERSHIP ARE NORM AND THEY EXCHANGE SPOUSES. A MARRIAGE BETWEEN A MAN AND A WOMAN IS MARKED BY A WEDDING HUNT - THE GROOM GIVES GIFTS TO THE MOTHER'S BROTHER OF THE BRIDE. AFTER THEY HAVE A CHIKLD THEY MOVE INTO HIS WIFE'S HOUSEHOLD.
THE BOYS HAVE AN INITIATION CEREMONY AND THE GIRLS HAVE NONE. MEN IN OLDER AGE PARTICIPATE IN NIGHTLY COUNCIL MEETINGS, AND THEY BECOME SKILLED ORATORS. THEY PARTICIPATE IN LOG RACES. THE TEAMS ARE NOT MIXED - MEN AGAINST MEN AND WOMEN AGAINST WOMEN. THESE ARE BOTH RITUALS AND ATHLETIC CONTESTS. TWO LENGTHS OF PALM TRUNK ARE CUT . THE WOMEN'S LOG WEIGHS LESS. AFTER THE RACES THEY SING AS WELL.
THEIR SHAVANTI CEREMONY IS SOMETHING THAT TAKES PLACE SEVERAL TIMES A YEAR FOR INITIATING YOUNG MEN. THE MEN GO IN A FOREST NEAR THE VILLAGE WHILE OLDER MEN SING AND SHAKE THEIR RATTLES. THE YOUNG MEN WERE CEREMONIAL HEADRESSES. THE INTERMEDIATE AGE MEN DANCE AGGRESSIVELY IN FRONT OF THE YOUNG MEN. PART OF THE DANCE IS SECRET. THEY MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SPIRITS.
IN DREAMS MEN LEARN NEW SONGS FROM ANCESTORS. THEY TEACH THEM TO THE TRIBES. MYTHS ARE TOLD BY ELDERS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
IN THE 18TH CENTURY THEY CAME IN CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDERS AND LIVED EAST OF THE PRESENT LOCATION. A GOLD RUSH CAME WHEN SEEKERS CAME HERE IN THE 18TH CENTURY. THE WEALTH OF MINES, 1/5TH WAS PAID TO PORTUGAL; A GOVERNOR WAS SENT TO BRING ORDER TO THE NEW CAPTAINCY.
THESE NEW DISCOVERERS CLASHED WITH THE INDIANS. THE INDIANS ABANDONED VILLAGES AND DISPERSED UNTIL THE MINERS BECAME DISCOURAGED. IN LATE 18TH CENTURY ONE GOVERNOR PACIFIED SEVERAL 1000 SHAVANTE AND SETTLED THEM AT MISSIONS. BY THE 1900'S THE MINES WERE EXHAUSTED , SETTLERS LEFT THE AREA. THE SHAVANTE WHO REMAINED AT THE MISSIONS AFTER EPEDEMICS HAD REDUCED THERE NUMBERS AND RETURNED TO THEIR VILLAGES. ABOUT THE 19TH CENTURY SHAVANTE GROUPS BEGAN TO MOVE WEST SEPARATELY FROM OTHER RELATED GROUPS. ACCORDING TO A LEGEND THE SHAVANTE WERE THOSE WHO HAD COURAGE TO CROSS THE GREAT RIVER.
ALTHOUGH THE SHAVANTE WERE ISOLATED THE INDIAN PROTECTION SERVICE UNDERTOOK THE PACIFICATION OF THIS TRIBE IN THE 1940'S . THEIR RESISTANCE BEGAN TO CRUMBLE. THE LANDS THEY ONCE CONTROLLED WERE SOLD TO PRIVATE INVESTORS, ISOLATING THEIR VILLAGES FROM ONE. BY THE LATE 1950'S , ALL VILLAGES EXCEPT FOR 1 WERE ATTACHED TO GOVERNMENT INDIAN POSTS MISSIONS. EVENTUALLY THE GOVERNMENT GAVE THEM RESERVATIONS. AFTER THIS TIME OF CONTACT ,EPIDEMIC DISEASES HIT THEIR POPULATION AND THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED TO 2000 IN THE 1960'S.
DESPITE THEIR LOSS OF POPULATION, THEIR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IS INTACT . SOME MEN WORK ON FARMS OUTSIDE RESERVATIONS, AND SOME GROW RICE FOR SALE. IN THE 1970's FUNAI GAVE THEM A START TO GROW RICE ON A LARGE SCALE USING. BUT IT WAS UNSUCCESSFUL AND HAS BEEN STOPPED.
THEIR HABITAT IS A SAVANNAH, WITH A DRY AND WET SEASON. MOST OF THE LAND BETWEEN THE RIVERS IS PLANTED IN SWIDDEN AGRICUTURE. THEY CLEAR GARDENS IN THE SUMMER AND PLANT IN OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER; THEN THEY HARVEST IN FEBRUARY. THEIR STAPLE CROPS ARE MAIZE., BEANS, PUMPKINS. AND THEY SPENT RELATIVELY LITTLE TIME ON AGRICULTURE. THEY GROW RICE AND OTHER CROPS.
BEFORE THEY LIVED ON THE RESERVATION THEY USED TO GATHER WILD FOODS. THEY ATE EDIBLE TUBERS AND HEARTS OF PALMS. THEY ALSO FOUND MANY FRUITS. WOMEN STILL GO ON COLLECTIVE GATHERING TRIPS ALL DAY. NATIVE PLANTS STILL ARE USED IN THEIR DIET.
THEY CONSIDER THEMSELVES TO BE PRIMARILY HUNTERS. MEN HUNT ALONE AND WITH OTHERS. IN THE SUMMER THEY SET FIRE TO THE SCRUB. THEY USED TO HUNT WITH BOW AND ARROWS. TODAY THEY HAVE GUNS. THEY EAT TAPIR,PECCARAIES, AND DEER. THEY ROAST THEIR MEAT BY SMOKING. HE GIVES HIS GAME TO HIS WIFE OR MOTHER IN LAW WHO SHARES IT WITH THE HOUSEHOLD.
FISHING IS LESS IMPORTANT AND IS DONE IN THE SUMMER. FAMILIES GO THE RIVER WITH FISH HOOKS AND LINES. THEY USE A FISH PERSON. WHEN A LARGE NUMBER OF FISH ARE CAUGHT THEY SMOKE THEM.
-
THEIR VILLAGES ARE LAID OUT IN A CONFIGURATION OF A HORSESHOE THE CHIEFS HOUSE IS AT ONE END .THEY HAVE A BACHELOR'S HUT AS WELL. THE HORSES LOOK LIKE BEEHIVES AND THEY PLANT SAPLINGS AND THEN TIE THEM TO A CENTER POLE. IN THE INTERIOR IS A CENTRAL FIREPLACE. HIS WIFE AND YOUNG CHILDREN SLEEP AROUND THE PERIMETER. THEY HAVE THEIR BELONGINGS IN BASKETS.
THE WOMEN MAKE POTTERRY. GOURDS ARE USED TO HOLD WATER THE BABY IS KEPT IN A BASKET ON THE MOM'S BACK. THEY MAKE ALL KINDS OF BASKETS. THEY ALSO MAKE LARGE MATS FOR SLEEPING, AND SMALLER ONES FOR PLATES. THEY GROW COTTON AND THEY SPIN IT FOR CORDS AND CEREMONIAL NECKLACES. BEFORE CONTACT THEY WORE LITTLE CLOTHING. BODY PAINT WAS RITUAL USES.
THEIR SOCIAL IS LAND BASED ON KINSHIP. EXOGAMUS MOITIES WITH MEMBERSHIP MEMBERSHIP ARE NORM AND THEY EXCHANGE SPOUSES. A MARRIAGE BETWEEN A MAN AND A WOMAN IS MARKED BY A WEDDING HUNT - THE GROOM GIVES GIFTS TO THE MOTHER'S BROTHER OF THE BRIDE. AFTER THEY HAVE A CHIKLD THEY MOVE INTO HIS WIFE'S HOUSEHOLD.
THE BOYS HAVE AN INITIATION CEREMONY AND THE GIRLS HAVE NONE. MEN IN OLDER AGE PARTICIPATE IN NIGHTLY COUNCIL MEETINGS, AND THEY BECOME SKILLED ORATORS. THEY PARTICIPATE IN LOG RACES. THE TEAMS ARE NOT MIXED - MEN AGAINST MEN AND WOMEN AGAINST WOMEN. THESE ARE BOTH RITUALS AND ATHLETIC CONTESTS. TWO LENGTHS OF PALM TRUNK ARE CUT . THE WOMEN'S LOG WEIGHS LESS. AFTER THE RACES THEY SING AS WELL.
THEIR SHAVANTI CEREMONY IS SOMETHING THAT TAKES PLACE SEVERAL TIMES A YEAR FOR INITIATING YOUNG MEN. THE MEN GO IN A FOREST NEAR THE VILLAGE WHILE OLDER MEN SING AND SHAKE THEIR RATTLES. THE YOUNG MEN WERE CEREMONIAL HEADRESSES. THE INTERMEDIATE AGE MEN DANCE AGGRESSIVELY IN FRONT OF THE YOUNG MEN. PART OF THE DANCE IS SECRET. THEY MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SPIRITS.
IN DREAMS MEN LEARN NEW SONGS FROM ANCESTORS. THEY TEACH THEM TO THE TRIBES. MYTHS ARE TOLD BY ELDERS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Wednesday, February 8, 2012
MOJO CULTURE IN BOLIVIA
17,000 MOJO ARE IN BOLIVIA AND LIVE THROUGHOUT THE LOWLANDS OF SOUTH CENTRAL BENI, A DEPARTMENT OF BOLIVIA. THEY LIVE IN TOWNS OF TRINIDAD, SAN IGNACIO, SAN LORENZO, SAN LORETA.
IN 1580 THEY WERE CONTACTED BY THE SPANISH WHO WERE AMAZED AT THEIR FIELDS.
THEY FOUGHT THEM AS THEY WANTED TO CONQUER THEM IN 1600'S. THEN THE JESUITS BUILT 15 MISSIONS NEAR THEM. IN 1767 THE JESUITS WERE EXPELLED FROM SOUTH AMERICA. THEN THE MOJO WERE EXPLOITED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND WERE CAPTURED BY SLAVE RAIDERS. THEY WERE FORCED TO WORK IN THE RUBBER PROCESS. THEIR POPULATION FELL DRAMATICALLY.
