THIS IS A MOVEMENT THAT HQAS BEEN AROUND HERE FOR A LONG TIME. THIS IS QA WAY FOR US TO EAT MORE SUSTAINABLE TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF WASTE PRODUCTS ON THE PLANET. RAISING ANIMALS INCLUDES CONTRIBUTING 1/5TH OF THE WORLD'W GAS EMMISSIONS. THEY TRY TO STRESS US TO GO VEGETARIAN TO REDUCE WASTE FROM ANIMALS. MANY CULTURES DO THIS. THERE ARE MANY PLANT SOURCES OF PROTEIN THAT HAVE BEEN PRODUCED . THEY ALSO MENTION HOW MANY CHICKENS AND PIGS , ETC. ARE CRAMMED INTO SMALL PENS AND CAGES FOR OUR CONSUMPTION. MUCH FOREST HAS HAS BEEN CLEARED TO GROW GRAIN FOR LIVESTOCK. I PREFER NO RED MEAT AND HAVE TRIED EATTING ONLY VEGETARIA DIETS IN THE PAST.
70% OF OUR GRAINS AARE USED BY MEAT INDUSTRY. TO LEARN MORE FACTS YOU CAN VISIT TRYVEG.COM.
Tuesday, July 31, 2012
SONOMA COUNTY FAIR 2012
THIS WEEKEND I VISITED TOOK A TRIP TO VISIT OUR LOCAL FAIR. I HAD A FUN TIME WHERE I SAW A LADY WHO HAD A NUMBER OF BIRDS WHO WERE TRAINED TO TALK AFTER SHE GAVE THEM CUES. THIS WAS VERY INTERESTING AND EXCITING, ESPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN! THERE ALSO WERE TWO FOLKS WHO WERE DESIGNING A LARGE SAND SCULPTURE FROM WET SAND. AT THE TOP WAS THE SMOKESTACKS OF A LARGE CRUISE SHIP, AND THEN SEVERAL TYPES OF BUILDINGS WERE COMING THROUGH. SHE KEPT SPRAYING WATER ON IT AND SHE SAID IT WAS TEDIOUS. I SAID IT LOOKED LIKE A DIG SITE AND SHE REMARKED IT WAS LIKE BEING AN ARCHAEOLOGIST!
ANOTHER EVENT I ATTENDED WAS IN THE DEMONSTRATION HALL AND A MAN DEMONSTRATED SOME COOKWARE AND FED US LUNCH! IT WAS A MIX OF VEGETABLE AND CHICKEN AND POTATOES. THE PANS WERE VERY EXPENSIVE. I ALSO GOT ANOTHER CHAIR MASSAGE. THERE WERE MANY PEOPLE AT THE FAIR AND I SPENT TIME RELAXING BETWEEN WALKING AROUND THE ENTIRE FAIR. I ATTENDED SOME OF THE OUTDOOR MUSIC AND IT WAS LIKE ROCK AND ROLL. SOME OF THE FUN ACTS WERE BY A JUGGLER WHO HAD SWORDS IN FRONT OF SOMEONE FROM THE AUDIENCE AND THEN HE ASKED THEM TO LEAVE. HE BALANCED ON A BOARD. IT WAS TRICKY.
ANOTHER INTERESTING ACT IS THE WOOL RIDERS. THESE ARE 5 TO 6 YEAR OLDS WITH HEAD HELMETS WHO HANG ONTO LARGE SHEEP TO SEE HOW LONG THEY CAN RIDE THEM. MOST OF THEM SLIDE OFF IN MINUTES! WE ALSO SAW A GOOFY PARADE.
THE HALL OF FLOWERS HAD A THEME OF "PORTS OF CALL". THEY HAD SEVERAL FOUNTAINS WITH BOAT IN THE CENTER. VARIOUS BEAUTIFUL GARDENS WERE BUILT BY LANDSCAPERS TO IMITATE PLACES LIKE TAHITI, SPAIN, ALASKA, AND INDIA. IT WAS INTRIGUING.
I WENT ON A WAGON RIDE WITH STALLIONS. THEN I WALKED AROUND THE SHEEP, GOAT, AND COW GROUNDS. I ENJOYED THE INTERESTING ARTS AND CRAFTS AND THE QUILT MAKING AS WELL. SOME FOLKS WERE HOOKING A RUG.
ANOTHER EVENT I ATTENDED WAS IN THE DEMONSTRATION HALL AND A MAN DEMONSTRATED SOME COOKWARE AND FED US LUNCH! IT WAS A MIX OF VEGETABLE AND CHICKEN AND POTATOES. THE PANS WERE VERY EXPENSIVE. I ALSO GOT ANOTHER CHAIR MASSAGE. THERE WERE MANY PEOPLE AT THE FAIR AND I SPENT TIME RELAXING BETWEEN WALKING AROUND THE ENTIRE FAIR. I ATTENDED SOME OF THE OUTDOOR MUSIC AND IT WAS LIKE ROCK AND ROLL. SOME OF THE FUN ACTS WERE BY A JUGGLER WHO HAD SWORDS IN FRONT OF SOMEONE FROM THE AUDIENCE AND THEN HE ASKED THEM TO LEAVE. HE BALANCED ON A BOARD. IT WAS TRICKY.
ANOTHER INTERESTING ACT IS THE WOOL RIDERS. THESE ARE 5 TO 6 YEAR OLDS WITH HEAD HELMETS WHO HANG ONTO LARGE SHEEP TO SEE HOW LONG THEY CAN RIDE THEM. MOST OF THEM SLIDE OFF IN MINUTES! WE ALSO SAW A GOOFY PARADE.
THE HALL OF FLOWERS HAD A THEME OF "PORTS OF CALL". THEY HAD SEVERAL FOUNTAINS WITH BOAT IN THE CENTER. VARIOUS BEAUTIFUL GARDENS WERE BUILT BY LANDSCAPERS TO IMITATE PLACES LIKE TAHITI, SPAIN, ALASKA, AND INDIA. IT WAS INTRIGUING.
I WENT ON A WAGON RIDE WITH STALLIONS. THEN I WALKED AROUND THE SHEEP, GOAT, AND COW GROUNDS. I ENJOYED THE INTERESTING ARTS AND CRAFTS AND THE QUILT MAKING AS WELL. SOME FOLKS WERE HOOKING A RUG.
Monday, July 30, 2012
COSTA RICA CULTURE
IN 1502 COLUMBUS STOPPED NEAR PRESENT DAY LIMON. NATIVES HAD GOLDEN MIRRORS AROUND THEIR NECKS AND TOLD OF MANY PLACES WITH GOLD MINES. COSTA RICANS ARE CALLED PICOS FROM SPANISH -ITO. THIS MEANS DIMINUTIVE.
THIS COUNTRY IS IN CENTRAL AMERICA WITH NICARGUA TO ITS NORTH. IT HAS 51,000 SQUARE KM. THE MOUNTAINS HAVE SPORADIC ERUPTIONS AND RUN NW TO SE, DIVIDING COSTA RICA INTO PACIFIC AND ALTIZONES. THEY HAVE FREQUENT EARTHQUAKES.
IN THE 1980'S THEY DEVELOPED PETROLEUM FACILITIES. THEY HAVE MANY MICROENVIRONMENTS - RAINFORESTS, SAVANNAHS, AND A DRY FOREST. BY 2000 THEY HAD 4 MILLION FOLKS WITH 32% UNDER THE AGE OF 14. THEY SPEAK SPANISH, THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE WITH VARIANTS. DESPITE CATHOLICS OPPOSITION TO CONCENTRATION TO CONTRACEPTION, 86% OF WOMEN IN CHILDBEARING AGE USE BIRTH CONTROL.
BACK IN 1821 COSTA RICA GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN AS PART OF THE MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE, AS PART OF MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE TO DEFEAT PRO-SLAVERY FOLKS. COSTA RICANS THINK THEY HAVE HIGH LEVELS OF EDUCATION AND COMPARED TO THE REST OF CENTRAL AMERICA. HOWEVER,THEY HAVE MANY SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS LIKE THEIR NEIGHBORS. ABOUT 95% OF COSTA RICANS CONSIDER THEMSELVES WHITE; HOWEVER THEY LOOK LIKE MEXICANS.
MUCH OF THE GUANACASTE POPULATION IS DESCENDED FROM INDIANS AND COLONIAL ERA SLAVES. IN LIMON, AFRO - COSTA RICANS ARE DESCENDED FROM JAMAICAN AND WEST BRITISH INDIANS WHO CAME IN THE 19TH CENTURY TO HELP WITH RAILROADS. THE BLACKS DENIED COSTA RICANS NATIONALITY UNTIL 1948.
ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE OF THE ISLAND THE BRIBRI AND CABECAR, THE LARGEST INDIGENOUS GROUP SHARES CULTURAL TRAITS. THEY HAVE CLAN MARRIAGE RULES AND RELIGION AROUND THE DIETY SIBO, THE CREATOR. THE SIX RESERVES ON THE PACIFIC SIDE ARE ALSO HOME TO BRIBRI AND CABECAR. SOME GROUPS ARE NOW PEASANTS GUAYMI INDIANS LACK IDENTITY, DOCUMENTS, AND HAVE A DISTINCT WAY OF LIFE.
AT THE END OF THE OF 1900'S, 500 INDIANS LIVED IN RIO FRIO. THE GUATAISOS VIOLENTLY REPULSED OUTSIDERS INCURSIONS UNTIL 1870 WHEN RUBBER TAPPERS KILLED INDIANS MEN AND KIDNAPPED WOMEN AND CHILDREN. THESE FOLKS WERE SOLD AS SLAVES IN NICARAGUA. THEIR POPULATION PLUMMETED TO LESS THAN 200, NEVER RECOVERING.
MALAMBIAN IS THE ONLY INDIGENOUS RESERVE IN THE NORTHERN PACIFIC OCEAN. POPULATED BY PEOPLES
WHOSE CULTURE RESEMBLED THAT OF CENTRAL MEXICO. THEY PRODUCED CERAMICS FOR TOURISTS.
SOME OF THE FIRST SPANISH COLONISTS IN COSTA RICA MAY HAVE BEEN JEWISH CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY AND WERE EXPELLED FROM SPAIN AND FLED TO HIDE AWAY PLACES. IN 1870'S THE RAILROAD IMPORTED 650CHINESE LABORERS TO COMPLETE RAIL PROJECTS IN COSTA RICA, PERU, CUBA, AND THE U.S. BY 1890 THEY BANNED CHINESE IMMIGRANTS.
OTHER CENTRAL AMERICANS CAME TO COSTA RICA TO WORK IN AGRICULTURE ESPECIALLY IN THE BANANA ZONE. IN THE 1980'S, NICARAGUANS AND SALVADORANS FLED VIOLENCE AND ECONOMIC CRISES TO WORK AS FARMHANDS, LABORERS, SERVANTS AND STREET VENDORS.
ALMOST ALL TOWNS HAVE A CENTRAL PLAZA WITH A CATHOLIC CHURCH, BANDSTAND AND BENCHES. RURAL HOMES HAVE GRASSY SQUARES FOR SOCCER FIELDS. SOME CITIES SUFFER FROM SEVERE AIR, WATER, AND NOISE, POLLUTION. MAIZE IS EATEN DAILY WITH WITH RICE AND BEANS, SOMETIMES THREE TIMES A DAY. EGGS, CHEESE, CHICKEN OR STEW OR SALAD AT SUPPER. THE MIDDAY MEAL IS THE LARGEST. TODAY THEY LIKE THE FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS. ALCOHOL DRINKING IS HIGH.
UNTIL THE 1960'S, COSTA RICA DEPENDED ON COFFEE AND BANANAS FOR EXPORT EARNINGS. AFTER 1948 THE CIVIL WAR NATIONALIZED BANKS CHANNELED SUBSIDIZED LOANS TO NEGLECT REGIONS. IN EARLY
1980'S THE STATE EDUCED ITS ROLE IN THE ECONOMY AND PROMOTED AND EXPORTED ORIENTAL AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES. SINCE 1996 TOURISM HAS BEEN SECOND LARGEST ECONOMY. MANY UPPER CLASS FAMILIES ARE DESCENDED FROM A FEW SPANISH CONQUISTADORS. THEY HAVE POVERTY YET HERE PROVIDED NEW OPPORTUNITIES UPWARD MOBILE YOUNG PEOPLE. THE ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE 80'S, HAD STREET CRIME SKYROCKETED. COSTA RICA IS A SHIPPING PORT FOR COLUMBIAN COCAINE. THEY HAVE MANY NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC.
EMPLOYEE SPONSORED ASSOCIATIONS PROVIDE LOANS AND OTHER BENEFITS.
WOMEN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FOOD PREP, CHILD CARE, AND CLEANING. MEN RELY ON MOTHERS OR WIVES. SOME UPPER CLASSES EMPLOY SERVANTS. HEAVY AGRICULTURE IS PERFORMED BY MEN AND BOYS.
THERE IS MUCH GENDER DISCRIMINATION SUCH AS FLIRTATIOUS REMARKS ON THE STREET AND PHYSICAL VIOLENCE IS HOME. IN 1994 THE WOMEN'S SOCIAL EQUALITY PASSED A LAW TO STOP DISCRIMINATION.
THE COSTA RICANS MARRY AT ABOUT 21. DIVORCE AND SEPARATION ARE FREQUENT. UPPER CLASS MEN MAINTAIN MISTRESSES.
ONE FOURTH OF THE POPULATION ENROLLS IN HIGHER EDUCATION. THE DATING AND COURTSHIP IS SIMILAR TO U.S. PATTERNS. IT IS USED TO BE HIGHLY RITUALIZED. CONVERTS AND CATHOLICISM ABSTAIN FROM ALCOHOL AND ABIDE BY STERN CODES OF CONDUCT. THEY HAVE FREE HEALTH CARE!
EVRY-CULTURE.COM
THIS COUNTRY IS IN CENTRAL AMERICA WITH NICARGUA TO ITS NORTH. IT HAS 51,000 SQUARE KM. THE MOUNTAINS HAVE SPORADIC ERUPTIONS AND RUN NW TO SE, DIVIDING COSTA RICA INTO PACIFIC AND ALTIZONES. THEY HAVE FREQUENT EARTHQUAKES.
IN THE 1980'S THEY DEVELOPED PETROLEUM FACILITIES. THEY HAVE MANY MICROENVIRONMENTS - RAINFORESTS, SAVANNAHS, AND A DRY FOREST. BY 2000 THEY HAD 4 MILLION FOLKS WITH 32% UNDER THE AGE OF 14. THEY SPEAK SPANISH, THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE WITH VARIANTS. DESPITE CATHOLICS OPPOSITION TO CONCENTRATION TO CONTRACEPTION, 86% OF WOMEN IN CHILDBEARING AGE USE BIRTH CONTROL.
BACK IN 1821 COSTA RICA GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN AS PART OF THE MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE, AS PART OF MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE TO DEFEAT PRO-SLAVERY FOLKS. COSTA RICANS THINK THEY HAVE HIGH LEVELS OF EDUCATION AND COMPARED TO THE REST OF CENTRAL AMERICA. HOWEVER,THEY HAVE MANY SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS LIKE THEIR NEIGHBORS. ABOUT 95% OF COSTA RICANS CONSIDER THEMSELVES WHITE; HOWEVER THEY LOOK LIKE MEXICANS.
MUCH OF THE GUANACASTE POPULATION IS DESCENDED FROM INDIANS AND COLONIAL ERA SLAVES. IN LIMON, AFRO - COSTA RICANS ARE DESCENDED FROM JAMAICAN AND WEST BRITISH INDIANS WHO CAME IN THE 19TH CENTURY TO HELP WITH RAILROADS. THE BLACKS DENIED COSTA RICANS NATIONALITY UNTIL 1948.
ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE OF THE ISLAND THE BRIBRI AND CABECAR, THE LARGEST INDIGENOUS GROUP SHARES CULTURAL TRAITS. THEY HAVE CLAN MARRIAGE RULES AND RELIGION AROUND THE DIETY SIBO, THE CREATOR. THE SIX RESERVES ON THE PACIFIC SIDE ARE ALSO HOME TO BRIBRI AND CABECAR. SOME GROUPS ARE NOW PEASANTS GUAYMI INDIANS LACK IDENTITY, DOCUMENTS, AND HAVE A DISTINCT WAY OF LIFE.
AT THE END OF THE OF 1900'S, 500 INDIANS LIVED IN RIO FRIO. THE GUATAISOS VIOLENTLY REPULSED OUTSIDERS INCURSIONS UNTIL 1870 WHEN RUBBER TAPPERS KILLED INDIANS MEN AND KIDNAPPED WOMEN AND CHILDREN. THESE FOLKS WERE SOLD AS SLAVES IN NICARAGUA. THEIR POPULATION PLUMMETED TO LESS THAN 200, NEVER RECOVERING.
MALAMBIAN IS THE ONLY INDIGENOUS RESERVE IN THE NORTHERN PACIFIC OCEAN. POPULATED BY PEOPLES
WHOSE CULTURE RESEMBLED THAT OF CENTRAL MEXICO. THEY PRODUCED CERAMICS FOR TOURISTS.
