THE ARE KNOWN AS JAIARA RIVER TRIBE AND LIVED ALONG WATERSHEDSOF LODDON AND AVOCA RIVERS. THEY HAD 16 CLANS. THEY HAD TWO MOITIES THESE FOLKS WERE BOUND BY THEIR SPIRITUAL BELIEF SYSTEM THAT DERIVED FROM DREAMING. THEY HAD TRADE NETWORKS. SMALLPOX THROUGH THIS TRIBE IN 1789 AND 1825, REDUCING THE POPULATION GREATLY. THESE EPEDEMICS WERE ALREADY INCORPORATED INTO THEIR MYTHOLOGY. THERE WAS A GIANT SNAKESENT BY BUNJIL TO BLOW MAGIC DUST. DURING THE 1830'S THE DJA DJA WURRUNG WERE KILLED BY EUROPEANS WHO INVADED THEIR TERRITORY.
APPARENTLY THE TRIBAL WOMEN WERE ABUSED AND RAPED BY SOME SOME OF THE EUROPEAN MEN. THE EUROPEANS MASSACRED THEEUROPEANS MASSACREDFOLKS IN THE 1840'2 AND DROVE OFF THE SHEEP. THIS RESULTED IN CONFLICTS. VERY FEW ABORIGINES BROUGHT THIS PROBLEM TO COURT AS THEY WERE DISMISSED. IN 1839 40 ABORIGINES WERE KILLED. THAT DECIMATED THAT THIS TRIBE AND THE WOMEN
CONTRACTED SYPHILLIS FROM EUROPEAN MEN.THEY HAD RESPIRATOY DISEASES FROM TIME TO TIME.
THE AREA HAD A GOLD RUSH IN 1851 AS THEY HAD 1,000 DJA DJA WURRONG OCCUPYING BARKERS CREEK. MT. ALEXANDER. THE MEN WERE EMPLOYED WITH STOCKING SHEPARDS AND SEASONAL BASIS. MANY ABORIGINES MOVED AWAY FROM THE DIGGINGS TO AVOID PROBLEMS OF ALCOHOLISM, ETC.
IN 1864 THE CORANDERECK SUPERINTENDENT FORCED THEM TO RESETTLE IN CORANDERICK STATION ON THE LAND OF THE WURRENDIERI, THAT WAS ONLY 31 ADULTS AND 7 CHIDREN. THERE WERE 6 GROUPS CALLED CLANS AND THEY CALLED CLANS AND THEY WERE CONNECTED THROUGH CULTURAL AND MUTUAL INTERESTS.
TODAY TRADITIONAL CLAN LOCATIONS LANGUAGES AND BORDERS ARE NO LONGER IN USE. PEOPLE LIVE IN MODERN DAY SOCIETIES. ALTHOUGH THEY PRESERVE MUCH OF THEIR CULTURE.
WHEN FOREIGNERS PASSED THROUGH THE OR WERE INVITED ONTO DJA DJA WUUONG LANDS THEY HAD LIVED A CEREMONY OF TANDERUM. FREEDOM OF THE BUSH WOULD BE PERFORMED TO ALLOW SAFE PASSAGE AND TEMPORARY ACCESS AND USE OF LAND AND RESOURCES OF LAND AND RESOURCES. IT WAS THEIR DIPLOMATIC RITE INVOLVED, THE LAND HOLDERS HOSPITALITY AND EXCHANGE OF GIFTS.
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Tuesday, May 29, 2012
GUUGU YIMITHIRR IN AUSTRALIA
THESE AUSTRAILIAN ABORIGINES OF THE FAR NORTHEAST. THEY DO HAVE ABOUT 800 IN POPULATION. COOKTOWN WAS THEIR LANGUAGE. ABORIGINES OF THE FAR NORTHEAST.. THEY HAVE ABOUT 800 IN POPULATION. COOKTOWN WAS THEIR LANGUAGE. THEY WERE A COASTAL PEOPLE AND WERE CALLED SALTWATER PEOPLE.
IN 1770 SYDNEY PARKINSON ARRIVED WITH LIEUTENANT JAMES COOK BY BOAT. THEIR VESSEL WAS DAMAGED THIS TRIBE WAS TYPICALLY 5 FEET 5 INCHES. MOST OF THEIR MEN CUT THEIR HAIR. THEY HAD HOLES IN THEIR NOSES. SOME HAD NECKLACES OF SHELL. THEY BUILT CANOES OUT OF ONE TREE. IN 1885 A LUTHERAN MISSIONARY FOUND AN ABORIGINAL MISSION AT COOKTOWN OR HOPEVILLE.
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IN 1770 SYDNEY PARKINSON ARRIVED WITH LIEUTENANT JAMES COOK BY BOAT. THEIR VESSEL WAS DAMAGED THIS TRIBE WAS TYPICALLY 5 FEET 5 INCHES. MOST OF THEIR MEN CUT THEIR HAIR. THEY HAD HOLES IN THEIR NOSES. SOME HAD NECKLACES OF SHELL. THEY BUILT CANOES OUT OF ONE TREE. IN 1885 A LUTHERAN MISSIONARY FOUND AN ABORIGINAL MISSION AT COOKTOWN OR HOPEVILLE.
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GUNWINGGU IN AUSTRAILIA
GUNWINGUGGU IN AUSTRALIA ARE AN ABORIGINAL TRIBE WHOSE LANGUAGE IS IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA. SPEAKERS LIVE IN WESTERN ARNHEM LAND. THERE ARE PERHAPS 2000 FLUENT SPEAKERS BOUNDED BY THE STUART HIGHWAY TO THE WEST. THEY HAVE THREE DIALECTS. KUNWINIKU IS TYPICAL OF THE LANGUAGES OF CENTRAL ARNHEM LAND.
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Monday, May 28, 2012
GUNDHMARA IN AUSTRAILIA.
THESE FOLKS ARE AN INDIGENOUS GROUP IN WESTERN VICTORIA. THEIR NEIGHBORS TO THE WEST ARE THE BUNDIG, TO THE NORTH ARE THE JARDWADIALI AND DJABBS WURUNG PEOPLE.
THOSE PEOPLE WERE RIVER AND LAKE PEOPLE. THEIR RIVER SYSTEMS WERE IMPORTANT SYSTEMS ECONOMICALLY AND SPIRITUALLY. THEY HAD A SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM OF AQUACULTURE AND FARMING AS WELL AS STONE DWELLINGS. THEY BUILT STONE DAMS TO HOLD WATER IN THESE CHANNELS. THEY GROW SHORT EELS AND FISH THEY BUILT CHANNELS LINKING WETLANDS. THESE CHANNELS CONTAINED WEIRS OF WOVEN BLANKETS TO HARVEST THE EELS.
IN 1833 THE WHALERS CLASHED WITH THE GUNDHMARA AND NEIGHBORS AT PORTLAND BEACH. THERE WAS A DISPUTE OF A BEACHED WHALE, THE GUNDJI THREW SPEARS AND WHALERS FIRED GUNS. APPARENTLY MANY WERE KILLED WITH ONLY 2 ABORIGINES SURVIVING. AGAIN IN THE MIDDLE 19TH CENTURY WITH EUROPEANS. OVER 20 YEARS THE EUMERELLA WAR TOOK PLACE AND THE REMAINS OF PEOPLE INVOLVED ARE AT DUNN MAAR.
IN LATE 1800'S GUNDITJ WAS MOVED TO THE FRANKLINHAM ABORIGINAL STATION, A MISSION. IN 1987 THE ABORIGINES GOT 1130 ACRES OF FOREST TRUST. THE TITLE CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER INDIGENOUS LAND TRUST. IT PREVENTS MINING . IN 1993 THE GUNDITJ MARA BOUT THE DEEN MAAR AND PUT IT INTO AN INDIGENOUS PROTECTED ARE. THEY FOUGHT FIERCELY FOR RECOGNITION FOR RECOGNITION OF TRADITIONAL OWNERS RIGHTS. BY 2007 THEY RECEIVED FORMAL REGONITION THROUGH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENTS ABORIGINAL LAND. THE GUNDITJ MARA ARE OWNERS OF 140,000 HECTARES RECOGNIZED BY FEDERAL COURT. THEIR PROPERTIES.FEATURE THEIR AQUA SYSTEM OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT.
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THOSE PEOPLE WERE RIVER AND LAKE PEOPLE. THEIR RIVER SYSTEMS WERE IMPORTANT SYSTEMS ECONOMICALLY AND SPIRITUALLY. THEY HAD A SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM OF AQUACULTURE AND FARMING AS WELL AS STONE DWELLINGS. THEY BUILT STONE DAMS TO HOLD WATER IN THESE CHANNELS. THEY GROW SHORT EELS AND FISH THEY BUILT CHANNELS LINKING WETLANDS. THESE CHANNELS CONTAINED WEIRS OF WOVEN BLANKETS TO HARVEST THE EELS.
IN 1833 THE WHALERS CLASHED WITH THE GUNDHMARA AND NEIGHBORS AT PORTLAND BEACH. THERE WAS A DISPUTE OF A BEACHED WHALE, THE GUNDJI THREW SPEARS AND WHALERS FIRED GUNS. APPARENTLY MANY WERE KILLED WITH ONLY 2 ABORIGINES SURVIVING. AGAIN IN THE MIDDLE 19TH CENTURY WITH EUROPEANS. OVER 20 YEARS THE EUMERELLA WAR TOOK PLACE AND THE REMAINS OF PEOPLE INVOLVED ARE AT DUNN MAAR.
IN LATE 1800'S GUNDITJ WAS MOVED TO THE FRANKLINHAM ABORIGINAL STATION, A MISSION. IN 1987 THE ABORIGINES GOT 1130 ACRES OF FOREST TRUST. THE TITLE CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER INDIGENOUS LAND TRUST. IT PREVENTS MINING . IN 1993 THE GUNDITJ MARA BOUT THE DEEN MAAR AND PUT IT INTO AN INDIGENOUS PROTECTED ARE. THEY FOUGHT FIERCELY FOR RECOGNITION FOR RECOGNITION OF TRADITIONAL OWNERS RIGHTS. BY 2007 THEY RECEIVED FORMAL REGONITION THROUGH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENTS ABORIGINAL LAND. THE GUNDITJ MARA ARE OWNERS OF 140,000 HECTARES RECOGNIZED BY FEDERAL COURT. THEIR PROPERTIES.FEATURE THEIR AQUA SYSTEM OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT.
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THE MARIN GREEK FESTIVAL
THIS WEEKEND I WENT TO THE MARIN GREEK FESTIVAL IN NOVATO. IT WAS SOMEWHAT TRICKY TO FIND. I CLIMBED THE HILL TO THE CHURCH AND THERE WERE SO MANY PEOPLE THERE THAT I COULD HARDLY FIND A PLACE TO SIT DOWN. THE FAIR WAS MOSTLY FOODS AND DESERTS. THERE WERE PEOPLE IN COSTUMES DANCING WITH THE MUSIC. THERE WERE INDOOR TABLES AND THE PROGRAM SAID THEY WOULD HAVE A TOUR OF THE CHURCH. I WAS NOT FEELING SO HUNGRY AND I ATE SOME SPINACH DISH. I LISTENED TO SOME MUSIC AND TALKED TO SOME OF THE PEOPLE. THEIR WERE DANCERS DRESSED IN MINOAN EMBROIDERS DRESSES AND THE MEN HAD BOOTS AND WERE DANCING IN A CIRCULAR DANCE. IT WENT FAST. I DANCED ONE DANCE WHERE THE PUBLIC WAS INVITED. THE CHURCH TOUR WAS NOT HAPPENING SO I LEFT AROUND 7 PM.
THANKFULLY I SAW MY CATS WERE DOING OK. IT WAS HOTTER THAN USUAL THERE.
THANKFULLY I SAW MY CATS WERE DOING OK. IT WAS HOTTER THAN USUAL THERE.
A MOVIE CALLED CHIMPANZEES
I RECENTLY WATCHED A MOVIE CALLED CHIMPANZEES. IT WAS A GOOD DOCUMENTARY ABOUT THE WAY A BABY CHIMP GROWS UP IN AFRICA AND HOW THE CHIMP FAMILY TAKES CARE OF ITS MEMBERS AND SOMETIMES DOESN'T. AS THE STORY UNFOLDS THE BABY'S MOM IS KILLED DURING A RAID BY A ANOTHER CHIMP GROUP. ANOTHER CHIMP GROUP RAIDED THE OTHER GROUP IN ORDER TO GET SOME NUT TREES. THE BABY CHIMP LOST SOME WEIGHT AND FINALLY FOUND IT'S GROUP. IT SEEMED AS IF NONE OF THE FEMALE CHIMPS WANTED HIM. AS DAY WENT BY HE WAS ADOPTED BY THE ALPHA - THE GROUP'S ELDER MALE. HE FOUND FOOD FOR HIM AND GROOMED HIM AND KEPT HIM SAFE FROM ALL THE OTHER ANIMALS IN THE JUNGLE. IT WAS A TOUCHING MOVIE THAT I WOULD RECOMMEND. AT THE END IT SHOWED HOW THE CREW PHOTOGRAGHED THESE SCENES THAT WERE SO PRECIOUS. IT REMINDED ME OF THE WORK THAT JANE GOODALL HAS DONE WITH OTHE PRIMATES.
A WORKDAY PETALUMA CONSERVATION CORP
THIS WAS A VOLUNTEER WORKDAY I PARTICIPATED IN ONE WEEK END. THERE WERE ONLY ABOUT 10 VOLUNTEERS AND I THOUGHT THAT THERE WERE GOING TO BE MORE FOLKS. THEY ADVERTIZED THAT THEY WERE SEVING A LUCH TO US AND I THOUGHT IT WAS GOING TO BE COLD BUT IT WAS HOT. THEY HAD ALL SORTS OF WEEDING PROJECTS IN THEIR ORCHARD AND SOME FOLKS WERE PAINTING A GLUE AROUND THE TREES TO KEEP THE ANTS FROM DESTROYING THE TREES. THE WORK WAS TEDIOUS AND I USED A HAND TOOL TO DIG UP THE ROOTS. WE HAD TO SORT THE TYPE OF WEEDS WE PULLED OUT. SOME WERE INVASIVE AND COULD NOT BE PUT IN THEIR COMPOST PILE.
THEY FINALLY BROKE FOR LUNCH AND HAD ALL SORTS OF FOOD AND SALAD. I COULD NOT EAT THAT MUCH AS IT WAS SO HOT. THEY HAD A BAND OF BLUEGRASS PLAYING FOR US AND A WOMAN DOING SOME YOGA. THE CREW WAS FROM THE SANTA ROSA CALIFORNIA CONSERVATION CORP AND I NOTICED THAT MANY OF THE PEOPLE DID NOT WEAR HATS. WHEN I WAS YOUNG I DON'T THINK I DI EITHER UNTIL I WENT TO ARIZONA. SINCE THERE WERE ONLY A FEW PEOPLE IT SEEMED AS IF WE MADE JUST A LITTLE PROGRESS. THEY SOME UNSUAL TREES SUCH AS AN CROSS BETWEEN AN APRICOT AND A PLUM, APPLE, AN PEAR TREES.
I HAVE TRIED TO GROW A PEAR TREE BUT IT GOT A RUST ON IT, JUST LIKE THESE. THEY MAY HAVE TO BE SPRAYED WITH AN ORGANIC COMPOUND.
THEY FINALLY BROKE FOR LUNCH AND HAD ALL SORTS OF FOOD AND SALAD. I COULD NOT EAT THAT MUCH AS IT WAS SO HOT. THEY HAD A BAND OF BLUEGRASS PLAYING FOR US AND A WOMAN DOING SOME YOGA. THE CREW WAS FROM THE SANTA ROSA CALIFORNIA CONSERVATION CORP AND I NOTICED THAT MANY OF THE PEOPLE DID NOT WEAR HATS. WHEN I WAS YOUNG I DON'T THINK I DI EITHER UNTIL I WENT TO ARIZONA. SINCE THERE WERE ONLY A FEW PEOPLE IT SEEMED AS IF WE MADE JUST A LITTLE PROGRESS. THEY SOME UNSUAL TREES SUCH AS AN CROSS BETWEEN AN APRICOT AND A PLUM, APPLE, AN PEAR TREES.
I HAVE TRIED TO GROW A PEAR TREE BUT IT GOT A RUST ON IT, JUST LIKE THESE. THEY MAY HAVE TO BE SPRAYED WITH AN ORGANIC COMPOUND.
Friday, May 25, 2012
THE GUISEDGAL INDIANS IN AUSTRAILIA
THE GUISEDGAL ARE IN A CLAN OF THE SHARAWAL TRIBE OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS AT BOTANY BAY AND KURNELL.
GUISEDGAL WERE CALLED FIRE CLAN AND HAD 20 - 50 FOLKS WHO LIVED IN AMONGST THEMSELVES. THEY HAD STRONG TIES TO LAND AND SACRED SITES. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. EARLY ON THEY LIVED WITHOUT CLOTHING. THEY HAD A CHAIR, A SASH IN WHICH THEY CARRIED TOOLS. THEY SOMETIMES WORE A PASSENGER POSSUM SKIN COAT IN WINTER. THEY PUT RESIN IN THEIR HAIR TO GIVE IT A MOP LIKE APPEARANCE. THEY MADE FUR COATS OF ANIMAL HIDES. TOOL MAKERS CHOSE TO MAKE GRIND AXES CLOSE TO POOLS, AS A LUBRICANT FOR GRINDING AND SHARPENING. THEY USED AN IGNEOUS
OR METAMORPHIC ROCK. ONLY ONE OF THE ENDS WAS GROUND TO A BLADE. AXE GRINDING BLADES AREA DATED TO 3000 B.P.
THESE ABORIGINALS ARE THE GUARDIANS OF THE SACRED WHITE CLAY PITS IN THEIR TERRITORY. MEMBERS WALKED 1000 MILES TO COLLECT CLAY. IT WAS CONSIDERED SACRED. THEY MADE WHITE PAINT FROM CLAY. COLOR WAS ADDED TO THE CLAY USING BERRIES THAT MADE A COLORED PAINT. THE CLAY WAS USED AS AN ANTACID OR MEDICINE. THEY PAINTED THEMSELVES FOR CEREMONIES. THEY ATE THE CLAY WITH BERRIES AS A SUPPLEMENTS.
CAVES HAD BEAUTIFUL AND COLORFUL PICTOGRAPHS THAT WERE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR LIFE. THEY LIVED IN CAVES OR OVERHANGING SITES. IN 1789 MANY MORE VICTIMS OF SMALLPOX. SOME CAVES WERE USED AS BURIAL SITES. DURING SOME HEAVY RAIN STORMS THE PEOPLE WENT TO CAVES AND SOME CAVED IN TRAPPING THE PEOPLE. THE WALLS OF MOST CAVES WERE ADORNED WITH ANCIENT PAINTINGS AND SOME OF THEM WERE DESTROYED. THEY BUILT FIRES THERE AND THEY HAVE BEEN TEST EXCAVATED.
THE GUISALGAL HAD MUCH FISH. MEN AND WOMEN FISHED IN CANOES IN RIVERS AND THE OCEAN. THEY MADE HOOKS FROM SHELLS AND CAUGHT WATERFOWL. THEY COLLECT EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL PLANTS, BIRD EGGS, POSSUMS AND GOANNAS WERE LIKE STAPLE. EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD ABUNDANT RESOURCES THEY TOOK ONLY WHAT THEY COULD IMMEDIATELY USE THESE FOLKS WERE LESS NOMADIC AUSTRALIAN'S THAN THOSE NATIVES OF THE OUTBACK IN AUSTRALIA.
CAPTAIN JAME COOK LANDED NEAR BOTANY BAY IN 1770. THE ABORIGINES HAD NOT SEEN ANY WHITE FOLKS BEFORE THIS AND THEY YELLED DEMONSTRATED SHOWING SIGNS OF AGGRESSION AND WEAPONS, AFTER 10 MINUTES THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF MUSKET FIRE AND SPEARS. ONE SHOT WOUNDED AN ABORIGINE. THEY SHOT SPEARS AND WERE INEFFECTIVE AGAINST THE GUNS OF THE BRITISH. THEY FINALLY CAME ASHORE AND TRIED WITH GREAT DIFFICULTY TO MAKE CONTACT.
BUT THEY HAD NO SUCCESS AND THE ABORIGINES AVOIDED THEM. THEY IGNORED THE STRANGERS AND THEY CAUGHT FISH ON THE SHORE. THEY COULD WATCH HIS CREW WITH CAUTION. THE LOCALS DECIDED TO LET COOK'S FOLKS USE THEIR SMALL AREA WITHOUT HOSTILITY.
AFTER RETURNING TO ENGLAND THAT YEAR THEY BROUGHT SOME PLANTS AND ANIMALS AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS (50 ABORIGINES SPEARS) FROM THE GUIJAGEL. ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THE SPEARS ARE PRICELESS AS THEY ARE THE FEW ARTIFACTS FROM COOK'S IST VOYAGE. THEY ARE AT CAMBRIDGE.