TODAY SOME MOJO LIVE AS SUBSISENCE FARMING, RAISE MANIOC, BANANAS, AND MAIZE AND SELL A SURPLUS OF CROPS. THEIR CHIEFS WERE ALSO SHAMANS AND HAD MUCH MORE POWER THAN THOSE WHO WERE NOT. HE HAD RESTRICTIONS WHILE HUNTING. OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN MOJO RELIGION IS THE JAGUAR WHICH THEY HAD AS A CULT WORSHIP. SOME PEOPLE KILLED THEM TO PROTECT THEIR VILLAGES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
IN 1580 THEY WERE CONTACTED BY THE SPANISH WHO WERE AMAZED AT THEIR FIELDS.
THEY FOUGHT THEM AS THEY WANTED TO CONQUER THEM IN 1600'S. THEN THE JESUITS BUILT 15 MISSIONS NEAR THEM. IN 1767 THE JESUITS WERE EXPELLED FROM SOUTH AMERICA. THEN THE MOJO WERE EXPLOITED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND WERE CAPTURED BY SLAVE RAIDERS. THEY WERE FORCED TO WORK IN THE RUBBER PROCESS. THEIR POPULATION FELL DRAMATICALLY.
TODAY SOME MOJO LIVE AS SUBSISENCE FARMING, RAISE MANIOC, BANANAS, AND MAIZE AND SELL A SURPLUS OF CROPS. THEIR CHIEFS WERE ALSO SHAMANS AND HAD MUCH MORE POWER THAN THOSE WHO WERE NOT. HE HAD RESTRICTIONS WHILE HUNTING. OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN MOJO RELIGION IS THE JAGUAR WHICH THEY HAD AS A CULT WORSHIP. SOME PEOPLE KILLED THEM TO PROTECT THEIR VILLAGES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
BOLIVIA INDIANS IN ECUADOR
HUARAY INDIANS LIVE IN MADRE DIOS AND PARTNER WITH THE BOLIVIAN DEPARTMENT OF THE ANDES. THEIR NAME DATES TO THE TIME OF INCA RULE. SINCE THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY THESE PEOPLE HAVE MANY SUBGROUPS. THEY LIVE IN ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE MADRE DE DIOS RIVER TO THE ANDEAN SLOPES. THE REGION HAS MANY RIVERS
DURING THE 1900'S THEY HAD ABOUT 3000 FOLKS. THEIR PAY HAS SINCE DECREASED. THERE IS NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THESE PEOPLE . THEY HAD CONTACT BETWEEN THE HUAREY AND THE INCA EMPIRE. THE HURRAYO COLLECT INCA YOUTHS FOR SERVICE IN THE INCA ARMY. THEY KNEW WEAVING , GREW CORN USED A SLING.
HURRAYO CONTACTS WITH WESTERNERS BEGAN IN 1539. THE EXPEDITION OF MERCEDIAN MISSIONARIES COME TO THE AREA OF HUARRAYO IN 1587. BY 1700'S THEY MOVED TO RIO MADRE DE DIOS UNDER GREAT PRESSURE TO ASSIMILATE TO THE WESTERN WAYS. A SECOND WAVE OF RUBBER BOOM. IN 1941 HAD A HARMFUL OFFICE UPON THE HUAUPON THE THE HUARAYO. BY 1960 THY MOVED TO THE VILLAGE OF PALMOREAL IN THE PAST THEY LIVED IN COMMUNAL HOUSES, BUT TODAY THEY HAVE SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES. THEY USE PALM LEAF THATCH FOR FOR THE FLOOR.
THEY ARE HUNTERS AND FISHERS AND MANY GROW CROPS THAT THEY SELL IN MARKET. IN ORDER TO MARRY A YOUNG MAN HE HAS TO SERVE HIS PARENTS IN LAW FOR SEVERAL YEARS AND PROVIDE THEM FOOD. FOR SEVERAL YEARS! THEY MADE FABRIC FROM POUNDING BARK BEATEN WITH A WOODEN CLUB!
THEY TRADED WITH THE INCA. WOMEN HELP WITH PLANTING AND HARVESTING. CHRISTIANITY IS NOT ESPECIALLY ACCORDING TO RESEARCHERS. THEY FEAR EVIL SPIRITS. THE SHAMAN IS IMPORTANT AND HE MEDITATES BETWEEN LIVING PEOPLE AND SOULS OF THE DEAD.
THE SHAMAN IS A HEALER AND SEER. HE IS WITH AN EXTENSIVE MEDICINAL HERB KNOWLEDGE. THIS IS PASSED TO HIS ELDEST SON. BY MEANS OF HIGH PITCHED WHISTLING THE ULCERS OF A PATIENT OPEN AND WORMS JUMP OUT!
IN THE PAST THE HUARAYO DRANK AYAHUACA AND REACHED A DREAM STATE. THE SHAMAN EXPLAINED THE DREAMS AND INTERPRETED WHO OR WHAT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ILNESS. TODAY THEY NO LONGER HAVE FERMENTED DRINKS. TODAY THEY BELIEVE A DISEASE IS THE THORN OF THE CHONTA PALM SENT INTO A VICTIM'S BODY OR BY SHAMANIC MEANS. THEY BLOW TOBACCO FUMES OVER THE PATIENT SINGING AND MASSAGING THE AFFECTED PART OF THE BODY. THEY MAY SUCK A THORN FROM THE BODY AND DESTROY IT.
EVERYULTURE.COM
DURING THE 1900'S THEY HAD ABOUT 3000 FOLKS. THEIR PAY HAS SINCE DECREASED. THERE IS NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THESE PEOPLE . THEY HAD CONTACT BETWEEN THE HUAREY AND THE INCA EMPIRE. THE HURRAYO COLLECT INCA YOUTHS FOR SERVICE IN THE INCA ARMY. THEY KNEW WEAVING , GREW CORN USED A SLING.
HURRAYO CONTACTS WITH WESTERNERS BEGAN IN 1539. THE EXPEDITION OF MERCEDIAN MISSIONARIES COME TO THE AREA OF HUARRAYO IN 1587. BY 1700'S THEY MOVED TO RIO MADRE DE DIOS UNDER GREAT PRESSURE TO ASSIMILATE TO THE WESTERN WAYS. A SECOND WAVE OF RUBBER BOOM. IN 1941 HAD A HARMFUL OFFICE UPON THE HUAUPON THE THE HUARAYO. BY 1960 THY MOVED TO THE VILLAGE OF PALMOREAL IN THE PAST THEY LIVED IN COMMUNAL HOUSES, BUT TODAY THEY HAVE SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES. THEY USE PALM LEAF THATCH FOR FOR THE FLOOR.
THEY ARE HUNTERS AND FISHERS AND MANY GROW CROPS THAT THEY SELL IN MARKET. IN ORDER TO MARRY A YOUNG MAN HE HAS TO SERVE HIS PARENTS IN LAW FOR SEVERAL YEARS AND PROVIDE THEM FOOD. FOR SEVERAL YEARS! THEY MADE FABRIC FROM POUNDING BARK BEATEN WITH A WOODEN CLUB!
THEY TRADED WITH THE INCA. WOMEN HELP WITH PLANTING AND HARVESTING. CHRISTIANITY IS NOT ESPECIALLY ACCORDING TO RESEARCHERS. THEY FEAR EVIL SPIRITS. THE SHAMAN IS IMPORTANT AND HE MEDITATES BETWEEN LIVING PEOPLE AND SOULS OF THE DEAD.
THE SHAMAN IS A HEALER AND SEER. HE IS WITH AN EXTENSIVE MEDICINAL HERB KNOWLEDGE. THIS IS PASSED TO HIS ELDEST SON. BY MEANS OF HIGH PITCHED WHISTLING THE ULCERS OF A PATIENT OPEN AND WORMS JUMP OUT!
IN THE PAST THE HUARAYO DRANK AYAHUACA AND REACHED A DREAM STATE. THE SHAMAN EXPLAINED THE DREAMS AND INTERPRETED WHO OR WHAT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ILNESS. TODAY THEY NO LONGER HAVE FERMENTED DRINKS. TODAY THEY BELIEVE A DISEASE IS THE THORN OF THE CHONTA PALM SENT INTO A VICTIM'S BODY OR BY SHAMANIC MEANS. THEY BLOW TOBACCO FUMES OVER THE PATIENT SINGING AND MASSAGING THE AFFECTED PART OF THE BODY. THEY MAY SUCK A THORN FROM THE BODY AND DESTROY IT.
EVERYULTURE.COM
TSATCHELA INDIANS IN ECUADOR
THEIR ARE ABOUT 1800 INDIANS IN ECUADOR, CHIEFLY IN PICHINECHUA PROVINCE AND ESPECIALLY IN SANTA DOMINGO OF THE COLORADO.. THEIR LANGUAGE IS OF THE CHIBCHAN FAMILY. THEIR NAME COMES FROM THEIR PRACTICE OF DYING THEIR HAIR RED WITH EXTRACT OF ACHIOTE. IN 1900 THEY HAD 3000 FOLKS, BUT THEIR POPULATION HAS DECLINED. THIS AREA IS NOW HEAVILY SETTLED ON BY WHITES AND THE COLORADO OR TSATATCHELI OFTEN WORK FOR THE NEWCOMERS AS LABORERS ON THEIR PLANTATION.
THEY TRADITIONALLY LIVED THROUGH SUBSISTENCE HORTICULTURE, AND NOW MANY RAISE CATTLE, OR ARE LABORERS IN TOWNS AND CITIES. THE GOVERNMENT HAS CREATED RESERVATIONS FOR THEM. BY THE 1900'S THEY MADE PLAINTAIN THEIR STAPLE CROP. EACH FAMILY OWNS 1000'S OF TREES. THEY PLANT CITRIS, YAMS, PEPPERS, CACAO, NEAR THEIR HOUSES AND PLANT RICE, CORN, MANIOC, PINEAPPLEIN A DISTANT FIELD. THEY FISH USING A POISONOUS PLANT AND MEDICINAL PLANTS.