SOME OF THE FIRST SPANISH COLONISTS IN COSTA RICA MAY HAVE BEEN JEWISH CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY AND WERE EXPELLED FROM SPAIN AND FLED TO HIDE AWAY PLACES. IN 1870'S THE RAILROAD IMPORTED 650CHINESE LABORERS TO COMPLETE RAIL PROJECTS IN COSTA RICA, PERU, CUBA, AND THE U.S. BY 1890 THEY BANNED CHINESE IMMIGRANTS.
OTHER CENTRAL AMERICANS CAME TO COSTA RICA TO WORK IN AGRICULTURE ESPECIALLY IN THE BANANA ZONE. IN THE 1980'S, NICARAGUANS AND SALVADORANS FLED VIOLENCE AND ECONOMIC CRISES TO WORK AS FARMHANDS, LABORERS, SERVANTS AND STREET VENDORS.
ALMOST ALL TOWNS HAVE A CENTRAL PLAZA WITH A CATHOLIC CHURCH, BANDSTAND AND BENCHES. RURAL HOMES HAVE GRASSY SQUARES FOR SOCCER FIELDS. SOME CITIES SUFFER FROM SEVERE AIR, WATER, AND NOISE, POLLUTION. MAIZE IS EATEN DAILY WITH WITH RICE AND BEANS, SOMETIMES THREE TIMES A DAY. EGGS, CHEESE, CHICKEN OR STEW OR SALAD AT SUPPER. THE MIDDAY MEAL IS THE LARGEST. TODAY THEY LIKE THE FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS. ALCOHOL DRINKING IS HIGH.
UNTIL THE 1960'S, COSTA RICA DEPENDED ON COFFEE AND BANANAS FOR EXPORT EARNINGS. AFTER 1948 THE CIVIL WAR NATIONALIZED BANKS CHANNELED SUBSIDIZED LOANS TO NEGLECT REGIONS. IN EARLY
1980'S THE STATE EDUCED ITS ROLE IN THE ECONOMY AND PROMOTED AND EXPORTED ORIENTAL AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES. SINCE 1996 TOURISM HAS BEEN SECOND LARGEST ECONOMY. MANY UPPER CLASS FAMILIES ARE DESCENDED FROM A FEW SPANISH CONQUISTADORS. THEY HAVE POVERTY YET HERE PROVIDED NEW OPPORTUNITIES UPWARD MOBILE YOUNG PEOPLE. THE ECONOMIC CRISIS IN THE 80'S, HAD STREET CRIME SKYROCKETED. COSTA RICA IS A SHIPPING PORT FOR COLUMBIAN COCAINE. THEY HAVE MANY NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC.
EMPLOYEE SPONSORED ASSOCIATIONS PROVIDE LOANS AND OTHER BENEFITS.
WOMEN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FOOD PREP, CHILD CARE, AND CLEANING. MEN RELY ON MOTHERS OR WIVES. SOME UPPER CLASSES EMPLOY SERVANTS. HEAVY AGRICULTURE IS PERFORMED BY MEN AND BOYS.
THERE IS MUCH GENDER DISCRIMINATION SUCH AS FLIRTATIOUS REMARKS ON THE STREET AND PHYSICAL VIOLENCE IS HOME. IN 1994 THE WOMEN'S SOCIAL EQUALITY PASSED A LAW TO STOP DISCRIMINATION.
THE COSTA RICANS MARRY AT ABOUT 21. DIVORCE AND SEPARATION ARE FREQUENT. UPPER CLASS MEN MAINTAIN MISTRESSES.
ONE FOURTH OF THE POPULATION ENROLLS IN HIGHER EDUCATION. THE DATING AND COURTSHIP IS SIMILAR TO U.S. PATTERNS. IT IS USED TO BE HIGHLY RITUALIZED. CONVERTS AND CATHOLICISM ABSTAIN FROM ALCOHOL AND ABIDE BY STERN CODES OF CONDUCT. THEY HAVE FREE HEALTH CARE!
EVRY-CULTURE.COM
Friday, July 27, 2012
EL SALVADOR CULTURE
EL SALVADOR IS LOCATED BETWEEN GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS AND HAS ABOUT 21,000 SQ KM. SPANISH NAMED IT "THE SAVIOR". IT HAS MOUNTAINS A COASTAL BELT AND CENTRAL VALLEYS AND PLATEAUS. COFFEE IS GROWN IN THE MOUNTAINS AND CANE IS GROWN ON THE COAST TO PROVIDE WITH LABORERS. THE VALLEY HAS AGRICULTURE OR CORN AND BEANS FOR PRIVATE USE. THERE IS INDUSTRY IN THE CAPITOL.
IN 2000 THEIR POPULATION WAS ABOUT 6 MILLION -A DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRY. ALL FOLKS SPEAK SPANISH. BEFORE SPANISH IT WAS INHABITED BY PIPIL INDIANS, AND THEY DISAPPEARED AFTER 1932. SPAIN MASSACRED 30,000 INDIAN PEASANTS! SOME SURVIVORS HID AND CHANGED THEIR IDENTITY.
BEFORE SPAIN'S CONQUEST EL SALVADOR HAD TWO INDIAN STATES. THEIR FIRST ATTEMPT TO CONQUER FAILED AS PIPIL FORCED SPAIN TO RETREAT. IN 1500 GUATEMALA RETAINED AUTHORITY. DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD THE SPANIARDS REPLACED COMMUNAL PROPERTY. THEN INDIANS WORKED FOR THE SPANISH.
MESTIZOS WERE PEOPLE OF MIXED SPANISH AND INDIGENOUS DESCENT WHO HAD SOME RIGHTS. BUT NO PROPERTY OR LAND. THEY WERE MISTREATED. THEY GAINED SUPPORT FROM ALL INDIANS BY THE AMERICAN AND FRENCH REVOLUTIONS BY PROMISING TO END THE ABUSES COMMITTED BY LAND OWNERS. AFTER THE ROAD INDIANS AND PEASANTS REMAINED IMPOVERISHED WITHOUT LAND.
BY THE 1960'S THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND PEASANTS FORMED, CHRISTIAN BASED COMMUNITIES AND COOPERATIVES IN THE 60'S AND 70'S. PROGRESSIVE PRIESTS AND NUNS FORMED BIBLE STUDY GROUPS IN LIGHT OF BIBLICAL TEXTS. POLITICAL UPHEAVAL LEAD TO ARMIES IN THE 80'S. FINALLY IN 1992 A CEASEFIRE TOOK EFFECT. DEMOCRATIC VALUES FINALLY HOUSES ARE MADE OF ADOBE WITH A LARGE PORCH. THEY HAVE 7 TO 8 FOLKS WHO MAY LIVE IN KIN OWL OR 2 SMALL ROOMS. URBAN HOUSES IN COLONIAL PERIOD HAD OUTDOOR SPACES IN THE MIDDLE OF THE HOUSE MAKING IT MORE PRIVATE.
CORN IS A STAPLE OF THE DIET AND IS MORE OF OFTEN MADE INTO TORTILLAS. THEY EAT MORE OFTEN SMALL RED BEANS WITH A DRINK CALLED ATOL OF CORN OF CORN. MANGOS, BANANAS, PAPAYA, TAMARIND, WATERMELON, CUKES, LETTUCE, TOMATOES, AND RADISHES. THEY ALSO EAT RICE, EGGS, CHICKEN, PORK CHICKEN, PORK BEEF, FISH AND SEAFOOD. THEY HAVE FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS.
TOMALES ARE EATEN ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS AS IS TURKEY IN A SAUCE. IN 1980'S THE LAND REFORMS TRANSFERRED LAND TO THE POOR. ITS DIFFICULT TO SUSTAIN FAMILIES ON SMALL PLOTS OF TO THE POOR. ITS DIFFICULT TO FAMILIES ON SMALL PLOTS OF INFERTILE LAND.
THEIR INDUSTRIES ARE FOOD PROCESSING , BEVERAGES , CHEMICALS, INDUSTRIES, FERTILIZERS, TEXTILES, FURNITURE AND LIGHT MEATS. THEY SUPPORT SUGAR COTTON AND COFFEE. THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHING REQUIRES A UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. CONSTRUCTION REQUIRES APPRENTICESHIP.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
IN 2000 THEIR POPULATION WAS ABOUT 6 MILLION -A DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRY. ALL FOLKS SPEAK SPANISH. BEFORE SPANISH IT WAS INHABITED BY PIPIL INDIANS, AND THEY DISAPPEARED AFTER 1932. SPAIN MASSACRED 30,000 INDIAN PEASANTS! SOME SURVIVORS HID AND CHANGED THEIR IDENTITY.
BEFORE SPAIN'S CONQUEST EL SALVADOR HAD TWO INDIAN STATES. THEIR FIRST ATTEMPT TO CONQUER FAILED AS PIPIL FORCED SPAIN TO RETREAT. IN 1500 GUATEMALA RETAINED AUTHORITY. DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD THE SPANIARDS REPLACED COMMUNAL PROPERTY. THEN INDIANS WORKED FOR THE SPANISH.
MESTIZOS WERE PEOPLE OF MIXED SPANISH AND INDIGENOUS DESCENT WHO HAD SOME RIGHTS. BUT NO PROPERTY OR LAND. THEY WERE MISTREATED. THEY GAINED SUPPORT FROM ALL INDIANS BY THE AMERICAN AND FRENCH REVOLUTIONS BY PROMISING TO END THE ABUSES COMMITTED BY LAND OWNERS. AFTER THE ROAD INDIANS AND PEASANTS REMAINED IMPOVERISHED WITHOUT LAND.
BY THE 1960'S THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND PEASANTS FORMED, CHRISTIAN BASED COMMUNITIES AND COOPERATIVES IN THE 60'S AND 70'S. PROGRESSIVE PRIESTS AND NUNS FORMED BIBLE STUDY GROUPS IN LIGHT OF BIBLICAL TEXTS. POLITICAL UPHEAVAL LEAD TO ARMIES IN THE 80'S. FINALLY IN 1992 A CEASEFIRE TOOK EFFECT. DEMOCRATIC VALUES FINALLY HOUSES ARE MADE OF ADOBE WITH A LARGE PORCH. THEY HAVE 7 TO 8 FOLKS WHO MAY LIVE IN KIN OWL OR 2 SMALL ROOMS. URBAN HOUSES IN COLONIAL PERIOD HAD OUTDOOR SPACES IN THE MIDDLE OF THE HOUSE MAKING IT MORE PRIVATE.
CORN IS A STAPLE OF THE DIET AND IS MORE OF OFTEN MADE INTO TORTILLAS. THEY EAT MORE OFTEN SMALL RED BEANS WITH A DRINK CALLED ATOL OF CORN OF CORN. MANGOS, BANANAS, PAPAYA, TAMARIND, WATERMELON, CUKES, LETTUCE, TOMATOES, AND RADISHES. THEY ALSO EAT RICE, EGGS, CHICKEN, PORK CHICKEN, PORK BEEF, FISH AND SEAFOOD. THEY HAVE FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS.
TOMALES ARE EATEN ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS AS IS TURKEY IN A SAUCE. IN 1980'S THE LAND REFORMS TRANSFERRED LAND TO THE POOR. ITS DIFFICULT TO SUSTAIN FAMILIES ON SMALL PLOTS OF TO THE POOR. ITS DIFFICULT TO FAMILIES ON SMALL PLOTS OF INFERTILE LAND.
THEIR INDUSTRIES ARE FOOD PROCESSING , BEVERAGES , CHEMICALS, INDUSTRIES, FERTILIZERS, TEXTILES, FURNITURE AND LIGHT MEATS. THEY SUPPORT SUGAR COTTON AND COFFEE. THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHING REQUIRES A UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. CONSTRUCTION REQUIRES APPRENTICESHIP.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
CARRIBEAN CULTURE
MY HUSBAND AND I VISITED THE BARBADOS CULTURE LONG AGO AND FOUND IT FASCINATING AND VERY HOT.
CARRIBEAN CULTURE IS A TERM THAT EXPLAINS THE ARTISTIC, MUSICAL, LITERACY, CULINARY, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL ELEMENTS THAT ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE CULTURE. IT IS INFLUENCED BY EUROPEAN CULTURE AND TRADITIONS AND BRITISH, SPANISH, AND FRENCH. ALSO AFRICANS AND THE U.S. HAVE BECOME INCORPORATED POLITICAL ALLIES. THEY HAVE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY THAT HAVE MARKED THE DEVELOPMENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS NATION. THEIR TERRITORIES WERE INHABITED. IN 1589 THE BRITISH CONQUERED AN AREA HERE AND THE CARRIBEAN. BRONG POPULATION UNDER BRITISH RULE WAS HERE.
U.S., BRITISH, FRENCH, AND AFRICAN INFLUENCES WERE HERE. WITHOUT CONFLICT THE INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS WERE SHORT LIVED. A MULTICULTURAL HERITAGE WAS SEEN IN MANY ISLANDS. IN THE FRENCH CULTURE SOME SEE THE CARRIBEAN AS A COLLECTION OF SEVERAL REGIONAL SUBCULTURES. THEY HAVE CHINESE INFLUENCES TOO.
EUROPEAN COLONIES HELPED THE AFRO-CARIBS DEVELOP SUGAR TRADE. THE CARIBS HAVE THEIR UNIQUE ARTS AND CRAFTS THEY SELL TO THE TOURISTS. THEIR ARE MANY HISTORIC CHURCHES. THE BRITISH HAD GIVEN THEM INDEPENDENCE.
IN THE 1900'S THE ASIAN, AFRICAN AND CARIBS MERGE WITH A MULTI COMPLEX CULTURE. THE CARIBBEAN FOLKS FEEL THEY HAVE LOST IDENTITY BY USING AFRICAN WAYS TODAY. SYMBOLS OF THE CARRIBEAN ARE PARROT, PALM, AND A SHELL. THE WORK OF MOST PAINTERS HAVE DEVELOPED IN THE MID IN THE MID 1800'S THEY DEVELOPED A WIDE STYLE OF ARTS SINCE 1900'S AND AFTER 1945. THE HAITIAN ARTISTS HAVE DESIGNED PRINTS. THEY HAD A TRAVELING EXHIBIT IN 1948.
CARIBBEAN IDENTITY IS TIED TO ITS ALTERNATIVE LIFESTYLE BY REGION AND ISLAND. SOME AUTHORS HAVE MANY REWARDS. THEIR MUSIC OF RASTAFARIAN IS HEARD ON ALL ISLANDS. THEY HAVE MUSIC IN CHURCHES, PERFORM ART CENTERS, RADIOS, AND ON T.V. SOME PLAY CLASSICAL WESTERN. THEY HAVE A THRIVING THEATRE AND FESTIVALS.
THEY HAVE HAVE DEVELOPED HUMOR AS PART OF THEIR IDENTITY. THEIR THEMES RELATE TO THEIR SHARED HISTORY AND POLITICAL SITUATION.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
CARRIBEAN CULTURE IS A TERM THAT EXPLAINS THE ARTISTIC, MUSICAL, LITERACY, CULINARY, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL ELEMENTS THAT ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE CULTURE. IT IS INFLUENCED BY EUROPEAN CULTURE AND TRADITIONS AND BRITISH, SPANISH, AND FRENCH. ALSO AFRICANS AND THE U.S. HAVE BECOME INCORPORATED POLITICAL ALLIES. THEY HAVE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY THAT HAVE MARKED THE DEVELOPMENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS NATION. THEIR TERRITORIES WERE INHABITED. IN 1589 THE BRITISH CONQUERED AN AREA HERE AND THE CARRIBEAN. BRONG POPULATION UNDER BRITISH RULE WAS HERE.
U.S., BRITISH, FRENCH, AND AFRICAN INFLUENCES WERE HERE. WITHOUT CONFLICT THE INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS WERE SHORT LIVED. A MULTICULTURAL HERITAGE WAS SEEN IN MANY ISLANDS. IN THE FRENCH CULTURE SOME SEE THE CARRIBEAN AS A COLLECTION OF SEVERAL REGIONAL SUBCULTURES. THEY HAVE CHINESE INFLUENCES TOO.
EUROPEAN COLONIES HELPED THE AFRO-CARIBS DEVELOP SUGAR TRADE. THE CARIBS HAVE THEIR UNIQUE ARTS AND CRAFTS THEY SELL TO THE TOURISTS. THEIR ARE MANY HISTORIC CHURCHES. THE BRITISH HAD GIVEN THEM INDEPENDENCE.
IN THE 1900'S THE ASIAN, AFRICAN AND CARIBS MERGE WITH A MULTI COMPLEX CULTURE. THE CARIBBEAN FOLKS FEEL THEY HAVE LOST IDENTITY BY USING AFRICAN WAYS TODAY. SYMBOLS OF THE CARRIBEAN ARE PARROT, PALM, AND A SHELL. THE WORK OF MOST PAINTERS HAVE DEVELOPED IN THE MID IN THE MID 1800'S THEY DEVELOPED A WIDE STYLE OF ARTS SINCE 1900'S AND AFTER 1945. THE HAITIAN ARTISTS HAVE DESIGNED PRINTS. THEY HAD A TRAVELING EXHIBIT IN 1948.