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GUISEDGAL WERE CALLED FIRE CLAN AND HAD 20 - 50 FOLKS WHO LIVED IN AMONGST THEMSELVES. THEY HAD STRONG TIES TO LAND AND SACRED SITES. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. EARLY ON THEY LIVED WITHOUT CLOTHING. THEY HAD A CHAIR, A SASH IN WHICH THEY CARRIED TOOLS. THEY SOMETIMES WORE A PASSENGER POSSUM SKIN COAT IN WINTER. THEY PUT RESIN IN THEIR HAIR TO GIVE IT A MOP LIKE APPEARANCE. THEY MADE FUR COATS OF ANIMAL HIDES. TOOL MAKERS CHOSE TO MAKE GRIND AXES CLOSE TO POOLS, AS A LUBRICANT FOR GRINDING AND SHARPENING. THEY USED AN IGNEOUS
OR METAMORPHIC ROCK. ONLY ONE OF THE ENDS WAS GROUND TO A BLADE. AXE GRINDING BLADES AREA DATED TO 3000 B.P.
THESE ABORIGINALS ARE THE GUARDIANS OF THE SACRED WHITE CLAY PITS IN THEIR TERRITORY. MEMBERS WALKED 1000 MILES TO COLLECT CLAY. IT WAS CONSIDERED SACRED. THEY MADE WHITE PAINT FROM CLAY. COLOR WAS ADDED TO THE CLAY USING BERRIES THAT MADE A COLORED PAINT. THE CLAY WAS USED AS AN ANTACID OR MEDICINE. THEY PAINTED THEMSELVES FOR CEREMONIES. THEY ATE THE CLAY WITH BERRIES AS A SUPPLEMENTS.
CAVES HAD BEAUTIFUL AND COLORFUL PICTOGRAPHS THAT WERE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR LIFE. THEY LIVED IN CAVES OR OVERHANGING SITES. IN 1789 MANY MORE VICTIMS OF SMALLPOX. SOME CAVES WERE USED AS BURIAL SITES. DURING SOME HEAVY RAIN STORMS THE PEOPLE WENT TO CAVES AND SOME CAVED IN TRAPPING THE PEOPLE. THE WALLS OF MOST CAVES WERE ADORNED WITH ANCIENT PAINTINGS AND SOME OF THEM WERE DESTROYED. THEY BUILT FIRES THERE AND THEY HAVE BEEN TEST EXCAVATED.
THE GUISALGAL HAD MUCH FISH. MEN AND WOMEN FISHED IN CANOES IN RIVERS AND THE OCEAN. THEY MADE HOOKS FROM SHELLS AND CAUGHT WATERFOWL. THEY COLLECT EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL PLANTS, BIRD EGGS, POSSUMS AND GOANNAS WERE LIKE STAPLE. EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD ABUNDANT RESOURCES THEY TOOK ONLY WHAT THEY COULD IMMEDIATELY USE THESE FOLKS WERE LESS NOMADIC AUSTRALIAN'S THAN THOSE NATIVES OF THE OUTBACK IN AUSTRALIA.
CAPTAIN JAME COOK LANDED NEAR BOTANY BAY IN 1770. THE ABORIGINES HAD NOT SEEN ANY WHITE FOLKS BEFORE THIS AND THEY YELLED DEMONSTRATED SHOWING SIGNS OF AGGRESSION AND WEAPONS, AFTER 10 MINUTES THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF MUSKET FIRE AND SPEARS. ONE SHOT WOUNDED AN ABORIGINE. THEY SHOT SPEARS AND WERE INEFFECTIVE AGAINST THE GUNS OF THE BRITISH. THEY FINALLY CAME ASHORE AND TRIED WITH GREAT DIFFICULTY TO MAKE CONTACT.
BUT THEY HAD NO SUCCESS AND THE ABORIGINES AVOIDED THEM. THEY IGNORED THE STRANGERS AND THEY CAUGHT FISH ON THE SHORE. THEY COULD WATCH HIS CREW WITH CAUTION. THE LOCALS DECIDED TO LET COOK'S FOLKS USE THEIR SMALL AREA WITHOUT HOSTILITY.
AFTER RETURNING TO ENGLAND THAT YEAR THEY BROUGHT SOME PLANTS AND ANIMALS AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS (50 ABORIGINES SPEARS) FROM THE GUIJAGEL. ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THE SPEARS ARE PRICELESS AS THEY ARE THE FEW ARTIFACTS FROM COOK'S IST VOYAGE. THEY ARE AT CAMBRIDGE.
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Thursday, May 24, 2012
GUADANGARS INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
GUADANGARS INDIANS ARE A CLAN IN SOUTHWEST NEW SOUTH WALES. IN 1803 EXPLORER FRANCIS BARRALLIERMILT OF THE GANDANGARA PEOPLE MOVED SOUTHWEST OF SYDNEY WHEN THE YERRANDERIE LIVE. THE GUNDANGARA BUILD HUTS FOR STRANGERS THEY WISH TO RECEIVE AS FRIENDS.
IN 1816 14 ABORIGINES WERE KILLED BY TROOPS WHO WERE SENT TO THE GOVERNOR. THE GUANDANGARS KILLED WERE NOT INVOLVED IN THE EARLY ATTACKS. IN 1828 THE ABORIGINES WERE BUILDING A ROAD AND SINGING SONGS. THE GUADANGARS WERE GUIDES FOR THE THE SURVEY OF THE ROAD. IN 1846 - 1847 THEY HAD AN EPIDEMIC OF INFLUENZA. IN 1848 THE GOUDBURN BEM HAD ONLY 25 ABORIGINES.
THE GUADANGARS BELIEVED IN ANIMAL PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN DREAMING AND WERE KNOWN AS BURRINGLING. THEY LIVED IN THE CLOUDS, MOUNTAINS, DENSE SCRUB, TREES OR WATER HOLES. SOME COULD CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THEIR BODIES, DISAPPEAR OR CHANGE THEIR LANDSCAPE. SOME HAD MAGICAL WEAPONS AND CEREMONY THEY CARRIED OUT.
THEY HAD RUGS PLACED OVER THEIR HEADS AND TOES AND IT CAUSED THEM TO SEE NOTHING.THE MAIN MAN WHO DIRECTED THE THE INITIATION CAUGHT A BOY AND HIT HIM ON HIS HEAD CAUSING A TOOTH TO FALL OUT. IT TURNED INTO STONE FOR THESE CEREMONIES.
THIS INITIATION DIRECTOR CAN BE TRANSLATED "WALKING TOGETHER". THEY BURIED THEIR DEAD IN AN UPRIGHT POSITION.. IMPORTANT FOLKS WERE WRAPPED IN BARK AND PLACED IN OR SURROUNDED BY CARVED TREES.
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IN 1816 14 ABORIGINES WERE KILLED BY TROOPS WHO WERE SENT TO THE GOVERNOR. THE GUANDANGARS KILLED WERE NOT INVOLVED IN THE EARLY ATTACKS. IN 1828 THE ABORIGINES WERE BUILDING A ROAD AND SINGING SONGS. THE GUADANGARS WERE GUIDES FOR THE THE SURVEY OF THE ROAD. IN 1846 - 1847 THEY HAD AN EPIDEMIC OF INFLUENZA. IN 1848 THE GOUDBURN BEM HAD ONLY 25 ABORIGINES.
THE GUADANGARS BELIEVED IN ANIMAL PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN DREAMING AND WERE KNOWN AS BURRINGLING. THEY LIVED IN THE CLOUDS, MOUNTAINS, DENSE SCRUB, TREES OR WATER HOLES. SOME COULD CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THEIR BODIES, DISAPPEAR OR CHANGE THEIR LANDSCAPE. SOME HAD MAGICAL WEAPONS AND CEREMONY THEY CARRIED OUT.
THEY HAD RUGS PLACED OVER THEIR HEADS AND TOES AND IT CAUSED THEM TO SEE NOTHING.THE MAIN MAN WHO DIRECTED THE THE INITIATION CAUGHT A BOY AND HIT HIM ON HIS HEAD CAUSING A TOOTH TO FALL OUT. IT TURNED INTO STONE FOR THESE CEREMONIES.
THIS INITIATION DIRECTOR CAN BE TRANSLATED "WALKING TOGETHER". THEY BURIED THEIR DEAD IN AN UPRIGHT POSITION.. IMPORTANT FOLKS WERE WRAPPED IN BARK AND PLACED IN OR SURROUNDED BY CARVED TREES.
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BORA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE BORA SURVIVED AS HUNTERS, FISHERS, AND GATHERERS IN FAMILY GROUPS OR CLANS SCATTERED ALONG THE COASTAL AREAS. THEY LIVED IN CLANS AND FAMILIES ALONG THE BASIN IN SOUTH WALES.
THE INDIGENOUS FOLKS CALL THEMSELVES EORA, SIMPLY MEANING THE PEOPLE. THEY REVEAL A DEEP CONNECTION TO THE EARTH. THEY HAVE A HERITAGE SPANNING 1000'S OF YEARS. ABOUT 70% DIED OF SMALLPOX FROM VIRUSS AND DESTRUCTION OF THEIR NATURAL FOOD.
THE EORA HAVE THREE MAIN CLANS. THEY MAY HAVE 4 TO 5 MORE CLANS. ADJOINING PEOPLE RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE MANY NOTES MADE OF IT BUY THE ORIGINAL COLONISTS. THEY DO NOT HAVE A CONTINUAL ORAL HISTORY TRADITION FOR OVER 100 YEARS. SOME OF THE WORDS OF ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE STILL IN USE TODAY ARE FROM THE EORA LANGUAGE - DINGO, WALLABING, LANGUAGE..
IN 1788 THE EUROPEANS SETTLED IN HERE. THE EORA LANGUAGE WAS RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE MANY NOTES MADE OF IT BY THE ORIGINAL COLONISTS. THEY DO NOT HAVE A CONTINUOUS ORAL HISTORY TRADITION FROM OVER 100 WARS. SOME OF THE WORDS OF THE ABORIGINALS ORAL HISTORY TRADITION FOR OVER 100 YEARS. SOME OF THE WORDS OF ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE STILL IN USE TODAY ARE FROM THE EORA LANGUAGE - DINGO AND WALLABY..
THESE FOLKS ERE VERY LARGE COASTAL DWELLERS. AND LOVED MAINLY FOOD FROM THE SEA. THEY WERE EXPERTS IN CLOSE TO SHORE NAVIGATION, FISHING , COOKING, EATING, IN THE BAYS AND HARBORS. IN THEIR BARK CANOES, THEY DID NOT HAVE TO PLANT CROPS. THE WOMEN KNEW ABOUT HERBAL REMEDIES. THEY WERE VERY SPIRITUAL PEOPLE. THEY BELIEVED EVERYTHING HAS A SPIRIT INSIDE IT.
WHEN THE FIRST FLEET OF 1300 CONVICTS, GUARDS, AND ADMINISTERS CAME IN 1788, THE EORA NUMBERED 1500. SMALLPOX, VIRUS, AND REDUCED FOOD SOURCES ELIMINATED 70% OF THE EORAS.
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THE INDIGENOUS FOLKS CALL THEMSELVES EORA, SIMPLY MEANING THE PEOPLE. THEY REVEAL A DEEP CONNECTION TO THE EARTH. THEY HAVE A HERITAGE SPANNING 1000'S OF YEARS. ABOUT 70% DIED OF SMALLPOX FROM VIRUSS AND DESTRUCTION OF THEIR NATURAL FOOD.
THE EORA HAVE THREE MAIN CLANS. THEY MAY HAVE 4 TO 5 MORE CLANS. ADJOINING PEOPLE RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE MANY NOTES MADE OF IT BUY THE ORIGINAL COLONISTS. THEY DO NOT HAVE A CONTINUAL ORAL HISTORY TRADITION FOR OVER 100 YEARS. SOME OF THE WORDS OF ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE STILL IN USE TODAY ARE FROM THE EORA LANGUAGE - DINGO, WALLABING, LANGUAGE..
IN 1788 THE EUROPEANS SETTLED IN HERE. THE EORA LANGUAGE WAS RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE MANY NOTES MADE OF IT BY THE ORIGINAL COLONISTS. THEY DO NOT HAVE A CONTINUOUS ORAL HISTORY TRADITION FROM OVER 100 WARS. SOME OF THE WORDS OF THE ABORIGINALS ORAL HISTORY TRADITION FOR OVER 100 YEARS. SOME OF THE WORDS OF ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE STILL IN USE TODAY ARE FROM THE EORA LANGUAGE - DINGO AND WALLABY..
THESE FOLKS ERE VERY LARGE COASTAL DWELLERS. AND LOVED MAINLY FOOD FROM THE SEA. THEY WERE EXPERTS IN CLOSE TO SHORE NAVIGATION, FISHING , COOKING, EATING, IN THE BAYS AND HARBORS. IN THEIR BARK CANOES, THEY DID NOT HAVE TO PLANT CROPS. THE WOMEN KNEW ABOUT HERBAL REMEDIES. THEY WERE VERY SPIRITUAL PEOPLE. THEY BELIEVED EVERYTHING HAS A SPIRIT INSIDE IT.
WHEN THE FIRST FLEET OF 1300 CONVICTS, GUARDS, AND ADMINISTERS CAME IN 1788, THE EORA NUMBERED 1500. SMALLPOX, VIRUS, AND REDUCED FOOD SOURCES ELIMINATED 70% OF THE EORAS.
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DJARGURD WURRING IN AUSTRALIA
THE WURRING ARE INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN MOUNT EMU CREEK.. THEY HAD ABOUT 12 CLANS.UNDER A MATRILINEAL SYSTEM WITH A DESCENT WITH A DESCENT SYSTEM BASED ON COCKATOO MOIETIES.
THESE DJARGURD PEOPLE WERE HERE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS. THERE ARE MANY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES THAT INCLUDE FISH TRAPS. SURFACE SCATTERS, MIDDEN AND BURIAL SITES.
BY THE TIME THE EUROPEAN SETTEMENTS HAPPENED IN 1830'S THE DJARGURD SUFFERED FROM MASSACRES FROM EUROPEAN SETTLERS. THEY WERE FORCED FROM THEIR LAND AND LEAD TO STARVATION. IN 1839 1 CLAN WAS MASSACRED BY FRED GAYLORD AND OTHERS IN A SITE CALLED MURDERING GULLY.
BY 1565 A MONTH OF THIS WERE FORCED TO RELOCATE. BUT ELDERS REFUSED TO ABANDON THE TRADITIONAL COUNTRY. IN 1883 THEY BUILT A MEMORIAL AND IT IS INSPIRING TO THEM TODAY.
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THESE DJARGURD PEOPLE WERE HERE FOR 1000'S OF YEARS. THERE ARE MANY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES THAT INCLUDE FISH TRAPS. SURFACE SCATTERS, MIDDEN AND BURIAL SITES.
BY THE TIME THE EUROPEAN SETTEMENTS HAPPENED IN 1830'S THE DJARGURD SUFFERED FROM MASSACRES FROM EUROPEAN SETTLERS. THEY WERE FORCED FROM THEIR LAND AND LEAD TO STARVATION. IN 1839 1 CLAN WAS MASSACRED BY FRED GAYLORD AND OTHERS IN A SITE CALLED MURDERING GULLY.
BY 1565 A MONTH OF THIS WERE FORCED TO RELOCATE. BUT ELDERS REFUSED TO ABANDON THE TRADITIONAL COUNTRY. IN 1883 THEY BUILT A MEMORIAL AND IT IS INSPIRING TO THEM TODAY.
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DJABUGAY INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS ARE A GROUP OF ABORIGINES WHO LIVE IN THE MOUNTAINS, LANDS, AND WATERS OF THE GREAT DIVIDE RANGE. THEY SHARE A COMMON DESCENT FROM ANCESTORS. THEY SHARE A COMMON DESCENT TO TIME IMMEMORIAL THEIR NAME COMES FROM THE PREHISTORIC DJABUGAY LANGUAGE OR DIALECTS. THEIR LANGUAGES WERE SPOKEN OVER A WIDE AREA.
THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEF IS AS FOLLOWS - THE SOURCE OF LIFE IS THE STORY WATERS OR STORYTIME. IT IS CALLED DREAMTIME. ALL IS FROM THE SUN,MOON, AND STARS, THEIR FOOD, THE CREATURES OF THE WORLD, THE RAIN. BULLARU IS THE SOURCE OF LIFE. THE DJABUGAY ARE FROM BULLARU. DREAMTIME DESCRIBES THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE WORLD.
THEIR CREATIAN ERA TALKS ABOUT THE MAKING OF THE WORLD.IT IS THE SACRED PAST, THEIR STORIES WERE PAST FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION. THEIR GREATEST ANCESTOR WAS GUDJU. HE COULD TRANSFORM INTO ANCESTORS AS A CARPET SNAKE.
ON A RAILROAD JOURNEY TO KURANDA THEY TELL THE STORY OF THE GIANT CARPET SNAKE TO 1000'S OF VISITORS. AS THEY TRAVEL TO THE SIDE OF BARRON GORGE. BY 2004 THE FEDERAL COURT JUDGE DETERMINED WHETHER OR NOT THE DJABUGAY PEOPLE HOLD LAWS AND FIND SOURCES IN TRADITIONS PRECEDING ENGLISH SETTLEMENT THERE.
EUROPEAN SETTLERS EXPLORED AND CLEARED LAND FOR GOLD AND IN THE 1880'S A RAILWAY WAS CONSTRUCTED FROM CAIRNS. THE DJABUGAY WERE UNHAPPY ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT. THEIR TRADITIONAL HUNTING GROUNDS WERE TAKEN OVER. IN 1890 THE DJABUGAY WERE TAKEN TO A MONA MONA MISSION. THEY WEREN'T ABLE TO TO HUNT, FISH, OR MOVE AROUND. THEY BECAME LABORERS ON COFFEE PLANTATIONS. SOME NOW ARE ON THEIR OWN LAND, IN 2004 THEIR LAND NAMED BARRON GORGE NATIONAL PARK.
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THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEF IS AS FOLLOWS - THE SOURCE OF LIFE IS THE STORY WATERS OR STORYTIME. IT IS CALLED DREAMTIME. ALL IS FROM THE SUN,MOON, AND STARS, THEIR FOOD, THE CREATURES OF THE WORLD, THE RAIN. BULLARU IS THE SOURCE OF LIFE. THE DJABUGAY ARE FROM BULLARU. DREAMTIME DESCRIBES THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE WORLD.
THEIR CREATIAN ERA TALKS ABOUT THE MAKING OF THE WORLD.IT IS THE SACRED PAST, THEIR STORIES WERE PAST FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION. THEIR GREATEST ANCESTOR WAS GUDJU. HE COULD TRANSFORM INTO ANCESTORS AS A CARPET SNAKE.
ON A RAILROAD JOURNEY TO KURANDA THEY TELL THE STORY OF THE GIANT CARPET SNAKE TO 1000'S OF VISITORS. AS THEY TRAVEL TO THE SIDE OF BARRON GORGE. BY 2004 THE FEDERAL COURT JUDGE DETERMINED WHETHER OR NOT THE DJABUGAY PEOPLE HOLD LAWS AND FIND SOURCES IN TRADITIONS PRECEDING ENGLISH SETTLEMENT THERE.
EUROPEAN SETTLERS EXPLORED AND CLEARED LAND FOR GOLD AND IN THE 1880'S A RAILWAY WAS CONSTRUCTED FROM CAIRNS. THE DJABUGAY WERE UNHAPPY ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT. THEIR TRADITIONAL HUNTING GROUNDS WERE TAKEN OVER. IN 1890 THE DJABUGAY WERE TAKEN TO A MONA MONA MISSION. THEY WEREN'T ABLE TO TO HUNT, FISH, OR MOVE AROUND. THEY BECAME LABORERS ON COFFEE PLANTATIONS. SOME NOW ARE ON THEIR OWN LAND, IN 2004 THEIR LAND NAMED BARRON GORGE NATIONAL PARK.
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DARUMBAL INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE DARUMBAL ARE THE INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS IN CENTRAL QUEENSLAND. THEY LIVE IN MOSTLY MOSTLY COASTAL CENTRAL QUEENSLAND. AFTER EUROPEANS SETTLED IN THE REGION THE DARUMBAL WERE TOLERATED AS FRINGE COMMUNITIES OF THE NEW SETTLEMENTS. MANY DARUMBAL WERE REMOVED IN 1865 - 1902.
IN RECENT YEARS THEIR TRIBAL CLAIMS AND LAND USE ISSUES HAVE BECOME PROMINENT IN RECENT YEARS. IN 2007 132 HECTARES WERE GIVEN BACK TO DARUMBAL FOLKS. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS EXTINCT.
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IN RECENT YEARS THEIR TRIBAL CLAIMS AND LAND USE ISSUES HAVE BECOME PROMINENT IN RECENT YEARS. IN 2007 132 HECTARES WERE GIVEN BACK TO DARUMBAL FOLKS. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS EXTINCT.
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THARAWAL INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE THARAWAL WERE THE FOLK WHO LIVED IN SOUTHERN SYDNEY. IN 1788 EUROPEANS FIRST MET THEM. THE ROCK ART OF THE OF THE THARAWAL IS ON SANDSTONE PICTOGRAPHS IN CHARCOAL AND RED ORCHE.
THERE ARE MANY PAINTINGS IN 100'S OF SURFACES AND OVERHANGS. THE PICTOGRPHS ARE MARRED BY RECENT EUROPEAN GRAFFTI. THEY HAVE A PUBLIC VIEWING SITE AT JIBBON POINT. SOME ARE PETROGLYPHS OF WHALES AND A SEAL. THE WHALE IS SCARIFIED AND IS A TOTEMIC SPIRIT OF HIGH ESTEEM.. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE NO REMAINING DESCENDANTS OF THE THARAWAL. SOME OF THE WODI, WODI CLAN WHO CLAIM TO HAVE SURVIVED THE DECIMATED SURVIVED THE DECIMATION OF MOVED BACK TO THE AREAS FORMALLY OCCUPIED FORMALLY OCCUPIED BY THARAWAL.