THEY USE VARIOUS METHODS COLLECT FISH. THEY HUNTED TRADITIONALLY WITH BLOWGUNS. THEY RAISE PIGS, CHICKENS, GUINEA PIGS AND DOGS. MEN AND WOMEN SHARE THE LABOR IN CULTIVATION, HARVEST AND TRANSPORTATION, OF PRODUCTS TO MARKET. MEN CLEAR THE FIELDS, HUNT, FISH AND WEAVE COTTON GOOODS. WOMEN TAKE CARE OF CHILDREN AND DO DOMESTIC CHORES.
EACH OF THE FAMILIES LIVE IN SEPARATE HOUSES. THEIR IS NO VILLAGE. THEY ARE ECONOMICALLY SELF SUFFICIENT. THEY LACK WALLS AND HAVE THATCHED ROOFS.
THEIR CHILDREN ARE INDULGED. WHEN THE BOY REACHES 10 HIS NOSE IS PIERCED IN A SHAMAN RITUAL AND PAINTS HIS BODY. GIRLS MARRY ALMOST IMMEDIATELY AFTER PUBERTY. THEIR RELIGION HAS UNDERGONE THREE MAJOR INFLUENCES - TRADITIONAL HIGHLAND, QUECHUA, AND CATHOLIC.
CATHOLICISM HAS THE MOST VISIBLE INFLUENCE. BUT TRADITIONAL BELIEFS CONCERNING THE SUPERNATURAL AND CREATION MYTH ENDURES. SHAMANS CURE BY REMOVING THE EFFECTS OF WITCHCRAFT.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THEY TRADITIONALLY LIVED THROUGH SUBSISTENCE HORTICULTURE, AND NOW MANY RAISE CATTLE, OR ARE LABORERS IN TOWNS AND CITIES. THE GOVERNMENT HAS CREATED RESERVATIONS FOR THEM. BY THE 1900'S THEY MADE PLAINTAIN THEIR STAPLE CROP. EACH FAMILY OWNS 1000'S OF TREES. THEY PLANT CITRIS, YAMS, PEPPERS, CACAO, NEAR THEIR HOUSES AND PLANT RICE, CORN, MANIOC, PINEAPPLEIN A DISTANT FIELD. THEY FISH USING A POISONOUS PLANT AND MEDICINAL PLANTS.
THEY USE VARIOUS METHODS COLLECT FISH. THEY HUNTED TRADITIONALLY WITH BLOWGUNS. THEY RAISE PIGS, CHICKENS, GUINEA PIGS AND DOGS. MEN AND WOMEN SHARE THE LABOR IN CULTIVATION, HARVEST AND TRANSPORTATION, OF PRODUCTS TO MARKET. MEN CLEAR THE FIELDS, HUNT, FISH AND WEAVE COTTON GOOODS. WOMEN TAKE CARE OF CHILDREN AND DO DOMESTIC CHORES.
EACH OF THE FAMILIES LIVE IN SEPARATE HOUSES. THEIR IS NO VILLAGE. THEY ARE ECONOMICALLY SELF SUFFICIENT. THEY LACK WALLS AND HAVE THATCHED ROOFS.
THEIR CHILDREN ARE INDULGED. WHEN THE BOY REACHES 10 HIS NOSE IS PIERCED IN A SHAMAN RITUAL AND PAINTS HIS BODY. GIRLS MARRY ALMOST IMMEDIATELY AFTER PUBERTY. THEIR RELIGION HAS UNDERGONE THREE MAJOR INFLUENCES - TRADITIONAL HIGHLAND, QUECHUA, AND CATHOLIC.
CATHOLICISM HAS THE MOST VISIBLE INFLUENCE. BUT TRADITIONAL BELIEFS CONCERNING THE SUPERNATURAL AND CREATION MYTH ENDURES. SHAMANS CURE BY REMOVING THE EFFECTS OF WITCHCRAFT.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
SHUAR CULTURE IN ECUADOR
THIS TRIBE IS THE SECOND LARGEST OF THE AMAZON GROUPS. THEY HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF SURVIVAL AND DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM OUTSIDERS. THEY LIVE IN THE SOUTHEAST PART OF ECUADOR. THEY LIVE IN A ROCKY REGION OF ECUADOR COVERING 215,000 ACRES IN THE ANDES. THEY HAVE STEEP MOUNTAINS ON ONE SIDE AND VERY LARGE RAPIDS IN THEIR RIVERS TO THE EAST. SO THEY ARE ISOLATED. OUTSIDERS CALL THEM JIVARO. IN 1964 THE SHUAR FOUNDED AN ETHNIC FEDERATION TO HELP PROTECT FROM OUTSIDE INTRUSIONS.
TODAY THEY HAVE GIVEN UP THE HABIT OF SHRINKING HEADS AND ARE ADAPTING TO CONTEMPORARY LIFE. THEIR TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE IS FADING AS THEIR VILLAGES ADAPT MODERN WAYS. MOST CONTINUE TO LIVE A TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE.
THEIR MYTHOLOGY IS RICH. ONE STORY IS THAT THEY HAD A SEVER FLOOD THAT KILLED ALL BUT TWO BROTHERS. WHEN WATERS RECEDED AND BROTHERS RETURNED TO A SHELTER THEY FOUND FOOD. ONE BROTHER FOUND A PARROT AND MARRIED HER. THE MARRIAGE PRODUCED THREE GIRLS AND TWO BOYS. THEIR DESCENTS BECAME THE SHUAR PEOPLE.
THE JIVARO ARE A VERY SOCIABLE. THEY 0OBTAIN MEAT AND VEGETABLE FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. THEIR PRIMARY FOODS ARE IN THEIR GARDENS. THEY ARE SUPPLEMENTED BY SEARCHING FOR WILD PLAINTAINS AND OTHER EDIBLE FOODS. PROTEIN IN THE DIET IS OBTAINED BY RAISING CHICKENS AND HUNTING WILD GAME. AS WITH OTHER TRIBES THE MOST POPULAR DRINK IS BEER FROM FERMENTED MANIOC ROOT.
THEY BELIEVE SPIRITUAL FORCES INHABIT PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND OTHER OBJECTS. THEIR BEHAVIOR IS GUIDED THEIR BY THEIR DESIRE FOR SPIRITUAL POWER TO AVOID EVIL SPIRITS. THEY BELIEVE SICKNESS OR DEATH IS TO THE POWER OF THEIR ENEMIES. THEY WORSHIP MANY GODS. THEIR NUNGUI IS BELIEVED TO HAVE POWER OF THEIR ENEMIES.
THEY WORSHIP MANY GOODS. THEIR NUNGUI HAVE POWER TO MAKE PLANTS GROW. LIVING DEEP UNDERGROUND, SHE EMERGES TO DANCE IN THE GARDEN. THE SHUAR BELIEVE SINGING TO PROTECTIVE NUNGUI TO MAKE THE PLANTS GROW. THEY BELIEVE IN A PROTECTIVE SPIRIT THAT COMES TO THEM IN A VISION.
NATIVE-LANGUAGE.ORG
TODAY THEY HAVE GIVEN UP THE HABIT OF SHRINKING HEADS AND ARE ADAPTING TO CONTEMPORARY LIFE. THEIR TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE IS FADING AS THEIR VILLAGES ADAPT MODERN WAYS. MOST CONTINUE TO LIVE A TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE.
THEIR MYTHOLOGY IS RICH. ONE STORY IS THAT THEY HAD A SEVER FLOOD THAT KILLED ALL BUT TWO BROTHERS. WHEN WATERS RECEDED AND BROTHERS RETURNED TO A SHELTER THEY FOUND FOOD. ONE BROTHER FOUND A PARROT AND MARRIED HER. THE MARRIAGE PRODUCED THREE GIRLS AND TWO BOYS. THEIR DESCENTS BECAME THE SHUAR PEOPLE.
THE JIVARO ARE A VERY SOCIABLE. THEY 0OBTAIN MEAT AND VEGETABLE FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. THEIR PRIMARY FOODS ARE IN THEIR GARDENS. THEY ARE SUPPLEMENTED BY SEARCHING FOR WILD PLAINTAINS AND OTHER EDIBLE FOODS. PROTEIN IN THE DIET IS OBTAINED BY RAISING CHICKENS AND HUNTING WILD GAME. AS WITH OTHER TRIBES THE MOST POPULAR DRINK IS BEER FROM FERMENTED MANIOC ROOT.
THEY BELIEVE SPIRITUAL FORCES INHABIT PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND OTHER OBJECTS. THEIR BEHAVIOR IS GUIDED THEIR BY THEIR DESIRE FOR SPIRITUAL POWER TO AVOID EVIL SPIRITS. THEY BELIEVE SICKNESS OR DEATH IS TO THE POWER OF THEIR ENEMIES. THEY WORSHIP MANY GODS. THEIR NUNGUI IS BELIEVED TO HAVE POWER OF THEIR ENEMIES.
THEY WORSHIP MANY GOODS. THEIR NUNGUI HAVE POWER TO MAKE PLANTS GROW. LIVING DEEP UNDERGROUND, SHE EMERGES TO DANCE IN THE GARDEN. THE SHUAR BELIEVE SINGING TO PROTECTIVE NUNGUI TO MAKE THE PLANTS GROW. THEY BELIEVE IN A PROTECTIVE SPIRIT THAT COMES TO THEM IN A VISION.
NATIVE-LANGUAGE.ORG
QUECHUA INDIANS IN BOLIVIA
THE QUECHUA LIVE IN BOLIVIA, PERU AND ECUADOR. THEY HAVE ABOUT 2.5 MILLION PEOPLE AND ARE THE LARGEST AMERICAN INDIAN GROUPS IN THE WORLD. THEY HAVE MANY DIALECTS. THEY ARE ALSO THE PEOPLE WHO MIGRATED BOTH SOUTH AND ALONG THE RIDGES AND THE RAINFOREST. THE EARLY DIVERGENCE IN MIGRATION HAS CREATED MOUNTAIN JUNGLE QUECHUA CULTURE.