CARIBBEAN IDENTITY IS TIED TO ITS ALTERNATIVE LIFESTYLE BY REGION AND ISLAND. SOME AUTHORS HAVE MANY REWARDS. THEIR MUSIC OF RASTAFARIAN IS HEARD ON ALL ISLANDS. THEY HAVE MUSIC IN CHURCHES, PERFORM ART CENTERS, RADIOS, AND ON T.V. SOME PLAY CLASSICAL WESTERN. THEY HAVE A THRIVING THEATRE AND FESTIVALS.
THEY HAVE HAVE DEVELOPED HUMOR AS PART OF THEIR IDENTITY. THEIR THEMES RELATE TO THEIR SHARED HISTORY AND POLITICAL SITUATION.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
MICRONESIA CULTURE
THE MICRONESIA ISLANDS ARE 2000 AND LIE BETWEEN PHILLIPINES AND HAWAII. THEY FORMED FROM CORAL ATOLLS WITH VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. THEY HAVE CYCLONES AND DROUGHT. MANY YEARS AGO THEY MAINTAINED EXTENSIVE INTERISLAND EXCHANGE NETWORKS AS EACH ISLAND HAD POSSIBILITIES OF STORMS.
PEOPLE FIRST SETTLED HERE ABOUT 3500 YEARS AGO. FEW ARCHAELOGISTS HAVE CONDUCTED INVESTIGATIONS BECAUSE OF DENSELY SETTLLED POPULATIONS HERE AND MANY STORMS.THUS THEY HAVE USED LANGUAGE TO DATE THE HISTORY OF THIS CULTURE. MANY OF THEIR LANGUAGES ARE MUTUALLY UNINTELLIGIBLE. THUS THESE ISLAND FOLKS ARE NOT CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.
THE SOUTHERNMOST OF THE MARIANNA ISLANDS BECAME THE FIRST INHABITED ISLAND VISITED BY EUROPEANS IN 1521. SPAIN TOOK CONTROL IN 1670 AND THE NATIVES REBELLED. THUS 25 YEARS OF WARFARE FOLLOWED. THE WAR PLUS DISEASES REDUCED THE POPULATION FROM 100,000 TO 4,000. THE SURVIVORS WERE RELOCATED AND SOME WOMEN MARRIED MARRIED SPANISH TROOPS. MUCH OF THE CHAMORO CULTURE WAS DESTROYED. OTHER VALUES WANTED
PEOPLE FIRST SETTLED HERE ABOUT 3500 YEARS AGO. FEW ARCHAELOGISTS HAVE CONDUCTED INVESTIGATIONS BECAUSE OF DENSELY SETTLLED POPULATIONS HERE AND MANY STORMS.THUS THEY HAVE USED LANGUAGE TO DATE THE HISTORY OF THIS CULTURE. MANY OF THEIR LANGUAGES ARE MUTUALLY UNINTELLIGIBLE. THUS THESE ISLAND FOLKS ARE NOT CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.
THE SOUTHERNMOST OF THE MARIANNA ISLANDS BECAME THE FIRST INHABITED ISLAND VISITED BY EUROPEANS IN 1521. SPAIN TOOK CONTROL IN 1670 AND THE NATIVES REBELLED. THUS 25 YEARS OF WARFARE FOLLOWED. THE WAR PLUS DISEASES REDUCED THE POPULATION FROM 100,000 TO 4,000. THE SURVIVORS WERE RELOCATED AND SOME WOMEN MARRIED MARRIED SPANISH TROOPS. MUCH OF THE CHAMORO CULTURE WAS DESTROYED. OTHER VALUES WANTED
Tuesday, July 24, 2012
MALAYSIA CULTURE
CULTURES HAVE BEEN MEETING IN AND MINING HERE SINCE ITS HISTORY 35 YEARS B.C. IN THE BUJANG CHINA AND INDIAN TRADERS BUDDISM AND HINDUISM ALSO CAME TO MALAYSIA WITH SILKS. A THOUSAND YEARS LATER ARAB TRADER BROUGHT PRACTICES OF ISLAM. PORTUGUESE CAME WHEN MALAYSIA WAS MORE AN URBAN CENTER THAN THEIR OWN. EAST INDIANS VISITED MALAYSIA FOR OVER 2000 YEARS BUT DID NOT SETTLE HERE UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY. THEY WORKED AS RUBBER TAPPERS OR SOME BUSINESSMEN. 10% OF MALAYSIA IS IN INDIA. THEY HAVE BUILT HINDU TEMPLES AND RESTAURANTS.
A MALAYSIAN WEDDING CEREMONY USES HINDU TRADITIONS. THEY DRESS IN BROCADES. THEY FEED EACH OTHER RICE WITH HANDS PAINTED WITH HENNA. THE MUSLIMS HAVE ADAPTED THE CHINESE CUSTOM OF GIVING RED PACKETS OF MONEY AT FESTIVALS AND THEY AND THEY HAVE ARABIC WRITING ON THEM.
THERE ARE MANY CULTURES HERE. THE BEST WAY TO LOOK AT THE OPEN DOOR POLICY IS TO BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE HIGHLY COMPLEX CULTURAL INTERACTION WHICH IS MALAYSIAN IS DURING RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS. ALTHOUGH MANY CULTURES THEY ARE OPEN TO THE OTHER CULTURES AS WELL. IT BREAKS DOWN CULTURAL BARRIERS AND FOSTERS UNDERSTANDING. IT'S A POSITIVE CELEBRATION OF TOLERANCE. THAT HAS FOR MILLENIA FORMED MALAYSIA'S PROGRESS.
TRIBAL PEOPLE ARE THE OLDEST FOLKS HERE. THEY REPRESENT 5% OF THE POPULATION. MUSIC AND DANCE INSEPARABLE TO MALAYSIAN CULTURE. THEIR DANCES VARY WIDELY. MUCH OF THEIR MUSIC AND DANCE EVOLVED FROM MORE BASIC NEEDS INTO COMPLEX ART FORMS.
TRADITIONAL MUSIC IS A HYPNOTIC BEAT OF MALAYSIA. THEIR SONGS ARE MUSIC FOR COURT DANCES. THEY USED GIANT DRUMS TO COMMUNICATE FROM TOWN TO TOWN, ANNOUNCE A WEDDING AND WARN OF DANGERS. THEY HAVE AN ELEGANT DANCE FORM THAT ONCE WAS A MARTIAL ART.
THE CANDLE DANCE IS ONE OF MALAYSIANS BEST AND IS MOST BREATH TAKING ARTS. CANDLES ARE ON PLATES AND HELD IN BOTH HANDS AS DANCERS PERFORM! THE FLAMES BECOME A HYPNOTIC TRANCE.
THE JOGET IS THE MOST POPULAR DANCE WITH A POPULAR TRADITIONAL DANCE. IT IS FROM A PORTUGUESE TRADITIONAL FOLK DANCE. THEY HAVE OTHER DRAMA DANCES. MODERN SYNTHESIZERS ACCOMPANY THE DANCES.
ONE CRAFT TO FORGE A KRIS BLADE IS BY USING LAYERS OF IRON FROM A METEORITE. IT TAKES MONTHS AND THE CRAFTER CONTACTS THE SPIRIT OF KRIS BY A DREAM. THE HINDUS DYE FABRIC; THEY MAKE KITES. THEY MAKE THE WORLD'S FINEST PEWTER OBJECTS FROM TIN. THEY WORK THE RATTAN TREE AND SAGO FOR WEAVING CHAIRS.
THEY ALSO CARVE WOOD FORMS FOR HOUSES, ALTARS, AND TEMPLES, AND BOATS. THEY HAVE SOME NATIONAL PARKS AND PRESERVES. MUCH OF THEIR LAND IS IN RAIN FOREST WITH MANY ANIMAL SPECIES. SOME ARE RARE LIZARDS, SUN BEAR AND A LEOPARD. MEN HAVE LIVED HERE NOMADICALLY FOR TENS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE JUST STARTED WORKING HERE. MALAYSIANS HAVE ABOUT 1/2 MILLION HECTARES OF CONSERVATION AREAS AND ARE PROTECTED BY LEGISLATION. THEIR LEGEND LIVE IN FORESTS AND PLANTS AND ANIMALS. THERE WERE BENEVOLENT SPIRITS AND LESS SO. THERE WERE MANY TALES. THE ORANG ASLI BELIEVE THEIR SOULS TRAVEL DURING SLEEP. THEIR FOOD IS A MIXTURE OF CHINA'S CANTON AND SOUTHERN INDIA. THEY HAVE MANY TROPICAL; FRUITS AND SEAFOOD MIXED WITH CURRIES AND CHILIES OF INDIA. THEY MAY HAVE MANY TROPICAL FRUITS AND SEAFOOD MIXED WITH CURRIES AND CHILIES OF INDIA. COCONUT MILK IS A DELICIOUS DRINK AND FOUND EVERYWHERE. THEY EAT RICE AT EACH MEAL. THERE IS NO BEEF. THEY HAVE MANY FAVORITE DISHES.
GEOGRAPHIA.COM
A MALAYSIAN WEDDING CEREMONY USES HINDU TRADITIONS. THEY DRESS IN BROCADES. THEY FEED EACH OTHER RICE WITH HANDS PAINTED WITH HENNA. THE MUSLIMS HAVE ADAPTED THE CHINESE CUSTOM OF GIVING RED PACKETS OF MONEY AT FESTIVALS AND THEY AND THEY HAVE ARABIC WRITING ON THEM.
THERE ARE MANY CULTURES HERE. THE BEST WAY TO LOOK AT THE OPEN DOOR POLICY IS TO BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND THE HIGHLY COMPLEX CULTURAL INTERACTION WHICH IS MALAYSIAN IS DURING RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS. ALTHOUGH MANY CULTURES THEY ARE OPEN TO THE OTHER CULTURES AS WELL. IT BREAKS DOWN CULTURAL BARRIERS AND FOSTERS UNDERSTANDING. IT'S A POSITIVE CELEBRATION OF TOLERANCE. THAT HAS FOR MILLENIA FORMED MALAYSIA'S PROGRESS.
TRIBAL PEOPLE ARE THE OLDEST FOLKS HERE. THEY REPRESENT 5% OF THE POPULATION. MUSIC AND DANCE INSEPARABLE TO MALAYSIAN CULTURE. THEIR DANCES VARY WIDELY. MUCH OF THEIR MUSIC AND DANCE EVOLVED FROM MORE BASIC NEEDS INTO COMPLEX ART FORMS.
TRADITIONAL MUSIC IS A HYPNOTIC BEAT OF MALAYSIA. THEIR SONGS ARE MUSIC FOR COURT DANCES. THEY USED GIANT DRUMS TO COMMUNICATE FROM TOWN TO TOWN, ANNOUNCE A WEDDING AND WARN OF DANGERS. THEY HAVE AN ELEGANT DANCE FORM THAT ONCE WAS A MARTIAL ART.
THE CANDLE DANCE IS ONE OF MALAYSIANS BEST AND IS MOST BREATH TAKING ARTS. CANDLES ARE ON PLATES AND HELD IN BOTH HANDS AS DANCERS PERFORM! THE FLAMES BECOME A HYPNOTIC TRANCE.
THE JOGET IS THE MOST POPULAR DANCE WITH A POPULAR TRADITIONAL DANCE. IT IS FROM A PORTUGUESE TRADITIONAL FOLK DANCE. THEY HAVE OTHER DRAMA DANCES. MODERN SYNTHESIZERS ACCOMPANY THE DANCES.
ONE CRAFT TO FORGE A KRIS BLADE IS BY USING LAYERS OF IRON FROM A METEORITE. IT TAKES MONTHS AND THE CRAFTER CONTACTS THE SPIRIT OF KRIS BY A DREAM. THE HINDUS DYE FABRIC; THEY MAKE KITES. THEY MAKE THE WORLD'S FINEST PEWTER OBJECTS FROM TIN. THEY WORK THE RATTAN TREE AND SAGO FOR WEAVING CHAIRS.
THEY ALSO CARVE WOOD FORMS FOR HOUSES, ALTARS, AND TEMPLES, AND BOATS. THEY HAVE SOME NATIONAL PARKS AND PRESERVES. MUCH OF THEIR LAND IS IN RAIN FOREST WITH MANY ANIMAL SPECIES. SOME ARE RARE LIZARDS, SUN BEAR AND A LEOPARD. MEN HAVE LIVED HERE NOMADICALLY FOR TENS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE JUST STARTED WORKING HERE. MALAYSIANS HAVE ABOUT 1/2 MILLION HECTARES OF CONSERVATION AREAS AND ARE PROTECTED BY LEGISLATION. THEIR LEGEND LIVE IN FORESTS AND PLANTS AND ANIMALS. THERE WERE BENEVOLENT SPIRITS AND LESS SO. THERE WERE MANY TALES. THE ORANG ASLI BELIEVE THEIR SOULS TRAVEL DURING SLEEP. THEIR FOOD IS A MIXTURE OF CHINA'S CANTON AND SOUTHERN INDIA. THEY HAVE MANY TROPICAL; FRUITS AND SEAFOOD MIXED WITH CURRIES AND CHILIES OF INDIA. THEY MAY HAVE MANY TROPICAL FRUITS AND SEAFOOD MIXED WITH CURRIES AND CHILIES OF INDIA. COCONUT MILK IS A DELICIOUS DRINK AND FOUND EVERYWHERE. THEY EAT RICE AT EACH MEAL. THERE IS NO BEEF. THEY HAVE MANY FAVORITE DISHES.
GEOGRAPHIA.COM
Monday, July 23, 2012
PHILIPPINE CULTURE
I HAVE NEVER BEEN HERE. PHILIPINES WERE NAMED TO HONOR KING PHILLIP THE SECOND OF SPAIN IN 1543. THERE ARE 7000 ISLANDS AND IT IS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA.
PHILIPPINES WERE NAMED TO HONOR KING PHILIP THE SECOND OF SPAIN IN 1543. THERE ARE 7000 ISLANDS. LUZON IS THE LARGEST ISLAND . THEY ARE 1000 MILES LONG. THE LAND IS VOLCANIC AND A MOUNTAIN IN LUZON ERUPTED IN 2000, AND ANOTHER IN 1991! 1000'S OF PEOPLE WERE DISPLACED. THEIR HIGHEST PEAK IS ABOUT ABOUT 10,000'.
THEIR POPULATION IN 2000 IS 81 MILLION. THEY HAVE A LIFESTYLE OF LIVING AROUND 67 YEARS. THEY SPEAK PHILIPPINE AND ENGLISH AND SOME NATIVE LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE COLLEGES, GOVERNMENT AND 80 DIALECTS FROM MALAYSIAN LANGUAGE. SPANISH IS SELDOM USED.
NATIONAL SYMBOLS ARE THE EAGLE. DR. RIZAL IS OUR NATIONAL HERO.. THEY HAVE FLAG CEREMONIES AT ALL GOVERNMENT OFFICES AND SCHOOLS. EARLY PEOPLE CAME OVER LAND BRIDGE FROM MALAYSIA AND CHINA. TWENTY FIVE THOUSAND YEARS AGO NEGRITOS WERE THE FIRST PEOPLE, THEN INDONESIA EXPLORED. IRON, COPPER, AND BRONZE CAME FROM CHINA. THEY BUILT RICE TERRACES. MALAYSIA FIRST BUILT AGRICULTURE AND WATER BUFFALO. CHINA AND PHILLIPS TRADE BEGAN IN 1ST CENTURY A.D. MAGELLAN ARRIVED IN 1521 TO CLAIM LAND FOR SPAIN. HE WAS KILLED WHEN A CHIEF REFUSED TO ACCEPT SPANISH RULE AND CHRISTIANITY. MIGUEL LOPEZ CAME IN 1564 AND BROUGHT SPANISH POWER AND CALLED MANILLA THE CAPITOL IN 1577. ROMAN CATHOLIC BEGAN BEGAN CHRISTIANIZING THE POPULACE. SOME ISLANDS STAYED MUSLIM.
THE SPANISH AMERICAN IN 1898 AND DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH FLEET LEAD FILIPINO LEADER TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN. THE LEADER, AGRINALDO DID NOT ACCEPT U.S. OCCUPATION AND FOUGHT UNTIL FILIPINO FORCES WERE DEFEATED. IN 1902 THE PHILIPPINES BECAME AMERICAN TERRITORY. OVER 20 YEARS U.S. ATTITUDES WERE CHANGED TO THE PHILIPPINES AND BECAME COMMONWEALTH STATUS 3 YEARS.