THE THARAWAL LIVED MAINLY BY LOCAL PLANTS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES AND BY FISHING AND GATHERING SHELLS AND GATHERING FISH PRODUCTS. THE MEN HUNTED MAMMALS AND WOMEN COLLECTED PLANTS, FISHED, AND BUILT CANOES. THEY LEFT MANY MIDDEN SITES.
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THERE ARE MANY PAINTINGS IN 100'S OF SURFACES AND OVERHANGS. THE PICTOGRPHS ARE MARRED BY RECENT EUROPEAN GRAFFTI. THEY HAVE A PUBLIC VIEWING SITE AT JIBBON POINT. SOME ARE PETROGLYPHS OF WHALES AND A SEAL. THE WHALE IS SCARIFIED AND IS A TOTEMIC SPIRIT OF HIGH ESTEEM.. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE NO REMAINING DESCENDANTS OF THE THARAWAL. SOME OF THE WODI, WODI CLAN WHO CLAIM TO HAVE SURVIVED THE DECIMATED SURVIVED THE DECIMATION OF MOVED BACK TO THE AREAS FORMALLY OCCUPIED FORMALLY OCCUPIED BY THARAWAL.
THE THARAWAL LIVED MAINLY BY LOCAL PLANTS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES AND BY FISHING AND GATHERING SHELLS AND GATHERING FISH PRODUCTS. THE MEN HUNTED MAMMALS AND WOMEN COLLECTED PLANTS, FISHED, AND BUILT CANOES. THEY LEFT MANY MIDDEN SITES.
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DARUNG PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
THE DURUNG PEOPLE ARE A LANGUAGE GROUP CALLED A NATION OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS WHO OCCUPIED MODERN SYDNEY. THERE IS SOME DISPUTE AS TO THE EXTENT OF THEIR LAND TO THE OF THEIR LAND. SOME HISTORIANS BELIEVE THE COASTAL EORA WERE A SEPARATE TRIBE TO THE TO THE DARUNG. OTHERS THINK THEY MAY BE THE SAME TRIBE. THE TERM EORA MAY BE TO THE DARUNG. OTHERS THINK THEY MAY BE THE SAME TRIBE. THE TERM EORA HAS BEEN PROVEN TO MEAN "PEOPLE OF THE PLACE". THERE WAS CULTURAL DIVIDE BETWEEN THE WESTERN DARUG AND THE COASTAL DARUG THE COASTAL DARUG WERE CANOE BUILDERS AND THEY PRIMARILY ATE SEAFOOD AND SHELLFISH. THEY HUNTED KANGAROOS, AXIS, AND OTHER ANIMALS WITH STONE AXES.
THEY HAD MANY CLANS WHO LIVED IN A CERTAIN AREA. THIS AREA HOUSED DESCENDANT CLANS. EACH CLAN HAD HAD 50 TO 1000 PEOPLE. MEN AND WOMEN MARRIED BETWEEN CLANS AND BECAME INTERRELATED. SMALLPOX DESTROYED 90% OF THE DARUNG POPULATION IN 1789. THEIR NEIGHBORS ALSO GOT THIS DISEASE.
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THEY HAD MANY CLANS WHO LIVED IN A CERTAIN AREA. THIS AREA HOUSED DESCENDANT CLANS. EACH CLAN HAD HAD 50 TO 1000 PEOPLE. MEN AND WOMEN MARRIED BETWEEN CLANS AND BECAME INTERRELATED. SMALLPOX DESTROYED 90% OF THE DARUNG POPULATION IN 1789. THEIR NEIGHBORS ALSO GOT THIS DISEASE.
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Wednesday, May 23, 2012
YOLNGU PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
THE YOLNGU PEOPLE LIVED NORTHEAST OF AMHEIM LAND. THE YONGU MEANS PERSON IN THEIR LANGUAGES. THEIR COMPLETE CRAFT SYSTEM OF YOLNGU KNOWN AS MADEYN MADEYN EMBODIES THE RIGHT OF THE OWNERS OF THE LAW OR CITIZENS. THEY HAVE THE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THIS EMBODYMENT OF LAW. IT INCLUDES HOLY RESTRICTED PLACES THAT ARE USED IN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAW. IT INCLUDES HOLY RESTRICTED PLACES THAT ARE USED IN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAW. THE LAW COVERS OWNERSHIP OF LAND, WATERS AND RESOURCES. IT REGULATES AND CONTROLS PRODUCTION OF TRADE, THE MORAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS LAW FOR CONSERVING AND FARMING FAUNA AND FLORA AND ACQUATIC LIFE. IF PEOPLE LIVE OUT THEIR LIFE ACCORDING TO MADEYIN, IT IS A CIVILIZED WAY OF LIFE TO LIVE. IT IS PEACEFUL AND FREE OF HOSTIITIES. YOLNGU ARE CONNECTED BY COMPLEX KINSHIP SYSTEM THAT GOVERNS GOVERNMENT PROJECTS. OF YOLNGU LIFE WITH CEREMONY AND MARRIAGE RULES. THEIR LIFE HAS TWO MOIETIES. EACH MOIETY IS REPRESENTED BY PEOPLE OF A DIFFERENT GROUP. EACH HAVE THEIR OWN LAND, LANGUAGES, TOTEMS AND PHILOSOPHIES. THEY BELIEVE THAT EVERY FISH, STONE, RIVER ETC. BELONGS TO ONE OR THE OTHER MOIETY.
THEY ALSO HAVE AVOIDANCE RELATIONSHIPS. TWO AVOIDANCE RLATIONSHIPS ARE : SON-IN-LAW;BROTHER-SISTER RELATIONSHIPS. PEOPLE ARE AVOIDED BUT RESPECTED. THERE ARE OTHER AVOIDANCE RELATIONSHIPS. THE YOLNGU SPEK A DOZEN DIALECTS OF A LANGUAGE GROUP. THEY HAVE 6 SEASONS.
THEY HAD GOOD TRADE RELATIONSHIPS WITH MOCCASIN FISHERMEN FOR SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS. THE MOCASSIN RESPECTED THE LAND AS YOLNGU LAND. THEY AVOIDED CONSTACT WITH YOLNUGU WOMEN. THEY MADE ANNUAL VISITS TREPING, AND PEARLS AND EXCHANGED KNIVES, CANOES, TBACCO, AND PIPES.
THEIR FOLKLORE HAS PRESERVED ACCOUNTS OF THE BAJANI PEOPLE WHO APPEAR TO BE DISTINCT FROM THE MACASSASANS. THEY HAVE BEEN THOUGHT OF AS A GROUP OF VISITORS TO AUSTRALIA WHO VISITED ARENHEM LAND BEFORE THE MACASSANS, A MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF EXPERIENCES OF YOLNGU.
BY 1906 THEY DID NOT GET A PERMIT TO HARVEST TREPANG THEY HAD ESTABLISHED TRADE ROUTES WITH AUSTRALIA AND OTHER COUNNTRIES. SOME MEN WERE MESSENGERS AND WALKED SEVERAL HUNDRED KILOMETERS IN THEIR WORK.
BY THE 16TH CENTURY THEY WERE VISITED BY EUROPEANS. BY LATE 19TH CENTURY A BATTLE BETWEEN WHITE AUSTRALIANS AND THE YOLNGU FOR CATTLE GRAZING ERUPTED. THE ABORIGINES WERE WARLIKE AND WANTED TO DEFEND THEIR SHORE LINE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
THE JAPANESE WERE KEPT AWAY FROM THIS PART OF AUSTRALIA, BY THE YOLUNGU FIERCE WARRIORS AND GOVERNMENT. THEY WERE NOTED FOR THEIR ARTWORK OF CROSSHATCHING ON BARK. ARTISTS DAVID MALENGE ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR ARTWORK. THE GOVERNMENT USED HIS ARTWORK WITHOUT PERMISSION OR APPROVAL. THEY MADE ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE DAVID MALENGE.
THEY MAKE BEAUTIFUL HOLLOW LOGS FOR SPIRITUAL PRACTICES AND ARE IMPORTANT PIECES. THE YOLUNGE ARE WEAVERS AND USE PANDASES LEAVES FOR BASKETS. THEY MAKE SEED BEADS. THEY MAKE DIDGERADOO'S AS WELL. THEY HAVE STRICT RULES AROUND WHO CAN PLAY THIS INSTRUMENT.
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THEY ALSO HAVE AVOIDANCE RELATIONSHIPS. TWO AVOIDANCE RLATIONSHIPS ARE : SON-IN-LAW;BROTHER-SISTER RELATIONSHIPS. PEOPLE ARE AVOIDED BUT RESPECTED. THERE ARE OTHER AVOIDANCE RELATIONSHIPS. THE YOLNGU SPEK A DOZEN DIALECTS OF A LANGUAGE GROUP. THEY HAVE 6 SEASONS.
THEY HAD GOOD TRADE RELATIONSHIPS WITH MOCCASIN FISHERMEN FOR SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS. THE MOCASSIN RESPECTED THE LAND AS YOLNGU LAND. THEY AVOIDED CONSTACT WITH YOLNUGU WOMEN. THEY MADE ANNUAL VISITS TREPING, AND PEARLS AND EXCHANGED KNIVES, CANOES, TBACCO, AND PIPES.
THEIR FOLKLORE HAS PRESERVED ACCOUNTS OF THE BAJANI PEOPLE WHO APPEAR TO BE DISTINCT FROM THE MACASSASANS. THEY HAVE BEEN THOUGHT OF AS A GROUP OF VISITORS TO AUSTRALIA WHO VISITED ARENHEM LAND BEFORE THE MACASSANS, A MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF EXPERIENCES OF YOLNGU.
BY 1906 THEY DID NOT GET A PERMIT TO HARVEST TREPANG THEY HAD ESTABLISHED TRADE ROUTES WITH AUSTRALIA AND OTHER COUNNTRIES. SOME MEN WERE MESSENGERS AND WALKED SEVERAL HUNDRED KILOMETERS IN THEIR WORK.
BY THE 16TH CENTURY THEY WERE VISITED BY EUROPEANS. BY LATE 19TH CENTURY A BATTLE BETWEEN WHITE AUSTRALIANS AND THE YOLNGU FOR CATTLE GRAZING ERUPTED. THE ABORIGINES WERE WARLIKE AND WANTED TO DEFEND THEIR SHORE LINE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
THE JAPANESE WERE KEPT AWAY FROM THIS PART OF AUSTRALIA, BY THE YOLUNGU FIERCE WARRIORS AND GOVERNMENT. THEY WERE NOTED FOR THEIR ARTWORK OF CROSSHATCHING ON BARK. ARTISTS DAVID MALENGE ARE WELL KNOWN FOR THEIR ARTWORK. THE GOVERNMENT USED HIS ARTWORK WITHOUT PERMISSION OR APPROVAL. THEY MADE ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE DAVID MALENGE.
THEY MAKE BEAUTIFUL HOLLOW LOGS FOR SPIRITUAL PRACTICES AND ARE IMPORTANT PIECES. THE YOLUNGE ARE WEAVERS AND USE PANDASES LEAVES FOR BASKETS. THEY MAKE SEED BEADS. THEY MAKE DIDGERADOO'S AS WELL. THEY HAVE STRICT RULES AROUND WHO CAN PLAY THIS INSTRUMENT.
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BUNURONG INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE BUNWRONG ARE INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS OF THE KULIN NATION IN SOUTH CENTRAL AUSTRALIA. PRIOR TO EUROPEAN TIMES THEY LIVED AS ALL PEOPLE OF THE KUMLIN NATION LIVED. THEY WERE SUSTAINABLE HUNTERS AND GATHERS FOR 10,000 YEARS. THEY HAD ALLIES AND WERE VERY CLOSE TO THE KULIN NATION. FROM 2005 THE BUNUWRONG PEOPLE HAVE BEEN REPRESENTED BY THE BUNURONG LAND COUNCIL. THERE IS A BUNURONG MARINE NATION PARK.
BY 1801 THE EUROPEANS MET THE BUNURONG. THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF SHIRTS, MIRRORS AND AXES, FOR FRESH WATER. THE BRITISH PANICKED AND SPEARS FLEW AND THEIR MUSKETS SHOT. THE BUNURONG WERE ALSO INVOLVED IN A LONG RUNNING DISPUTE WITH THE GUNARI. THEIR CONFLICT WAS OVER RESOURCES.THEIR CONFLICT WAS OVER RESOURCES. MANY GUNARI RAIDED TO ABDUCT BUNWRONG WOMEN.
IN 1803 THE BRITISH ATTACK OCCURRED AT SULLIVAN. THE GUNNAI ROADS WERE MANY. IN 1834 60 TO 70 BUNWRONG PEOPLE WERE KILLED IN A RAID BY GUNNAI. IN 1803 THE FIRST BRITISH SETTLEMENT WAS NEAR VICTORIA. ONE MAN WOULD ENTERTAIN THE ABORIGINES WITH STORIES OF THE ENGLISH. THE BUNURONG PEOPLE WERE RAIDED FROM 1809 - 1833 AND MEN AND WOMEN WERE KILLED! A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC ALSO DESTROYED MANY FOLKS IN THE 1800'S. THE KULIN TRIBE WAS DECIMATED BY THIS DISEASE. BY 1839 ONLY 83 FOLKS OF THE BUNGWRONG GROUP SURVIVED. PRE CONTACT THEY HAD 300PEOPLE. THESE EPIDEMICS ARE THOUGHT OF AS PART OF THEIR ORAL TRADITIONS AS MINGY...A RAINBOW SERPENT SENT TO DESTROY PEOPLE FOR BAD DEEDS AND SPREADING DISEASE.
THEIR COMMUNITIES ARE OF 6 OR MORE TERRITORIES OR CLANS WITH CONNECTED INTERESTS OR TOTEMS. THESE GROUPS HAD TRADE CONNECTIONS AND MARRIAGE TIES. THEIR ACCESS TO LAND AND RESOURCES WERE CONNECTED. IF A RIVER HAD BEEN FISHED REGULARLY, FISHING WAS LIMITED OR STOPPED TO RECOVER. THEY THOUGHT ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY.
THEY HAD 6 DIFFERENT CLANS PRIOR TO EUROPEAN CONTACT. THEIR TERRITORY WAS AT THE EASTERN SHORES OF IT'S TWO MAIN ISLANDS.. IT WAS KNOWN AS THE KULIN CLAN AND IT HAD AN ABUNDANCE OF OF FOODS. THE KULIN BELIEVED THAT THOSE OUTSIDE WERE REQUIRED TO PARTAKE OF A RITUAL BEFORE ENTERING THEIR TERRITORY.
THE BUNWRONG SHARED THE SAME SAME BELIEF SYSTEM AS KULIN NATION TERRITORY BASED AS DREAMTIME. THUS IT GOES BACK TO WHEN THEIR ANCESTORS KNOWN AS FIRST PEOPLE TRAVELLED ACROSS THE LAND AND NAMED AREAS. THEIR ORAL TRADITION WAS BASED ON ACROSS THE LAND, AND NAMED AREAS. THEIR ORAL TRADITION WAS BASED ON REVERENCE FOR THE LAND - A BELIEF IN DREAM TIME. DREAMING WAS BOTH THE ANCIENT TIME OF CREATION. AND PRESENT DAY REALITY. THE DURUWONG HAD TWO MOIETIES - RAVEN AND EAGLE HAWK.
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BY 1801 THE EUROPEANS MET THE BUNURONG. THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF SHIRTS, MIRRORS AND AXES, FOR FRESH WATER. THE BRITISH PANICKED AND SPEARS FLEW AND THEIR MUSKETS SHOT. THE BUNURONG WERE ALSO INVOLVED IN A LONG RUNNING DISPUTE WITH THE GUNARI. THEIR CONFLICT WAS OVER RESOURCES.THEIR CONFLICT WAS OVER RESOURCES. MANY GUNARI RAIDED TO ABDUCT BUNWRONG WOMEN.
IN 1803 THE BRITISH ATTACK OCCURRED AT SULLIVAN. THE GUNNAI ROADS WERE MANY. IN 1834 60 TO 70 BUNWRONG PEOPLE WERE KILLED IN A RAID BY GUNNAI. IN 1803 THE FIRST BRITISH SETTLEMENT WAS NEAR VICTORIA. ONE MAN WOULD ENTERTAIN THE ABORIGINES WITH STORIES OF THE ENGLISH. THE BUNURONG PEOPLE WERE RAIDED FROM 1809 - 1833 AND MEN AND WOMEN WERE KILLED! A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC ALSO DESTROYED MANY FOLKS IN THE 1800'S. THE KULIN TRIBE WAS DECIMATED BY THIS DISEASE. BY 1839 ONLY 83 FOLKS OF THE BUNGWRONG GROUP SURVIVED. PRE CONTACT THEY HAD 300PEOPLE. THESE EPIDEMICS ARE THOUGHT OF AS PART OF THEIR ORAL TRADITIONS AS MINGY...A RAINBOW SERPENT SENT TO DESTROY PEOPLE FOR BAD DEEDS AND SPREADING DISEASE.
THEIR COMMUNITIES ARE OF 6 OR MORE TERRITORIES OR CLANS WITH CONNECTED INTERESTS OR TOTEMS. THESE GROUPS HAD TRADE CONNECTIONS AND MARRIAGE TIES. THEIR ACCESS TO LAND AND RESOURCES WERE CONNECTED. IF A RIVER HAD BEEN FISHED REGULARLY, FISHING WAS LIMITED OR STOPPED TO RECOVER. THEY THOUGHT ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY.
THEY HAD 6 DIFFERENT CLANS PRIOR TO EUROPEAN CONTACT. THEIR TERRITORY WAS AT THE EASTERN SHORES OF IT'S TWO MAIN ISLANDS.. IT WAS KNOWN AS THE KULIN CLAN AND IT HAD AN ABUNDANCE OF OF FOODS. THE KULIN BELIEVED THAT THOSE OUTSIDE WERE REQUIRED TO PARTAKE OF A RITUAL BEFORE ENTERING THEIR TERRITORY.
THE BUNWRONG SHARED THE SAME SAME BELIEF SYSTEM AS KULIN NATION TERRITORY BASED AS DREAMTIME. THUS IT GOES BACK TO WHEN THEIR ANCESTORS KNOWN AS FIRST PEOPLE TRAVELLED ACROSS THE LAND AND NAMED AREAS. THEIR ORAL TRADITION WAS BASED ON ACROSS THE LAND, AND NAMED AREAS. THEIR ORAL TRADITION WAS BASED ON REVERENCE FOR THE LAND - A BELIEF IN DREAM TIME. DREAMING WAS BOTH THE ANCIENT TIME OF CREATION. AND PRESENT DAY REALITY. THE DURUWONG HAD TWO MOIETIES - RAVEN AND EAGLE HAWK.
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QUANJOBAL INDIANS IN MAYA
THE QUANJOBAL ARE A MAYAN GROUP. THE QUANJOBAL ARE ONE OF THE MAYAN GROUPS LIVING IN THE THE CUCHA NATION MOUNTAINS. THEY LIVED IN VARIOUS CLIMATE RANGES. THERE ARE 70,000 INDIANS LIVING IN THE NORTHWEST HIGHLANDS. THEY SPEAK QUANJOBAL IN THIS AREA.
THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE QUANJOBAL BEGAN IN THE 1529'S WHEN DEDRO ALVARADO HAD SOLDIERS THROUGH GUATEMALA TO CONQUER THE INDIANS. EUROPEAN DISEASES AND MILITANT ATTACKS SERVED TO WEAKEN AND DEPLETE THESE NATIVES.
DURING COLONIAL PERIOD THE PRIVATE LAND HOLDERS STOLE INDIAN LANDS TO GROW COFFEE, WHICH BROUGHT THEM MANY DOLLARS. BECAUSE OF THEIR GOVERNMENT THE QUANJOBAL INDIANS LOST MORE THAN 70% OF THEIR LANDS TO LADINOS IN 1880 -1926. THEIR LANDS HAVE BEEN IN UNDER CONTINUED PRESERVE.
THEY LIVE IN HOUSES NEAR FIELDS. THEIR HOUSES ARE MADE OF ONE ROOM DWELLINGS MADE OF POLES WITH THATCHED ROOFS. THEY MAKE SWEAT BATHS ADJACENT TO THEIR THEIR ENTRANCE. THEY MAINLY GROW CORN BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY GROW SURPLUS CORN AND SELL IT FOR CASH. THEY FARM ON STEEP MOUNTAIN SIDES. THEY HAVE BECOME MAINLY MIGRANT LABORERERS.
WEAVING IS THE MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR FOR WOMEN. THEY USE INTRICATE LOOMS WITH CLOTHES AND BLOUSES. EACH TOWN HAS ITS OWN DESIGN. IT IS POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY PEOPLE BASED ON THEIR VLOTHING.
MARRIAGES ARE INVOLVE MUCH RITUAL AND SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT. THE COUPLE MOVES INTO THE HOUSE OF THE GROOM'S FATHER. THEIR RELIGION COMBINES TRADITIONAL BELIEFS AND CATHOLICISM. ALTHOUGH THEIR CATHOLIC GOD, JESUS, AND THE VIRGIN MARY. THEY PLACE THEM INTO THEIR OWN TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES. THEY HAVE DEITIES WHO DO EVIL. A CROSS IS THEIR CENTRAL SYMBOLTHAT STANDS IN FRONT OF THE CHURCHES. THE CROSS IS THE INTEGRAL PART OF THE MAYAN CALENDAR.