MANY MIGRATED TO THE AMAZON BASIN. THESE FOLKS DEVELOPED DIFFERENTLY FROM THE SOUTHERN COUSINS. RAINFOREST QUICHUA HAVE MORE ISOLATED FROM THE HISTORICAL FORESTS THAT SHAPED THE OTHER AREAS OF SOUTH AMERICA. THEY USED RIVERS PRIMARILY FROM TRANSPORTATION.
THE QUECHUA BELONG TO THE ANDEAN BRANCH OF OF ANDEAN EQUATORIAL STOCK OF LANGUAGES. THE QUECHUA HAVE 28 LANGUAGES IN USE. THE ANCIENT INCA ALSO SPOKE QUECHUA. AFTER THE CONQUEST OF TEH INCAS IN THE 16TH CENTURY, THE SPANIARDS SPREAD THE USE OF THE QUECHUA BEYOND THEIR EMPIRE. THEY WEAVE ALL SORTS OF COLORFUL WOOL CLOTHES AND EMBROIDER THEIR SHIRTS, SKIRTS AND MEN'S SHIRTS. THEY MUST GET THE COTTON FROM ANOTHER SOURCE.
INDIAN-CULTURE.COM
MANY MIGRATED TO THE AMAZON BASIN. THESE FOLKS DEVELOPED DIFFERENTLY FROM THE SOUTHERN COUSINS. RAINFOREST QUICHUA HAVE MORE ISOLATED FROM THE HISTORICAL FORESTS THAT SHAPED THE OTHER AREAS OF SOUTH AMERICA. THEY USED RIVERS PRIMARILY FROM TRANSPORTATION.
THE QUECHUA BELONG TO THE ANDEAN BRANCH OF OF ANDEAN EQUATORIAL STOCK OF LANGUAGES. THE QUECHUA HAVE 28 LANGUAGES IN USE. THE ANCIENT INCA ALSO SPOKE QUECHUA. AFTER THE CONQUEST OF TEH INCAS IN THE 16TH CENTURY, THE SPANIARDS SPREAD THE USE OF THE QUECHUA BEYOND THEIR EMPIRE. THEY WEAVE ALL SORTS OF COLORFUL WOOL CLOTHES AND EMBROIDER THEIR SHIRTS, SKIRTS AND MEN'S SHIRTS. THEY MUST GET THE COTTON FROM ANOTHER SOURCE.
INDIAN-CULTURE.COM
Monday, February 6, 2012
COFAN INDIANS IN ECUADOR
THE COFAN ARE REMNANTS OF A RIVERINE TRIBE THAT WAS AT ONE TIME POPULAR. THEY LIVE IN THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF ECUADOR. TODAY THERE ARE 2000 FOLKS. THEY HAVE TAKEN A ROLE IN A ROLE IN CONSERVING THEIR 1 MILLION ACRES OF RAIN FOREST. THEY HAVE RIGHTS TO THESE ANCESTRAL TERRITORIES THAT ARE IN THEIR NATURAL SYSTEM OF PROTECTED AREAS. THEY LIVE IN 13 COMMUNITIES. IN NORTHEASTERN ECUADOR. THEY ARE SCATTERED FROM HIGH MOUNTAINS TO RAIN FORESTS.
THEY HAVE TRANSFERRED 136,000 ACRES TO AN ECOLOGICAL PRESERVE FOR THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE. THIS IS A VICTORY FOR CONSERVATION. THIS RESERVE IS HOME FOR COMMUNITY. THEY NEGOTIATED A CO-MANAGEMENT AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT WITH THE MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
THE TWO COFAN COMMUNITY CENTERS DURENO DOMINO, REMAIN OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS. DURENO IS THE LARGEST CENTER WITH 4 COMMUNITIES. BOTH HAVE BEEN AFFECTED BY UNCONTROLLED COLONIALIZATION AND DAMAGE FROM OIL COMPANIES.. WITHOUT CONSERVATION THE ACTIVITIES OF THESE ISLANDS OF PRIMARILY THE FOREST AMIDST MASSIVE DEVELOPMENT AND COLONIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM CARELESS MANAGEMENT FROM OIL COMPANIES. WITHOUT CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES THESE LANDS OF PRIMARY FOREST AND DEVELOPMENT ARE AT GREAT RISK.
IN 1999 THEY FORMED A SURVIVAL FUND TO SEE THE SURVIVAL OF THE INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND ITS AMAZON RAIN FOREST THEY WANT TO PROTECT BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION, AND RESEARCH AND PROTESTING THEIR BIODIVERSITY OF THEIR ANCESTRAL TERRITORY.
THE FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR OF COFAN SURVIVAL IS RANDY. HE WAS BORN IN DURENO AND HUNTED AND FISHED AND HE LEARNED ENGLISH AND WESTERN VALUES FROM HIS AMERICAN PARENTS. HIS EDUCATION IS A MIX OF ANCIENT COFAN AND WESTERN ACADEMIC FOUNDATION, RANDY IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE COFAN NATION'S MOST IMPORTANT LEADERS BY COFAN. AS FAR AS THEY KNOW THE COFAN CULTURE IN PROTO CHIBCHAN HUNTERS WHO WANDERED DOWN FROM COLUMBIAN AND ECUADOR. THEY ESTABLISHED VILLAGES ALONG RIVERS AND HAVE PASSED DOWN LEGENDS.
AT ONE TIME THEY WERE WARRIORS WELDED WITH THE VARIETY OF WEAPONS INCLUDING SPEARS, SWORDS, BOWS AND ARROWS. THEY HAD BATTLES WITH THEIR ENEMIES. AS TRADERS THEY TOOK CANOES DOWN RIVER TO GET CLOTH , SALT AND SEASHELLS BEADS. THEY TRADED STONE AXE, ADZES, AND KNIVES.
MANY HAVE A GOOD KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS THAT IS MAINTAINED EVEN TODAY. THEY FOLLOWED THE STARS AND PREDICTED THE ARRIVAL OF THE YEARLY FLOODS WITH UNCANNY LUCK. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN RECORDS OR HISTORY AND A LACK OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES.
THE SPANISH ARRIVED IN 1536. THE FIRST MAJOR CONTACTS DIDN'T COME FOR ANOTHER 30 YEARS WHEN THE SPANISH SETTLERS CAME TO ENTER LANDS THAT THE COFANS HAD. THE FIGHTS ENDED IN BURNING THE THE SETTLERS TOWN OF MOCOA BY COFAN WARRIORS.
IN 1602 LA JESUIT PRIEST MADE PEACEFUL CONTACT WITH THE COFAN. HE ESTABLISHED A MISSION
IN THE AREA. UNFORTUNATELY FATHER FERRER WAS DROWNED IN SUSPICIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES WHILE CROSSING A BRIDGE.
THE COFANS COULD NOT COMBAT ANGLO DISEASES AND ABOUT 50,000 FOLKS DWINDLED AWAY. BY 1900'S THERE WERE ONLY SEVERAL HUNDRED. THEY HAD MALARIA, WHOOPING COUGH, SMALL POX, POLIO, MEASLES, ANF CHOLORA IN THEIR VILLAGES. DURING THE 1800'S GOLD WAS DISCOVERED AND EXPLOITED BY COLUMBIANS NEAR CASCADES.
IN THE 1940'S SHELL OIL CAME. THEIR POPULATION INTERMARRIED AND THEIR WAS A CULTURAL ROSS FERTILIZATION. THEIR LOW POPULATION TURNED INTO SEMI NOMADIC HUNTER AND FISHERS. THEIR AGRICULTURE REVOLVED AROUND YUCCA AND BANANAS AND THEY USED A RANGE OF MIND ALTERING DRUGS.
THEY WORE ELABORATE HEADDRESSES AND COSTUME FOR FESTIVALS. MANY FOLKS WACKED TRAILS THROUGH THE FORESTS. MANY OTHER LARGE GROUPS HAD OTHER IDEAS. SOME WERE THINKING OF BUILDING ROADS. THE ELDERS DID NOT LIKE THIS IDEA.
DURING THIS TIME IN THE 40'S . SHELL PULLED OUT AS OIL COSTS WERE LOW. THE NEXT CHANGE WAS IN 54 WHEN MISSIONARIES FROM THE U.S. CAME TO WORK. THEY WANTED TO LEARN THEIR LANGUAGE, DEVELOP AN ALPHABET, AND LEAVE MATERIALS TO TEACH READING AND WRITING TO COFEN. THEN TRANSLATE THE BIBLE FOR THEM.
HOWEVER MEDICAL NEEDS WERE OF PRIMARY CONCERN. THEY PROCURED OUTSIDE MEDICINE TO EASE THE EPIDEMICS AND REDUCE MALARIA.
THEIR TRANQUILITY CHANGED DRAMATICALLY WITH TEXACO. AND GULF OIL PRICES WENT UP IN THE
60'S. THEY BUILT A ROAD, AT AIRPORTS AND MOTOR DRIVEN BOATS FOR THE RIVER. THEY FLEW IN ALLTHINGS - FROM POTATOES TO DYNAMITE. YOUNG MEN WERE URGED TO WORK FOR THEM. WOMEN WERE RAPED. ALCOHOL FLOWED FREELY. THEIR ENTIRE FABRIC WAS BROKEN APART. THE OIL CONTAMINATED SOME RIVERS KILLING FISH . IN 1974 A MAJOR FLOOD BROKE THE OIL PIPELINE AND DESTROYED BRIDGES IN THIS REGION. ONE WELL NEAR DURENO PUMPED OVER A MILLION BARRELS OF OIL. IT PRODUCED TOXIC WASTES. THE NATIVES WERE NEVER COMPENSATED FOR THIS LOSS OF LAND AND RESOURCES.