JAPANESE INVADED THE ISLANDS AND RULED UNTIL 1944. AFTER U.S. AID THE PHILIPPINES AGAIN WERE INDEPENDENT IN 1946. THE NATION HAD TO RECOVER ECONOMICALLY FROM WORLD WAR II. CONGRESS PASSED A BILL TO GIVE LAND TO FARMERS. 95% OF THE POPULATION IS MALAY ANCESTRY AND OTHERS ARE CHINESE. SINOI FILIPINOS HAVE GOOD BUSINESS SUCCESS. THERE ARE POSSIBLY 80 LANGUAGE GROUPS.
THEIR ARCHITECTURE HAS SPANISH INFLUENCE. THEIR TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN RURAL AREAS ARE NIPA HUTS OF BAMBOO AND ROOFED WITH LEAVES FROM PALM TREES OR METAL. CINDER BLOCKS ARE THE MOST COMMON BUILDING MATERIAL USED. THEY ARE PLASTERED AND PAINTED INSIDE.ADD A DECORATIVE TOUCH.
OLD HOUSES HAVE AN OPEN KITCHEN INSIDE. NEWER ONES HAVE THEIR KITCHEN INSIDE. THESE KEEP DOGS AND KITCHENS FROM THE COOK. MOST HAVE PITCHED ROOFS AND SOME ARE TILE. THEY ADD GARLIC TO FOOD BECAUSE IT IS HEALTHY. THEY EAT WARM FOOD AND IT IS NOT SPICY. RICE IS COOKED FIRST AND IS COMMON.MANY PEOPLE EAT FOOD ON A BANANA LEAF. THEY CAN USE HANDS IN RESTAURANTS OR AT HOME. THEIR BREAKFAST IS LEFT OVERS FROM FROM DINNER. SOME FOLKS HAVE EGGS ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS. MARINDA IS A WEST IS A SWEET MIXTURE OF COFFEE, EVAPORATED MILK AND SUGAR. COKE IS A POPULAR . LUNCH IS LIGHT. A SOUP IS MADE AT NIGHT OF MEAT OR FISH AND VEGETABLES. FRUITS ARE ABUNDANT. THEY EAT A SWEET POTATO CALLED CAMOTE. UBE IS A PURPLE POTATOE. HALO HALO IS A GELATIN DESSERT OF CORN KERNELS, ICE CREAM AND GELATIN AND SHAVED ICE.
FAST FOOD IS POPULAR . RICE, FRENCH FRIES, LECHON, A SMALL PIG THAT IS ROASTED UNTIL SKIN IS BROWN POPULAR AT CEREMONIES. IT HAS FATTY MEAT. STICKY RICE IS PREPARED WITH COCONUT MILK AND SUGAR CANE SYRUP IN BANANA LEAVES. GIN AND BEER ARE AVAILABLE FOR MEN AND ARE ACCOMPANIED BY RABBIT, A DUCK EGG WITH EMBRYO. DOG MEAT IS A DELICACY AND TODAY IS ILLEGAL TO EAT.
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING ARE 40% OF 30 MILLION PEOPLE. 50% OF THEM LIVE BELOW POVERTY LEVEL. DROUGHT REDUCED AGRICULTURAL POSITIONS. PEOPLE VOLUNTEER IN THE HEALTH CARE FIELD IN HOPES OF BEING ABLE TO WORK. 800,000 WORK OVERSEAS IN SAUDI ARABIA, HONG KONG, AND TAIWAN. THEY HAVE NOT DEVELOPED THEIR PETROLEUM RESERVES.
NINETEEN % OF LAND IS ARABLE. AND DEFORESTATION BY ILLEGAL LOGGERS HAS REDUCED THE NUMBER OF TREES. IN THE 50'S THE PRESENT TIME IS ARABLE AND DEFORESTED BY ILLEGAL LOGGERS WHO REDUCED THE NUMBER OF TREES. IN THE FIFTIES THE POOR OWN LITTLE LAND. THEY PROVIDE FARMLAND AND USE SLASH AND BURN TECHNIQUES. THEIR MARKETS ARE DIVIDED INTO DRY MARKETS WHERE CLOTHING AND HOUSEHOLD ITEMS ARE SOLD AND WET MARKETS WHERE FOOD IS SOLD. IN LARGE TOWNS THEY HAVE MALLS LIKE OUR STORES. THEY EXPORT AND TRADE OF RICE, BANANAS, PINEAPPLES, MANGOES, AND COCONUT AND OTHER CLOTHING. U.S. EUROPE AND JAPAN ARE TRADE PARTNERS. U.S., EUROPE, AND JAPAN AND TRADE PARTNERS. THEIR PETROLEUM RESERVATIONS HAVE NOT BEEN DEVELOPED. THEY ARE PLANNING A LIGHT RAIL SYSTEM.
THE ENTIRE FAMILY LIKES TO WORK IN THE RICE FIELDS, AND THEY CHANGE WATER LEVELS IN THE FIELDS BY HAND. THEY GROW CROPS SUCH AS TOBACCO, CORN, AND SUGAR CANE DEMAND FULL FAMILY PARTICIPATION FOR SHORT PERIODS DURING PLANTING SEASONS. EDUCATION IS GOOD FOR UPWARD MOBILITY.
BASKETBALL CARTS ARE THE ARE THE ONLY SPORTS FOUND IN SCHOOLS. COCK FIGHTS ARE POPULAR. MAH-JONG IN CHINESE GAME IS PLAYED WITH TILES. THEIR WEALTHY PEOPLE PLAY SPORTS AND TRAVEL FREQUENTLY. FEW PEOPLE OUTSIDE OF MANILLA HAVE A FAMILY CAR. IT REPRESENTS HIGH SOCIETY STATUS. WOMEN ABOVE POVERTY HAVE EXTENSIVE WARDROBES.
PHILIPPINES HAVE ABOUT 60 ETHNIC GROUPS. MARIJUANA AND HASHISH ARE EXPORTED. ILLICIT DRUGS ARE COMMON IN THE CAPITAL. THEY HAVE AN ARMY, NATIVE, COASTGUARD AND AIR FORCE.
LAND REFORM HAS BEEN A CONCERN SINCE INDEPENDENCE. SPANISH AND AMERICAN RULE LEFT ARABLE LAND AND CONCENTRATED UNTIL LAND REFORM TAKES PLACE. POVERTY WILL BE THE PRIMARY SOCIAL PROBLEM.. GOVERNMENT ORGANIZING PROVIDE, HEALTH CLINIC, AND OFFER SERVICES FOR THE DISABLED.
THEY HAVE VOLUNTEER AGENCIES TO HELP CHILDREN AND MEET ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS. FAMILIES DESIRE MALE CHILDREN AND FEMALES ARE WELCOMED. THE OLDEST DAUGHTER IS EXPECTED TO BECOME A PERSON TO SHARE FAMILY INHERITANCE AND PROVIDE FOR THE EDUCATION OF YOUNGER SIBLINGS. WOMEN MANAGE THE MONEY. MARRIAGE IS SIMILAR TO THOSE IN THE U.S.
EASTER IS THE MOST IMPORTANT RITUAL. THEY SHUT DOWN THE ENTIRE WEEKEND. THEY GIVE FREE HEALTH CARE TO ALL THROUGH SUBSIDIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
PHILIPPINES WERE NAMED TO HONOR KING PHILIP THE SECOND OF SPAIN IN 1543. THERE ARE 7000 ISLANDS. LUZON IS THE LARGEST ISLAND . THEY ARE 1000 MILES LONG. THE LAND IS VOLCANIC AND A MOUNTAIN IN LUZON ERUPTED IN 2000, AND ANOTHER IN 1991! 1000'S OF PEOPLE WERE DISPLACED. THEIR HIGHEST PEAK IS ABOUT ABOUT 10,000'.
THEIR POPULATION IN 2000 IS 81 MILLION. THEY HAVE A LIFESTYLE OF LIVING AROUND 67 YEARS. THEY SPEAK PHILIPPINE AND ENGLISH AND SOME NATIVE LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE COLLEGES, GOVERNMENT AND 80 DIALECTS FROM MALAYSIAN LANGUAGE. SPANISH IS SELDOM USED.
NATIONAL SYMBOLS ARE THE EAGLE. DR. RIZAL IS OUR NATIONAL HERO.. THEY HAVE FLAG CEREMONIES AT ALL GOVERNMENT OFFICES AND SCHOOLS. EARLY PEOPLE CAME OVER LAND BRIDGE FROM MALAYSIA AND CHINA. TWENTY FIVE THOUSAND YEARS AGO NEGRITOS WERE THE FIRST PEOPLE, THEN INDONESIA EXPLORED. IRON, COPPER, AND BRONZE CAME FROM CHINA. THEY BUILT RICE TERRACES. MALAYSIA FIRST BUILT AGRICULTURE AND WATER BUFFALO. CHINA AND PHILLIPS TRADE BEGAN IN 1ST CENTURY A.D. MAGELLAN ARRIVED IN 1521 TO CLAIM LAND FOR SPAIN. HE WAS KILLED WHEN A CHIEF REFUSED TO ACCEPT SPANISH RULE AND CHRISTIANITY. MIGUEL LOPEZ CAME IN 1564 AND BROUGHT SPANISH POWER AND CALLED MANILLA THE CAPITOL IN 1577. ROMAN CATHOLIC BEGAN BEGAN CHRISTIANIZING THE POPULACE. SOME ISLANDS STAYED MUSLIM.
THE SPANISH AMERICAN IN 1898 AND DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH FLEET LEAD FILIPINO LEADER TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN. THE LEADER, AGRINALDO DID NOT ACCEPT U.S. OCCUPATION AND FOUGHT UNTIL FILIPINO FORCES WERE DEFEATED. IN 1902 THE PHILIPPINES BECAME AMERICAN TERRITORY. OVER 20 YEARS U.S. ATTITUDES WERE CHANGED TO THE PHILIPPINES AND BECAME COMMONWEALTH STATUS 3 YEARS.
JAPANESE INVADED THE ISLANDS AND RULED UNTIL 1944. AFTER U.S. AID THE PHILIPPINES AGAIN WERE INDEPENDENT IN 1946. THE NATION HAD TO RECOVER ECONOMICALLY FROM WORLD WAR II. CONGRESS PASSED A BILL TO GIVE LAND TO FARMERS. 95% OF THE POPULATION IS MALAY ANCESTRY AND OTHERS ARE CHINESE. SINOI FILIPINOS HAVE GOOD BUSINESS SUCCESS. THERE ARE POSSIBLY 80 LANGUAGE GROUPS.
THEIR ARCHITECTURE HAS SPANISH INFLUENCE. THEIR TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN RURAL AREAS ARE NIPA HUTS OF BAMBOO AND ROOFED WITH LEAVES FROM PALM TREES OR METAL. CINDER BLOCKS ARE THE MOST COMMON BUILDING MATERIAL USED. THEY ARE PLASTERED AND PAINTED INSIDE.ADD A DECORATIVE TOUCH.
OLD HOUSES HAVE AN OPEN KITCHEN INSIDE. NEWER ONES HAVE THEIR KITCHEN INSIDE. THESE KEEP DOGS AND KITCHENS FROM THE COOK. MOST HAVE PITCHED ROOFS AND SOME ARE TILE. THEY ADD GARLIC TO FOOD BECAUSE IT IS HEALTHY. THEY EAT WARM FOOD AND IT IS NOT SPICY. RICE IS COOKED FIRST AND IS COMMON.MANY PEOPLE EAT FOOD ON A BANANA LEAF. THEY CAN USE HANDS IN RESTAURANTS OR AT HOME. THEIR BREAKFAST IS LEFT OVERS FROM FROM DINNER. SOME FOLKS HAVE EGGS ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS. MARINDA IS A WEST IS A SWEET MIXTURE OF COFFEE, EVAPORATED MILK AND SUGAR. COKE IS A POPULAR . LUNCH IS LIGHT. A SOUP IS MADE AT NIGHT OF MEAT OR FISH AND VEGETABLES. FRUITS ARE ABUNDANT. THEY EAT A SWEET POTATO CALLED CAMOTE. UBE IS A PURPLE POTATOE. HALO HALO IS A GELATIN DESSERT OF CORN KERNELS, ICE CREAM AND GELATIN AND SHAVED ICE.
FAST FOOD IS POPULAR . RICE, FRENCH FRIES, LECHON, A SMALL PIG THAT IS ROASTED UNTIL SKIN IS BROWN POPULAR AT CEREMONIES. IT HAS FATTY MEAT. STICKY RICE IS PREPARED WITH COCONUT MILK AND SUGAR CANE SYRUP IN BANANA LEAVES. GIN AND BEER ARE AVAILABLE FOR MEN AND ARE ACCOMPANIED BY RABBIT, A DUCK EGG WITH EMBRYO. DOG MEAT IS A DELICACY AND TODAY IS ILLEGAL TO EAT.
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING ARE 40% OF 30 MILLION PEOPLE. 50% OF THEM LIVE BELOW POVERTY LEVEL. DROUGHT REDUCED AGRICULTURAL POSITIONS. PEOPLE VOLUNTEER IN THE HEALTH CARE FIELD IN HOPES OF BEING ABLE TO WORK. 800,000 WORK OVERSEAS IN SAUDI ARABIA, HONG KONG, AND TAIWAN. THEY HAVE NOT DEVELOPED THEIR PETROLEUM RESERVES.
NINETEEN % OF LAND IS ARABLE. AND DEFORESTATION BY ILLEGAL LOGGERS HAS REDUCED THE NUMBER OF TREES. IN THE 50'S THE PRESENT TIME IS ARABLE AND DEFORESTED BY ILLEGAL LOGGERS WHO REDUCED THE NUMBER OF TREES. IN THE FIFTIES THE POOR OWN LITTLE LAND. THEY PROVIDE FARMLAND AND USE SLASH AND BURN TECHNIQUES. THEIR MARKETS ARE DIVIDED INTO DRY MARKETS WHERE CLOTHING AND HOUSEHOLD ITEMS ARE SOLD AND WET MARKETS WHERE FOOD IS SOLD. IN LARGE TOWNS THEY HAVE MALLS LIKE OUR STORES. THEY EXPORT AND TRADE OF RICE, BANANAS, PINEAPPLES, MANGOES, AND COCONUT AND OTHER CLOTHING. U.S. EUROPE AND JAPAN ARE TRADE PARTNERS. U.S., EUROPE, AND JAPAN AND TRADE PARTNERS. THEIR PETROLEUM RESERVATIONS HAVE NOT BEEN DEVELOPED. THEY ARE PLANNING A LIGHT RAIL SYSTEM.
THE ENTIRE FAMILY LIKES TO WORK IN THE RICE FIELDS, AND THEY CHANGE WATER LEVELS IN THE FIELDS BY HAND. THEY GROW CROPS SUCH AS TOBACCO, CORN, AND SUGAR CANE DEMAND FULL FAMILY PARTICIPATION FOR SHORT PERIODS DURING PLANTING SEASONS. EDUCATION IS GOOD FOR UPWARD MOBILITY.
BASKETBALL CARTS ARE THE ARE THE ONLY SPORTS FOUND IN SCHOOLS. COCK FIGHTS ARE POPULAR. MAH-JONG IN CHINESE GAME IS PLAYED WITH TILES. THEIR WEALTHY PEOPLE PLAY SPORTS AND TRAVEL FREQUENTLY. FEW PEOPLE OUTSIDE OF MANILLA HAVE A FAMILY CAR. IT REPRESENTS HIGH SOCIETY STATUS. WOMEN ABOVE POVERTY HAVE EXTENSIVE WARDROBES.
PHILIPPINES HAVE ABOUT 60 ETHNIC GROUPS. MARIJUANA AND HASHISH ARE EXPORTED. ILLICIT DRUGS ARE COMMON IN THE CAPITAL. THEY HAVE AN ARMY, NATIVE, COASTGUARD AND AIR FORCE.
LAND REFORM HAS BEEN A CONCERN SINCE INDEPENDENCE. SPANISH AND AMERICAN RULE LEFT ARABLE LAND AND CONCENTRATED UNTIL LAND REFORM TAKES PLACE. POVERTY WILL BE THE PRIMARY SOCIAL PROBLEM.. GOVERNMENT ORGANIZING PROVIDE, HEALTH CLINIC, AND OFFER SERVICES FOR THE DISABLED.
THEY HAVE VOLUNTEER AGENCIES TO HELP CHILDREN AND MEET ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS. FAMILIES DESIRE MALE CHILDREN AND FEMALES ARE WELCOMED. THE OLDEST DAUGHTER IS EXPECTED TO BECOME A PERSON TO SHARE FAMILY INHERITANCE AND PROVIDE FOR THE EDUCATION OF YOUNGER SIBLINGS. WOMEN MANAGE THE MONEY. MARRIAGE IS SIMILAR TO THOSE IN THE U.S.
EASTER IS THE MOST IMPORTANT RITUAL. THEY SHUT DOWN THE ENTIRE WEEKEND. THEY GIVE FREE HEALTH CARE TO ALL THROUGH SUBSIDIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
BARBADOS CULTURE
IN THE EARLY 80'S MY HUSBAND AND I WERE GIVEN A FREE TRIP TO BARBADOS. IT WAS QUITE INTERESTING AS WE STAYED AT A LARGE RESORT AND LATERAT A SMALL HOTEL TO DO SOME MORE EXPLORING, BEFORE WE WERE PARENTS. IT SURE IS HOT THERE! AND THE OCEAN AND SEAFOOD IS GREAT.