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THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE QUANJOBAL BEGAN IN THE 1529'S WHEN DEDRO ALVARADO HAD SOLDIERS THROUGH GUATEMALA TO CONQUER THE INDIANS. EUROPEAN DISEASES AND MILITANT ATTACKS SERVED TO WEAKEN AND DEPLETE THESE NATIVES.
DURING COLONIAL PERIOD THE PRIVATE LAND HOLDERS STOLE INDIAN LANDS TO GROW COFFEE, WHICH BROUGHT THEM MANY DOLLARS. BECAUSE OF THEIR GOVERNMENT THE QUANJOBAL INDIANS LOST MORE THAN 70% OF THEIR LANDS TO LADINOS IN 1880 -1926. THEIR LANDS HAVE BEEN IN UNDER CONTINUED PRESERVE.
THEY LIVE IN HOUSES NEAR FIELDS. THEIR HOUSES ARE MADE OF ONE ROOM DWELLINGS MADE OF POLES WITH THATCHED ROOFS. THEY MAKE SWEAT BATHS ADJACENT TO THEIR THEIR ENTRANCE. THEY MAINLY GROW CORN BEANS AND SQUASH. THEY GROW SURPLUS CORN AND SELL IT FOR CASH. THEY FARM ON STEEP MOUNTAIN SIDES. THEY HAVE BECOME MAINLY MIGRANT LABORERERS.
WEAVING IS THE MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR FOR WOMEN. THEY USE INTRICATE LOOMS WITH CLOTHES AND BLOUSES. EACH TOWN HAS ITS OWN DESIGN. IT IS POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY PEOPLE BASED ON THEIR VLOTHING.
MARRIAGES ARE INVOLVE MUCH RITUAL AND SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT. THE COUPLE MOVES INTO THE HOUSE OF THE GROOM'S FATHER. THEIR RELIGION COMBINES TRADITIONAL BELIEFS AND CATHOLICISM. ALTHOUGH THEIR CATHOLIC GOD, JESUS, AND THE VIRGIN MARY. THEY PLACE THEM INTO THEIR OWN TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES. THEY HAVE DEITIES WHO DO EVIL. A CROSS IS THEIR CENTRAL SYMBOLTHAT STANDS IN FRONT OF THE CHURCHES. THE CROSS IS THE INTEGRAL PART OF THE MAYAN CALENDAR.
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Tuesday, May 22, 2012
AWAKATECO INDIANS IN GUATEMALA
THERE ARE INDIGENOUS TO MAYAN ETHNIC GROUPS OF GUATEMALA. THE TRADITIONAL HOME OF AWAKEN TEKO WAS IN A VOLCANIC RANGE. THEY LIVE IN AT 1500 TO 3000 METERS WITH YEARLY RAINFALL OF 100 CM. IT IS A HUMID AREA CHRACTERIZED BY AREAS RANGING FROM HEAVY FORESTS TO RAIN FORESTS. THEY LIVE IN OVER 300 SQ. KM. ABOUT 87 % OF THE POPULATION ARE MAYAN WHO FLOURISHED IN THE LOWLANDS OF THE PETEN AND YUCATAN. A SPANISH LINGUIST WAS HERE IN THE 16TH CENTURY AS WELL AS WESTERN GUATEMALA. HIGHLANDS.
THE LANDINOS FORMED A LOCAL GOVERNMENT WHO HAD DICTATORIAL POWER OVER THE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE CENTURY. THE AWAKATECO BEGAN TO DISSOLVE IN 1944. BETWEEN 1954 AND 1964 THE CIVIL-RELIGIOUS SYSTEM COLLAPSED. TENSIONS MOUNTED IN AGUA-CANTAN AS LOCAL GOVERNMENT SUSPENDED ORDERS. IN 1954 TO 1964'S CIVIL-RELIGIOUS SYSTEM COLLAPSED. POWER WAS SHIFTED FROM ELDERS TO YOUNGER GROUPS. THEY ALLOWED THE AWAHATACO TO ASSET LEADERSHIP. BY 1971 THE GUATEMALA MILITARY SENT TROOPS TO AGUACANTAN BECAUSE OF AN INDIAN UPRISING. SOME INDIANS WENT TO PRISON FOR A WEEK. VARIOUS POLITICAL PROBLEMS PERSISTED.
AWAKATECO SETTLEMENTS HAVE FOCUSED ON CENTRAL PLAZAS, WHERE TRADE AND EXCHANGE TAKE PLACE. THEIR IS THE CENTER OF SOCIALIZING AND A MARKET FOR MERCHANTS. THEY BUILT HOUSES AROUND THE AGRICULTURAL PLOTS AND THE CENTRAL TOWN. THEIR FARMERS HAVE LESS THAN LESS TWO HECTARES OF LAND. THEIR TYPICAL HOUSE IS ONE ROOM DWELLING OF ADOBE WITH EXTENDED PORCHES WHERE FAMILIES GATHER. THEY HAVE NO FURNITURE EXCEPT A PLANK BED. THEY HAVE A BATH AND A SAUNA LOCATED NEAR THE HOUSE.
THEY MARRY ABOUT THE AGE OF 15 - 18. THE FATHER OF THE BRIDE SETS A PRICE. BOTH MUST HAVE THE SAME RELIGION. THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY IS A POLICY WHICH MEANS CACAO BEANS. THE INFLUENCE OF MISSIONARIES WORK IS IMPORTANT. ONCE MARRIED THE BRIDE LIVES AT THE BRIDE'S HOUSE. SHE IS VISITED NIGHTLY BY HER HUSBAND. IN 3 WEEKS THEY MOVE TO THE HUSBAND'S HOUSE. SONS LIVE NEAR PARENT'S LAND AND DAUGHTER'S LEAVE THEIR HOMES. DIVORCE IS NOT COMMON.
THE COMMON DOMESTIC UNIT IS FATHER. MOTHER AND 2- 3 CHILDREN. SAME FAMILIES HAVE WIDOWED WIDOWED PARENTS. OBEDIENCE OF CHILDREN IS INSTILLED AT A VERY EARLY AGE.
THEY PRACTICE A MIX OF CATHOLICISM, PROTESTANT, NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ANCESTOR WORSHIP. THEY HAVE MANY GOD'S REPRESENTING NATURAL FEATURES - MOUNTAINS, SPRINGS, PLANTS AND GODS ARE CONSIDERED. DECEASED PARENTS ARE AN ACTIVE PART IN THEIR LIVES.
THEY HAVE A STRANGE WAY OF COMMUNICATING WITH DECEASED RELATIVES. SHAMANS LEAD MAGICAL AND PUBLIC RITUALS. THEY HELP THE SPIRITUAL CLEANSING OF THE BY SCATTERING BEANS ON THE GROUND. THEY PICK THEM UP THEM UP WHILE RECITING THE DAYS OF THE WEEK.
SOME OF THEIR FESTIVALS LAST 7 DAYS. SOME OF THEIR FESTIVALS LASTED LASTED FOR DAYS AND THEY HAD PARADES AND THEIR FESTIVALS, MUSIC AND DANCING AND MUCH DRINKING. SHAMANS PERFORMED CEREMONIES THERE WERE 3 DANCES WITH SOME MINOR RITUALS.
IN THIS TRADITIONAL RELIGION DEAD ANCESTORS PLAY A PROMINENT ROLE ROLE IN CURING THROUGH SHAMANIC INTERVENTION. SHAMANS ARE HIRED FOR SPIRITUAL CONSULTATION.
THESE INDIANS DO NOT LOAN OF THE AFTERLIFE AS A HEAVEN OR HELL. THEY BELIEVE PEOPLE ARE ACTIVE IN THEIR AFTERLIFE. THIS IS CALLED ANCESTOR WORSHIP. IT ALL CHANGED IN THE 1950'S. CATHOLIC MISSIONS CAME HERE. THEY DRASTICALLY CHANGED THEIR WAY OF LIFE.
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THE LANDINOS FORMED A LOCAL GOVERNMENT WHO HAD DICTATORIAL POWER OVER THE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE CENTURY. THE AWAKATECO BEGAN TO DISSOLVE IN 1944. BETWEEN 1954 AND 1964 THE CIVIL-RELIGIOUS SYSTEM COLLAPSED. TENSIONS MOUNTED IN AGUA-CANTAN AS LOCAL GOVERNMENT SUSPENDED ORDERS. IN 1954 TO 1964'S CIVIL-RELIGIOUS SYSTEM COLLAPSED. POWER WAS SHIFTED FROM ELDERS TO YOUNGER GROUPS. THEY ALLOWED THE AWAHATACO TO ASSET LEADERSHIP. BY 1971 THE GUATEMALA MILITARY SENT TROOPS TO AGUACANTAN BECAUSE OF AN INDIAN UPRISING. SOME INDIANS WENT TO PRISON FOR A WEEK. VARIOUS POLITICAL PROBLEMS PERSISTED.
AWAKATECO SETTLEMENTS HAVE FOCUSED ON CENTRAL PLAZAS, WHERE TRADE AND EXCHANGE TAKE PLACE. THEIR IS THE CENTER OF SOCIALIZING AND A MARKET FOR MERCHANTS. THEY BUILT HOUSES AROUND THE AGRICULTURAL PLOTS AND THE CENTRAL TOWN. THEIR FARMERS HAVE LESS THAN LESS TWO HECTARES OF LAND. THEIR TYPICAL HOUSE IS ONE ROOM DWELLING OF ADOBE WITH EXTENDED PORCHES WHERE FAMILIES GATHER. THEY HAVE NO FURNITURE EXCEPT A PLANK BED. THEY HAVE A BATH AND A SAUNA LOCATED NEAR THE HOUSE.
THEY MARRY ABOUT THE AGE OF 15 - 18. THE FATHER OF THE BRIDE SETS A PRICE. BOTH MUST HAVE THE SAME RELIGION. THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY IS A POLICY WHICH MEANS CACAO BEANS. THE INFLUENCE OF MISSIONARIES WORK IS IMPORTANT. ONCE MARRIED THE BRIDE LIVES AT THE BRIDE'S HOUSE. SHE IS VISITED NIGHTLY BY HER HUSBAND. IN 3 WEEKS THEY MOVE TO THE HUSBAND'S HOUSE. SONS LIVE NEAR PARENT'S LAND AND DAUGHTER'S LEAVE THEIR HOMES. DIVORCE IS NOT COMMON.
THE COMMON DOMESTIC UNIT IS FATHER. MOTHER AND 2- 3 CHILDREN. SAME FAMILIES HAVE WIDOWED WIDOWED PARENTS. OBEDIENCE OF CHILDREN IS INSTILLED AT A VERY EARLY AGE.
THEY PRACTICE A MIX OF CATHOLICISM, PROTESTANT, NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ANCESTOR WORSHIP. THEY HAVE MANY GOD'S REPRESENTING NATURAL FEATURES - MOUNTAINS, SPRINGS, PLANTS AND GODS ARE CONSIDERED. DECEASED PARENTS ARE AN ACTIVE PART IN THEIR LIVES.
THEY HAVE A STRANGE WAY OF COMMUNICATING WITH DECEASED RELATIVES. SHAMANS LEAD MAGICAL AND PUBLIC RITUALS. THEY HELP THE SPIRITUAL CLEANSING OF THE BY SCATTERING BEANS ON THE GROUND. THEY PICK THEM UP THEM UP WHILE RECITING THE DAYS OF THE WEEK.
SOME OF THEIR FESTIVALS LAST 7 DAYS. SOME OF THEIR FESTIVALS LASTED LASTED FOR DAYS AND THEY HAD PARADES AND THEIR FESTIVALS, MUSIC AND DANCING AND MUCH DRINKING. SHAMANS PERFORMED CEREMONIES THERE WERE 3 DANCES WITH SOME MINOR RITUALS.
IN THIS TRADITIONAL RELIGION DEAD ANCESTORS PLAY A PROMINENT ROLE ROLE IN CURING THROUGH SHAMANIC INTERVENTION. SHAMANS ARE HIRED FOR SPIRITUAL CONSULTATION.
THESE INDIANS DO NOT LOAN OF THE AFTERLIFE AS A HEAVEN OR HELL. THEY BELIEVE PEOPLE ARE ACTIVE IN THEIR AFTERLIFE. THIS IS CALLED ANCESTOR WORSHIP. IT ALL CHANGED IN THE 1950'S. CATHOLIC MISSIONS CAME HERE. THEY DRASTICALLY CHANGED THEIR WAY OF LIFE.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
BRIBRI, BORECA, TERABA INDIANS IN GUATEMALA
THERE ARE THREE GROUPS LOCATED IN COSTA RICA ON THE BRUNQUENA MOUNTAIN RANGE. THERE ARE 6 RESERVATIONS ESTABLISHED IN 1945. THERE IS MUCH INTERMARRIAGE. SOME NON INDIANS LIVE ON RESERVED LAND AND HAVE A POPULATION OF 2660. THE BRIBRI LIVED ON RESERVED LAND AND HAVE A POPULATION OF 6700; THE CEBECAR HAD 8300. IN THE 1980'S THE BRUNKEN LANGUAGE WAS SPOKEN BY ELEVEN PEOPLE AND 4O UNDERSTOOD IT.
THE SPANISH ENTERED IN IN 1502 , AND THEY HAD EXPEDITIONS IN 1519 - 1560. MORE INFORMATION STEMS FROM CONQUISTADORS JUAN VASQUEZ DE CORONADO WHO MET WITH OFFICIALS IN 1564. THESE AND OTHER COSTA RICANS WERE ORGANIZED INTO CHIEFDOMS. THE INDIANS BEGAN TO BE REASSIGNED TO COLONIZE UNITS, AS MISSIONS. THE TALAMANCA ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN RANGE MANAGED TO RETAIN TRAITS OF CHIEFDOMS. THE BORUCA WERE CONSIDERED PACIFIEDIN 1608 . THEY BUILT A VILLAGE BY 1629. IT WAS A MULE STOP. DURING 1660'S THE BORUCA WAS THE ONLY VILLAGE IN THE SOUTH. BY THE END OF THE CENTURY THE COMMUNITY HAD 12 HUTS. BY 1770 THEY HAD 25 HUTS. BY 1801 THEY HAD 250 PEOPLE INCLUDING NON INDIAN SETTLEMENTS.
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THE SPANISH ENTERED IN IN 1502 , AND THEY HAD EXPEDITIONS IN 1519 - 1560. MORE INFORMATION STEMS FROM CONQUISTADORS JUAN VASQUEZ DE CORONADO WHO MET WITH OFFICIALS IN 1564. THESE AND OTHER COSTA RICANS WERE ORGANIZED INTO CHIEFDOMS. THE INDIANS BEGAN TO BE REASSIGNED TO COLONIZE UNITS, AS MISSIONS. THE TALAMANCA ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN RANGE MANAGED TO RETAIN TRAITS OF CHIEFDOMS. THE BORUCA WERE CONSIDERED PACIFIEDIN 1608 . THEY BUILT A VILLAGE BY 1629. IT WAS A MULE STOP. DURING 1660'S THE BORUCA WAS THE ONLY VILLAGE IN THE SOUTH. BY THE END OF THE CENTURY THE COMMUNITY HAD 12 HUTS. BY 1770 THEY HAD 25 HUTS. BY 1801 THEY HAD 250 PEOPLE INCLUDING NON INDIAN SETTLEMENTS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
ACATEKO INDIANS IN GUATEMALA
THE ACATEKO HAVE A POPULATION OF 20,000 AND ARE MAYAN AND ARE MAYAN SPEAKERS. THEY LIVE IN SAN RAFAEL AND SAN MIGUEL. AS OF 1998 THERE WERE 58,0000 SPEAKERS OF ACATEC THE LANGUAGE IS CLOSE MAYAN. IT IS BELIEVED THEY SPLIT INTO SEVERAL GROUPS OF 500 TO 1500 YEARS AGO. ALFAKET WAS A DIALECT OF THE PANJOBAL LANGUAGE UNTIL 1970'S.
NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
Monday, May 21, 2012
WARAO INDIANS GUYANA
THE WARAO HAVE 20,000 FOLKS IN A LAND CALLED RAPOSA SERRA DO SOL. IT IS AN ESPECIALLY BEAUTIFUL REGION IN THE MOUNTAINS. THEY HAVE A TROPICAL FOREST, SAVANNAH RIVER, WATERFALL. THEIR TERRITORY IS ABOUT 1.7 MILLION HECTARS. THE DIAL HAVE HAD CONTACT WITH OUTSIDERS FOR 200 YEARS. THEY MAINTAIN THEIR LAND AND CUSTOMS. MANY VILLAGES OWN EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH PROJECTS TO DEFEND THEIR RIGHTS AND RUN THEIR PROJECTS.
OVER THREE DECADES OF OVER 20 INDIANS HAVE BEEN KILLED DURING THEIR TIRELESS STRUGGLE TO RECLAIM THEIR STRUGGLE TO KEEP ANCESTORAL LAND. SOME RICE FARMERS SUPPORTED BY THE POLITITIANS USED VIOLENT METHODS TO GET THEM TO LEAVE.
IN MARCH 2009 A LAND MARK RULING THE INDIANS RIGHTS TO THEIR LAND SAYING THAT ITS SIZE AND BORDERS SHOULD BE MAINTAINED . NOW THEY HAVE THE RIGHT TO FISH IN THEIR RIVERS WITHOUT BEING SHOT AT.
THESE INDIANS LIVE ON THE ORINOCO RIVER DELTA IN HUTS ON STLTS WITH THATCHED ROOFS AND NO WALLS . THEY HAVE A FIRE PIT OF CLAY IN THE CENTER OF THE HOUSE AND SLEEP IN HAMMOCKS. THEY ONLY TRAVEL BY FOOT OR DUG OUT CANOE. THEIR NAME MEANS BOAT PEOPLE.
THEIR ORIGIN MYTH IS AS FOLLOWS. THE WAREO BELIEVE IN ONE MAN FIRST LIVED IN THE SKY WITH ANIMALS AND BIRDS. ONE DAY A HUNTER SHOT A BIRD AND THE ARROW PIERCED THE GROUND AND MADE A HOLE THERE.. HE LOOKED DOWN THE HOLE A RICH LAND THERE WITH MUCH GAME. HE ATTACHED A ROPE TO TO A TREE TREE AND CLIMBED DOWN THE LOWER EARTH. THERE HE WAS JOINED BY HIS FRIEND WHO ABANDONED THE SKY WORLD AND LIVED PERMANENTLY ON THE EARTH, THEY ARE FINE BASKETMAKERS WITH LIDS AND A CARRYING STRAP. THEY MAKE COILED BASKETS. ALL OF THE FAMILY CONTRIBUTES TO THE WORK ON THE BASKETS. THEY DYE REEDS AND CHILDREN SORT REEDS AND ARE TRAINED TO WEAVE.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
OVER THREE DECADES OF OVER 20 INDIANS HAVE BEEN KILLED DURING THEIR TIRELESS STRUGGLE TO RECLAIM THEIR STRUGGLE TO KEEP ANCESTORAL LAND. SOME RICE FARMERS SUPPORTED BY THE POLITITIANS USED VIOLENT METHODS TO GET THEM TO LEAVE.
IN MARCH 2009 A LAND MARK RULING THE INDIANS RIGHTS TO THEIR LAND SAYING THAT ITS SIZE AND BORDERS SHOULD BE MAINTAINED . NOW THEY HAVE THE RIGHT TO FISH IN THEIR RIVERS WITHOUT BEING SHOT AT.
THESE INDIANS LIVE ON THE ORINOCO RIVER DELTA IN HUTS ON STLTS WITH THATCHED ROOFS AND NO WALLS . THEY HAVE A FIRE PIT OF CLAY IN THE CENTER OF THE HOUSE AND SLEEP IN HAMMOCKS. THEY ONLY TRAVEL BY FOOT OR DUG OUT CANOE. THEIR NAME MEANS BOAT PEOPLE.
THEIR ORIGIN MYTH IS AS FOLLOWS. THE WAREO BELIEVE IN ONE MAN FIRST LIVED IN THE SKY WITH ANIMALS AND BIRDS. ONE DAY A HUNTER SHOT A BIRD AND THE ARROW PIERCED THE GROUND AND MADE A HOLE THERE.. HE LOOKED DOWN THE HOLE A RICH LAND THERE WITH MUCH GAME. HE ATTACHED A ROPE TO TO A TREE TREE AND CLIMBED DOWN THE LOWER EARTH. THERE HE WAS JOINED BY HIS FRIEND WHO ABANDONED THE SKY WORLD AND LIVED PERMANENTLY ON THE EARTH, THEY ARE FINE BASKETMAKERS WITH LIDS AND A CARRYING STRAP. THEY MAKE COILED BASKETS. ALL OF THE FAMILY CONTRIBUTES TO THE WORK ON THE BASKETS. THEY DYE REEDS AND CHILDREN SORT REEDS AND ARE TRAINED TO WEAVE.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
Tuesday, May 15, 2012
FIRST DOWNTOWN MARKET IN 2012
LAST WEEKEND I DANCED AT THE DOWNTOWN MARKET AND FOUND ABOUT 5 LIVE BANDS. IT WAS DIFFICULT TO LISTEN TO ALL THE CHATTER. THERE WERE SO MANY PEOPLE WHO HAD FOOD BOOTHS AND FREE FRUIT AND SOME EXHIBITS OF SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES AND HORNED LIZARDS. THERE WERE BOOTHS OF LASERED JADE STONE NECKLACES AND OTHER STONE ART. THESE WERE MADE BY A GUY FROM CHURCH. ANOTHER BOTH SOLD HENNA AND TEMPORARY TATTOES.. THERE WERE MANY PEOPLE DRINKING ALL KINDS OF ALCOHOL AND EATTING IN THE RESTAURANTS. CHILDREN WERE INVOLVED WITH CLOWNS WHO MADE THEM SPECIAL BALLOONS AND PAINTED THEIR FACES. SOME NUNS ALSO PAINTED THEIR ENTIRE FACE - I GUESS THEIR WERE PEOPLE FROM BOTH OF MY CHURCHES.