BY 1979 A GROUP WAS INVOLVED IN TOURISM. THEY LOOKED AT THE ZAMBALA COMMUNITY WHICH WAS A GOOD FOREST STILL. BY 1984 THE GROUP WAS INVOLVED KNOWN AS ECOTOURISM IN THIS SITE. THEY GOT INVOLVED IN ZONING LAWS AND IT WAS CALLED THE CUYAHENO WILDLIFE RESERVE IN 1991.\\
THE LARGE OIL COMPANY CAME THERE THINKING THEY COULD BUILD A HELICOPTER PAD THERE. THE COFANS DEMANDED AUTHORIZATION. THE ZAMBALO ARRESTED THEM AND THE WORKERS WERE PULLED OUT. FINALLY IT BECAME A NATIONAL PROBLEM WITH COVERAGE ON T.V. THE OIL COMPANIES DECIDED TO GO THROUGH PROPER LEGAL ROUTES. THEY HAD TO GET ALL THEIR STUDIES DONE IN MUCH MORE STRICT SUPERVISION THAN ANY OTHER OIL COMPANY. THESE REGULATIONS BECAME NATIONAL LAW SHORTLY AFTERWARDS.
ANOTHER OIL COMPANY TRIED TO INVADE THIS AREA AS WELL EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD NO PERMITS AND THE ZAMBALO RALLIED AGAINST THEM IN SIX MONTHS THEY SOUGHT A PEACEFUL SOLUTION AT GOVERNMENT LEVELS.
HOWEVER, FORCE BECAME THE ONLY ANSWER . TWENTY ARMED WARRIORS MOVED THE WORK CREW OUT. CHAINSAWS AND GUNS WERE TAKEN. A SECOND FORCE OF WARRIORS TOOK OVER ANOTHER ILLEGAL 0IL CREW. IT MADE FRONT PAGE NEWS. THE OIL WELL WAS CAPPED AND THE EXPLOITATION OF ZAMBALO LANDS WAS PERMANENTLY STOPPED.
COFAN.ORG
THEY HAVE TRANSFERRED 136,000 ACRES TO AN ECOLOGICAL PRESERVE FOR THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE. THIS IS A VICTORY FOR CONSERVATION. THIS RESERVE IS HOME FOR COMMUNITY. THEY NEGOTIATED A CO-MANAGEMENT AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT WITH THE MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
THE TWO COFAN COMMUNITY CENTERS DURENO DOMINO, REMAIN OUTSIDE OF PROTECTED AREAS. DURENO IS THE LARGEST CENTER WITH 4 COMMUNITIES. BOTH HAVE BEEN AFFECTED BY UNCONTROLLED COLONIALIZATION AND DAMAGE FROM OIL COMPANIES.. WITHOUT CONSERVATION THE ACTIVITIES OF THESE ISLANDS OF PRIMARILY THE FOREST AMIDST MASSIVE DEVELOPMENT AND COLONIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM CARELESS MANAGEMENT FROM OIL COMPANIES. WITHOUT CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES THESE LANDS OF PRIMARY FOREST AND DEVELOPMENT ARE AT GREAT RISK.
IN 1999 THEY FORMED A SURVIVAL FUND TO SEE THE SURVIVAL OF THE INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND ITS AMAZON RAIN FOREST THEY WANT TO PROTECT BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION, AND RESEARCH AND PROTESTING THEIR BIODIVERSITY OF THEIR ANCESTRAL TERRITORY.
THE FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR OF COFAN SURVIVAL IS RANDY. HE WAS BORN IN DURENO AND HUNTED AND FISHED AND HE LEARNED ENGLISH AND WESTERN VALUES FROM HIS AMERICAN PARENTS. HIS EDUCATION IS A MIX OF ANCIENT COFAN AND WESTERN ACADEMIC FOUNDATION, RANDY IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE COFAN NATION'S MOST IMPORTANT LEADERS BY COFAN. AS FAR AS THEY KNOW THE COFAN CULTURE IN PROTO CHIBCHAN HUNTERS WHO WANDERED DOWN FROM COLUMBIAN AND ECUADOR. THEY ESTABLISHED VILLAGES ALONG RIVERS AND HAVE PASSED DOWN LEGENDS.
AT ONE TIME THEY WERE WARRIORS WELDED WITH THE VARIETY OF WEAPONS INCLUDING SPEARS, SWORDS, BOWS AND ARROWS. THEY HAD BATTLES WITH THEIR ENEMIES. AS TRADERS THEY TOOK CANOES DOWN RIVER TO GET CLOTH , SALT AND SEASHELLS BEADS. THEY TRADED STONE AXE, ADZES, AND KNIVES.
MANY HAVE A GOOD KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS THAT IS MAINTAINED EVEN TODAY. THEY FOLLOWED THE STARS AND PREDICTED THE ARRIVAL OF THE YEARLY FLOODS WITH UNCANNY LUCK. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN RECORDS OR HISTORY AND A LACK OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES.
THE SPANISH ARRIVED IN 1536. THE FIRST MAJOR CONTACTS DIDN'T COME FOR ANOTHER 30 YEARS WHEN THE SPANISH SETTLERS CAME TO ENTER LANDS THAT THE COFANS HAD. THE FIGHTS ENDED IN BURNING THE THE SETTLERS TOWN OF MOCOA BY COFAN WARRIORS.
IN 1602 LA JESUIT PRIEST MADE PEACEFUL CONTACT WITH THE COFAN. HE ESTABLISHED A MISSION
IN THE AREA. UNFORTUNATELY FATHER FERRER WAS DROWNED IN SUSPICIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES WHILE CROSSING A BRIDGE.
THE COFANS COULD NOT COMBAT ANGLO DISEASES AND ABOUT 50,000 FOLKS DWINDLED AWAY. BY 1900'S THERE WERE ONLY SEVERAL HUNDRED. THEY HAD MALARIA, WHOOPING COUGH, SMALL POX, POLIO, MEASLES, ANF CHOLORA IN THEIR VILLAGES. DURING THE 1800'S GOLD WAS DISCOVERED AND EXPLOITED BY COLUMBIANS NEAR CASCADES.
IN THE 1940'S SHELL OIL CAME. THEIR POPULATION INTERMARRIED AND THEIR WAS A CULTURAL ROSS FERTILIZATION. THEIR LOW POPULATION TURNED INTO SEMI NOMADIC HUNTER AND FISHERS. THEIR AGRICULTURE REVOLVED AROUND YUCCA AND BANANAS AND THEY USED A RANGE OF MIND ALTERING DRUGS.
THEY WORE ELABORATE HEADDRESSES AND COSTUME FOR FESTIVALS. MANY FOLKS WACKED TRAILS THROUGH THE FORESTS. MANY OTHER LARGE GROUPS HAD OTHER IDEAS. SOME WERE THINKING OF BUILDING ROADS. THE ELDERS DID NOT LIKE THIS IDEA.
DURING THIS TIME IN THE 40'S . SHELL PULLED OUT AS OIL COSTS WERE LOW. THE NEXT CHANGE WAS IN 54 WHEN MISSIONARIES FROM THE U.S. CAME TO WORK. THEY WANTED TO LEARN THEIR LANGUAGE, DEVELOP AN ALPHABET, AND LEAVE MATERIALS TO TEACH READING AND WRITING TO COFEN. THEN TRANSLATE THE BIBLE FOR THEM.
HOWEVER MEDICAL NEEDS WERE OF PRIMARY CONCERN. THEY PROCURED OUTSIDE MEDICINE TO EASE THE EPIDEMICS AND REDUCE MALARIA.
THEIR TRANQUILITY CHANGED DRAMATICALLY WITH TEXACO. AND GULF OIL PRICES WENT UP IN THE
60'S. THEY BUILT A ROAD, AT AIRPORTS AND MOTOR DRIVEN BOATS FOR THE RIVER. THEY FLEW IN ALLTHINGS - FROM POTATOES TO DYNAMITE. YOUNG MEN WERE URGED TO WORK FOR THEM. WOMEN WERE RAPED. ALCOHOL FLOWED FREELY. THEIR ENTIRE FABRIC WAS BROKEN APART. THE OIL CONTAMINATED SOME RIVERS KILLING FISH . IN 1974 A MAJOR FLOOD BROKE THE OIL PIPELINE AND DESTROYED BRIDGES IN THIS REGION. ONE WELL NEAR DURENO PUMPED OVER A MILLION BARRELS OF OIL. IT PRODUCED TOXIC WASTES. THE NATIVES WERE NEVER COMPENSATED FOR THIS LOSS OF LAND AND RESOURCES.
BY 1979 A GROUP WAS INVOLVED IN TOURISM. THEY LOOKED AT THE ZAMBALA COMMUNITY WHICH WAS A GOOD FOREST STILL. BY 1984 THE GROUP WAS INVOLVED KNOWN AS ECOTOURISM IN THIS SITE. THEY GOT INVOLVED IN ZONING LAWS AND IT WAS CALLED THE CUYAHENO WILDLIFE RESERVE IN 1991.\\
THE LARGE OIL COMPANY CAME THERE THINKING THEY COULD BUILD A HELICOPTER PAD THERE. THE COFANS DEMANDED AUTHORIZATION. THE ZAMBALO ARRESTED THEM AND THE WORKERS WERE PULLED OUT. FINALLY IT BECAME A NATIONAL PROBLEM WITH COVERAGE ON T.V. THE OIL COMPANIES DECIDED TO GO THROUGH PROPER LEGAL ROUTES. THEY HAD TO GET ALL THEIR STUDIES DONE IN MUCH MORE STRICT SUPERVISION THAN ANY OTHER OIL COMPANY. THESE REGULATIONS BECAME NATIONAL LAW SHORTLY AFTERWARDS.
ANOTHER OIL COMPANY TRIED TO INVADE THIS AREA AS WELL EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD NO PERMITS AND THE ZAMBALO RALLIED AGAINST THEM IN SIX MONTHS THEY SOUGHT A PEACEFUL SOLUTION AT GOVERNMENT LEVELS.
HOWEVER, FORCE BECAME THE ONLY ANSWER . TWENTY ARMED WARRIORS MOVED THE WORK CREW OUT. CHAINSAWS AND GUNS WERE TAKEN. A SECOND FORCE OF WARRIORS TOOK OVER ANOTHER ILLEGAL 0IL CREW. IT MADE FRONT PAGE NEWS. THE OIL WELL WAS CAPPED AND THE EXPLOITATION OF ZAMBALO LANDS WAS PERMANENTLY STOPPED.