TODAY BARBADOS IS A COSMOPOLITAN COUNTRY WITH A STRONG CHARACTER. THE PEOPLE ARE WARM AND FRIENDLY. THEIR HISTORY IS RECENTLY BEEN REVIEWED. THE ISLANDS IS I MILLION YEARS OLD, AND IT WAS CREATED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. RECENTLY ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED OR UNEARTHED THE PORT SAINT CHARLES AND FOUND THE DATE TO 1623 B.C.
THE FIRST PEOPLE ARRIVED HERE FROM VENEZUELA. THEY PADDLED DUGOUT CANOES ON A SEA CHANNEL NEAR TRINIDAD. IT IS A FORMIDABLE PASSAGE AND DANGEROUS WATER. THEY WERE FROM FAMILIES AND VILLAGES WHO TRAVELLED THE LAND BRIDGE TO THE CARRIBEAN. THEY LEFT LITTLE BEHIND - TOOLS OF SHELL, BURIED PLACES. THEY WERE THE ARAWAKS WITH BLACK AND WHITE BODY PAINTING. THEIR CHIEF'S HEADMEMBERS. THEY WERE AGRICULTURALISTS AND GREW COTTON CASSAVA, CORN, PEANUTS , QUAVA AND PAPAYA. COTTON WAS USED FOR THEIR ARM BANDS. CASSAVA WAS A SEASONING. THEY MADE HARPOONS, MATS AND HOOKS TO FISH.
IN 1200 A.D. THE ARAWAKS WERE CONQUERED BY CARIBS. THE CARIBS WERE A MORE STABLE AND STRONGER TRIBE THAN THE ARAWAK. THEY USED A POISON FOR HUNTING. THEY HAVE ALMOST VANISHED NOW. THE PORTUGUESE ALMOST CAME TO BARBADOS AND NAMED IT "THE BEARDED ONES" REFERRING TO FIG TREES. IN 1492 SPAIN TOOK OVER THE ISLAND AND HAD CARIB SLAVES. THEY GOT SMALLPOX AND HAD CARIB SLAVES. THEY GOT SMALLPOX AND TB. SPAIN PASSED OVER BARBADOS TO PASS TO GO TO LARGER ISLANDS.
BY 1625 ENGLISH CAPTAIN JOHN POWELL CLAIMED THE ISLAND FOR KING JAMES. IN 1627 HENRY POWELL BROUGHT 80 SETTLERS AND 10 SLAVES TO SETTLE HERE AT JAMESTOWN. THEY ESTABLISHED A HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY IN 1639. PEOPLE WITH SOCIAL CONNECTIONS WITH ENGLAND WERE ALLOCATED LAND. DURING THE 1630'S SUGAR CANE WAS INTRODUCED AND TOBACCO AND COTTON WAS HEAVILY RELIANT ON THE INDENTURED SERVANTS. ANGLOS COULD GO OVERSEAS BY SIGNING AN AGREEMENTS TO SERVE A PLANTER TO SERVE A PLANTATION IN BARBADOS FOR 5 YEARS. DESCENDANTS OF WHITE SLAVES AND INDENTURED LABOR STILL LIVE IN BARBADOS.
THE DUTCH BARBADOS PROVIDED BARBADOS A POTENTIAL MARKET FOR SLAVES AND SUGAR AND SUGAR MACHINES. MANY DISASTERS CAME IN THE 1600'S. THEY HAD LOCUST PLAGUE OF 1663 AND A HURRICANE AND A DROUGHT AND EXCESSIVE RAIN. AN INVESTMENT IN SUGAR AND SLAVES WAS CONSIDERED GOOD.
BY 1834 SLAVERY WAS FINALLY ABOLISHED. NEW FOLKS LOOK ADVANCED OF THE EDUCATION ON THE ISLAND. THEY WANTED MORE THAN WORK IN THE CANE FIELDS.
MANY FOLKS WERE DRAWN TO BARBADOS BECAUSE OF CLIMATE AND SLOW PACE. GEORGE WASHINGTON EVEN CAME HERE. THE MEN WHO WORKED AT THE PLANTATIONS WORKED 45 HOUR WEEKS WITHOUT PAY AND LIVED FREE HERE. IN 1838 FREEDOM FROM SLAVERY WAS CELEBRATED BY 70,000BARBADOS OF AFRICAN DESCENT.
IN 1966 THE ISLAND GAINED FULL INDEPENDENCE AND HAS MAINTAINED TIES TO BRITISH MONARCH.
BARBADOS.ORG
TODAY BARBADOS IS A COSMOPOLITAN COUNTRY WITH A STRONG CHARACTER. THE PEOPLE ARE WARM AND FRIENDLY. THEIR HISTORY IS RECENTLY BEEN REVIEWED. THE ISLANDS IS I MILLION YEARS OLD, AND IT WAS CREATED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. RECENTLY ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED OR UNEARTHED THE PORT SAINT CHARLES AND FOUND THE DATE TO 1623 B.C.
THE FIRST PEOPLE ARRIVED HERE FROM VENEZUELA. THEY PADDLED DUGOUT CANOES ON A SEA CHANNEL NEAR TRINIDAD. IT IS A FORMIDABLE PASSAGE AND DANGEROUS WATER. THEY WERE FROM FAMILIES AND VILLAGES WHO TRAVELLED THE LAND BRIDGE TO THE CARRIBEAN. THEY LEFT LITTLE BEHIND - TOOLS OF SHELL, BURIED PLACES. THEY WERE THE ARAWAKS WITH BLACK AND WHITE BODY PAINTING. THEIR CHIEF'S HEADMEMBERS. THEY WERE AGRICULTURALISTS AND GREW COTTON CASSAVA, CORN, PEANUTS , QUAVA AND PAPAYA. COTTON WAS USED FOR THEIR ARM BANDS. CASSAVA WAS A SEASONING. THEY MADE HARPOONS, MATS AND HOOKS TO FISH.
IN 1200 A.D. THE ARAWAKS WERE CONQUERED BY CARIBS. THE CARIBS WERE A MORE STABLE AND STRONGER TRIBE THAN THE ARAWAK. THEY USED A POISON FOR HUNTING. THEY HAVE ALMOST VANISHED NOW. THE PORTUGUESE ALMOST CAME TO BARBADOS AND NAMED IT "THE BEARDED ONES" REFERRING TO FIG TREES. IN 1492 SPAIN TOOK OVER THE ISLAND AND HAD CARIB SLAVES. THEY GOT SMALLPOX AND HAD CARIB SLAVES. THEY GOT SMALLPOX AND TB. SPAIN PASSED OVER BARBADOS TO PASS TO GO TO LARGER ISLANDS.
BY 1625 ENGLISH CAPTAIN JOHN POWELL CLAIMED THE ISLAND FOR KING JAMES. IN 1627 HENRY POWELL BROUGHT 80 SETTLERS AND 10 SLAVES TO SETTLE HERE AT JAMESTOWN. THEY ESTABLISHED A HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY IN 1639. PEOPLE WITH SOCIAL CONNECTIONS WITH ENGLAND WERE ALLOCATED LAND. DURING THE 1630'S SUGAR CANE WAS INTRODUCED AND TOBACCO AND COTTON WAS HEAVILY RELIANT ON THE INDENTURED SERVANTS. ANGLOS COULD GO OVERSEAS BY SIGNING AN AGREEMENTS TO SERVE A PLANTER TO SERVE A PLANTATION IN BARBADOS FOR 5 YEARS. DESCENDANTS OF WHITE SLAVES AND INDENTURED LABOR STILL LIVE IN BARBADOS.
THE DUTCH BARBADOS PROVIDED BARBADOS A POTENTIAL MARKET FOR SLAVES AND SUGAR AND SUGAR MACHINES. MANY DISASTERS CAME IN THE 1600'S. THEY HAD LOCUST PLAGUE OF 1663 AND A HURRICANE AND A DROUGHT AND EXCESSIVE RAIN. AN INVESTMENT IN SUGAR AND SLAVES WAS CONSIDERED GOOD.
BY 1834 SLAVERY WAS FINALLY ABOLISHED. NEW FOLKS LOOK ADVANCED OF THE EDUCATION ON THE ISLAND. THEY WANTED MORE THAN WORK IN THE CANE FIELDS.
MANY FOLKS WERE DRAWN TO BARBADOS BECAUSE OF CLIMATE AND SLOW PACE. GEORGE WASHINGTON EVEN CAME HERE. THE MEN WHO WORKED AT THE PLANTATIONS WORKED 45 HOUR WEEKS WITHOUT PAY AND LIVED FREE HERE. IN 1838 FREEDOM FROM SLAVERY WAS CELEBRATED BY 70,000BARBADOS OF AFRICAN DESCENT.
IN 1966 THE ISLAND GAINED FULL INDEPENDENCE AND HAS MAINTAINED TIES TO BRITISH MONARCH.
BARBADOS.ORG
TOM JONES, AN ENGLISH PLAY
YESTERDAY I SAW AN ENGLISH PLAY OUTDOORS BEHIND THE WELLS FARGO CENTER WHERE THEY HAD A LARGE OUTDOOR TENT AND HAD A CHEF MAKING FOOD FOR THE CAST AND A TRUCK WITH BATHROOM FACILITIES FOR THIS CAST. IT WAS A THREE HOUR PLAY AND THE DECIDED TO HOLD IT OUTDOORS TO BE DIFFERENT. TOME JONES WAS THE MAIN CHARACTER AND HE HAD A LARGE ROLE AND LOTS OF ENERGY RUINING AWAY FROM FOLKS WHO ATTACKED HIM WITH SWORDS AND OTHERS WHO PUNCHED HIM.. IT WAS ANNOUNCED AS A ROMANTIC COMEDY.
IT WAS BASED ON A BOOK WRITTEN BY DAVID HAMOND AND THERE WERE ABOUT 12 AQCTORS WHO WERE IN HIGH SCHOOL OR COLLEGE. THEY SEEMED MUCH OLDER THAN THAT. THEY ALL HAD INTERESTING COSTUMES SET TO REPRESENT THE 1700'S. THE MEN WORE CURLY WIGS LIKE GEORGE WASHINGTON AND THE WOMEN WORE SOME HAIR PIECES WITH CURLY LOCKS TO MAKE THEM LOOK MORE IN THE VICTORIAN ERA.THEY DANCED SOME ACTS AND IT WAS A COMEDY OF SORTS.
THERE WERE QUITE A FEW FIGHTS GOING ON AS TOM JONES WAS ACCUSED OF BEING THE FATHER OF A YOUNG BABY, AND MAKING A NUISANCE. THIS PLAY IS SET IN 1`750'S . IT HAS FEW PROPS EXCEPT FOR A FEW DRAPES IN AN ACT. THE TEENS WORE WIGS TO MAKE THEM LOOK OLDER - THE MEN WORE WHITE CURLY WIGS AND SOME HAD LONG HAIR, WHILE THE WOMEN WORE FRILLY, CURLY PULLED BACK HAIR AS WELL.
TOM LIVES WITH A VERY KIND WEALTHY LANDOWNER, SQUIRE ALLWORTHY IN WEST COUNTY, ENGLAND. HIS NEIGHBOR'S DAUGHTER, SOPHIA, IS WHO HE IS IN LOVE WITH. HER FATHER OPPOSES THEIR LOVE. MANY OF THE MEN ARE SHOWN DRINKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALCOHOL. THE PLOT INCLUDES SEXUAL PROMISCUITY THAT IS AN OLD THEM IN ALL CULTURES. SECONDARY THEMES ARE VIRTUE, HYPOCRISY, AND VILLAINY WITH FORGIVENESS.
IT IS A HIT WITH HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE AUDIENCES. TOM JONES IS A WARD OF SQUIRE ALLWORTHY WHO OWNS A LARGE HOUSE AND LAND. TOM IS IN LOVE WITH HIS NEIGHBOR'S DAUGHTER SOPHIA. BUT SOPHIA'S FATHER HAS ARRANGED FOR HER TO MARRY HIS NEWPHEW. TOM IS BANISHED AND SOPHIA AND HER MAID SET OUT TO FIND HIM. THEY ARE ALL INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CHASE SCENES AND MEET STRANGE CHARACTERS ALONG THE WAY.
SINCE TEH PLAY WAS OUTSIDE THE ACTORS'S MICROPHONES HAD SOME INTERFERENCE WITH THE WIND SO SOME OF THEIR LINES WERE DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND. THERE WERE SOME RIDICULOUS FUNNY SCENES AND ALL IN ALL THE AUDIENCE ENJOYED THEIR PRODUCTION.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
ROUSTABOUTTHEATRE.ORG
IT WAS BASED ON A BOOK WRITTEN BY DAVID HAMOND AND THERE WERE ABOUT 12 AQCTORS WHO WERE IN HIGH SCHOOL OR COLLEGE. THEY SEEMED MUCH OLDER THAN THAT. THEY ALL HAD INTERESTING COSTUMES SET TO REPRESENT THE 1700'S. THE MEN WORE CURLY WIGS LIKE GEORGE WASHINGTON AND THE WOMEN WORE SOME HAIR PIECES WITH CURLY LOCKS TO MAKE THEM LOOK MORE IN THE VICTORIAN ERA.THEY DANCED SOME ACTS AND IT WAS A COMEDY OF SORTS.
THERE WERE QUITE A FEW FIGHTS GOING ON AS TOM JONES WAS ACCUSED OF BEING THE FATHER OF A YOUNG BABY, AND MAKING A NUISANCE. THIS PLAY IS SET IN 1`750'S . IT HAS FEW PROPS EXCEPT FOR A FEW DRAPES IN AN ACT. THE TEENS WORE WIGS TO MAKE THEM LOOK OLDER - THE MEN WORE WHITE CURLY WIGS AND SOME HAD LONG HAIR, WHILE THE WOMEN WORE FRILLY, CURLY PULLED BACK HAIR AS WELL.
TOM LIVES WITH A VERY KIND WEALTHY LANDOWNER, SQUIRE ALLWORTHY IN WEST COUNTY, ENGLAND. HIS NEIGHBOR'S DAUGHTER, SOPHIA, IS WHO HE IS IN LOVE WITH. HER FATHER OPPOSES THEIR LOVE. MANY OF THE MEN ARE SHOWN DRINKING DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALCOHOL. THE PLOT INCLUDES SEXUAL PROMISCUITY THAT IS AN OLD THEM IN ALL CULTURES. SECONDARY THEMES ARE VIRTUE, HYPOCRISY, AND VILLAINY WITH FORGIVENESS.
IT IS A HIT WITH HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE AUDIENCES. TOM JONES IS A WARD OF SQUIRE ALLWORTHY WHO OWNS A LARGE HOUSE AND LAND. TOM IS IN LOVE WITH HIS NEIGHBOR'S DAUGHTER SOPHIA. BUT SOPHIA'S FATHER HAS ARRANGED FOR HER TO MARRY HIS NEWPHEW. TOM IS BANISHED AND SOPHIA AND HER MAID SET OUT TO FIND HIM. THEY ARE ALL INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CHASE SCENES AND MEET STRANGE CHARACTERS ALONG THE WAY.
SINCE TEH PLAY WAS OUTSIDE THE ACTORS'S MICROPHONES HAD SOME INTERFERENCE WITH THE WIND SO SOME OF THEIR LINES WERE DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND. THERE WERE SOME RIDICULOUS FUNNY SCENES AND ALL IN ALL THE AUDIENCE ENJOYED THEIR PRODUCTION.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
ROUSTABOUTTHEATRE.ORG
Thursday, July 19, 2012
FRENCH POLYNESIA
FRENCH POLYNESIA HAS A TERRITORY THAT IS ON 121 ISLANDS RULED BY FRANCE. EACH ISLAND'S CULTURE BLEND WITH THE OTHERS. THEY ARE BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND SOUTH AMERICA. RECENTLY THEIR IS 250,000. SOME FOLKS ARE MIXED ETHNIC. MOST FOLKS SPEAK FRENCH AND TAHITIAN. THEY HAD AN OLDER DIALECT.
THEIR FLAG SHOWS A CANOE THAT IS A SYMBOL FOR THEIR SEAFARING. THERE ARE TENSIONS BETWEEN THE MAJORITY OF POLYNESIANS AND THE MINORITY 0F EUROPEANS HERE. CHINESE COME DUE TO ECONOMICS. VIOLENCE IS RARE. MANY FOLKS HAVE INTERMARRIED.
IN RURAL AREAS PEOPLE PROVIDE MUCH OF THEIR OWN FOOD THROUGH FISHING , ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. AND GARDENING OF TARO, BREADFRUIT, POTATOES, AND MANIOC. THEY ALSO EAT RICE , CANNED GOODS, AND FRESH BREADS. IN URBAN AREAS CHINESE FOOD IS AVAILABLE. THEY COOK IN EARTHEN OVENS AND HAVE GATHERING ON SUNDAYS. TRADITIONAL FOODS IS SERVED AT WEDDING FEASTS.