Monday, May 14, 2012
BUNWRONG GROUP IN AUSTRALIA
THE BUNWRONG ARE INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS OF THE KLEIN NATION IN SOUTH CENTRAL AUSTRAILIA. PRIOR TO EUROPEANS THEY LIVED AS ALL PEOPLE OF THE KULIN NATION LIVED. THEY HAD ALLIES AND WERE VERY CLOSE TO THE KULIN NATION. FROM 2005 THE BUNAURONG PEOPLE HAVE BEEN REPRESENTED BY THE BUNWRONG LAND COUAIL. THERE IS A BUNWRONG MARINE NATION PARK.
BY 1801 THE EUROPEANS MET THE BUMWRONG. THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF SHIRTS, MIRRORS, AND AXES FOR FRESH WATER. THE BRITISH PANICKED AND SPEARS FLEW AND MUSKETS SHOT. THE BUNWRONG WERE ALSO INVOLVED IN A LONG RUNNING DISPUTE WITH THE GUNARI. THEIR CONFLICT WAS OVER RESOURCES. MANY GUNARI RAIDED TO ABDUCT THE BUNWRONG WOMEN .
IN 1803 THE BRITISH CONFLICT OCCURRED AT SULLIVAN. THE GUNNAI RAIDS WERE MANY. IN 1834 60 TO 70 BUNWRONG PEOPLE WERE KILLED IN A RAID BY GUNNAI. IN 1803 THE LIEUTENANT BRITISH SETTLEMENT WAS NEAR VICTORIA. ONE MAN WANTED ENTERTAINMENT THE ABORIGINES WITH STORIES OF THE ENGLISH. THE BUNWRONG PEOPLE WERE RAIDED FROM 1809 TO 1833 WITH MEN AND WOMENBEING KILLED. A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC ALSO DESTROYED MANY FOLKS HERE IN IN EARLY 1800'S. THE KULIN TRIBE WAS DECIMATED BY THIS DISEASE. BY 1839 ONLY 83 FOLKS OF THE BUNWRONG GROUP SURVIVED. IN PRECONTACT TIMES THEY HAD 3000 PEOPLE! THESE EPIDEMICS ARE THOUGHT OF AS PART OF THEIR ORIGINAL ORAL TRADITIONS AS MINDY. A RAINBOW SERPENT WAS SENT TO DESTROY PEOPLE FOR BAD DEEDS AND SPREADING DISEASE.
THEIR COMMUNITIES OF SIX OR MORE TERRITORIES OR CLANS WITH CONNECTED INTERESTS OR TOTEMS, TRADED AND HAD MARRIAGE TIES. THEIR ACCESS TO LAND AND RESOURCES WERE CONNECTED. IF IF A RIVER HAD BEEN FISHED REGULARLY , FISHING WAS LIMITED OR STOPPED TO RECOVER. THEY THOUGHT ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY.
THEY HAD SIX SEPARATE CLANS PRIOR TO TO EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT. THE TERRITORY WAS AT THE EASTERN, NORTHERN, AND SOUTHERN SHORES OF IT'S TWO MAINS ISLANDS. IT WAS KNOWN AS THE KULIN CLAN AND IT HAD ABUNDANCE OF FOODS. THE KULIN BELIEVED THAT THOSE OUTSIDE OF THIS COUNTRY WERE REQUIRED TO PARTAKE OF A RITUAL BEFORE ENTERING WITHOUT HARM.
THE BUNWRONG SHARED THE BELIEF SYSTEM AS THE RULIN NATION TERRITORIES BASED AS DREAMTIME. THUS IT WAS BACKED WHEN THEIR ANCESTORS KNOWN AS FIRST PEOPLE TRAVELLED ACROSS THE LAND , AND NAMED AREAS. THEIR ORAL TRADITION WAS BASED ON REVERENCE FOR THE LAND AS A BELIEF IN DREAMTIME. DREAMING WAS BOTH THE ANCIENT ART OF TIME AND CREATION AND PRESENT DAY REALITY. THE BUNWONG HAD TWO MOIETIES - RAVEN AND EAGLEHAWK.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
BY 1801 THE EUROPEANS MET THE BUMWRONG. THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF SHIRTS, MIRRORS, AND AXES FOR FRESH WATER. THE BRITISH PANICKED AND SPEARS FLEW AND MUSKETS SHOT. THE BUNWRONG WERE ALSO INVOLVED IN A LONG RUNNING DISPUTE WITH THE GUNARI. THEIR CONFLICT WAS OVER RESOURCES. MANY GUNARI RAIDED TO ABDUCT THE BUNWRONG WOMEN .
IN 1803 THE BRITISH CONFLICT OCCURRED AT SULLIVAN. THE GUNNAI RAIDS WERE MANY. IN 1834 60 TO 70 BUNWRONG PEOPLE WERE KILLED IN A RAID BY GUNNAI. IN 1803 THE LIEUTENANT BRITISH SETTLEMENT WAS NEAR VICTORIA. ONE MAN WANTED ENTERTAINMENT THE ABORIGINES WITH STORIES OF THE ENGLISH. THE BUNWRONG PEOPLE WERE RAIDED FROM 1809 TO 1833 WITH MEN AND WOMENBEING KILLED. A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC ALSO DESTROYED MANY FOLKS HERE IN IN EARLY 1800'S. THE KULIN TRIBE WAS DECIMATED BY THIS DISEASE. BY 1839 ONLY 83 FOLKS OF THE BUNWRONG GROUP SURVIVED. IN PRECONTACT TIMES THEY HAD 3000 PEOPLE! THESE EPIDEMICS ARE THOUGHT OF AS PART OF THEIR ORIGINAL ORAL TRADITIONS AS MINDY. A RAINBOW SERPENT WAS SENT TO DESTROY PEOPLE FOR BAD DEEDS AND SPREADING DISEASE.
THEIR COMMUNITIES OF SIX OR MORE TERRITORIES OR CLANS WITH CONNECTED INTERESTS OR TOTEMS, TRADED AND HAD MARRIAGE TIES. THEIR ACCESS TO LAND AND RESOURCES WERE CONNECTED. IF IF A RIVER HAD BEEN FISHED REGULARLY , FISHING WAS LIMITED OR STOPPED TO RECOVER. THEY THOUGHT ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY.
THEY HAD SIX SEPARATE CLANS PRIOR TO TO EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT. THE TERRITORY WAS AT THE EASTERN, NORTHERN, AND SOUTHERN SHORES OF IT'S TWO MAINS ISLANDS. IT WAS KNOWN AS THE KULIN CLAN AND IT HAD ABUNDANCE OF FOODS. THE KULIN BELIEVED THAT THOSE OUTSIDE OF THIS COUNTRY WERE REQUIRED TO PARTAKE OF A RITUAL BEFORE ENTERING WITHOUT HARM.
THE BUNWRONG SHARED THE BELIEF SYSTEM AS THE RULIN NATION TERRITORIES BASED AS DREAMTIME. THUS IT WAS BACKED WHEN THEIR ANCESTORS KNOWN AS FIRST PEOPLE TRAVELLED ACROSS THE LAND , AND NAMED AREAS. THEIR ORAL TRADITION WAS BASED ON REVERENCE FOR THE LAND AS A BELIEF IN DREAMTIME. DREAMING WAS BOTH THE ANCIENT ART OF TIME AND CREATION AND PRESENT DAY REALITY. THE BUNWONG HAD TWO MOIETIES - RAVEN AND EAGLEHAWK.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
Friday, May 11, 2012
BUNGANDIDJ PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
THE BUNGANDIDJ ARE FROM MOUNT GAMBERER REGION IN WESTERN VICTORIA AND SOUTHEASTERN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. THESE FOLKS HAD FIVE TRIBES , EACH WITH THEIR OWN AREAS. THE LARGEST CLAN WAS THE BOVENDIK WITH A LAND ABOUT 30 MILES ALONG BEACHPORT.
IN 1940 AND IN 1974 THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF BUANDIG WAS UNDER TERRITORIAL PRESSURE FROM THE JARDIVAJALI PEOPLE FROM THE NORTH. OF COURSE, THE AUSTRALIANS DID NOT WANT FOREIGNERS TO OCCUPY THAT TERRITORY. THE BEINGAYCDIDJ LANGUAGE WAS SPOKEN BY SEVERAL GROUPINGS INCLUDING THE BUNNDIG.
THEIR SOCIETY HAD TWO MARRIAGE CLASSES. THE CHILDREN EACH WERE ASSIGNED THEIR MOTHER'S CLASS. THEY LIKELY OCCUPIED THIS AREA FOR 10,000 YEARS. THE MIDDEN SITES ON LAKE ELIZA HAVE BEEN DATED.
IN 1834 EUROPEAN SETTLERS CAME HERE WITH SHEEP, CATTLE, HORSE AND ANIMALS ACROSS THE SOUTHEAST REGION OF AUSTRALIA, DURING THE NEXT TWO DECADES THE EUROPEANS HAD SIGNIFICANT CONFLICT WITH THE THEFT OF SHEEP, MASSACRES, AND POISONING OF NATIVES! THERE WAS CONTINUOUS CONFLICT BETWEEN THE EUROPEANS AND ABORIGINES. IN 1845 THE COMMISSIONER OF POLICE DREW ATTENTION TO THE MISTREATMENT OF THE ABORIGINES. IN 1849 THERE WAS A MASSACRE IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA. THEY STOLE SHEEP FOR FOOD.
THE NATIVES MOVED OFTEN AND SEASONALLY GATHERED AND USED TRADITIONAL FOOD AND LIVED NEAR ROSETOWN AND KINGSTON. APPARENTLY THE LAST LOCAL ABORIGINES DIED IN 1902.
TODAY MANY PEOPLE MANY PEOPLE CALL THEMSELVES BUANDIG. DESCENDANTS OF THE BUANDIG AND OTHER CLANS CONTINUE CONTINUE TO PROTECT THEIR CULTURE THROUGH A CULTURAL ASSOCIATION.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
IN 1940 AND IN 1974 THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF BUANDIG WAS UNDER TERRITORIAL PRESSURE FROM THE JARDIVAJALI PEOPLE FROM THE NORTH. OF COURSE, THE AUSTRALIANS DID NOT WANT FOREIGNERS TO OCCUPY THAT TERRITORY. THE BEINGAYCDIDJ LANGUAGE WAS SPOKEN BY SEVERAL GROUPINGS INCLUDING THE BUNNDIG.
THEIR SOCIETY HAD TWO MARRIAGE CLASSES. THE CHILDREN EACH WERE ASSIGNED THEIR MOTHER'S CLASS. THEY LIKELY OCCUPIED THIS AREA FOR 10,000 YEARS. THE MIDDEN SITES ON LAKE ELIZA HAVE BEEN DATED.
IN 1834 EUROPEAN SETTLERS CAME HERE WITH SHEEP, CATTLE, HORSE AND ANIMALS ACROSS THE SOUTHEAST REGION OF AUSTRALIA, DURING THE NEXT TWO DECADES THE EUROPEANS HAD SIGNIFICANT CONFLICT WITH THE THEFT OF SHEEP, MASSACRES, AND POISONING OF NATIVES! THERE WAS CONTINUOUS CONFLICT BETWEEN THE EUROPEANS AND ABORIGINES. IN 1845 THE COMMISSIONER OF POLICE DREW ATTENTION TO THE MISTREATMENT OF THE ABORIGINES. IN 1849 THERE WAS A MASSACRE IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA. THEY STOLE SHEEP FOR FOOD.
THE NATIVES MOVED OFTEN AND SEASONALLY GATHERED AND USED TRADITIONAL FOOD AND LIVED NEAR ROSETOWN AND KINGSTON. APPARENTLY THE LAST LOCAL ABORIGINES DIED IN 1902.
TODAY MANY PEOPLE MANY PEOPLE CALL THEMSELVES BUANDIG. DESCENDANTS OF THE BUANDIG AND OTHER CLANS CONTINUE CONTINUE TO PROTECT THEIR CULTURE THROUGH A CULTURAL ASSOCIATION.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
GUNAI INDIANS IN AUSTRAILIA
THE GUNAI LIVE IN SOUTHEAST AUSTRAILIA. THEY OCCUPIED THE VICTORIAN ALPS. MANY GUNA PEOPLE RESISTED EARLY EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT. THROUGH THE 19TH CENTURY AND THEY HAD CONFRONTATIONS. THEY HAVE FIVE MAJOR CLANS. THE GUNAI BORDER ON THE BIDALWALL PEOPLETO THE EAST. THERE IS EVIDENCE HERE OF HUMAN OCCUPATION DATING UP TO 17,000 YEARS.
THEIR CREATION STORY TELLS THAT THE KUENAI CAME DOWN FROM THE NORTHWEST MOUNTAINS WITH HIS CANOE ON HIS HEAD. HE WAS KNOWN AS THE PELICAN. HE CROSSED THE TRIBAL RIVER AND WALKED ON INTO THE WEST TO PORT WARACKEL. HE HEARD A CONSTANT TAPPING SOUND, BUT COULD NOT IDENTIFY IT. AT THE DEEP WATER OF THE INLET HE PUT DOWN HIS CANOE AND DISCOVERED A WOMAN IN IT. SHE WAS TUSK THE MUSK DUCK. HE WAS HAPPY TO SEE HER AND SHE BECAME HIS WIFE AND MOTHER TO THE GUNAI.
IN 1863 A MISSION WAS ESTABLISHED BUT BY 1908 IT CLOSED WITH FEW REMAINING GUNAI SURVIVORS.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
THEIR CREATION STORY TELLS THAT THE KUENAI CAME DOWN FROM THE NORTHWEST MOUNTAINS WITH HIS CANOE ON HIS HEAD. HE WAS KNOWN AS THE PELICAN. HE CROSSED THE TRIBAL RIVER AND WALKED ON INTO THE WEST TO PORT WARACKEL. HE HEARD A CONSTANT TAPPING SOUND, BUT COULD NOT IDENTIFY IT. AT THE DEEP WATER OF THE INLET HE PUT DOWN HIS CANOE AND DISCOVERED A WOMAN IN IT. SHE WAS TUSK THE MUSK DUCK. HE WAS HAPPY TO SEE HER AND SHE BECAME HIS WIFE AND MOTHER TO THE GUNAI.
IN 1863 A MISSION WAS ESTABLISHED BUT BY 1908 IT CLOSED WITH FEW REMAINING GUNAI SURVIVORS.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
BIGAMBUL INDIANS
THE BUGAMBLE ARE A GROUP NAR QUEENSLAND. IN ENGLISH THEIR NAME MEANS YES. THEY AVE 26,000 SQ. KM. THEY HAVE A CULTURAL CONNECTION TO NORTH KAMILAROI PEOPLE. THEY PARTICIPATE IN JOINT MEMORIES AND CEREMONIES.
THEY OPPOSED EUROPEAN COLONIALIZATION OGF THEIR TERRITORY. FROM 1840'S THEY MOUNTED A 14 YEAR GUERILLA CAMPAIGNE TO EXPEL THE SETTLERS. THE BIGAMBUL LEADERS UNDERSTOOD THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS IN WARFARE, AND THE HORSES, AND CATTLE RATHER THAN JUST SETTLERS.. FINALLY BY 1851 THE WAR WAS OVER AND LAND VALUES IN THE AREA DOUBLED. WAGES PAID BY SETTLERS WERE HALVED! BY 1854 ONLY 100 BIGAMBUL PEOPLE WERE LEFT ALIVE. BY 2001 THEY LAUNCHED A SUCCESSFUL NATIVE TITLE CLAIM OVER 24,188 SQ. KM HERE.
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THEY OPPOSED EUROPEAN COLONIALIZATION OGF THEIR TERRITORY. FROM 1840'S THEY MOUNTED A 14 YEAR GUERILLA CAMPAIGNE TO EXPEL THE SETTLERS. THE BIGAMBUL LEADERS UNDERSTOOD THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS IN WARFARE, AND THE HORSES, AND CATTLE RATHER THAN JUST SETTLERS.. FINALLY BY 1851 THE WAR WAS OVER AND LAND VALUES IN THE AREA DOUBLED. WAGES PAID BY SETTLERS WERE HALVED! BY 1854 ONLY 100 BIGAMBUL PEOPLE WERE LEFT ALIVE. BY 2001 THEY LAUNCHED A SUCCESSFUL NATIVE TITLE CLAIM OVER 24,188 SQ. KM HERE.
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BAKANAMBIA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE BAKANAMBIA ARE ALSO KNOWN AS WANBARA. THEY LIVE NEAR CHARLOTTE BAY AND HAVE A 2000 SQ. KM OF LAND.
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AWABAKAL INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS LIVE AROUND NORTH SOUTH WALES. THESE FOLKS LIVE AROUND LAKE MACQUARIE. A COOP WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1976 AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR AFFAIRS.
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ARRENTE INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
ARRENTE ARE KNOWN IN ENGLAND AS ARRANDA OR AS ARINTI. THEY ARE ORIGINAL CUSTODIANS OF ARRENTE. THEY ARE ORIGINAL CUSTODIANS OF ARRENTE. THEY ARE ORIGINAL CUSTODIANS OF ARRENTE LANDS. THIS TRIBE HAS LIVED HERE FOR MORE THAN 20,000 YEARS. SOME LIVE IN DISTANT AREAS FROM THEIR HOMELAND. THEIR ANCESTORS SPOKE ONE OR MORE LANGUAGES.
THEIR MYTHOLOGY AND SPIRITUALITY FOCUSES ON THE LANDSCAPE AND DREAM TIME, IMPORT AND CREATOR SPIRITS. ALTAIRA IS THE CREATOR OF ALL LIVING CREATURES. MANY ARRENTE HAVE A WAY OF LIFE THAT IS THROUGH TOUR GUIDES AND STORY TELLERS. THEY ALSO SELL THEIR ARTWORK TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE ARRENTE CULTURAL WAY OF LIFE.
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THEIR MYTHOLOGY AND SPIRITUALITY FOCUSES ON THE LANDSCAPE AND DREAM TIME, IMPORT AND CREATOR SPIRITS. ALTAIRA IS THE CREATOR OF ALL LIVING CREATURES. MANY ARRENTE HAVE A WAY OF LIFE THAT IS THROUGH TOUR GUIDES AND STORY TELLERS. THEY ALSO SELL THEIR ARTWORK TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE ARRENTE CULTURAL WAY OF LIFE.
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BUNJALUNG PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
BUNJALUNG PEOPLE ARE ABORIGINES FROM NEW SOUTH WALES. THEY SPEAK BUNJALONG LANGUAGE.THE BUNJALONG BELIEVE THAT SPIRITS OF WOUNDED WARRIORS ARE PRESENT WITHIN THE MOUNTAINS. THEIR INJURIES HAVE BEEN MANIFESTED AS SCARS ON THE MOUNTAINSIDE. THUNDER RECALLS THE SOUND OF THE WARRIORS BATTLES. WALLUMBIN ITSELF THE SITE AT WHICH CHIEF WARRIOR LIVES MUCH OF THEIR CULTURE AND HERITAGE IS CELEBRATED. PEOPLE GATHER AT THE BUNJALUNG NATIONAL PARK TO CELEBRATE PEOPLE'S GATHERING. THEY WANT TO SHOW OTHERS THAT THEIR DECORATIONS ARE STILL ALIVE. THEY WEAR COSTUMES AND DANCE.
THEY MAKE DIDJERIDU'S WHICH PREDATE MOST OTHER INSTRUMENTS BY MILLENIA. THE LEAF FROM THE EUCALYPTUS FAMILY WAS USED TO BY BUNDIJALUNG TRIBES AS AN INSTRUMENT BY BLOWING. THEY ALSO USE PRIMITIVE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, SUCH AS THE BULL ROARER, RHOMBUS, OR TURNDUN. THE LATER IS MADE OF A SMALL FLAT SLIP OF WOOD, THROUGH A HOLE IN ONE END WHICH HAS A STRING THAT IS SWINGING RAPIDLY TO HIM. THE BULLROARERS IS CALLED THE VOICE OF GOD, AND IS ALSO USED IN EGYPT AND BY THE INUIT. IT IS USED TO WARD EVIL SPIRITS AWAY. CLAPSTICKS ARE USED BY VARIOUS ABORIGINALS. THEY ARE PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS.
ABORIGINES BELIEVE DEATH AND VARIOUS ILLNESS WAS CAUSED BY SPIRITS OR PERSONS PRACTICING SORCERY. THEIR CULTURE WAS TOO RICH TO BELIEVE AILMENTS OR ACCIDENTS WERE ATTRIBUTED TO SORCERY. THEY BELIEVED IN MAGIC THOUGH. SPIRITUAL DOCTORS WERE MEN , RARELY WOMEN OF GREAT WISDOM AND IMMENSE POWER. THEY WERE INITIATED INTO TRIBAL SECRETS. THEY COULD VISIT THE SKIES, WITNESS EVENTS FROM AFAR, FIGHT WITH SERPENTS. BY PERFORMING SACRED THEY COULD EFFECT A CURE.