COFAN.ORG
AWA'KWAI INDIANS IN ECUADOR
KWAIKER WAS USED BY SPANISH MISSIONARIES WHO NAMED THE GROUP FOR THE RIVER THEY DISCOVERED. AWA MEANS PEOPLE. THE LIVE IN SOUTHWEST COLUMBIA AND THE NORTHWEST ECUADOR. THEY LIVE IN A RAIN FOREST 500 TO TO 1500 M OF STEEP HILLS. IN 1989 THEY HAD A POPULATION OF 7000.
RECENT EXCAVATIONS LINK THEM TO THE MEXICO. IN 100 TO 400 B.C. THE TUMACO LIVED ON THE PACIFIC COAST. THE REMAINS SHOW LINKS WITH MAYA AND AZTECS. WHEN THE SPANIARDS ARRIVED THEY FOUND ONLY INDIANS WITH A LOW LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. SOME OF THE KWAIKER DESCENDANTS WERE ON THE COAST WHEN SPANIARDS CAME HERE.
THE PRESENT DAY DESCENDANTS WITH 30% OF THE AWA KWAIKER POPULATION HAVE FORGOTTEN THEIR LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS. THEY LIVE ON SMALL PLOTS OF OF LAND. AT THE PRESENT TIME 35% OF THIS GROUP ISW BEING ASSIMILATED INTO THE ANGLO CULTURE. YOUNG PEOPLE ARE MORE UNACCEPTING OF THEIR IDENTITY. THE OTHER 35% AVOID CONTACT WITH OUTSIDERS AND ARE IN HARD TO REACH AREAS.
THE KWAIKER LIVE IN ABOUT 3500 SQ, KM, THEY HAVE ABOUT 70 SETTLEMENTS WITH 100 FOLKS. THEY HAVE SMALL HEALTH CENTERS, SCHOOLS, AND SOME PLACES WITH HIGHER POPULATIONS.
ORIGINALLY THEY WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS WHO GREW A VARIETY OF MAIZE IN IN WILD CONDITIONS. THEY CUT THE JUNGLE DOWN AND THREW THE CORN SEEDS DOWN AND WAITED FOR THEM TO SPROUT. THEY MOVE TO A NEW LOCATION AFTER 5 YEARS. TODAY THEY RAISE FARM ANIMALS, WITH LITTLE TIME OR ENERGY IN THEIR CARE. THEY SELL SOME PRODUCE AND ANIMALS.
THEIR CRAFTS ARE MAKING BASKETS TO CARRY ON THEIR BACKS, AND BUILDING CANOES FROM HUGE TREES. THEIR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ARE VERY IMPORTANT HERE AS WELL. THE COUPLE IS THE BASIC UNIT OF DOMESTIC CHORES. WOMEN RAISE CHILDREN, DO DOMESTIC CHORES, FEED THE ANIMALS, AND GATHER AND PICK WILD FOOD. THE MAN FARMS, HUNTS, AND FISHES. THE MAN IS THE LEAD OF THE FAMILY.
THE CHILDREN DO NOT RECEIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION AND ARE NOT OVER PROTECTED. BY 6 OR 7 YEARS OLD THEY WORK WITH THEIR PARENTS AND HAVECHORES. THEY HAVE NO ADEQUATE FORMAL EDUCATION. THEIR TEACHERS ARE STRANGERS TO THE COMMUNITY AND ARE NOT THEIR TRIBE.
THEY HAVE RESERVED BEHAVIORS AND IT IS DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. THEY BELIEVE THE JUNGLE HAS SPIRITS WHO CONTROL THEIR LIVES. THEY HAVE A SUPERNATURAL WORLD POPULATION WITH IMAGINARY BEINGS SIMILAR TO THE INDIANS BUT WITH DIVINE POWERS. THEY WATCH OVER PEOPLE'S LIVES. THEY ORGANIZE THE WORLD ACCORDING TO VALUES OF THE KWAIKER. MANY ATTEND CATHOLIC RELIGIOUS SERVICES BUT DO NOT BELIEV IN MANY OF THESE BELIEFS. THEY HAVE SHAMANS WHO BASE THEIR RITUALS FROM MANY GENERATIONS AGO. THEY HONOR THEIR ELDERS AND ANCESTORS AND TRADITIONAL BELIEFS THAT DOMINATE THE FUNERALS AND OTHER EVENTS. THE KWAIKER MANIFESTS THE OLD ELEMENTS OF THEIR CULTURE. THEIR CEREMONIES ARE PRIVATE WITH INTOXICATING DRINKS. AND SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIORS.
THEY MAKE INSTRUMENTS SIMILAR TO THOSE FROM AFRICA. MANY SONGS ARE FROM AFRICA AND THE MAKE AND PLAY MARIMBAS AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF DRUMS. THEY PREFER ECUADORAN RHYTHEMS. THE KWAIKER SEE ILLNESS AS A PUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATION OF BEHAVIORAL NORMS. THEY HAVE A PSYCHOSOMATIC COMPONENT TO ILLNESS AND THEY HAVE A FEELING OF GUILT AND LACK OF APPETITE. THE SHAMAN REESTABLISHES GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE SPIRITS PUNISHING THE PERSON AND GIVES THEM NATURAL MEDICINE. IF THEIR PROBLEM IS NOT SOLVED THEY GO TO A DOCTOR.
DEATH IS SEEN AS PASSING TO ANOTHER LIFE. THEY BURY THEM WITH FOOD AND TOOLS TO FULFILL THEIR JOURNEY IN THE NEXT LIFE(REINCARNATION). FUNERALS FREE WIDOWS TO REMARRY.
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RECENT EXCAVATIONS LINK THEM TO THE MEXICO. IN 100 TO 400 B.C. THE TUMACO LIVED ON THE PACIFIC COAST. THE REMAINS SHOW LINKS WITH MAYA AND AZTECS. WHEN THE SPANIARDS ARRIVED THEY FOUND ONLY INDIANS WITH A LOW LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. SOME OF THE KWAIKER DESCENDANTS WERE ON THE COAST WHEN SPANIARDS CAME HERE.
THE PRESENT DAY DESCENDANTS WITH 30% OF THE AWA KWAIKER POPULATION HAVE FORGOTTEN THEIR LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS. THEY LIVE ON SMALL PLOTS OF OF LAND. AT THE PRESENT TIME 35% OF THIS GROUP ISW BEING ASSIMILATED INTO THE ANGLO CULTURE. YOUNG PEOPLE ARE MORE UNACCEPTING OF THEIR IDENTITY. THE OTHER 35% AVOID CONTACT WITH OUTSIDERS AND ARE IN HARD TO REACH AREAS.
THE KWAIKER LIVE IN ABOUT 3500 SQ, KM, THEY HAVE ABOUT 70 SETTLEMENTS WITH 100 FOLKS. THEY HAVE SMALL HEALTH CENTERS, SCHOOLS, AND SOME PLACES WITH HIGHER POPULATIONS.
ORIGINALLY THEY WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS WHO GREW A VARIETY OF MAIZE IN IN WILD CONDITIONS. THEY CUT THE JUNGLE DOWN AND THREW THE CORN SEEDS DOWN AND WAITED FOR THEM TO SPROUT. THEY MOVE TO A NEW LOCATION AFTER 5 YEARS. TODAY THEY RAISE FARM ANIMALS, WITH LITTLE TIME OR ENERGY IN THEIR CARE. THEY SELL SOME PRODUCE AND ANIMALS.
THEIR CRAFTS ARE MAKING BASKETS TO CARRY ON THEIR BACKS, AND BUILDING CANOES FROM HUGE TREES. THEIR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ARE VERY IMPORTANT HERE AS WELL. THE COUPLE IS THE BASIC UNIT OF DOMESTIC CHORES. WOMEN RAISE CHILDREN, DO DOMESTIC CHORES, FEED THE ANIMALS, AND GATHER AND PICK WILD FOOD. THE MAN FARMS, HUNTS, AND FISHES. THE MAN IS THE LEAD OF THE FAMILY.
THE CHILDREN DO NOT RECEIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION AND ARE NOT OVER PROTECTED. BY 6 OR 7 YEARS OLD THEY WORK WITH THEIR PARENTS AND HAVECHORES. THEY HAVE NO ADEQUATE FORMAL EDUCATION. THEIR TEACHERS ARE STRANGERS TO THE COMMUNITY AND ARE NOT THEIR TRIBE.
THEY HAVE RESERVED BEHAVIORS AND IT IS DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS. THEY BELIEVE THE JUNGLE HAS SPIRITS WHO CONTROL THEIR LIVES. THEY HAVE A SUPERNATURAL WORLD POPULATION WITH IMAGINARY BEINGS SIMILAR TO THE INDIANS BUT WITH DIVINE POWERS. THEY WATCH OVER PEOPLE'S LIVES. THEY ORGANIZE THE WORLD ACCORDING TO VALUES OF THE KWAIKER. MANY ATTEND CATHOLIC RELIGIOUS SERVICES BUT DO NOT BELIEV IN MANY OF THESE BELIEFS. THEY HAVE SHAMANS WHO BASE THEIR RITUALS FROM MANY GENERATIONS AGO. THEY HONOR THEIR ELDERS AND ANCESTORS AND TRADITIONAL BELIEFS THAT DOMINATE THE FUNERALS AND OTHER EVENTS. THE KWAIKER MANIFESTS THE OLD ELEMENTS OF THEIR CULTURE. THEIR CEREMONIES ARE PRIVATE WITH INTOXICATING DRINKS. AND SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIORS.
THEY MAKE INSTRUMENTS SIMILAR TO THOSE FROM AFRICA. MANY SONGS ARE FROM AFRICA AND THE MAKE AND PLAY MARIMBAS AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF DRUMS. THEY PREFER ECUADORAN RHYTHEMS. THE KWAIKER SEE ILLNESS AS A PUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATION OF BEHAVIORAL NORMS. THEY HAVE A PSYCHOSOMATIC COMPONENT TO ILLNESS AND THEY HAVE A FEELING OF GUILT AND LACK OF APPETITE. THE SHAMAN REESTABLISHES GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE SPIRITS PUNISHING THE PERSON AND GIVES THEM NATURAL MEDICINE. IF THEIR PROBLEM IS NOT SOLVED THEY GO TO A DOCTOR.