THE ECONOMY IS DEPENDANT ON FRENCH SOCIAL PROGRAMS AND MILITARY SPENDING AND BLACK PEARLS. THEY HAVE AN ACTIVE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL TRADE WITH ISLANDS. TOURISM IS UNDERDEVELOPED, BUT THOSE JOBS ARE SIGNIFICANT AND IS OWNED BY EACH FAMILY OR LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE. LAND IS OWNED BY EACH FAMILY OR LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE.
THEY HAVE A VERY ACTIVE IMPORT BUSINESS, A MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS. LOCAL GOODS ARE VANILLA BEANS, COCONUT SOAPS, FRUITS MILK AND YOGURT, CLOTHING, FLOWERS, AND HANDCRAFTS.
POLYNESIAN MEN DOMINATE IN SKILLS AND UNSKILLED PHYSICAL LABOR. THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR ARE CONTROLLED BY CHINESE AND EUROPEAN-POLYNESIAN FAMILIES. MEN ARE EXCLUSIVELY THE POLITICIANS. THE CLASS STRUCTURE IS SMALL UPPER CLASS, LARGE MID AND LOWER CLASS, AND SMALL NUMBER OF POOR FOLKS. FAMILIES OWN THEIR HOMES. THEY KNOW THEIR GENEOLOGY.
DURING THE 60'S A PLAN INVOLVING NUCLEAR TESTING NUCLEAR TESTING STARTED BUT WAS NOT CARRIED OUT. THE ISLANDERS RECEIVE FREE HEATH CARE AND PRIMARY EDUCATION. THE GENDER DIVISION WAS BECAUSE OF CHRISTIAN AND WESTERN CULTURAL SYSTEMS. MEN WERE BREADWINNERS AND WOMEN TOOK CARE OF CHILDREN. MEN PLANTED TARO, TREES, AND FISHED. WOMEN DID HOUSE CHORES AND RAISED CHILDREN.
SOME COUPLES MARRY AND SOME LIVE TOGETHER. BOTH ARE ACCEPTED. CHILDREN ARE RAISED BY EXTENDED FAMILY AND OTHER RELATIVES. THEY BELIEVE THAT CHILDREN HAVE THEIR OWN AUTONOMY. THE GOAL IS TO MAKE CHILDREN DOCILE SO THAT THEY WILL BE KIND. THEY HAVE A 98% LITERACY RATE AND THE SCHOOLS WERE BUILT BY FRENCH. PRIVATE SCHOOLS ARE RUN BY CHURCHES AND SUBSIDIZED BY GOVERNMENT. ADULT EDUCATION IS FREE. FRENCH POLYNESIANS CAN ATTEND COLLEGE HERE OR IN FRANCE.
TAHITIANS GREET EACH OTHER BY SHAKING HANDS. WHEN GUESTS ARE INVITED FOR A MEAL THE HOSTS ARE NOT EXPECTED TO EAT! AFTER 1797 THE FOLKS HERE WERE CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY AFTER PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES CAME HERE. 49% OF THE POPULATION IS PROTESTANT, 33% IS CATHOLIC, 5%MORMON, 4% 7TH DAY ADVENTIST, BEFORE WESTERN CONTACT THEY HAD A GROUP OF DISTANT GODS AND A HOST OF FAMILY SPIRITS AFFECTING DAILY LIFE. MANY STILL BELIEVE IN ANCESTRAL SPIRITS. SOME STILL BELIEVE IN ANCESTRAL SPIRITS.. SOME VILLAGES USE THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF AND PRACTITIONERS TO CONTROL THE SPIRITS TO HEAL PEOPLE. THEY HAVE MANY ANCIENT TEMPLE PLATFORMS THAT ARE HOLLY PLACES. INDIGENOUS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES ARE LARGELY CEASED.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THEIR FLAG SHOWS A CANOE THAT IS A SYMBOL FOR THEIR SEAFARING. THERE ARE TENSIONS BETWEEN THE MAJORITY OF POLYNESIANS AND THE MINORITY 0F EUROPEANS HERE. CHINESE COME DUE TO ECONOMICS. VIOLENCE IS RARE. MANY FOLKS HAVE INTERMARRIED.
IN RURAL AREAS PEOPLE PROVIDE MUCH OF THEIR OWN FOOD THROUGH FISHING , ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. AND GARDENING OF TARO, BREADFRUIT, POTATOES, AND MANIOC. THEY ALSO EAT RICE , CANNED GOODS, AND FRESH BREADS. IN URBAN AREAS CHINESE FOOD IS AVAILABLE. THEY COOK IN EARTHEN OVENS AND HAVE GATHERING ON SUNDAYS. TRADITIONAL FOODS IS SERVED AT WEDDING FEASTS.
THE ECONOMY IS DEPENDANT ON FRENCH SOCIAL PROGRAMS AND MILITARY SPENDING AND BLACK PEARLS. THEY HAVE AN ACTIVE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL TRADE WITH ISLANDS. TOURISM IS UNDERDEVELOPED, BUT THOSE JOBS ARE SIGNIFICANT AND IS OWNED BY EACH FAMILY OR LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE. LAND IS OWNED BY EACH FAMILY OR LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE.
THEY HAVE A VERY ACTIVE IMPORT BUSINESS, A MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS. LOCAL GOODS ARE VANILLA BEANS, COCONUT SOAPS, FRUITS MILK AND YOGURT, CLOTHING, FLOWERS, AND HANDCRAFTS.
POLYNESIAN MEN DOMINATE IN SKILLS AND UNSKILLED PHYSICAL LABOR. THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR ARE CONTROLLED BY CHINESE AND EUROPEAN-POLYNESIAN FAMILIES. MEN ARE EXCLUSIVELY THE POLITICIANS. THE CLASS STRUCTURE IS SMALL UPPER CLASS, LARGE MID AND LOWER CLASS, AND SMALL NUMBER OF POOR FOLKS. FAMILIES OWN THEIR HOMES. THEY KNOW THEIR GENEOLOGY.
DURING THE 60'S A PLAN INVOLVING NUCLEAR TESTING NUCLEAR TESTING STARTED BUT WAS NOT CARRIED OUT. THE ISLANDERS RECEIVE FREE HEATH CARE AND PRIMARY EDUCATION. THE GENDER DIVISION WAS BECAUSE OF CHRISTIAN AND WESTERN CULTURAL SYSTEMS. MEN WERE BREADWINNERS AND WOMEN TOOK CARE OF CHILDREN. MEN PLANTED TARO, TREES, AND FISHED. WOMEN DID HOUSE CHORES AND RAISED CHILDREN.
SOME COUPLES MARRY AND SOME LIVE TOGETHER. BOTH ARE ACCEPTED. CHILDREN ARE RAISED BY EXTENDED FAMILY AND OTHER RELATIVES. THEY BELIEVE THAT CHILDREN HAVE THEIR OWN AUTONOMY. THE GOAL IS TO MAKE CHILDREN DOCILE SO THAT THEY WILL BE KIND. THEY HAVE A 98% LITERACY RATE AND THE SCHOOLS WERE BUILT BY FRENCH. PRIVATE SCHOOLS ARE RUN BY CHURCHES AND SUBSIDIZED BY GOVERNMENT. ADULT EDUCATION IS FREE. FRENCH POLYNESIANS CAN ATTEND COLLEGE HERE OR IN FRANCE.
TAHITIANS GREET EACH OTHER BY SHAKING HANDS. WHEN GUESTS ARE INVITED FOR A MEAL THE HOSTS ARE NOT EXPECTED TO EAT! AFTER 1797 THE FOLKS HERE WERE CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY AFTER PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES CAME HERE. 49% OF THE POPULATION IS PROTESTANT, 33% IS CATHOLIC, 5%MORMON, 4% 7TH DAY ADVENTIST, BEFORE WESTERN CONTACT THEY HAD A GROUP OF DISTANT GODS AND A HOST OF FAMILY SPIRITS AFFECTING DAILY LIFE. MANY STILL BELIEVE IN ANCESTRAL SPIRITS. SOME STILL BELIEVE IN ANCESTRAL SPIRITS.. SOME VILLAGES USE THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF AND PRACTITIONERS TO CONTROL THE SPIRITS TO HEAL PEOPLE. THEY HAVE MANY ANCIENT TEMPLE PLATFORMS THAT ARE HOLLY PLACES. INDIGENOUS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES ARE LARGELY CEASED.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Wednesday, July 18, 2012
TONGA CULTURE IN POLYNESIA
TONGA MEANS SOUTH ACCORDING TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS THEY ARRIVED FROM FIJI IN 1500 B.C. IT HAS 150 ISLANDS AND 36 HAVE SETTLEMENTS. MOST ISLANDS HAVE RAISED CORAL. THEY HAVE TROPICAL VEGETATION. BY 1996 THEY HAD 98,000 PEOPLE. SOME INTERNAL MIGRATION HAS FROM OUTER ISLANDS HAS OCCURRED. TONGA FOLKS SPEAK AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE SEVERAL DIALECTS.THEY MEDIATE IN CEREMONIES. SEVENTY YEARS AS A BRITISH PROTECTORATE . RESULTED IN WIDESPREAD KNOWLEDGE OF ENGLISH. IN ELEM SCHOOLS ENGLISH IS TAUGHT, BUT TONGAN IS COMMON ON STREETS AND CHURCHES.
THEIR CREATION MYTH DESCRIBES HOW THE ISLANDS WERE FISHED BY MAUI, 1 OF 3 MAJOR GODS. TONGANS WERE FIERCE WARRIORS AND SKILLED NAVIGATORS. WITH OUTRIGGER CANOES THAT COULD HOLD 200 PEOPLE. BY THE 1700'S WHEN THE FIRST EUROPEANS ARRIVED THEIR EMPIRE COLLAPSED. THEIR CONSTITUTION WAS MADE IN 1875 AND UNIFIED 4 ISLAND GROUPS. IT WAS PREPARED UNDER CHRISTIAN PRINCIPALS.
BY 1970 ALL POWERS WERE RESTORED TO TONGAN PEOPLE. STUDENTS LEARN THEIR HISTORY POETRY, AND MUSIC AND DANCING WITH WOOD CARVINGS AND BARK CLOTH MAKING. THEIR FOLKS LIVE IN VILLAGES AND SMALL TOWNS. THEY ARE AROUND EMPTY AREAS CALLED MALAE USED FOR SOCIAL GATHERINGS. THEY LIVED IN HOUSES ON PLATFORMS. THEY BUILD PLATFORMS TO PROTECT FOR FLOODS. THEY HAVE A TOILET AND KITCHEN IN SEPARATE HUTS. CONTEMPORARY HOUSES ARE USUALLY BIGER AND OF TIMBER. THE ROYAL TOMBS ARE LAYERED WITH PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURES BUILT OF MASSIVE STONE SLABS IN 1200 A.D. THEY ARE MADE OF A NOTCHED COLOMN OF INTRICATE STONE TECHNOLOGY.
THEIR FOOD IS MADE OF ROOT CROPS, TARO, ROASTED MEAT OR FISH. THEY HAVE BANANAS, PINEAPPLES, AND MANGOES. THEY STILL DRINK KAVA , A NARCOTIC THAT IS POPULAR IN FIJI TOO. THEY HAVE A KAVA CEREMONY FOR FORMAL RECEPTIONS AND BIRTHS, ETC. THEY HAVE KAVA CLUBS HERE.
THEIR ECONOMY IS ON AGRICULTUREAND FISHING. THEIR TOURIST INDUSTRY IS GROWING. THEY COOK IN AN UNDERGROUND OVEN. TRADITIONALLY THYE HAD KINGS AND NOW THEY HAVE NOBLES VS. CHIEFS.
EVERY CITIZEN HAS A PLOT OFLAND BY 16. THEY CAN GET LOW INTEREST LOANS FOR ENTREPRENUERS THE PEACE CORPS CONNECT WITH THE ACTIVE AID AGENCIES. TODAY THE WOMEN WORK. MEN TAKE CARE OF LAND AND ANIMALS. BOTH RAISED CHILDREN AND ANIMALS. FOOD PREP IS SHARED. OLD3ER CHILDREN CAN HELP WITH ALL ACTIVITIES.
DURING A WEDDING A BRIDE AND GROOM "WEAR THEIR WEALTH". THEIR BEST MATS AND BARK CLOTHS, AND SHINE THEIR BODIES WITH OILS AND WEAR FLOWER NECKLACES. TODAY A FEMALE IS CONSIDERED OF HIGHER RANK THAN A MALE. AT THE END OF A CHILD'S FIRST YEAR AN IMPORTANT CELEBRATION OCCURS. TODAY MOST MOMS BABIES IN HOSPITALS. ALL CHILDREN ARE LITERATE. ADOPTION IS POSSIBLE. SOME CEREMONIES LAST WEEKS.
MEN'S FORMAL ATTIRE MAY BE A TUPENU OR SKIRT WITH A COCONUT TUPENU OR SKIRT WITH A COCONUT FIBER BELT. THEY AALSO MAKE HUMAN HAIR BELTS. THEY WEAR A SHIRT AND TIE. THEY MAKE LOG DRUMS FOR CHURCH SERVICES AT THE CRACK OF DAWN. MANY BELONG TO FREE WESLEYANISM CHURCH.
KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINE IS PASSED FROM PARENT TO CHILD A NATIVE DR. USES MAINLY HERBS. THEY ALSO USE MASSAGE. THEY RESPECT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE. WOMEN MAKE BARK CLOTH ABOUT 50 ' LONG AND 15' WIDE TO DECORATE OR USE AS MATERIAL. THEY PRINT NATURAL FIGURES, TREES, FLOWERS, AND ANIMALS ARE USED. WOMEN MAKE FLAX BASKETS. THESE ACTITIVITIES ARE ALWAYS CONDUCTED IN GROUPS WHILE TALKING, GOSSIPING, OR SINGING. MEN CARVE JEWELRY, WOOD AND TURTLE SHELL, AND WHALE BONE. SEED AND SHELLS ARE WOVEN INTO NECKLACES.
CHORAL SINGING IS DONE IN CHURCHES AND KAVA CLUBS. THEIR TRADITIONAL DANCE IS A PADDLE DANCE. A SOLO DANCE AND A LINE DANCE.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THEIR CREATION MYTH DESCRIBES HOW THE ISLANDS WERE FISHED BY MAUI, 1 OF 3 MAJOR GODS. TONGANS WERE FIERCE WARRIORS AND SKILLED NAVIGATORS. WITH OUTRIGGER CANOES THAT COULD HOLD 200 PEOPLE. BY THE 1700'S WHEN THE FIRST EUROPEANS ARRIVED THEIR EMPIRE COLLAPSED. THEIR CONSTITUTION WAS MADE IN 1875 AND UNIFIED 4 ISLAND GROUPS. IT WAS PREPARED UNDER CHRISTIAN PRINCIPALS.
BY 1970 ALL POWERS WERE RESTORED TO TONGAN PEOPLE. STUDENTS LEARN THEIR HISTORY POETRY, AND MUSIC AND DANCING WITH WOOD CARVINGS AND BARK CLOTH MAKING. THEIR FOLKS LIVE IN VILLAGES AND SMALL TOWNS. THEY ARE AROUND EMPTY AREAS CALLED MALAE USED FOR SOCIAL GATHERINGS. THEY LIVED IN HOUSES ON PLATFORMS. THEY BUILD PLATFORMS TO PROTECT FOR FLOODS. THEY HAVE A TOILET AND KITCHEN IN SEPARATE HUTS. CONTEMPORARY HOUSES ARE USUALLY BIGER AND OF TIMBER. THE ROYAL TOMBS ARE LAYERED WITH PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURES BUILT OF MASSIVE STONE SLABS IN 1200 A.D. THEY ARE MADE OF A NOTCHED COLOMN OF INTRICATE STONE TECHNOLOGY.
THEIR FOOD IS MADE OF ROOT CROPS, TARO, ROASTED MEAT OR FISH. THEY HAVE BANANAS, PINEAPPLES, AND MANGOES. THEY STILL DRINK KAVA , A NARCOTIC THAT IS POPULAR IN FIJI TOO. THEY HAVE A KAVA CEREMONY FOR FORMAL RECEPTIONS AND BIRTHS, ETC. THEY HAVE KAVA CLUBS HERE.
THEIR ECONOMY IS ON AGRICULTUREAND FISHING. THEIR TOURIST INDUSTRY IS GROWING. THEY COOK IN AN UNDERGROUND OVEN. TRADITIONALLY THYE HAD KINGS AND NOW THEY HAVE NOBLES VS. CHIEFS.