HEALING OF TRIVIAL COMPLAINTS WAS PRACTICED BY ALL ABORIGINES USING HERBS AND REMEDIES. OLDER WOMEN WERE THE EXPERTS. PLANTS WERE PREPARED FOR REMEDIES AS THE PATIENT INHALED STEAM. AN INFUSION OF LEAVES AND BARK WAS MADE BY SOAKING IN THE WATER - THEN IT WAS DRUNK AND WASHED OVER THE PATIENT. ABORIGINAL MEDICINE WAS NEVER QUANTIFIED. NEWBORN BABIES WERE RUBBED WITH OIL SO THEY WOULD BE STRONGER.
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THEY MAKE DIDJERIDU'S WHICH PREDATE MOST OTHER INSTRUMENTS BY MILLENIA. THE LEAF FROM THE EUCALYPTUS FAMILY WAS USED TO BY BUNDIJALUNG TRIBES AS AN INSTRUMENT BY BLOWING. THEY ALSO USE PRIMITIVE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, SUCH AS THE BULL ROARER, RHOMBUS, OR TURNDUN. THE LATER IS MADE OF A SMALL FLAT SLIP OF WOOD, THROUGH A HOLE IN ONE END WHICH HAS A STRING THAT IS SWINGING RAPIDLY TO HIM. THE BULLROARERS IS CALLED THE VOICE OF GOD, AND IS ALSO USED IN EGYPT AND BY THE INUIT. IT IS USED TO WARD EVIL SPIRITS AWAY. CLAPSTICKS ARE USED BY VARIOUS ABORIGINALS. THEY ARE PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS.
ABORIGINES BELIEVE DEATH AND VARIOUS ILLNESS WAS CAUSED BY SPIRITS OR PERSONS PRACTICING SORCERY. THEIR CULTURE WAS TOO RICH TO BELIEVE AILMENTS OR ACCIDENTS WERE ATTRIBUTED TO SORCERY. THEY BELIEVED IN MAGIC THOUGH. SPIRITUAL DOCTORS WERE MEN , RARELY WOMEN OF GREAT WISDOM AND IMMENSE POWER. THEY WERE INITIATED INTO TRIBAL SECRETS. THEY COULD VISIT THE SKIES, WITNESS EVENTS FROM AFAR, FIGHT WITH SERPENTS. BY PERFORMING SACRED THEY COULD EFFECT A CURE.
HEALING OF TRIVIAL COMPLAINTS WAS PRACTICED BY ALL ABORIGINES USING HERBS AND REMEDIES. OLDER WOMEN WERE THE EXPERTS. PLANTS WERE PREPARED FOR REMEDIES AS THE PATIENT INHALED STEAM. AN INFUSION OF LEAVES AND BARK WAS MADE BY SOAKING IN THE WATER - THEN IT WAS DRUNK AND WASHED OVER THE PATIENT. ABORIGINAL MEDICINE WAS NEVER QUANTIFIED. NEWBORN BABIES WERE RUBBED WITH OIL SO THEY WOULD BE STRONGER.
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ANMATYERRE INDIANS IN AUSTRAILIA
THE ANIMATYERRE INDIANS ARE A LONG GROUP FROM THE NORTH TERRITORY. THERE REGION IS 100 KM NORTH OF ALICE SPRINGS. THEY HAVE A NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES. THIS REGION IS 100 KM NORTH OF ALICE SPRINGS. THE UTOPIA COMMUNITY NORTH OF ALICE SPRINGS IS ABYAWARR LAND AND PART ON ANOMAT YEAR REGION. IN 1974 THESE FOLKS HAD A LAND BASE OF 11,000 SQ. MILES.
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Thursday, May 10, 2012
ALAWA INDIANS FROM AUSTRAILIA
ALAWA ARE INDIANS FROM THE NORTHERN TERITORY. THEY ARE IN AN ABUNDANT AREA WITH TURTLES, DUCKS AND FISH. TODAY THEY ARE INVOLVED IN RANCHING. THEY ONLY HAVE 15 PEOPLE WHO SPEAK ALAWA.. THEIR NAME MEANS ROCK PEOPLE OR ADNYAMOTHANBA.
THESE FOLKS LIVE IN SOUTH AUSTRALA. THEIR LANGUAGE IS ALSO CALLED THIS NAME. THEY ARE MADE UP OF TWO GROUPS WHO LIVE AROUND LAKE TORRENS. THE TED COURT OF AUSTRALIA GAVE THEM TITLE TO 40,000 SQ. KM. OF LAND. THEY SHARE A COMMON BOND KNOWN AS YURA MUDA. THE ORIGINS OF THEIR CREATION STORIES ARE PASSED DOWN THROUGH GENERATIONS
BY 1851 THE FIRST EUROPEANS CAME THAT CONFLICTED WITH THE ABORIGINALLANDS. ABORIGINAL STOCKMEN AND HOUSEKEEPERS WERE COMMON FOR THE SETTLERS.
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THESE FOLKS LIVE IN SOUTH AUSTRALA. THEIR LANGUAGE IS ALSO CALLED THIS NAME. THEY ARE MADE UP OF TWO GROUPS WHO LIVE AROUND LAKE TORRENS. THE TED COURT OF AUSTRALIA GAVE THEM TITLE TO 40,000 SQ. KM. OF LAND. THEY SHARE A COMMON BOND KNOWN AS YURA MUDA. THE ORIGINS OF THEIR CREATION STORIES ARE PASSED DOWN THROUGH GENERATIONS
BY 1851 THE FIRST EUROPEANS CAME THAT CONFLICTED WITH THE ABORIGINALLANDS. ABORIGINAL STOCKMEN AND HOUSEKEEPERS WERE COMMON FOR THE SETTLERS.
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THE DREAM EXPERIENCE
DREAMWORK CAN BRING YOU GREATER AWARENESS OF YOUR INTUITIVE SELF AND OFFER SOLUTIONS TO HEAL ALL SORTS OF PROBLEMS. WORKING WITH DREAMS CAN HELP INCREASING OUR CREATIVITY.. YOU ARE THE BEST PERSON TO ANALYZE AND INTERPRET YOUR DREAMS.
WHEN INTERPRETING YOUR DREAMS YOU CAN LOOK AT IT AS A PLAY AND YOURSELF AS THE DIRECTOR. YOU CAN CHOOSE THE CHARACTER AND SETTING AND ACTION IN EVERYTHING IN THE DREAM. IF YOU DREAM ABOUT A PLACE YOU SPENT YOUR CHILDHOOD IT MAY RELATE TO AN UNRESOLVED ISSUE FROM THAT TIME.
WHEN ANALYZING YOUR ELEMENTS IN YOUR DREAM, MAKE ANOTHER LIST - THIS ONE DETAILS THE SETTING OF YOUR CHARACTERS AND THE COLOR AND LIGHTING. THINK ABOUT ANY EVENTS OR FEELINGS THAT ARE IDEAS THAT YOU COULD RECONNECT TO AT THIS POINT.
FRITZ PEARLS FOUNDED GESTALT THERAPY IN THE 1940'S AND WORKED GREATLY WITH DREAMS.IN THIS FORM OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT THE DREAMER SEES ALL ASPECTS OF THE DREAM AS HERSELF. IF YOU DREAM ABOUT A MONSTER THERE IS A PART THAT NEEDS TO BE UNDERSTOOD. BY BEAUTY. THE PART OF YOU THAT HEALS PROVIDES ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT MEANING. YOU MAY FIND WAYS TO ACCEPT PARTS OF YOUR PSYCHE THAT YOU PREVIOUSLY HAD REJECTED. YOU CAN INTERPRET YOUR DREAM BY WRITING IT DOWN. THEN UNDERLINE THE MAIN CHARACTERS AND IF YOU WERE IN THE DREAM. CHOOSE ONE CHARACTER YOU WISH TO COMMUNICATE WITH.
WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW ABOUT THIS ROLE? WHO ARE YOU AND WHAT DO YOU WANT FROM ME? WRITE DOWN INSIGHTS. EVERYTHING THAT HAS HAPPENED IN YOUR LIFE YOU MAY FIND IN YOUR DREAMS. SEE IF YOU EVENTS HAVE RELEVANCE FOR YOUR LIFE NOW.
BRENDA MALLON
WHEN INTERPRETING YOUR DREAMS YOU CAN LOOK AT IT AS A PLAY AND YOURSELF AS THE DIRECTOR. YOU CAN CHOOSE THE CHARACTER AND SETTING AND ACTION IN EVERYTHING IN THE DREAM. IF YOU DREAM ABOUT A PLACE YOU SPENT YOUR CHILDHOOD IT MAY RELATE TO AN UNRESOLVED ISSUE FROM THAT TIME.
WHEN ANALYZING YOUR ELEMENTS IN YOUR DREAM, MAKE ANOTHER LIST - THIS ONE DETAILS THE SETTING OF YOUR CHARACTERS AND THE COLOR AND LIGHTING. THINK ABOUT ANY EVENTS OR FEELINGS THAT ARE IDEAS THAT YOU COULD RECONNECT TO AT THIS POINT.
FRITZ PEARLS FOUNDED GESTALT THERAPY IN THE 1940'S AND WORKED GREATLY WITH DREAMS.IN THIS FORM OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT THE DREAMER SEES ALL ASPECTS OF THE DREAM AS HERSELF. IF YOU DREAM ABOUT A MONSTER THERE IS A PART THAT NEEDS TO BE UNDERSTOOD. BY BEAUTY. THE PART OF YOU THAT HEALS PROVIDES ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS ABOUT MEANING. YOU MAY FIND WAYS TO ACCEPT PARTS OF YOUR PSYCHE THAT YOU PREVIOUSLY HAD REJECTED. YOU CAN INTERPRET YOUR DREAM BY WRITING IT DOWN. THEN UNDERLINE THE MAIN CHARACTERS AND IF YOU WERE IN THE DREAM. CHOOSE ONE CHARACTER YOU WISH TO COMMUNICATE WITH.
WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW ABOUT THIS ROLE? WHO ARE YOU AND WHAT DO YOU WANT FROM ME? WRITE DOWN INSIGHTS. EVERYTHING THAT HAS HAPPENED IN YOUR LIFE YOU MAY FIND IN YOUR DREAMS. SEE IF YOU EVENTS HAVE RELEVANCE FOR YOUR LIFE NOW.
BRENDA MALLON
EMBERA - WOANAAN IN PANAMA
THE EMBERA WOANAAN ARE A GROUP OF SEMI NOMADIC INDIANS LIVING IN PROVINCE OF DRIEN AT THE SHORES OF THREE RIVERS. THE EMBERA-WOANAAN WERE FORMERLY KNOWN AS CHOCO AND THEY SPEAK EMBERA AND WOAUNEAN LANGUAGE.
THEIR NAME MEANS PEOPLE THEY BELONG TO TWO MAJOR GROUPS. A THIRD GROUP IS CALLED CATIO. THEY LIVE IN SMALL VILLAGES OF 5 TO 20 HOUSES ALONG THE RIVERS. EACH VILLAGE IS A HALF DAYS WALK APART. THE VILLAGES ARE ON A SMALL RISE. THEIR HOUSES HAVE NO WALLS AND THATCHED ROOFS. THE JUNGLE IS CLEARED AROUND THE VILLAGE SO THEY PLANT BANANA AND PLANTAIN GARDENS, A COMMERCIAL CROP FOR THE EMBERA. THEY BUILD DUGOUT CANOES TO TRAVEL THE RIVER. THEY BUILD DUGOUT CANOES TO TRAVEL THE RIVER. THEIR HOUSES ARE RAISED OFF THE GROUND. THEY SLEEP IN HAMMOCKS. THE FLOOR IS MADE OF SPLIT BLACK PALM TRUNKS OR CANA BLANCA.
THE EMBERA LIVE IN IN FAMILY UNITS BUT PRACTICED POLYGAMY. THE VILLAGE CHIEF LIVED IN THE LARGEST VILLAGE. THEY LIVE BY THEIR SET OF UNWRITTEN RULES. THEY HAVE THEIR OWN SET OF GOVERNMENT. THEIR HEALTH CARE IS PROVIDED BY SHAMANS.
THE LAND IS COMMUNITY OWNED AND COMMUNITY FARMED. EVERYONE PITCHES IN TO WORKAT HARVEST TIME. IF A HUNTER GETS A LARGE ANIMAL HE SHARES THE MEAT WITH THE VILLAGE. THE CALABOS TREE IS IMPORTANT THEY SCOOP OUT THE TREE GOURDS FOR CUPS, BOWLS, ANS SPOONS. THEY FISH AND HUNT WITH SNARES AND BOWS AND ARROWSTHEY HAVE A DIET OF MANIOC, A POISONOUS ROOT THAT MUST BE PRESSED BEFORE COOKING IN A FLAT BREAD THAT STORES WELL.
THE MEN CUT THEIR HAIR SHORT AND ONLY WEAR LOIN CLOTHS WHEN NOT IN TOWN. MO ONE WEARS SHOES. THE WOMEN OUT OF TOWN ONLY WEAR SKIRTS AND LONG STRAIGHT HAIR. THEY PAINT THEIR BODIES WITH A DYE THAT IS THOUGHT TO REPEL INSECTS. THEY MAKE WOOD BLOCKS WITH VARIOUS PATTERNS AND ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS PRINT THE PATTERNS ON THEIR SKIN. THE WOMEN WEAR COIN NECKLACES.
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THEIR NAME MEANS PEOPLE THEY BELONG TO TWO MAJOR GROUPS. A THIRD GROUP IS CALLED CATIO. THEY LIVE IN SMALL VILLAGES OF 5 TO 20 HOUSES ALONG THE RIVERS. EACH VILLAGE IS A HALF DAYS WALK APART. THE VILLAGES ARE ON A SMALL RISE. THEIR HOUSES HAVE NO WALLS AND THATCHED ROOFS. THE JUNGLE IS CLEARED AROUND THE VILLAGE SO THEY PLANT BANANA AND PLANTAIN GARDENS, A COMMERCIAL CROP FOR THE EMBERA. THEY BUILD DUGOUT CANOES TO TRAVEL THE RIVER. THEY BUILD DUGOUT CANOES TO TRAVEL THE RIVER. THEIR HOUSES ARE RAISED OFF THE GROUND. THEY SLEEP IN HAMMOCKS. THE FLOOR IS MADE OF SPLIT BLACK PALM TRUNKS OR CANA BLANCA.
THE EMBERA LIVE IN IN FAMILY UNITS BUT PRACTICED POLYGAMY. THE VILLAGE CHIEF LIVED IN THE LARGEST VILLAGE. THEY LIVE BY THEIR SET OF UNWRITTEN RULES. THEY HAVE THEIR OWN SET OF GOVERNMENT. THEIR HEALTH CARE IS PROVIDED BY SHAMANS.
THE LAND IS COMMUNITY OWNED AND COMMUNITY FARMED. EVERYONE PITCHES IN TO WORKAT HARVEST TIME. IF A HUNTER GETS A LARGE ANIMAL HE SHARES THE MEAT WITH THE VILLAGE. THE CALABOS TREE IS IMPORTANT THEY SCOOP OUT THE TREE GOURDS FOR CUPS, BOWLS, ANS SPOONS. THEY FISH AND HUNT WITH SNARES AND BOWS AND ARROWSTHEY HAVE A DIET OF MANIOC, A POISONOUS ROOT THAT MUST BE PRESSED BEFORE COOKING IN A FLAT BREAD THAT STORES WELL.
THE MEN CUT THEIR HAIR SHORT AND ONLY WEAR LOIN CLOTHS WHEN NOT IN TOWN. MO ONE WEARS SHOES. THE WOMEN OUT OF TOWN ONLY WEAR SKIRTS AND LONG STRAIGHT HAIR. THEY PAINT THEIR BODIES WITH A DYE THAT IS THOUGHT TO REPEL INSECTS. THEY MAKE WOOD BLOCKS WITH VARIOUS PATTERNS AND ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS PRINT THE PATTERNS ON THEIR SKIN. THE WOMEN WEAR COIN NECKLACES.
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Wednesday, May 9, 2012
NGAWHEN INDIANS IN PANAMA
THESE INDIANS ARE THE MOST NUMEROUS POPULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PANAMA. THEY CALL THEMSELVES GUAYMI AND WORK IN BANANA PLANTATIONS. THIS TERM MEANS PEOPLE AND THE LANGUAGE IS NOW EXTINCT. THE GOVERNMENT HAS NEVER GRANTED THE NGAWHEN TITLE TO THEIR LAND. THEY LOST MUCH LAND BECAUSE OF ENCROACHMENT. LITTLE IS KNOWN OF PRE CONTACT TIMES.
THEY LIKELY DESCENDED FROM FROM MANY TRIBES. IN 1990 THEY HAD 124,000 NGAWHEN IN PANAMA; 63,000 IN CHIRIQUE; 51,000 IN BOCAS DEL TORO; 7000 IN VERAGAS AND 2700 IN OTHER PROVINCES. THEIR CLOSEST CULTURAL AFFILIATIONS ARE WITH THE BUGLE AND TERIBE IN PANAMA.
EARLY CONTACT LED TO SOME ISOLATION OF THE OTHER WITH OUTSIDE WORD DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WITH FREQUENCY. THEY BECAME WAGE LABORERS ON THE COFFEE AND BANANA PLANTATIONS WHILE BUYING AND SELLING GOODS. MANY HAVE GONE TO MANY HAVE GONE TO SCHOOL AND EXPLORING MINES AND BUILT NEW ROADS.
THEY LIVE IN SMALL HAMLETS OF 2 TO 8 HOUSES. THEY EXISTED PREHISTORICALLY. RAPID POPULATION GROWTH LED TO LARGER HAMLETS. THEIR HOUSES ARE THATCHED AND CONICAL. SOME HAVE CORRUGATED METAL ROOFS. MARRIAGE IS A UNION AND AN ECONOMICAL ALLIANCE. THEY HAVE NO FORMAL WEDDING CEREMONY. THE GROOM PROVIDES LABOR FOR HIS FATHER IN LAW. THE WOMAN WILL MOVE TO HER HUSBNAD'S HAMLETS. POLYGAMY IS PRACTICED.
CHILDREN ARE GIVEN MUCH FREEDOM TO PLAY. GIRL'S FOLLOW THEIR MOM'S IN LEARNING WHAT TASKS THEY NEED TO DO. IN FORMER TIMES THE BOYS WENT THROUGH A PHYSICALLY TAXING PUBERTY INITIATION. DESPITE 500 YEARS OF CHRISTIANITY AND CATHOLICISM THE NGAWHE RETRAIN TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. THEY BELIEVE IN A PROTECTOR GOD OF LIGHTENING.
WOODEN CROSSES WERE PLACED ON ROOFTOPS AND TRAILS TO WARD OFF EVIL SPIRITS. IN 1961 A RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT - MAMA CHI WAS A RESULT OF A VISIONARY EXPERIENCE OF NGAWBE WOMAN. IT IS TRANSFORMATIVE, REVITALISTIC AND INNOVATIVE ; THEY DISCOURAGED CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD AND PROHIBITED ALCOHOL. THEY HAD RITUALS WHERE ALCOHOL WAS CONSUMED.
THEIR TRADITIONAL PRACTITIONERS INTERPRET DREAMS AND EFFECT CURES FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF DREAMS. CENTRAL TO THIS RITUAL IS A MAN AND THE RITUAL SIBLING RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS BETWEEN THE HOST AND HIS PRINCIPAL GUEST. THIS EVENT LASTS FOUR DAYS, THEY HAVE TEAMS WHO THROW STICKS AT EACH OTHER. ALL OF THEIR RITUALS INVOLVE DRINKING, MAIZE BAR, SINGING AND DANCING, AND MUSIC.
THEY MAKE FLUTES, RATTLES AND CONCH SHELLS. THE SONGS OR CHANTS ARE NOT SUNG IN NGAWHERE. FACE PAINTING IS COMMON. TRADITIONAL CURERS HAVE EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF PLANT MEDICINE AND CAN CURE ILLNESSES THAT ARE NOT DEEMED TO BE THE RESULT OF SUPERNATURAL MEDICINE. SERIOUS ILLNESSES ARE TAKEN TO CLINICS IN PANAMA TOWNS. UPON DEATH THEY ABANDON A DWELLING . THE BODY IS MOVED TO ANOTHER UNIT AND MOURNING BEGINS. THEY ARE BURIED.
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THEY LIKELY DESCENDED FROM FROM MANY TRIBES. IN 1990 THEY HAD 124,000 NGAWHEN IN PANAMA; 63,000 IN CHIRIQUE; 51,000 IN BOCAS DEL TORO; 7000 IN VERAGAS AND 2700 IN OTHER PROVINCES. THEIR CLOSEST CULTURAL AFFILIATIONS ARE WITH THE BUGLE AND TERIBE IN PANAMA.
EARLY CONTACT LED TO SOME ISOLATION OF THE OTHER WITH OUTSIDE WORD DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WITH FREQUENCY. THEY BECAME WAGE LABORERS ON THE COFFEE AND BANANA PLANTATIONS WHILE BUYING AND SELLING GOODS. MANY HAVE GONE TO MANY HAVE GONE TO SCHOOL AND EXPLORING MINES AND BUILT NEW ROADS.