DEATH IS SEEN AS PASSING TO ANOTHER LIFE. THEY BURY THEM WITH FOOD AND TOOLS TO FULFILL THEIR JOURNEY IN THE NEXT LIFE(REINCARNATION). FUNERALS FREE WIDOWS TO REMARRY.
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ACHUAR INDIANS IN ECUADOR
EQUALLY IF NOT MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE RAINFOREST EXPERIENCE IS THEIR PEOPLE - THE ASCHUAR.
THEY HAVE 2 MILLION AACRES OF RAIN FOREST . THEY WERE THE LAST INDIGENOUS GROUP IN THE FOREST TO REMAIN ISOLATED FOR CENTURIES UNTIL THE EARLY 1970'S. THEY HAVE FOUGHT FOR THEIR CONSERVATION. THEIR TRADITIONS ARE INTACT. THEY BELIEVE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
THEY LIVE IN HARMONY WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT UNTIL THE 1970'S. ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE HUMAN-LIKE ATTRIBUTES WITH A SOUL. THEY EACH HAVE THEIR OWN LANGUAGE UNDERSTOOD BY THEM. THEY KNOW EACH TYPE OF TREE AND EVERY ANIMAL. HOW TO FISH AND HUNT, SOW THEIR CROPS. THE FOREST IS THEIR MOTHER.
THEY BELIEVE WHEN SOMEONE DIES PART OF THEIR BODIES REINCARNATE TO ANIMALS - SPECIAL "IWIANCHI" ANIMALS ARE NEVER HUNTED. THE ANCHUAR ARE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE 500 SPECIES OF BIRDS. THEIR NATURALISTS ARE EXPERT GUIDES.
THEY ARE ORGANIZED IN A FEDERATION OF 64 CONSUME THAT REPRESENT ABOUT 6000 ACHUAR. THEY LIVE ALONG THE PASTAZA RIVER. SOME LIVE IN PERU. THEY HAVE LIVED HERE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS. THEY ARE THEY ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. THEY ARE GREAT LAND MANAGERS. THEIR NAME COMES FROM THE MORETA PALM TREE IN FLOODED REGIONS AND SHUAR = PEOPLE.
THEY PRACTICE SLASH AND BURN. THIS MEANS THEY MADE NEW GARDEN PLOTS IN AREAS OF VIRGIN FOREST. THEY USE IT FOR THREE YEARS. AND THEN MOVE IT TO A NEW AREA. EACH FAMILY HAS AT LEAST MANIOC, BANANAS, PALMS, GUAVA, MEDICINAL AND NARCOTIC PLANTS.
THEY HUNT FISH, AND GATHER FOODS. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT BEVERAGE IS NINA-MANCH, KNOWN AS CHICHA. IT IS A FERMENTED DRINK OF MANIOC. WOMEN SERVE IT TO GUESTS.
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THEY HAVE 2 MILLION AACRES OF RAIN FOREST . THEY WERE THE LAST INDIGENOUS GROUP IN THE FOREST TO REMAIN ISOLATED FOR CENTURIES UNTIL THE EARLY 1970'S. THEY HAVE FOUGHT FOR THEIR CONSERVATION. THEIR TRADITIONS ARE INTACT. THEY BELIEVE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
THEY LIVE IN HARMONY WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT UNTIL THE 1970'S. ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE HUMAN-LIKE ATTRIBUTES WITH A SOUL. THEY EACH HAVE THEIR OWN LANGUAGE UNDERSTOOD BY THEM. THEY KNOW EACH TYPE OF TREE AND EVERY ANIMAL. HOW TO FISH AND HUNT, SOW THEIR CROPS. THE FOREST IS THEIR MOTHER.
THEY BELIEVE WHEN SOMEONE DIES PART OF THEIR BODIES REINCARNATE TO ANIMALS - SPECIAL "IWIANCHI" ANIMALS ARE NEVER HUNTED. THE ANCHUAR ARE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE 500 SPECIES OF BIRDS. THEIR NATURALISTS ARE EXPERT GUIDES.
THEY ARE ORGANIZED IN A FEDERATION OF 64 CONSUME THAT REPRESENT ABOUT 6000 ACHUAR. THEY LIVE ALONG THE PASTAZA RIVER. SOME LIVE IN PERU. THEY HAVE LIVED HERE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS. THEY ARE THEY ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. THEY ARE GREAT LAND MANAGERS. THEIR NAME COMES FROM THE MORETA PALM TREE IN FLOODED REGIONS AND SHUAR = PEOPLE.
THEY PRACTICE SLASH AND BURN. THIS MEANS THEY MADE NEW GARDEN PLOTS IN AREAS OF VIRGIN FOREST. THEY USE IT FOR THREE YEARS. AND THEN MOVE IT TO A NEW AREA. EACH FAMILY HAS AT LEAST MANIOC, BANANAS, PALMS, GUAVA, MEDICINAL AND NARCOTIC PLANTS.
THEY HUNT FISH, AND GATHER FOODS. THEIR MOST IMPORTANT BEVERAGE IS NINA-MANCH, KNOWN AS CHICHA. IT IS A FERMENTED DRINK OF MANIOC. WOMEN SERVE IT TO GUESTS.
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SHAVENTE INDIANS IN BRAZIL
ABOUT 6000 SHAVANTE LIVE ON SEVEN SEPARATE RESERVATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN MATO GROSSO ALONG THE RIO XINGU.THEY SPEAK A GE LANGUAGE FAMILY.
IN THE 18TH CENTURY THEY CAME IN CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDERS AND LIVED EAST OF THEIR PRESENT LOCATION. A GOLD RUSH CAME HERE WHEN SEEKERS CAME HERE IN THE 18TH CENTURY. THE WEALTH OF MINERS, 1/5 WAS PAID TO PORTUGAL, A GOVERNOR WAS SENT TO BRING ORDER TO THE NEW CAPTAINCY.
THESE NEW DISEASES CLASHED WITH THE INDIANS. THE INDIANS ABANDONED VILLAGES AND DISPERSED UNTIL THE MINERS BECAME DISCOURAGED. IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY ONE GOVERNOR PACIFIED SEVERAL 1000 SHAVANTE AND SETTLED THEM AT MISSIONS. BY THE 1900'S THE MEN WERE EXHAUSTED AND SETTLERS LEFT THE AREA. THE SHAVANTE WHO REMAINED AT THE MISSIONS AFTER EPIDEMICS HAD REDUCED THEIR NUMBERS AND RETURNED TO THEIR VILLAGES.
ABOUT THE 19TH CENTURY THE SHAVANTE GROUPS BEGAN TO MOVE WEST SEPARATING FROM OTHER RELATED GROUPS. ACCORDING TO A LEGEND THE SHAVANTE WERE THOSE WHO HAD COURAGE HAD COURAGE TO CROSS THE GREAT RIVER.
ALTHOUGH THE SHAVANTE WERE ISOLATED UNDERTOOK THE PACIFICATION OF THIS TRIBE IN THE 1940'S. THEIR RESISTANCE BEGAN TO CRUMBLE. THE LANDS THEY ONCE CONTROLLED WERE SOLD TO PRIVATE INVESTORS ISOLATING THEIR VILLAGES FROM ONE. BY THE LATE 1950'S, ONE OF ALL VILLAGES EXCEPT ONE WERE ATTACHED TO GOVERNMENT INDIAN POSTS OR MISSIONS. EVENTUALLY THE GOVERNMENT GAVE THEM RESERVATIONS. AFTER THIS TIME OF CONTACT, EPIDEMIC DISEASES HIT AND THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED TO 200 IN THE 1960'S.
DI SPITE THEIR LOSS OF POPULATION, THEIR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IS INTACT. SOME MEN WORK ON FARMS OUTSIDE THE RESERVATION, AND SOME GROW RICE FOR SALE. IN THE 1970'S FUNAI GAVE THEM A STAR T TO GROW RICE ON A LARGE SCALE. BUT IT WAS UNSUCCESSFUL AND HAS BEEN STOPPED. THEIR HABITAT IS A SAVANNAH WITH DRY AND WET SEASONS. MOST OF THE LAND THAT LIES BETWEEN THE RIVERS IS PLANTED IN SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE. THEY CLEAR GARDENS IN THE SUMMER AND PLANT IN OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER THEN HARVEST IN FEBRUARY. THEIR STAPLE CROPS ARE MAIZE , BEANS, PUMPKINS, AND THEY SPENT RELATIVELY LITTLE TIME IN ON AGRICULTURE. THEY GROW RICE AND OTHER CROPS.
BEFORE THEY LIVED ON RESERVATIONS THEY USED TO GATHER WILD FOODS. THEY ATE EDIBLE TUBERS, AND HEARTS OF PALM. THEY ALSO FOUND MANY FRUITS. WOMEN STILL GO ON COLLECTIVE GATHERING TRIPS ALL DAY. NATIVE PLANTS ARE STILL USED IN THEIR DIET.
THEY CONSIDER THEMSELVES TO BE PRIMARILY HUNTERS . MEN HUNT ALONE AND WITH OTHERS. IN THE SUMMER THEY SET FIRE TO THE SCRUB. THEY USED TO HUNT WITH BOW AND ARROWS. TODAY THEY HAVE GUNS. THEY EAT TAPPIR. PECARRIES, AND DEER. THEY ROAST THEIR MEAT
BY SMOKING. HE GIVES HIS GAME TO HIS WIFE OR ANOTHER MOTHER IN LAW WHO SHARES IT WITH THE HOUSEHOLD OR POSSIBLY TO OTHER HOUSEHOLDS.
FISHING IS LESS IMPORTANT AND IS DONE IN THE SUMMER. FAMILIES GO TO THE RIVER WITH FISHOOKS AND LINES. THEY USE A FISH POISON. WHEN LARGE NUMBERS OF FISH ARE CAUGHT THEY SMOKE THEM.
THEIR VILLAGES ARE LAID OUT IN A CONFIGURATION OF A HORSE SHOE CHIEFS HOUSE IS AT ONE END. THEY HAVE A BACHELOR'S HUT AS WELL. THE HOUSES LOOK LIKE BEEHIVES AND THEY PLANT SAPLINGS AND THEN TIE THEM TO A CENTER POLE. IN THE INTERIOR IS A CENTRAL FIREPLACE. HIS WIFE AND YOUNG CHILDREN SLEEP AROUND THE PERIMETER. THEY HAVE THEIR BELONGINGS IN BASKETS.