EVERY CITIZEN HAS A PLOT OFLAND BY 16. THEY CAN GET LOW INTEREST LOANS FOR ENTREPRENUERS THE PEACE CORPS CONNECT WITH THE ACTIVE AID AGENCIES. TODAY THE WOMEN WORK. MEN TAKE CARE OF LAND AND ANIMALS. BOTH RAISED CHILDREN AND ANIMALS. FOOD PREP IS SHARED. OLD3ER CHILDREN CAN HELP WITH ALL ACTIVITIES.
DURING A WEDDING A BRIDE AND GROOM "WEAR THEIR WEALTH". THEIR BEST MATS AND BARK CLOTHS, AND SHINE THEIR BODIES WITH OILS AND WEAR FLOWER NECKLACES. TODAY A FEMALE IS CONSIDERED OF HIGHER RANK THAN A MALE. AT THE END OF A CHILD'S FIRST YEAR AN IMPORTANT CELEBRATION OCCURS. TODAY MOST MOMS BABIES IN HOSPITALS. ALL CHILDREN ARE LITERATE. ADOPTION IS POSSIBLE. SOME CEREMONIES LAST WEEKS.
MEN'S FORMAL ATTIRE MAY BE A TUPENU OR SKIRT WITH A COCONUT TUPENU OR SKIRT WITH A COCONUT FIBER BELT. THEY AALSO MAKE HUMAN HAIR BELTS. THEY WEAR A SHIRT AND TIE. THEY MAKE LOG DRUMS FOR CHURCH SERVICES AT THE CRACK OF DAWN. MANY BELONG TO FREE WESLEYANISM CHURCH.
KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINE IS PASSED FROM PARENT TO CHILD A NATIVE DR. USES MAINLY HERBS. THEY ALSO USE MASSAGE. THEY RESPECT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE. WOMEN MAKE BARK CLOTH ABOUT 50 ' LONG AND 15' WIDE TO DECORATE OR USE AS MATERIAL. THEY PRINT NATURAL FIGURES, TREES, FLOWERS, AND ANIMALS ARE USED. WOMEN MAKE FLAX BASKETS. THESE ACTITIVITIES ARE ALWAYS CONDUCTED IN GROUPS WHILE TALKING, GOSSIPING, OR SINGING. MEN CARVE JEWELRY, WOOD AND TURTLE SHELL, AND WHALE BONE. SEED AND SHELLS ARE WOVEN INTO NECKLACES.
CHORAL SINGING IS DONE IN CHURCHES AND KAVA CLUBS. THEIR TRADITIONAL DANCE IS A PADDLE DANCE. A SOLO DANCE AND A LINE DANCE.
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CACHE CREEK POMO
MABEL MAKEL WAS BORN IN 1907 IB NICE, LAKE COUNTY. HER MOTHER/FATHER WERE LOST CACHE CREEK SOULS. SHE WAS RAISED BY HER GRANDMOTHER AND SHE TAUGHT HER THEIR LANGUAGE. SHE TAUGHT HER THEIR RICH HISTORY OF THE MANLY POMO AND THE WINTU TRIBE.
SHE BECAKE AN EXPERT BASKETMAKER, PERHAPS THE BEST AND SHE BECAME A MEDICINE WOMAN AND AN INDIAN DOCTOR. SHE WAS THE BEST SUCKING DOCTOR IN ALL OF CALIFORNIA.
MABEL HAD MO WAY OF CONNECTING WITH YOU ALL HER STORIES. SHE JUST EXPRESSED WHAT WAS ON HER MIND TO STUDENTS TO GROUPS.
SHE RESPECTED EVERYTHING AROUND HER. SHE KNEW ENGLISH . SHE LIVED AT RUMSEY, WINTU RESERVATION AND GREG SARRIS BROUGHT A FRIEND WITH HIM. SHE TOLD THE ABOUT A WOMAN LOVED A SNAKE. SHE WORKED IN A CANNERY AND HER HUSBAND WORKED AT NIGHT. HE SAID LOCK THE DOOR. ONE NIGHT SOMEONE KEPT KNOCKING ON HER DOOR. SHE HAD NO PHONE THEN SOMEONE CAME IN HER HOUSE AND SHE SERVES HIM COFFEE AND SOME FOOD. NEXT MORNING HER HUSBAND ASKS WHAT IS ON THE TABLE? A SNAKE WAS LEFT WAS LEFT COILED UP. HE PUTS IT OUTSIDEAND THE SAME THING HAPPENS HE NEXT NIGHT. THEN THE HUSBAND GETS SUSPICIOUS OF THIS SNAKE IN A VASE. HE SAID HE WAS GOING TO KILL IT. BUT IT HAPPENS THE NEXT DAY TOO. SHE SAID DON'T STAY HERE! HE WANTED HER TO SEE HIM KILL IT AND THE STORY GOES ON AND ON...THE SNAKE MAY BE A SIGN?
THE ELEM TRIBE INITIATED MABEL INTO THEIR DANCES AND ACTIVITIES AFTER SARAH'S PEOPLE, THE CACHE CREEK POMO WERE REMOVED FROM THEIR LAND, AND THE GROUNDS BY THE NON INDIANS. THE ELEM SAID YOU'D FIND A WAY A WAY TO GO AFTER THE ANGLOS RUN OVER THE EARTH. ANYWAY THAT'S THE STORY OF THE WOMAN WHO LOVED A SNAKE. SHE FINISHED " SNAKES CAN TEACH YOU LOTS OF THINGS".
'SURVIVING THE DAY' BY HERBERT LUTHIN
SHE BECAKE AN EXPERT BASKETMAKER, PERHAPS THE BEST AND SHE BECAME A MEDICINE WOMAN AND AN INDIAN DOCTOR. SHE WAS THE BEST SUCKING DOCTOR IN ALL OF CALIFORNIA.
MABEL HAD MO WAY OF CONNECTING WITH YOU ALL HER STORIES. SHE JUST EXPRESSED WHAT WAS ON HER MIND TO STUDENTS TO GROUPS.
SHE RESPECTED EVERYTHING AROUND HER. SHE KNEW ENGLISH . SHE LIVED AT RUMSEY, WINTU RESERVATION AND GREG SARRIS BROUGHT A FRIEND WITH HIM. SHE TOLD THE ABOUT A WOMAN LOVED A SNAKE. SHE WORKED IN A CANNERY AND HER HUSBAND WORKED AT NIGHT. HE SAID LOCK THE DOOR. ONE NIGHT SOMEONE KEPT KNOCKING ON HER DOOR. SHE HAD NO PHONE THEN SOMEONE CAME IN HER HOUSE AND SHE SERVES HIM COFFEE AND SOME FOOD. NEXT MORNING HER HUSBAND ASKS WHAT IS ON THE TABLE? A SNAKE WAS LEFT WAS LEFT COILED UP. HE PUTS IT OUTSIDEAND THE SAME THING HAPPENS HE NEXT NIGHT. THEN THE HUSBAND GETS SUSPICIOUS OF THIS SNAKE IN A VASE. HE SAID HE WAS GOING TO KILL IT. BUT IT HAPPENS THE NEXT DAY TOO. SHE SAID DON'T STAY HERE! HE WANTED HER TO SEE HIM KILL IT AND THE STORY GOES ON AND ON...THE SNAKE MAY BE A SIGN?
THE ELEM TRIBE INITIATED MABEL INTO THEIR DANCES AND ACTIVITIES AFTER SARAH'S PEOPLE, THE CACHE CREEK POMO WERE REMOVED FROM THEIR LAND, AND THE GROUNDS BY THE NON INDIANS. THE ELEM SAID YOU'D FIND A WAY A WAY TO GO AFTER THE ANGLOS RUN OVER THE EARTH. ANYWAY THAT'S THE STORY OF THE WOMAN WHO LOVED A SNAKE. SHE FINISHED " SNAKES CAN TEACH YOU LOTS OF THINGS".
'SURVIVING THE DAY' BY HERBERT LUTHIN
Tuesday, July 17, 2012
BOTHE NAPA STATE PARK
THIS PARK IS LOCATED ABOUT 5 MILES SOUTH OF CALISTOGA. I HIKED THIS PARK LAST WEEKEND AND DID NOT TAKE MY HIKING BOOTS AS THE CHAMBER SAID IT WAS AN EASY HIKE! I SHOULD HAVE BROUGHT THEM ANYWAY. I SHOULD HAVE BECAUSE THE TRAILS BECAME ROCKY AND STEEP DOWN CANYONS. THESE ELEVATIONS RANGE FROM 300 TO 2000 FEET. MUCH OF THE PARK IS IN REDWOOD FOREST WITH GEOLOGIC ASH CLIFFS. IN RITCHEY CANYON. LUCKILY I BROUGHT PLENTY OF WATER AND MY COMPASS. THERE IS MUCH POISON OAK BUT I SAW NO SOAPROOT THAT HEALS POISON OAK. THE WAPPO MUST HAVE HAD ANOTHER REMEDY FOR HEALING THEM OF THIS ITCHY SKIN. I SAW NO MAMMALS AND THEY HAVE MT. LIONS, BOBCATS, RACCOONS, GREY SQUIRRELS, DEER, FOXES, AND COYOTES TO NAME ONLY A FEW. MOST ARE NOCTURNAL. I SAW NO NO ANIMALS AND I SAW SEVERAL BIRDS. SEVERAL CREEKS WERE RUNNING. I NEVER SAW A SPOTTED OWL. I DID STOP AT THE HISTORIC HITCHCOOK HOUSE AND BARN. THERE IS MUCH TAN OAK AND DOUGLAS FIR.
IN THE 1800'S THE LAND BELONGED TO DR. HITCHCOCK OF SAN FRANCISCO, WHO BUILT A HOME AND BARN IN 1872 WITH A FOUNTAIN OF ROCKS. REINHARD BOTHE ACQUIRED THIS PARK AND BUILT CABINS AND A SWIMMING POOL. IT WAS POPULAR DURING THE 1930'S. THEN AFTER WORLD WAR II IT WAS USED LESS. THE STATE PARK BOUGHT PARADISE PARK FROM BOTHE IN 1960. THERE ARE 19000ACRES HERE.
REDWOOD ORCHIDS AND TRLLIUM AND WILD GRAPE GROW AT THE BASE OF THE REDWOODS.
MY HUSBAND AND I CAMPED ATTHIS PARK WHEN WE FIRST MOVED TO SONOMA COUNTY. I DON'T RECAL THE POOL. AND WE DIDN'T HIKE THAT FAR INTO THE TRAILS AS I DID THIS WEEKEND. IT TOOK ME ABOUT 3 1/2 HOURS AND I MET ONLY 5 PEOPLE. IT WA A VERY HOT DAY. SOME FOLKS SAID THEY TOOK THE ENTIRE 6.5 MILE TRAIL THROUGH THE CANYON. IT ACTUALLY IS LONGER DUE TO THE HILLS AND MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN.
PARKS.CA.GOV
IN THE 1800'S THE LAND BELONGED TO DR. HITCHCOCK OF SAN FRANCISCO, WHO BUILT A HOME AND BARN IN 1872 WITH A FOUNTAIN OF ROCKS. REINHARD BOTHE ACQUIRED THIS PARK AND BUILT CABINS AND A SWIMMING POOL. IT WAS POPULAR DURING THE 1930'S. THEN AFTER WORLD WAR II IT WAS USED LESS. THE STATE PARK BOUGHT PARADISE PARK FROM BOTHE IN 1960. THERE ARE 19000ACRES HERE.
REDWOOD ORCHIDS AND TRLLIUM AND WILD GRAPE GROW AT THE BASE OF THE REDWOODS.
MY HUSBAND AND I CAMPED ATTHIS PARK WHEN WE FIRST MOVED TO SONOMA COUNTY. I DON'T RECAL THE POOL. AND WE DIDN'T HIKE THAT FAR INTO THE TRAILS AS I DID THIS WEEKEND. IT TOOK ME ABOUT 3 1/2 HOURS AND I MET ONLY 5 PEOPLE. IT WA A VERY HOT DAY. SOME FOLKS SAID THEY TOOK THE ENTIRE 6.5 MILE TRAIL THROUGH THE CANYON. IT ACTUALLY IS LONGER DUE TO THE HILLS AND MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN.
PARKS.CA.GOV
Monday, July 16, 2012
FIJIAN INDIANS IN MAURITUS & FIJI
THE INDIAN INDENTURED SERVANTS ARE IN TWO BRITISH COUNTRIES. AFTER 1834 THEY EMPLOYED THEM AFTER THE END OF SLAVERY. FIJI BROUGHT THE INDIANS TO WORK SUGAR CANE PLANTATIONS IN 1879.
INDENTURED SERVANTS BEGAN IN MAURITIUS IN 1834 AND ENDED IN FIJI IN 1916. ONE MILLION INDIANS MIGRATED TO 8 COUNTRIES. MAURITUS WAS THE FIRST BRITISH ISLAND TO IMPORT FREE LABOR FROM ANOTHER PART OF BRITAIN. THE DUTCH HAS BEEN HERE FROM 1658 TO 1710. THE ENGLISH CAPTURED THE ISLAND IN 1810 AND RETURNED THE NAME MAURITUS TO THE ISLAND. TRADERS, JEWELERS AND SHOEMAKERS LIVED HERE. BY 1833 SLAVERY WAS ABOLISHED. THE FIRST SLAVES WERE PAID BY EMPLOYERS. BETWEEN 1834 AND 1839 THERE WERE 25,000INDIANS HERE AND ONLY 5,000 WERE FEMALES.
THEY HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR DISTINCT CULTURE, LANGUAGE AND DISTRICT. THEY HAVE FOUGHT FOR EQUAL RIGHTS. MANY OF THE FOLKS WERE GIVEN THE OPTION TO WORK AS AN INDENTURED LABORERERS OR AS KULULA OR FREE LABORERS. THEY WERE GIVEN THE CHOICE OF RETURNING TO INDIA, BUT THEY HAD LOW PAY THERE TOO. MANY LEASED SMLL PLOTS OF LAND TO DEVELOP AGRICULTURAL FIELDS OR CATTLE FARMS. OTHERS WENT TO INTO BUSINESS OF THEIR OWN.
THE SHORTAGE OF FEMALES MEANT THEY SHOULD MARRY OUTSIDE OUTSIDE OF THEIR CASTE SYSTEM. THEY ALSO DEVELOPED ANOTHER POSITIVE DIALECT OF A LANGUAGE. MUSIC WAS IMPORTANT TO THEM WITH FIJI-HINDI CULTURE AND JAZZ. THEY INCLUDED ENGLISH AS WELL.
INDIANS ARRIVED HERE AS FREE PEOPLE FROM EARLY 1900'S. THE GOVERNMENT BROUGHT CLERKS, POLITICIANS, CLERKS, POLITICIANS, POLICEMEN, ARTISANS, GARDENERS,DOCTORS, AND TEACHERS FROM EARLY 1900'S.
A NUMBER OF FIJIANS INDIANS VOLUNTEERED IN WWI. IN THE LATE 1960'S THEY HAD A LEADER OF THE NATIONAL FEDERAL PARTY. FIJIAN INDIANS WERE FROM INDIA VS BORN IN FIJI. THE INDIANS CONTINUED TO CAMPAIGNE FOR BETTER WORK AND LIVING. A STRIKE IN 1921 LED TO THEIR DEMAND OF HIGHER RATES.
TWO MAJOR HINDU MOVEMENTS ATTRACTED WIDESPREAD SUPPORT IN THE 1920'S. THERE WAS A BIG DIFFERENCE IN THE 1920'S. THEIR WAS A BIG DIFFERENCE IN THE BETWEEN THE HINDU RELIGION AND TRADITIONAL FIJIAN RELIGION.
FIJIAN INDIANS PRACTICE SANALTAN DHARAM AND DON'THAVE CHILD CHILD MARRIAGES. THEY HAVE INTERFAITH MARRIAGE. MANY OF THIS TRIBE GREW CAMELS AND WORKED IN THESE PLANTS. AT WORLD WAR II A STRIKE WAS ORGANIZED BY A MILITANT SECTOR OF THEIR TRIBE. THIS OVERTHROW IS LARGELY BY THE FIJIAN INDIAN GOVERNMENT. SOME THOUGHT IT WAS POLITICALLY MOTIVATED.
THEY BUILT A METHODIST CHURCH THAT SUPPORTED FORGIVENESS. TODAY THE FIJIANSFACE MAJOR OBSTACLES TO HEALTH. THEY HAVE TYPE II DIABETES AND HIGH LEVELS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEAES ARE HIGH AMONG THIS GROUP. THEY HAVE A HIGH FAT DIET AND A VERY SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE.
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HSUR.EDU
INDENTURED SERVANTS BEGAN IN MAURITIUS IN 1834 AND ENDED IN FIJI IN 1916. ONE MILLION INDIANS MIGRATED TO 8 COUNTRIES. MAURITUS WAS THE FIRST BRITISH ISLAND TO IMPORT FREE LABOR FROM ANOTHER PART OF BRITAIN. THE DUTCH HAS BEEN HERE FROM 1658 TO 1710. THE ENGLISH CAPTURED THE ISLAND IN 1810 AND RETURNED THE NAME MAURITUS TO THE ISLAND. TRADERS, JEWELERS AND SHOEMAKERS LIVED HERE. BY 1833 SLAVERY WAS ABOLISHED. THE FIRST SLAVES WERE PAID BY EMPLOYERS. BETWEEN 1834 AND 1839 THERE WERE 25,000INDIANS HERE AND ONLY 5,000 WERE FEMALES.