THEY LIVE IN SMALL HAMLETS OF 2 TO 8 HOUSES. THEY EXISTED PREHISTORICALLY. RAPID POPULATION GROWTH LED TO LARGER HAMLETS. THEIR HOUSES ARE THATCHED AND CONICAL. SOME HAVE CORRUGATED METAL ROOFS. MARRIAGE IS A UNION AND AN ECONOMICAL ALLIANCE. THEY HAVE NO FORMAL WEDDING CEREMONY. THE GROOM PROVIDES LABOR FOR HIS FATHER IN LAW. THE WOMAN WILL MOVE TO HER HUSBNAD'S HAMLETS. POLYGAMY IS PRACTICED.
CHILDREN ARE GIVEN MUCH FREEDOM TO PLAY. GIRL'S FOLLOW THEIR MOM'S IN LEARNING WHAT TASKS THEY NEED TO DO. IN FORMER TIMES THE BOYS WENT THROUGH A PHYSICALLY TAXING PUBERTY INITIATION. DESPITE 500 YEARS OF CHRISTIANITY AND CATHOLICISM THE NGAWHE RETRAIN TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. THEY BELIEVE IN A PROTECTOR GOD OF LIGHTENING.
WOODEN CROSSES WERE PLACED ON ROOFTOPS AND TRAILS TO WARD OFF EVIL SPIRITS. IN 1961 A RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT - MAMA CHI WAS A RESULT OF A VISIONARY EXPERIENCE OF NGAWBE WOMAN. IT IS TRANSFORMATIVE, REVITALISTIC AND INNOVATIVE ; THEY DISCOURAGED CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD AND PROHIBITED ALCOHOL. THEY HAD RITUALS WHERE ALCOHOL WAS CONSUMED.
THEIR TRADITIONAL PRACTITIONERS INTERPRET DREAMS AND EFFECT CURES FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF DREAMS. CENTRAL TO THIS RITUAL IS A MAN AND THE RITUAL SIBLING RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS BETWEEN THE HOST AND HIS PRINCIPAL GUEST. THIS EVENT LASTS FOUR DAYS, THEY HAVE TEAMS WHO THROW STICKS AT EACH OTHER. ALL OF THEIR RITUALS INVOLVE DRINKING, MAIZE BAR, SINGING AND DANCING, AND MUSIC.
THEY MAKE FLUTES, RATTLES AND CONCH SHELLS. THE SONGS OR CHANTS ARE NOT SUNG IN NGAWHERE. FACE PAINTING IS COMMON. TRADITIONAL CURERS HAVE EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF PLANT MEDICINE AND CAN CURE ILLNESSES THAT ARE NOT DEEMED TO BE THE RESULT OF SUPERNATURAL MEDICINE. SERIOUS ILLNESSES ARE TAKEN TO CLINICS IN PANAMA TOWNS. UPON DEATH THEY ABANDON A DWELLING . THE BODY IS MOVED TO ANOTHER UNIT AND MOURNING BEGINS. THEY ARE BURIED.
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KUNA INDIANS IN PANAMA
THESE INDIANS ARE A STRONGLY KNIT TRIBE ON A CHAIN OF ISLANDS CALLED SAN BLASARCHIP. THEY STILL LIVE LIKE THEIR ANCESTORS. THEY LIVE A MORE BALANCED LIFE FREE FROM COMPLEXED ORGANIZED SOCIETIES.
AFTER MARRIAGE A MAN LIVES ITH HIS WIFE IN HIS MOTHER IN LAW'S HOUSE. DAUGHTERS ARE PRIZED. THE MEN HAVEA HIGH RATE OF ALBINOISM. THEY ARE ACCEPTED AND DO WORK OF THE WOMEN. THERE IS A RADITIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR WITHIN THE FAMILY. HUSBANDS GATHER COCONUTS AND CULTIVATE THE FOOD, COLLECTS AND CARVES WOOD, REPAIRS THE HOUSE, MAKES HIS CLOTHES. THE WIFE PREPARES FOOD, COLLECTS WATER, UNLOADS THE BOATS, SEWS FEMALE GARMENTS, WASHES CLOTHES, AND CLEANS THE HOUSE AND RAISES CHILDREN. DANCES AND CHANTS PASS ALONG THEIR CUSTOMS. KUNA IS SPOKEN AND SPANISH IS ALSO. SOME EVEN KNOW ENGLISH.
THE WOMEN HAVE THE BRIGHT TRADITIONAL DRESS AND WHERE A GOLD NOSE RING. WITH GLASS BEADED ARMS AND BIG BANDS. SCARVES, EARRINGS, COLORFUL SKIRTS AND DRESSES ARE WORN BY THE WOMEN. THE KUNA MEN WEAR A TYPICAL STYLE OF CLOTHING TO THE WESTERN WORLD.
ABOUT 21,000 WERE RECORDED IN 1940. SOME REMAIN IN THE MOUNTAIN AREAS, THEIR CLIMATE IS HOT AND HUMID WITH 27 DEGREES C. RAINFALL IS HEAVY. THEY LIVE IN A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST THEY LIVED USING HORTICULTURE, HUNTING FISHING AND COLLECTING. WARFARE WAS COMMON.
ONCE THE SPANISH ARRIVED THEY WERE DECIMATED BY DISEASES. THEY OFTEN ALLIED WITH THE BRITAIN AGAINST THE SPANISH. TODAY THEY HAVE A POPULATION INCREASE. THEY WORK IN MIGRATORY WORK AND HUNTING HAS DECREASED AS PEOPLE HAVE FOCVUSED ON SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURE. THEIR MIGRATORY CUNA ECONOMY IS CASH ORIENTED.
THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD IS THE OLDEST MALE. THE GIRLS HAVE A PUBERTY RITUAL. KNOWLEDGE OF TRADITION AND STATUS IS IMPORTANT FOR CHIEFS. THEIR RELIGIOUS SYSTEM IS TIED UP ITH MEDICAL SYSTEM. SOME PRACTITIONERS SPECIALIZE IN EPIDEMICS. THEY DO NOT LIKE MISSIONIZATION.
NATIVE LANGUAGES.COM
AFTER MARRIAGE A MAN LIVES ITH HIS WIFE IN HIS MOTHER IN LAW'S HOUSE. DAUGHTERS ARE PRIZED. THE MEN HAVEA HIGH RATE OF ALBINOISM. THEY ARE ACCEPTED AND DO WORK OF THE WOMEN. THERE IS A RADITIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR WITHIN THE FAMILY. HUSBANDS GATHER COCONUTS AND CULTIVATE THE FOOD, COLLECTS AND CARVES WOOD, REPAIRS THE HOUSE, MAKES HIS CLOTHES. THE WIFE PREPARES FOOD, COLLECTS WATER, UNLOADS THE BOATS, SEWS FEMALE GARMENTS, WASHES CLOTHES, AND CLEANS THE HOUSE AND RAISES CHILDREN. DANCES AND CHANTS PASS ALONG THEIR CUSTOMS. KUNA IS SPOKEN AND SPANISH IS ALSO. SOME EVEN KNOW ENGLISH.
THE WOMEN HAVE THE BRIGHT TRADITIONAL DRESS AND WHERE A GOLD NOSE RING. WITH GLASS BEADED ARMS AND BIG BANDS. SCARVES, EARRINGS, COLORFUL SKIRTS AND DRESSES ARE WORN BY THE WOMEN. THE KUNA MEN WEAR A TYPICAL STYLE OF CLOTHING TO THE WESTERN WORLD.
ABOUT 21,000 WERE RECORDED IN 1940. SOME REMAIN IN THE MOUNTAIN AREAS, THEIR CLIMATE IS HOT AND HUMID WITH 27 DEGREES C. RAINFALL IS HEAVY. THEY LIVE IN A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST THEY LIVED USING HORTICULTURE, HUNTING FISHING AND COLLECTING. WARFARE WAS COMMON.
ONCE THE SPANISH ARRIVED THEY WERE DECIMATED BY DISEASES. THEY OFTEN ALLIED WITH THE BRITAIN AGAINST THE SPANISH. TODAY THEY HAVE A POPULATION INCREASE. THEY WORK IN MIGRATORY WORK AND HUNTING HAS DECREASED AS PEOPLE HAVE FOCVUSED ON SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURE. THEIR MIGRATORY CUNA ECONOMY IS CASH ORIENTED.
THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD IS THE OLDEST MALE. THE GIRLS HAVE A PUBERTY RITUAL. KNOWLEDGE OF TRADITION AND STATUS IS IMPORTANT FOR CHIEFS. THEIR RELIGIOUS SYSTEM IS TIED UP ITH MEDICAL SYSTEM. SOME PRACTITIONERS SPECIALIZE IN EPIDEMICS. THEY DO NOT LIKE MISSIONIZATION.
NATIVE LANGUAGES.COM
Tuesday, May 8, 2012
EMBERA IN PANAMA
THE EMBERA INDIANS LIVE IN DARIEN OF PANAMA. THEY INHABIT THIS SAME AREAS OF THE WAOUNAN WITH WHOM THEY SHARE MANY SIMILARITIES. THE DARIEN OF PANAMA IS HOME TO THE A FEW COMMUNITIES WHO HAVE SMALL DWELLINGS. THE LARGE CITY OF PANAMA HAVE INFLUENCED THEIR LIFESTYLES AND CULTURAL TRADITIONS HAVE DISAPPEARED. TODAY THEY ARE WORKING TO REVIVE THEIR CULTURAL TRADITION TO PRESERVE THIS LANGUAGE TO SUPPLEMENT THEIR MEAGER INCOME FROM FARMING.
THE WAONAN AND EMBERA PEOPLE HAVE LONG SHARED THE SAME TERRITORY AND THEIR CULTURES ARE SIMILAR. THE WAONAN WERE ARTISTS WHILE EMBERA WERE WARRIORS. IN PANAMA THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION IS ABOUT 11.8%. THE PRECOLUMBIAN WAONA AND EMBERA HISTORY IS AMBIGUOUS. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND ONLY ORAL HISTORIES. THESE PEOPLE HAVE LIVED IN SEMI NOMADIC LIVES AS HUNTERS AND GATHERERS AND FISHERMEN. THEY MOVED TO REMOTE PARTS OF THE RAIN FOREST WITH A SMALL GROUP OF SEVERAL FAMILIES.
BASED UPON RECENT RESEARCH THEY LIVED IN THE DARIEN REGION MUCH BEFORE THE CONQUISTADORS. THIS THEORY WAS REINFORCED BY THE KUNA ORAL HISTORY AND MYTHOLOGY. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THESE PEOPLE MOVED TO CHOCO REGION DURING THE 16TH CENTURY. THE MIGRATION OF CHOCO TO DARIEN STARTED BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANISH BUT IT WAS FROM THE END OF THE THE 1600'S THAT ANGLOS CAME TO DARIENN.
IN 1979 A DIRT HIGHWAY CUT THROUGH THE JUNGLE TOWARDS THE BORDER OF COLUMBIA - THE PAN AMERICAN HIGHWAY. THIS ROAD OPENED THE REGION TO CARS AND TRUCKS TO LOOK FOR VIRGIN FORESTS TO CLEAR CUT AND SLASH AND BURN FOR FARMING. TODAY THIS LAND IS FILLED WITH CATTLE FARMS AND PLANTATIONS WITHOUT JUNGLE FOR MILES ON EITHER SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY.
IT ENDED THEIR LIFESTYLE BASED ON HUNTING AND GATHERING. THE INDIANS NOW RELY ON AGRICULTURE AND THEY ONLY KNOW SLASDH AND BURN. THEY HAVE BUILT DAMS AND TWO MAN MADE LAKES FOR PANAMA AND MAN MADE LAKES FOR PANAMA'S ELECTRICAL NEEDS, WAR, DRUG TRAFFICKING. AND GUERRILLAS. MANY PEOPLE HAVE RELOCATED TO NEW COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE OF PANAMA CITY.
RELIGION IN LATIN AMERICA HAS STRONGLY INFLUENCED MOST INDIGENOUS GROUPS. MANY RELIGIOUS GROUPS HAVE MET THE DARIEN. IN PANAMA THE EMBERA HAVE KEPT MORE OF THEIR TRADITIONS AND GAINED MORE FOLLOWERS. SOME HAVE DECIDED TO CONTINUE NON CHRISTIAN CELEBRATIONS. SOME NATIVES WANT TO DEVELOP CULTURAL TOURISM PROJECTS.
MANY ABORIGINAL MEN CHOOSE TO WEAR LOIN CLOTHES. IT IS STILL WORN BY THE ELDERS DUE TO THE CHURCH MOST VILLAGERS NOW WEAR PANTS AND SHORTS. THEY MAY WALK BAREFOOT IN THE FOREST. BUT WEAR SANDALS IN TOWN. THEIR TRADEMARK OF THE EMBERA AND WOANAN IS ABOUT EBONY BODY PAINTING DONE WITH JAGUAR FRUIT. WOMEN USUALLY ONLY WEAR A SKIRT FROM PALM FIBERS. DURING CEREMONIES THEY COVER BODIES WITH BLACK PAINT OF JAGUAR FRUIT. THEY MAKE PLASTIC BEAD NECKLACES. WOMEN ADD RED COLOR ON THEIR FACES AND LIPS. IT REMAINS FOR ONLY 10 DAYS. THIS BODY PAINTING IS IN USE FOR ALL CELEBRATIONS AND IS IMPORTANT TO TO BOTH WAOUNAN AND EMBERA. THE MEN AND WOMEN HAVE VARIOUS PATTERNS. DURING CERTAIN CEREMONIES WOMEN WEAR HEAVY NECKLACES OF COINS ND WEAVE THEM INTO A STRING. THEIR JEWELRY IS OF SILVER OF GOLD.
FLUTES , DRUMS, AND TURTLE SHELLS GUIDE THE DANCERS. MOST DANCES ARE EASY AS THEY LOOK TO NATURE AND ANIMALS THEIR MOVEMENTS. VISITORS ARE WELCOME.
THESE FOLKS WERE ORIGINALLY SEMI NOMADIC HUNTERS AND GATHERERS IN FOREST DWELLERS. THEY USED POISONOUS DARTS AND SET TRAPS FOR RODENTS. THEY HUNTED DEER, BOAR, COATI, AND GNEKE. THEIR TRADITIONAL DIET WAS FROM PLANTS, FRUIT PALM, ROOTS AND TUBERS. THEIR RIVERS HAVE MANY FISH. THEY USE FRUIT OF TREE, SPAVE TO LURE FISH TO BAIT. MOST FOLKS USE FARMING -PLANTAINS, BANANAS, SUGAR CANE, CORN, BEAN AND YUCCA.
HOUSES ARE ON STILTS 10 FEET HIGH. THIS WAY IT WAS PROTECTED FROM ANIMALS AND FLOODING. THE HOUSES ARE FOR A SINGLE FAMILY.
THEIR HOUSES ARE OF BAMBOO OR WOOD, A FIRE PIT AT ONE END. HALF OF THE HOUSE IS OPEN. MORE RECENT HOUSES ARE OF WOOD. AND A SET OF STAIRS , ZINC IS FOR THE ROOF. IT SHOWS WEALTH. THEY ARE HOT IN ARID DAY HEAT.
THEY CARVE DUGOUT CANOES FROM ONE SINGLE TREE. THE KIDS HAVE A SMALL CANOE. SOME CANOES ARE MADE TO CARRY CARGO AND 20 PASSENGERS. EVERY ONE IS AN EXPERT AT PADDLING OR POLING A CENTER. THE KIDS LEARN HOW TO RECORD THE CURRENT OF THE RIVER AT THREE.
THEY USE A SUGAR CANE PRESS TO EXTRACT THE JUICE OF SUGAR CANE. IT IS A PROCESS TO GET HONEY. THEY FERMENT THE JUICE TO MAKE A LIQUOR- CHICHA.
THE WOMEN ARE FAMOUS CRAFTERS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THEY WERE THE ORIGINAL BASKET WEAVERS OF THE REGION. THEY WEAVE WITH A FIBER FROM A PALM CALLED A CHUNGA. THE MEN COLLECT IT AND THEY LOCATE FIBERS FROM THE TOP OF PALM TREES. THE TREE TRUNKS ARE PROTECTED BY A THICK LAYER OF 5 FEET LONG THORNS. AND THEY GET THE LEAVES. THEY STACK THEM AFTER REMOVING THE LEAVES FROM THE STALK. THEY PEEL IT INTO THIN STRIPS. THEY DIE THE FIBERS USING WHITE, BROWN AND BLACK NATURAL DYES. THEY BOIL THE FIBERS WITH PIECES OF DYE. SOME MODERN BASKETS ARE MADE FROM MANY COLORS.
THEY ARE MASTER WOOD CARVERS AND CARVE SCULPTURES OF COCO BOLO TREE WOOD, INCLUDING JUNGLE ANIMALS. THEY ALSO CARVE THE TONGUE NUT WHICH LOOKS LIKE IVORY BUT IT IS POLISHED AND THEY CARVE DELICATE ANIMALS AND PAINT WITH CHEMICAL PAINTS. MANY LEAVE THEM UNPAINTED. THEY HAVE ALWAYS STRUGGLED WITH MODERNIZATION AND MONEY ISSUES. THEIR LIVES HAVE CHANGED AND THE YOUNGER FOLKS ARE GOING TO SCHOOL TO LIVE AND WORK. THESE INDIANS THAT FIGHT TO FOR HUMAN RIGHTS NEED MODERN EDUCATION. COSTLY MEDICINE HAS RAPIDLY REPLACED SHAMANISM AND NATURAL HEALING. SUBSISTENCE LIVING IS A THING OF THE [PAST. THE IDEAL IS TO GIVE ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS TO COMMUNITY TO REMAIN IN VILLAGES. MARKETING OF ARTISAN GOODS AND ECOTOURISM ARE GOOD SHORT TERM SOLUTIONS.
MOST FOLKS SPEAK FLUENT SPANISH. THEY HAVE DANCES, PRESENTATIONS, AND BODY PAINTING ACTIVITIES.
NATIVEPLANET.ORG
THE WAONAN AND EMBERA PEOPLE HAVE LONG SHARED THE SAME TERRITORY AND THEIR CULTURES ARE SIMILAR. THE WAONAN WERE ARTISTS WHILE EMBERA WERE WARRIORS. IN PANAMA THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION IS ABOUT 11.8%. THE PRECOLUMBIAN WAONA AND EMBERA HISTORY IS AMBIGUOUS. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND ONLY ORAL HISTORIES. THESE PEOPLE HAVE LIVED IN SEMI NOMADIC LIVES AS HUNTERS AND GATHERERS AND FISHERMEN. THEY MOVED TO REMOTE PARTS OF THE RAIN FOREST WITH A SMALL GROUP OF SEVERAL FAMILIES.
BASED UPON RECENT RESEARCH THEY LIVED IN THE DARIEN REGION MUCH BEFORE THE CONQUISTADORS. THIS THEORY WAS REINFORCED BY THE KUNA ORAL HISTORY AND MYTHOLOGY. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THESE PEOPLE MOVED TO CHOCO REGION DURING THE 16TH CENTURY. THE MIGRATION OF CHOCO TO DARIEN STARTED BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANISH BUT IT WAS FROM THE END OF THE THE 1600'S THAT ANGLOS CAME TO DARIENN.
IN 1979 A DIRT HIGHWAY CUT THROUGH THE JUNGLE TOWARDS THE BORDER OF COLUMBIA - THE PAN AMERICAN HIGHWAY. THIS ROAD OPENED THE REGION TO CARS AND TRUCKS TO LOOK FOR VIRGIN FORESTS TO CLEAR CUT AND SLASH AND BURN FOR FARMING. TODAY THIS LAND IS FILLED WITH CATTLE FARMS AND PLANTATIONS WITHOUT JUNGLE FOR MILES ON EITHER SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY.
IT ENDED THEIR LIFESTYLE BASED ON HUNTING AND GATHERING. THE INDIANS NOW RELY ON AGRICULTURE AND THEY ONLY KNOW SLASDH AND BURN. THEY HAVE BUILT DAMS AND TWO MAN MADE LAKES FOR PANAMA AND MAN MADE LAKES FOR PANAMA'S ELECTRICAL NEEDS, WAR, DRUG TRAFFICKING. AND GUERRILLAS. MANY PEOPLE HAVE RELOCATED TO NEW COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE OF PANAMA CITY.
RELIGION IN LATIN AMERICA HAS STRONGLY INFLUENCED MOST INDIGENOUS GROUPS. MANY RELIGIOUS GROUPS HAVE MET THE DARIEN. IN PANAMA THE EMBERA HAVE KEPT MORE OF THEIR TRADITIONS AND GAINED MORE FOLLOWERS. SOME HAVE DECIDED TO CONTINUE NON CHRISTIAN CELEBRATIONS. SOME NATIVES WANT TO DEVELOP CULTURAL TOURISM PROJECTS.
MANY ABORIGINAL MEN CHOOSE TO WEAR LOIN CLOTHES. IT IS STILL WORN BY THE ELDERS DUE TO THE CHURCH MOST VILLAGERS NOW WEAR PANTS AND SHORTS. THEY MAY WALK BAREFOOT IN THE FOREST. BUT WEAR SANDALS IN TOWN. THEIR TRADEMARK OF THE EMBERA AND WOANAN IS ABOUT EBONY BODY PAINTING DONE WITH JAGUAR FRUIT. WOMEN USUALLY ONLY WEAR A SKIRT FROM PALM FIBERS. DURING CEREMONIES THEY COVER BODIES WITH BLACK PAINT OF JAGUAR FRUIT. THEY MAKE PLASTIC BEAD NECKLACES. WOMEN ADD RED COLOR ON THEIR FACES AND LIPS. IT REMAINS FOR ONLY 10 DAYS. THIS BODY PAINTING IS IN USE FOR ALL CELEBRATIONS AND IS IMPORTANT TO TO BOTH WAOUNAN AND EMBERA. THE MEN AND WOMEN HAVE VARIOUS PATTERNS. DURING CERTAIN CEREMONIES WOMEN WEAR HEAVY NECKLACES OF COINS ND WEAVE THEM INTO A STRING. THEIR JEWELRY IS OF SILVER OF GOLD.