THE WOMEN MAKE POTTERY. GOURDS ARE USED TO HOLD WATER. THE BABY IS KEPT IN A BASKET ON MOM'S BACK. THEY MAKE ALL KINDS OF BASKETS. THEY ALSO MAKE LARGE MATS FOR SLEEPING AND SMALLER ONES FOR PLATES. THEY GROW COTTON AND THEY SPIN IT FOR CORDS AND CEREMONIAL NECKLACES. BEFORE CONTACT THEY WORE LITTLE CLOTHING. BODY PAINT HAS RITUAL USES.
THEIR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION HAS IS BASED ON KINSHIP. EXOGAMOUS MOIETIES WITH MEMBERSHIP ARE NORMAL AND AND THEY EXCHANGE SPOUSES. A MARRIAGE BETWEEN A MAN AND WOMAN IS MARKED BY A WEDDING HUNT. THE BRIDEGROOM PRESENTS GAME TO MOTHER'S BROTHER OF A BRIDE. AFTER THEY HAVE A CHILD THEY MOVE INTO HIS WIFE'S HOUSEHOLD.
THE BOYS HAVE AN INITIATION CEREMONY AND THE GIRLS HAVE NONE. MEN IN OLDER AGE PARTICIPATE IN NIGHTLY NIGHTLY COUNCIL MEETINGS. THEY BECOME SKILLED ORATORS. THEY PARTICIPATE IN LOG RACES. THEY ARE NOT MIXED - MEN AGAINST MEN AND WOMEN AGAINST WOMEN. THESE ARE BOTH RITUAL AND ATHLETIC CONTESTS. TWO LENGTHS OF PALM TRUNK ARE CUT. THE WOMEN'S LOG WEIGHS LESS. AFTER THE RACES THEY SING AS WELL.
THERE HELD A CEREMONY FOR INITIATING YPOUNG MEN SEVERASL TIMES A YEAR. THE MEN GO TO A CLEARING IN THE FOREST NEAR THE VILLAGE WHILE OLDER MEN SING AND SHAKE THEIR RATTLE. THE YOUNG MEN WEAR CEREMONIAL HEADDRESSES. THE INTERMEDIATE AGE MEN DANCE AGRESSIVELY IN FRONT OF THE YOUNG MEN. PART OF THE DANCE IS SECRET. THEY MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SPIRITS.
IN DREAMS MEN LEARN NEW SONGS FROM ANCESTORS. THEY TEACH THEM TO THE TRIBES. MYTHS ARE TOLD BY ELDERS.
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IN THE 18TH CENTURY THEY CAME IN CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDERS AND LIVED EAST OF THEIR PRESENT LOCATION. A GOLD RUSH CAME HERE WHEN SEEKERS CAME HERE IN THE 18TH CENTURY. THE WEALTH OF MINERS, 1/5 WAS PAID TO PORTUGAL, A GOVERNOR WAS SENT TO BRING ORDER TO THE NEW CAPTAINCY.
THESE NEW DISEASES CLASHED WITH THE INDIANS. THE INDIANS ABANDONED VILLAGES AND DISPERSED UNTIL THE MINERS BECAME DISCOURAGED. IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY ONE GOVERNOR PACIFIED SEVERAL 1000 SHAVANTE AND SETTLED THEM AT MISSIONS. BY THE 1900'S THE MEN WERE EXHAUSTED AND SETTLERS LEFT THE AREA. THE SHAVANTE WHO REMAINED AT THE MISSIONS AFTER EPIDEMICS HAD REDUCED THEIR NUMBERS AND RETURNED TO THEIR VILLAGES.
ABOUT THE 19TH CENTURY THE SHAVANTE GROUPS BEGAN TO MOVE WEST SEPARATING FROM OTHER RELATED GROUPS. ACCORDING TO A LEGEND THE SHAVANTE WERE THOSE WHO HAD COURAGE HAD COURAGE TO CROSS THE GREAT RIVER.
ALTHOUGH THE SHAVANTE WERE ISOLATED UNDERTOOK THE PACIFICATION OF THIS TRIBE IN THE 1940'S. THEIR RESISTANCE BEGAN TO CRUMBLE. THE LANDS THEY ONCE CONTROLLED WERE SOLD TO PRIVATE INVESTORS ISOLATING THEIR VILLAGES FROM ONE. BY THE LATE 1950'S, ONE OF ALL VILLAGES EXCEPT ONE WERE ATTACHED TO GOVERNMENT INDIAN POSTS OR MISSIONS. EVENTUALLY THE GOVERNMENT GAVE THEM RESERVATIONS. AFTER THIS TIME OF CONTACT, EPIDEMIC DISEASES HIT AND THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED TO 200 IN THE 1960'S.
DI SPITE THEIR LOSS OF POPULATION, THEIR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IS INTACT. SOME MEN WORK ON FARMS OUTSIDE THE RESERVATION, AND SOME GROW RICE FOR SALE. IN THE 1970'S FUNAI GAVE THEM A STAR T TO GROW RICE ON A LARGE SCALE. BUT IT WAS UNSUCCESSFUL AND HAS BEEN STOPPED. THEIR HABITAT IS A SAVANNAH WITH DRY AND WET SEASONS. MOST OF THE LAND THAT LIES BETWEEN THE RIVERS IS PLANTED IN SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE. THEY CLEAR GARDENS IN THE SUMMER AND PLANT IN OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER THEN HARVEST IN FEBRUARY. THEIR STAPLE CROPS ARE MAIZE , BEANS, PUMPKINS, AND THEY SPENT RELATIVELY LITTLE TIME IN ON AGRICULTURE. THEY GROW RICE AND OTHER CROPS.
BEFORE THEY LIVED ON RESERVATIONS THEY USED TO GATHER WILD FOODS. THEY ATE EDIBLE TUBERS, AND HEARTS OF PALM. THEY ALSO FOUND MANY FRUITS. WOMEN STILL GO ON COLLECTIVE GATHERING TRIPS ALL DAY. NATIVE PLANTS ARE STILL USED IN THEIR DIET.
THEY CONSIDER THEMSELVES TO BE PRIMARILY HUNTERS . MEN HUNT ALONE AND WITH OTHERS. IN THE SUMMER THEY SET FIRE TO THE SCRUB. THEY USED TO HUNT WITH BOW AND ARROWS. TODAY THEY HAVE GUNS. THEY EAT TAPPIR. PECARRIES, AND DEER. THEY ROAST THEIR MEAT
BY SMOKING. HE GIVES HIS GAME TO HIS WIFE OR ANOTHER MOTHER IN LAW WHO SHARES IT WITH THE HOUSEHOLD OR POSSIBLY TO OTHER HOUSEHOLDS.
FISHING IS LESS IMPORTANT AND IS DONE IN THE SUMMER. FAMILIES GO TO THE RIVER WITH FISHOOKS AND LINES. THEY USE A FISH POISON. WHEN LARGE NUMBERS OF FISH ARE CAUGHT THEY SMOKE THEM.
THEIR VILLAGES ARE LAID OUT IN A CONFIGURATION OF A HORSE SHOE CHIEFS HOUSE IS AT ONE END. THEY HAVE A BACHELOR'S HUT AS WELL. THE HOUSES LOOK LIKE BEEHIVES AND THEY PLANT SAPLINGS AND THEN TIE THEM TO A CENTER POLE. IN THE INTERIOR IS A CENTRAL FIREPLACE. HIS WIFE AND YOUNG CHILDREN SLEEP AROUND THE PERIMETER. THEY HAVE THEIR BELONGINGS IN BASKETS.
THE WOMEN MAKE POTTERY. GOURDS ARE USED TO HOLD WATER. THE BABY IS KEPT IN A BASKET ON MOM'S BACK. THEY MAKE ALL KINDS OF BASKETS. THEY ALSO MAKE LARGE MATS FOR SLEEPING AND SMALLER ONES FOR PLATES. THEY GROW COTTON AND THEY SPIN IT FOR CORDS AND CEREMONIAL NECKLACES. BEFORE CONTACT THEY WORE LITTLE CLOTHING. BODY PAINT HAS RITUAL USES.
THEIR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION HAS IS BASED ON KINSHIP. EXOGAMOUS MOIETIES WITH MEMBERSHIP ARE NORMAL AND AND THEY EXCHANGE SPOUSES. A MARRIAGE BETWEEN A MAN AND WOMAN IS MARKED BY A WEDDING HUNT. THE BRIDEGROOM PRESENTS GAME TO MOTHER'S BROTHER OF A BRIDE. AFTER THEY HAVE A CHILD THEY MOVE INTO HIS WIFE'S HOUSEHOLD.
THE BOYS HAVE AN INITIATION CEREMONY AND THE GIRLS HAVE NONE. MEN IN OLDER AGE PARTICIPATE IN NIGHTLY NIGHTLY COUNCIL MEETINGS. THEY BECOME SKILLED ORATORS. THEY PARTICIPATE IN LOG RACES. THEY ARE NOT MIXED - MEN AGAINST MEN AND WOMEN AGAINST WOMEN. THESE ARE BOTH RITUAL AND ATHLETIC CONTESTS. TWO LENGTHS OF PALM TRUNK ARE CUT. THE WOMEN'S LOG WEIGHS LESS. AFTER THE RACES THEY SING AS WELL.
THERE HELD A CEREMONY FOR INITIATING YPOUNG MEN SEVERASL TIMES A YEAR. THE MEN GO TO A CLEARING IN THE FOREST NEAR THE VILLAGE WHILE OLDER MEN SING AND SHAKE THEIR RATTLE. THE YOUNG MEN WEAR CEREMONIAL HEADDRESSES. THE INTERMEDIATE AGE MEN DANCE AGRESSIVELY IN FRONT OF THE YOUNG MEN. PART OF THE DANCE IS SECRET. THEY MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SPIRITS.
IN DREAMS MEN LEARN NEW SONGS FROM ANCESTORS. THEY TEACH THEM TO THE TRIBES. MYTHS ARE TOLD BY ELDERS.
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