FLUTES , DRUMS, AND TURTLE SHELLS GUIDE THE DANCERS. MOST DANCES ARE EASY AS THEY LOOK TO NATURE AND ANIMALS THEIR MOVEMENTS. VISITORS ARE WELCOME.
THESE FOLKS WERE ORIGINALLY SEMI NOMADIC HUNTERS AND GATHERERS IN FOREST DWELLERS. THEY USED POISONOUS DARTS AND SET TRAPS FOR RODENTS. THEY HUNTED DEER, BOAR, COATI, AND GNEKE. THEIR TRADITIONAL DIET WAS FROM PLANTS, FRUIT PALM, ROOTS AND TUBERS. THEIR RIVERS HAVE MANY FISH. THEY USE FRUIT OF TREE, SPAVE TO LURE FISH TO BAIT. MOST FOLKS USE FARMING -PLANTAINS, BANANAS, SUGAR CANE, CORN, BEAN AND YUCCA.
HOUSES ARE ON STILTS 10 FEET HIGH. THIS WAY IT WAS PROTECTED FROM ANIMALS AND FLOODING. THE HOUSES ARE FOR A SINGLE FAMILY.
THEIR HOUSES ARE OF BAMBOO OR WOOD, A FIRE PIT AT ONE END. HALF OF THE HOUSE IS OPEN. MORE RECENT HOUSES ARE OF WOOD. AND A SET OF STAIRS , ZINC IS FOR THE ROOF. IT SHOWS WEALTH. THEY ARE HOT IN ARID DAY HEAT.
THEY CARVE DUGOUT CANOES FROM ONE SINGLE TREE. THE KIDS HAVE A SMALL CANOE. SOME CANOES ARE MADE TO CARRY CARGO AND 20 PASSENGERS. EVERY ONE IS AN EXPERT AT PADDLING OR POLING A CENTER. THE KIDS LEARN HOW TO RECORD THE CURRENT OF THE RIVER AT THREE.
THEY USE A SUGAR CANE PRESS TO EXTRACT THE JUICE OF SUGAR CANE. IT IS A PROCESS TO GET HONEY. THEY FERMENT THE JUICE TO MAKE A LIQUOR- CHICHA.
THE WOMEN ARE FAMOUS CRAFTERS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THEY WERE THE ORIGINAL BASKET WEAVERS OF THE REGION. THEY WEAVE WITH A FIBER FROM A PALM CALLED A CHUNGA. THE MEN COLLECT IT AND THEY LOCATE FIBERS FROM THE TOP OF PALM TREES. THE TREE TRUNKS ARE PROTECTED BY A THICK LAYER OF 5 FEET LONG THORNS. AND THEY GET THE LEAVES. THEY STACK THEM AFTER REMOVING THE LEAVES FROM THE STALK. THEY PEEL IT INTO THIN STRIPS. THEY DIE THE FIBERS USING WHITE, BROWN AND BLACK NATURAL DYES. THEY BOIL THE FIBERS WITH PIECES OF DYE. SOME MODERN BASKETS ARE MADE FROM MANY COLORS.
THEY ARE MASTER WOOD CARVERS AND CARVE SCULPTURES OF COCO BOLO TREE WOOD, INCLUDING JUNGLE ANIMALS. THEY ALSO CARVE THE TONGUE NUT WHICH LOOKS LIKE IVORY BUT IT IS POLISHED AND THEY CARVE DELICATE ANIMALS AND PAINT WITH CHEMICAL PAINTS. MANY LEAVE THEM UNPAINTED. THEY HAVE ALWAYS STRUGGLED WITH MODERNIZATION AND MONEY ISSUES. THEIR LIVES HAVE CHANGED AND THE YOUNGER FOLKS ARE GOING TO SCHOOL TO LIVE AND WORK. THESE INDIANS THAT FIGHT TO FOR HUMAN RIGHTS NEED MODERN EDUCATION. COSTLY MEDICINE HAS RAPIDLY REPLACED SHAMANISM AND NATURAL HEALING. SUBSISTENCE LIVING IS A THING OF THE [PAST. THE IDEAL IS TO GIVE ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS TO COMMUNITY TO REMAIN IN VILLAGES. MARKETING OF ARTISAN GOODS AND ECOTOURISM ARE GOOD SHORT TERM SOLUTIONS.
MOST FOLKS SPEAK FLUENT SPANISH. THEY HAVE DANCES, PRESENTATIONS, AND BODY PAINTING ACTIVITIES.
NATIVEPLANET.ORG
MY TRIP TO THE OCEAN
THIS WEEKEND I TRAVELLED TO THE OCEAN AS IT WAS HOT IN SANTA ROSA . I GOT ICE IN MY CAMELBACK. TO MY SURPRISE I REALIZED IT WAS VERY COOL AT BODEGA BAY . IN FACT IT WAS 15 DEGREES COOLER. SO I STOPPED TO VIEW THE THE OCEAN AS THEIR WERE MANY PEOPLE SWIMMING IN WET SUITS AND OTHERS WALKING ON THE BEACH. BUT IT WAS VERY WINDY. I DECIDED TO WALK ALONG THE BEACH. BUT IT WAS VERY WINDY. I DECIDED TO WALK ALONG THE KORTUM TRAIL AND TO GO TO HIKE ALONG ANOTHER TRAIL NORTH OF SHELL BEACH. I MET SOME OLD FRIENDS I KNEW AND WE TALKED BRIEFLY. THEY USED TO GO TO MY CHURCH.
THE FLOWERS WERE BEAUTIFUL AND THERE WERE SMALL LILIES, SOAP ROOT, POPPIES, COW PARSNIPS, ANGELICA ROOT, SOME SAGES AND VARIOUS INTRODUCED PLANTS. THIS INCLUDED ICE PLANTS, CALA LILIES, SOME LARGE PURPLE COLUMBINE LIKE PLANTS. I NOTED SEA GULLS, PELICANS, CORMORANTS, A RED TAILED HAWK. I HEARD A COUPLE SAW THEY SAW AND HEARD SOME PERIGRINE FALCONS. I PROBABLY HIKED ABOUT 5 TO 6 MILES, AND DUE TO THE WIND I WAS EXHAUSTED. IT WAS FUN AND I WONDERED WHY THERE ARE NO SEA OTTERS ALONG THIS BEACH?
THE FLOWERS WERE BEAUTIFUL AND THERE WERE SMALL LILIES, SOAP ROOT, POPPIES, COW PARSNIPS, ANGELICA ROOT, SOME SAGES AND VARIOUS INTRODUCED PLANTS. THIS INCLUDED ICE PLANTS, CALA LILIES, SOME LARGE PURPLE COLUMBINE LIKE PLANTS. I NOTED SEA GULLS, PELICANS, CORMORANTS, A RED TAILED HAWK. I HEARD A COUPLE SAW THEY SAW AND HEARD SOME PERIGRINE FALCONS. I PROBABLY HIKED ABOUT 5 TO 6 MILES, AND DUE TO THE WIND I WAS EXHAUSTED. IT WAS FUN AND I WONDERED WHY THERE ARE NO SEA OTTERS ALONG THIS BEACH?
Tuesday, May 1, 2012
BUGLE INDIANS IN PANAMA
THE BUGLE TRIBE HAS ABOUT 1000 PEOPLE AND SPEAKS CHIBCHAN LANGUAGE. THERE IS NO MEANING OF SIX TERM BUGLE. AND THEY ARE OFTEN IN NATURE.
THEY LIVE IN THE EASTERN PART OF BOCAS DEL TORO AND 700 FOLKS SPEAK BUGLERE AND MURINE.
THE BUGLE ARE A BRANCH OF THE NGAWBE GROUP.. THEIR RELATIONSHIPS ARE UNCERTAIN. THEY LOCATE THEIR ANCESTORS TO THE SOUTH BY THE NURI. ACCORDING TO A LEGEND THE BUGLE ONCE HAD WINGS LIKE A BIRD AND COULD FLY ANYWHERE. ONE DAY THEY CROSSED THE CORDILLERA AND ARRIVED HERE. THEY ENGAGED IN IMPROPER BEHAVIOR AND LOST ABILITY TO FLY. THE AREA OCCUPIED BY THE BUGLE IS PART OF A MORE EXTENSIVE AREA IN THE PROVINCES OF CHIRIQU AND VERAGUAS, ONE THAT THE NQUAWBE HAVE FOR SEVERAL YEARS. THEY LIVE IN A HIGHLY DISPERSED PATTERN OF SMALL HAMLETS. MOST OF THEIR HOUSES WERE ROUND AND MADE OF STICKS AND STRAW ROOFS. THE HOUSE TYPE WAS WIDESPREAD IN EASTERN COSTA RICA.
BY 1964 THEY MADE RECTILINEAR HOUSES OF SONOME MATERIALS. THEY BUILT AN INTERIOR PLATFORM UNDER THE ROOF WITH A NOTCHED LADDER. THE FIRE WAS IN THE CENTER OF THE FLOOR. THE BUGLE PRACTICE SWIDDENED BASED AGRICULTURE AS THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD. THEY COLLECT ACORNS, GROW RICE, AND BANANAS, PLANTAINS, BEANS, ROOT CROPS- TARO , SWEET POTATOES, MANIOC, PALMS, CACAO, MANGOES, PINEAPPLE AND CHILI PEPPERS. RICE IS A SURPLUS THAT THEY TAKE TO MARKET.
CHICKEN, DUCKS, AND PIGS ARE RAISED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. SOME ARE SOLD FOR MARKET. CATTLE ARE SOLD AT THE MARKET. CATTLE ARE RAISED TO BE SOLD. THEY USED TO RAISE MORE CATTLE BUT THEIR NUMBERS HAVE BEEN REDUCED DUE TO THE PLAGUE. HUNTING OF WILD TURKEY ANIMALS IS NOT THAT COMMON NOW, BUT IT WAS ORIGINALLY. FISHING WITH PLANT POISONS USED TO BE QUITE COMMON.
THEY MAKE STURDY BASKETS. BUT THEY ARE NOT OF HIGH QUALITY. NET BAGS IS A TRADITIONAL CRAFT. SOME ARE CRUDE. THEY MAKE NO POTTERY. THEY MAKE FLUTES OF BAMBOO AND BONE. WOMEN HATS ARE A RECENT CRAFT. THEY SELL BEADED COLLARS AND MAKE BARK CLOTH FOR CLOTHING. IT IS NOW RARE HOWEVER. THEY TRADE WITH NONINDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND FOLKS WHO TRAVEL HERE. THEY EXCHANGE THEIR HATS AND MAIZE FOR WESTERN METAL COOKING POTS, CLOTH AND MACHETES.
WOMEN DO CHILD CARE AND TAKE CARE OF FOOD PREP. MEN HUNT AND FISH AND MAKE HATS. POLYGYMY IS SOMETIMES PERMITTED. THEY INTERMARRY WITH WITH NGAYBE BECAUSE OF SHORTAGE OF OF BUGLE WOMEN. THEY HAVE NO FORMAL MARRIAGE CEREMONY. WOMEN MAY MARRY AT AGE 12. IT IS A COMMON AGREEMENT.
THE NUCLEAR FAMILY IS THE MOST COMMON UNIT OF PRODUCTION, BUT EXTENDED FAMILIES WERE COMMON IN THE PAST. A HOUSE IN WHICH A PERSON DIES IS ABANDONED. LAND IS INHERITED BY BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. A PUBERTY CEREMONY FOR A GIRL IS HER FIRST MENSES. IT SIGNALS HER TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD. MEN HAVE NO CEREMONIES. SCHOOL ATTTENDANCE IS ENTHUSIASTIC.
THEY ACCEPT CHRISTIANITY BUT FEW OF THEIR MYTHS SURVIVE. THEY BELIEVE IN A GOD AND A DEVIL. THEY HAVE A CEREMONY TO PROTECT A NEW HOUSE. THEY HAVE SOME BELIEF IN THE MAIZE GODDESS. THEY TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN A SHAMAN. SUKIAS APPARENTLY EFFECTED CURES THROUGH SPIRIT WORLD. SHAMANS COULD USE THEIR POWERS FOR GOOD AND EVIL.
THEY HELD CEREMONIES FOR A BOUNTIFUL HARVEST. AND THEY HELD CEREMONIES 8 DAYS AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. A CEREMONY IS HELD AFTER A NEW HOUSE IS BUILT . THERE IS MUCH FOOD AND DANCING.
FACE PAINTING OF MEN AND WOMEN WAS COMMON BUT NOT NOW.THEY HAVE TRADITIONAL CURERS USED TO PLANT MEDICINES TO HEAL. THEY SHOWED THE FAMILY OF A SICK PERSON HOW TO HEAL THEM.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
THEY LIVE IN THE EASTERN PART OF BOCAS DEL TORO AND 700 FOLKS SPEAK BUGLERE AND MURINE.
THE BUGLE ARE A BRANCH OF THE NGAWBE GROUP.. THEIR RELATIONSHIPS ARE UNCERTAIN. THEY LOCATE THEIR ANCESTORS TO THE SOUTH BY THE NURI. ACCORDING TO A LEGEND THE BUGLE ONCE HAD WINGS LIKE A BIRD AND COULD FLY ANYWHERE. ONE DAY THEY CROSSED THE CORDILLERA AND ARRIVED HERE. THEY ENGAGED IN IMPROPER BEHAVIOR AND LOST ABILITY TO FLY. THE AREA OCCUPIED BY THE BUGLE IS PART OF A MORE EXTENSIVE AREA IN THE PROVINCES OF CHIRIQU AND VERAGUAS, ONE THAT THE NQUAWBE HAVE FOR SEVERAL YEARS. THEY LIVE IN A HIGHLY DISPERSED PATTERN OF SMALL HAMLETS. MOST OF THEIR HOUSES WERE ROUND AND MADE OF STICKS AND STRAW ROOFS. THE HOUSE TYPE WAS WIDESPREAD IN EASTERN COSTA RICA.
BY 1964 THEY MADE RECTILINEAR HOUSES OF SONOME MATERIALS. THEY BUILT AN INTERIOR PLATFORM UNDER THE ROOF WITH A NOTCHED LADDER. THE FIRE WAS IN THE CENTER OF THE FLOOR. THE BUGLE PRACTICE SWIDDENED BASED AGRICULTURE AS THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD. THEY COLLECT ACORNS, GROW RICE, AND BANANAS, PLANTAINS, BEANS, ROOT CROPS- TARO , SWEET POTATOES, MANIOC, PALMS, CACAO, MANGOES, PINEAPPLE AND CHILI PEPPERS. RICE IS A SURPLUS THAT THEY TAKE TO MARKET.
CHICKEN, DUCKS, AND PIGS ARE RAISED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. SOME ARE SOLD FOR MARKET. CATTLE ARE SOLD AT THE MARKET. CATTLE ARE RAISED TO BE SOLD. THEY USED TO RAISE MORE CATTLE BUT THEIR NUMBERS HAVE BEEN REDUCED DUE TO THE PLAGUE. HUNTING OF WILD TURKEY ANIMALS IS NOT THAT COMMON NOW, BUT IT WAS ORIGINALLY. FISHING WITH PLANT POISONS USED TO BE QUITE COMMON.
THEY MAKE STURDY BASKETS. BUT THEY ARE NOT OF HIGH QUALITY. NET BAGS IS A TRADITIONAL CRAFT. SOME ARE CRUDE. THEY MAKE NO POTTERY. THEY MAKE FLUTES OF BAMBOO AND BONE. WOMEN HATS ARE A RECENT CRAFT. THEY SELL BEADED COLLARS AND MAKE BARK CLOTH FOR CLOTHING. IT IS NOW RARE HOWEVER. THEY TRADE WITH NONINDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES AND FOLKS WHO TRAVEL HERE. THEY EXCHANGE THEIR HATS AND MAIZE FOR WESTERN METAL COOKING POTS, CLOTH AND MACHETES.
WOMEN DO CHILD CARE AND TAKE CARE OF FOOD PREP. MEN HUNT AND FISH AND MAKE HATS. POLYGYMY IS SOMETIMES PERMITTED. THEY INTERMARRY WITH WITH NGAYBE BECAUSE OF SHORTAGE OF OF BUGLE WOMEN. THEY HAVE NO FORMAL MARRIAGE CEREMONY. WOMEN MAY MARRY AT AGE 12. IT IS A COMMON AGREEMENT.
THE NUCLEAR FAMILY IS THE MOST COMMON UNIT OF PRODUCTION, BUT EXTENDED FAMILIES WERE COMMON IN THE PAST. A HOUSE IN WHICH A PERSON DIES IS ABANDONED. LAND IS INHERITED BY BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. A PUBERTY CEREMONY FOR A GIRL IS HER FIRST MENSES. IT SIGNALS HER TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD. MEN HAVE NO CEREMONIES. SCHOOL ATTTENDANCE IS ENTHUSIASTIC.
THEY ACCEPT CHRISTIANITY BUT FEW OF THEIR MYTHS SURVIVE. THEY BELIEVE IN A GOD AND A DEVIL. THEY HAVE A CEREMONY TO PROTECT A NEW HOUSE. THEY HAVE SOME BELIEF IN THE MAIZE GODDESS. THEY TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN A SHAMAN. SUKIAS APPARENTLY EFFECTED CURES THROUGH SPIRIT WORLD. SHAMANS COULD USE THEIR POWERS FOR GOOD AND EVIL.
THEY HELD CEREMONIES FOR A BOUNTIFUL HARVEST. AND THEY HELD CEREMONIES 8 DAYS AFTER THE BIRTH OF A CHILD. A CEREMONY IS HELD AFTER A NEW HOUSE IS BUILT . THERE IS MUCH FOOD AND DANCING.
FACE PAINTING OF MEN AND WOMEN WAS COMMON BUT NOT NOW.THEY HAVE TRADITIONAL CURERS USED TO PLANT MEDICINES TO HEAL. THEY SHOWED THE FAMILY OF A SICK PERSON HOW TO HEAL THEM.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
THE CHIBCHA OF COSTA RICA
THIS GROUP WAS COMPARATIVELY IN ISOLATION. THEY WERE HIGHLY DEVELOPED, PRACTICED AGRICULTURE, IN ISOLATION. THEY WERE HIGHLY DEVELOPED, PRACTICED AGRICULTURE, AND MELTING AND CASTING GOLD AND COPPER ORNAMENTS, MINED EMERALDS, WOVE TEXTILES, AND MADE POTTERY. THEY EVOLVED INTO A STRATIFIED FAMILY OF OVERLORDS. THE PRIESTHOOD WAS A NOBLE CLASS. RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES INCLUDED HUMAN SACRIFICE. THE CHIBCHA WERE CONQUERED BY THE SPANISH CONQISTADORS GONZALEZ IN 1556 - 41.
SINCE SPANISH CONQUEST THEY HAVE HAD MUCH CHANGE. THEIR POPULATION WAS ABOUT 500,000 AND WAS MORE CENTRALIZED POLITICALLY ANY OTHER. THEY WERE MORE POLITICALY ORGANIZED THAN THAN ANY OTHER SOUTH AMERICAN PEOPLE. THEY WORKED INTENSIVELY IN AGRICULTURE OR A VARIETY OF CRAFTS AND EXTENSIVE TRADE.
THEIR BASIC ECONOMY WAS TERRACE FARMING THEY CREATED AN ADVANCED TERRACE FARMING. THEY CREATED AN ADVANCED ANCIENT CIVILAZATION. THEY GREW COTTON, POTATOES, CORN, BEANS, SQUASH AND WOVE CLOTH MODERN BEUATIFUL POTTERY AND JEWELRY.
THEIR RELIGION WAS OF NATURE AND ANCESTORWORSHIP. THEIR DESCENDANTS HAVE BLENDED INTO PRESENT DAY POPULATION OF COLUMBIA.
ENCYCLOPEDIA2.THEFREE DICTIONARY.COM
SINCE SPANISH CONQUEST THEY HAVE HAD MUCH CHANGE. THEIR POPULATION WAS ABOUT 500,000 AND WAS MORE CENTRALIZED POLITICALLY ANY OTHER. THEY WERE MORE POLITICALY ORGANIZED THAN THAN ANY OTHER SOUTH AMERICAN PEOPLE. THEY WORKED INTENSIVELY IN AGRICULTURE OR A VARIETY OF CRAFTS AND EXTENSIVE TRADE.
THEIR BASIC ECONOMY WAS TERRACE FARMING THEY CREATED AN ADVANCED TERRACE FARMING. THEY CREATED AN ADVANCED ANCIENT CIVILAZATION. THEY GREW COTTON, POTATOES, CORN, BEANS, SQUASH AND WOVE CLOTH MODERN BEUATIFUL POTTERY AND JEWELRY.
THEIR RELIGION WAS OF NATURE AND ANCESTORWORSHIP. THEIR DESCENDANTS HAVE BLENDED INTO PRESENT DAY POPULATION OF COLUMBIA.
ENCYCLOPEDIA2.THEFREE DICTIONARY.COM
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