THEY HAVE MAINTAINED THEIR DISTINCT CULTURE, LANGUAGE AND DISTRICT. THEY HAVE FOUGHT FOR EQUAL RIGHTS. MANY OF THE FOLKS WERE GIVEN THE OPTION TO WORK AS AN INDENTURED LABORERERS OR AS KULULA OR FREE LABORERS. THEY WERE GIVEN THE CHOICE OF RETURNING TO INDIA, BUT THEY HAD LOW PAY THERE TOO. MANY LEASED SMLL PLOTS OF LAND TO DEVELOP AGRICULTURAL FIELDS OR CATTLE FARMS. OTHERS WENT TO INTO BUSINESS OF THEIR OWN.
THE SHORTAGE OF FEMALES MEANT THEY SHOULD MARRY OUTSIDE OUTSIDE OF THEIR CASTE SYSTEM. THEY ALSO DEVELOPED ANOTHER POSITIVE DIALECT OF A LANGUAGE. MUSIC WAS IMPORTANT TO THEM WITH FIJI-HINDI CULTURE AND JAZZ. THEY INCLUDED ENGLISH AS WELL.
INDIANS ARRIVED HERE AS FREE PEOPLE FROM EARLY 1900'S. THE GOVERNMENT BROUGHT CLERKS, POLITICIANS, CLERKS, POLITICIANS, POLICEMEN, ARTISANS, GARDENERS,DOCTORS, AND TEACHERS FROM EARLY 1900'S.
A NUMBER OF FIJIANS INDIANS VOLUNTEERED IN WWI. IN THE LATE 1960'S THEY HAD A LEADER OF THE NATIONAL FEDERAL PARTY. FIJIAN INDIANS WERE FROM INDIA VS BORN IN FIJI. THE INDIANS CONTINUED TO CAMPAIGNE FOR BETTER WORK AND LIVING. A STRIKE IN 1921 LED TO THEIR DEMAND OF HIGHER RATES.
TWO MAJOR HINDU MOVEMENTS ATTRACTED WIDESPREAD SUPPORT IN THE 1920'S. THERE WAS A BIG DIFFERENCE IN THE 1920'S. THEIR WAS A BIG DIFFERENCE IN THE BETWEEN THE HINDU RELIGION AND TRADITIONAL FIJIAN RELIGION.
FIJIAN INDIANS PRACTICE SANALTAN DHARAM AND DON'THAVE CHILD CHILD MARRIAGES. THEY HAVE INTERFAITH MARRIAGE. MANY OF THIS TRIBE GREW CAMELS AND WORKED IN THESE PLANTS. AT WORLD WAR II A STRIKE WAS ORGANIZED BY A MILITANT SECTOR OF THEIR TRIBE. THIS OVERTHROW IS LARGELY BY THE FIJIAN INDIAN GOVERNMENT. SOME THOUGHT IT WAS POLITICALLY MOTIVATED.
THEY BUILT A METHODIST CHURCH THAT SUPPORTED FORGIVENESS. TODAY THE FIJIANSFACE MAJOR OBSTACLES TO HEALTH. THEY HAVE TYPE II DIABETES AND HIGH LEVELS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEAES ARE HIGH AMONG THIS GROUP. THEY HAVE A HIGH FAT DIET AND A VERY SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE.
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HSUR.EDU
SAMOAN CULTURE
THE SAMOAN HISTORY ACCORDING TO LEGEND SAYS THEIR ANCESTOR TAGALOP WAS THEIR CREATION. THIS ISLAND IS THE CENTER OF POLYNESIA. THEIR ORAL HISTORY DATES TO PREHISTORY. ORAL HISTORY IS MAINTAINED FROM ANCESTRAL VOYAGES. THEIR MIGRATIONS REFLECT THE COURAGE OF SEAFARING PEOPLE IN NAVIGATING WITHOUT INSTRUMENTS TO SAIL. ARCHAEOLOGISTS PLACE THE EARLIEST HUMAN SETTLEMENT OF THIS ISLAND AROUND 1500 B.C. THIS IS BASED ON POT SHERDS THAT WERE FOUND.
THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE IS BASED UPON THE FAA SAMOAN, THE UNIQUE SOCIOPOLITICAL CULTURE OF THAT IS COMMERCIAL. MOST EVERYTHING IS DONE TOGETHER. THEY HAVE FAITH, FAMILY, AND MUSIC. THEIR FALE HOUSES CONTAIN NO WALLS AND UP TO 20 PEOPLE WHO MAY SLEEP ON THE GROUND.IN THE DAY THEY EAT AND RELAX IN THEIR HOUSES, THE EXTENDED FAMILY WORKS TOGETHER. ELDERS IN THE FAMILY ARE RESPECTED AND OF HIGH STATUS.
WOMEN PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART OF THIS CULTURE BY CONTRIBUTING THEIR SKILLS OF FINELY WOVEN MATS USED IN CEREMONY AND GIFT EXCHANGE. THEY AL;SO MAKE BARK CLOTH FROM MULBERRY BARK. PICTUIRES ARE PAINTED ON IT WITH NATURAL BROWN DYE. THEY PAINT TURTLES, FISH AND FLOWERS ON CLOTHING. THEY MAKE ORNAMENTS, JEWELRY AND HAIR ORNAMENTS FROM SEA SHELLS OR COCONUTS. THEY USE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE BEFORE A DOCTOR'S VISIT.
THE SAMOAN'S HAVE AN AVA CEREMONY. THIS IS A SIGNIFICANT RITUAL THAT TAKES PLACE DURING ALL IMPORTANT OCCASSIONS. CEREMONIAL ITEMS ARE USED - A ROUND WOODEN BOWL OF TANOA. THE BOWLS ARE DECORATED. KAUA IS IN MANY POLYNESIAN SOCIETIES. IT IS FROM A PLANT THAT IS DRUNK IN HIGHLY RITUALIZED CEREMONIES. THE DRINK IS SERVED BY COCO0NUTS.
THEIR DANCE IS CALLED -SIVA. FEMALE SIVA IS WITH GENTLE MOVEMENTS TO MUSIC. THE SASA IS A GROUP DANCE PERFORMED SITTING TO A DRIM RYTHYM AS WELL. THE MALES PERFORM A SLAP DANCE AND PERFORMED IN A GROUP WITHOUT MUSIC. THE YOUNG GENERATIONS DANCE MODERN. THE SAMOAN DANCE IS THE ONE THING THAT HAS NOT BEEN CHANGED. THE MAULALU IS A GROUP DANCE OF FEMALES. THE TAULUGA IS A GROUP DANCES PERFORMED BY A VILLAGE PRINCE OR VILLAGE PRINCESS. IT IS PERFORMED AT WEDDINGSAND OTHER CELEBRATIONS. MOST PEOPLE SPEAK SAMOAN OR ENGLISH. THE WOMEN WEAR A SKIRT AND TUNIC WITH SAMOAN DESIGNS. LAVA LEAVE IS A SARONG WEORN BY MEN AND WOMEN. SOME MEN HAVE MANY TATTOOES PAINTED ON THEIR LOWERBODY. IT IS PERFORMED WITHOUT ANESTHESIA AND IS VERY PAINFUL.
THEIR RELIGION IN SAMOAN ENCOMPASSES A RANGE OF GROUPS. RELIGION IN SAMOA ENCOMPASSES 100% OF THE POPULATION AND THEY ARE CHRISTIAN. THEY HAVE MANY RELIGIONS AND ABOUT 300 FOLKS. MISSIONARIES OPERATE WITHIN THE COUNTRY.
THEY PLAY RUGBY UNION AND SAMOAN CRICKET. 30 SAMOANS PLAY IN THE NFL. SOME HAVE ENTERED WRESTLING. SOCCER IS POPULAR. RUGBY IS MOST POPULAR.
IN AMERICAN SAMOA THEY PLAY AMERICAN FOOTBALL. THEY ALSO PLAY RUGBY UNION SOCCER NET BALL, AND VOLLEYBALL.
A FORMAL PRESENTATION OF GIFTS IS PART OF SAMOAN CULTURE AT FORMAL EVENTS. IT IS THE PROCESS OF FA'A'ALOA LOGA - WEDDINGS, FUNERALS, CHURCHES, AND OPENING OF HOUSES. EVER SINCE CHRISTIANITY IN THE SAMOAN ISLAND THEY INCLUDED A TAETAO OR SPEECHES THAT HAVE BEEN THE FIRST PRESENTATIONS TO TO RELIGIOUS REPRESENTATIVES. THIS IS MADE UP OF VAILOLA - A DRINK WITH MONEY IN IT! OR IT COULD BE A TRAY OF BISCUITS, OR A BOX OF CORNED BEEF OR CHICKEN. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY A FINE MAT OR MATS. THESE OFFERINGS COULD INCLUDE A HUGE TAPE CLOTH.
SUNDAYS ARE DAYS OF REST AND MANY FAMILIES CONGREGATE TOGETHER FOR A MEAL OF EMU OR COOKED PIG. OLDER PEOPLE WILL SIT AND EAT FIRST. THEN YOUNGER CHILDREN. THE DISH MAY BE AN ABUNDANCE AND VARIETY OF DISHES - FRESH SEAWEED, CRAYFISH, OR BAKED TUNA, OR RICE. COCONUT IS IN MANY DISHES. THIS DISH IS IN MANY LEAVES AND HAS A RICH CONTENT.
THEIR MUSIC IS A HALLOWED OUT LOG AND THEY MAKE WOODEN DRUMS; AND THEN THEY USE A CONCH SHELL AND BLOW A FLUTE. SINGERS ARE MO0ST IMPORTANT.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE IS BASED UPON THE FAA SAMOAN, THE UNIQUE SOCIOPOLITICAL CULTURE OF THAT IS COMMERCIAL. MOST EVERYTHING IS DONE TOGETHER. THEY HAVE FAITH, FAMILY, AND MUSIC. THEIR FALE HOUSES CONTAIN NO WALLS AND UP TO 20 PEOPLE WHO MAY SLEEP ON THE GROUND.IN THE DAY THEY EAT AND RELAX IN THEIR HOUSES, THE EXTENDED FAMILY WORKS TOGETHER. ELDERS IN THE FAMILY ARE RESPECTED AND OF HIGH STATUS.
WOMEN PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART OF THIS CULTURE BY CONTRIBUTING THEIR SKILLS OF FINELY WOVEN MATS USED IN CEREMONY AND GIFT EXCHANGE. THEY AL;SO MAKE BARK CLOTH FROM MULBERRY BARK. PICTUIRES ARE PAINTED ON IT WITH NATURAL BROWN DYE. THEY PAINT TURTLES, FISH AND FLOWERS ON CLOTHING. THEY MAKE ORNAMENTS, JEWELRY AND HAIR ORNAMENTS FROM SEA SHELLS OR COCONUTS. THEY USE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE BEFORE A DOCTOR'S VISIT.
THE SAMOAN'S HAVE AN AVA CEREMONY. THIS IS A SIGNIFICANT RITUAL THAT TAKES PLACE DURING ALL IMPORTANT OCCASSIONS. CEREMONIAL ITEMS ARE USED - A ROUND WOODEN BOWL OF TANOA. THE BOWLS ARE DECORATED. KAUA IS IN MANY POLYNESIAN SOCIETIES. IT IS FROM A PLANT THAT IS DRUNK IN HIGHLY RITUALIZED CEREMONIES. THE DRINK IS SERVED BY COCO0NUTS.
THEIR DANCE IS CALLED -SIVA. FEMALE SIVA IS WITH GENTLE MOVEMENTS TO MUSIC. THE SASA IS A GROUP DANCE PERFORMED SITTING TO A DRIM RYTHYM AS WELL. THE MALES PERFORM A SLAP DANCE AND PERFORMED IN A GROUP WITHOUT MUSIC. THE YOUNG GENERATIONS DANCE MODERN. THE SAMOAN DANCE IS THE ONE THING THAT HAS NOT BEEN CHANGED. THE MAULALU IS A GROUP DANCE OF FEMALES. THE TAULUGA IS A GROUP DANCES PERFORMED BY A VILLAGE PRINCE OR VILLAGE PRINCESS. IT IS PERFORMED AT WEDDINGSAND OTHER CELEBRATIONS. MOST PEOPLE SPEAK SAMOAN OR ENGLISH. THE WOMEN WEAR A SKIRT AND TUNIC WITH SAMOAN DESIGNS. LAVA LEAVE IS A SARONG WEORN BY MEN AND WOMEN. SOME MEN HAVE MANY TATTOOES PAINTED ON THEIR LOWERBODY. IT IS PERFORMED WITHOUT ANESTHESIA AND IS VERY PAINFUL.
THEIR RELIGION IN SAMOAN ENCOMPASSES A RANGE OF GROUPS. RELIGION IN SAMOA ENCOMPASSES 100% OF THE POPULATION AND THEY ARE CHRISTIAN. THEY HAVE MANY RELIGIONS AND ABOUT 300 FOLKS. MISSIONARIES OPERATE WITHIN THE COUNTRY.
THEY PLAY RUGBY UNION AND SAMOAN CRICKET. 30 SAMOANS PLAY IN THE NFL. SOME HAVE ENTERED WRESTLING. SOCCER IS POPULAR. RUGBY IS MOST POPULAR.
IN AMERICAN SAMOA THEY PLAY AMERICAN FOOTBALL. THEY ALSO PLAY RUGBY UNION SOCCER NET BALL, AND VOLLEYBALL.
A FORMAL PRESENTATION OF GIFTS IS PART OF SAMOAN CULTURE AT FORMAL EVENTS. IT IS THE PROCESS OF FA'A'ALOA LOGA - WEDDINGS, FUNERALS, CHURCHES, AND OPENING OF HOUSES. EVER SINCE CHRISTIANITY IN THE SAMOAN ISLAND THEY INCLUDED A TAETAO OR SPEECHES THAT HAVE BEEN THE FIRST PRESENTATIONS TO TO RELIGIOUS REPRESENTATIVES. THIS IS MADE UP OF VAILOLA - A DRINK WITH MONEY IN IT! OR IT COULD BE A TRAY OF BISCUITS, OR A BOX OF CORNED BEEF OR CHICKEN. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY A FINE MAT OR MATS. THESE OFFERINGS COULD INCLUDE A HUGE TAPE CLOTH.
SUNDAYS ARE DAYS OF REST AND MANY FAMILIES CONGREGATE TOGETHER FOR A MEAL OF EMU OR COOKED PIG. OLDER PEOPLE WILL SIT AND EAT FIRST. THEN YOUNGER CHILDREN. THE DISH MAY BE AN ABUNDANCE AND VARIETY OF DISHES - FRESH SEAWEED, CRAYFISH, OR BAKED TUNA, OR RICE. COCONUT IS IN MANY DISHES. THIS DISH IS IN MANY LEAVES AND HAS A RICH CONTENT.
THEIR MUSIC IS A HALLOWED OUT LOG AND THEY MAKE WOODEN DRUMS; AND THEN THEY USE A CONCH SHELL AND BLOW A FLUTE. SINGERS ARE MO0ST IMPORTANT.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
MAORI IN NEW ZEALAND
THE MAORI CULTURE IS A CULTURE THAT IS INTEGRATED PART OF A DYNAMIC EXPERIENCE FOR VISITORS. THE MAORTI ARE THE TANGATA. THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF NEW ZEALAND CAME HERE FROM THE HOMELAND OF HAWAIKLI. TODAY MAORI MAKE UP 14% OF THEIR POPULATION AND THEIR HISTORIC LANGUAGE AND TRADE ARE CENTRAL TO THEIR IDENTITY.
THEY GIVE SINGING AND DANCING AND ANCIENT WAR DANCES TO EXPERIENCE THE CULTURE FIRST HAND. THEY COOK IN EARTH OVENS. THEY MAKE VISUAL ARTS LIKE CARVING, WEAVING, AND TATTOOING ALIVE. THEY HAVE CULTURAL CENTERS AND STUDIOS. CHECK OUT SOME CONTEMPORARY MAORI ART FASHION, FILM, AND TV FILMS THAT ARE THEIR CREATURE EXPRESSION.
THE FUTURE OF NEW ZEALAND IS INHERITED FROM BRITISH AND EUROPEAN CUSTOM WITH POLYNESIAN TRADITION.IT WAS COMPARATIVELY RECENTLY SETTLED BY HUMANS. INITIALLY THE MAORI ONLY IS A BICULTURAL VALUE. NOW NEW ZEALAND IS A COSMOPOLITAN CULTURE THAT REFLECTSITS CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS AND IS CONCIOUS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND IS AN EDUCATED, DEVELOPED SOCIETY.
MAORI VOYAGERS REACHED THE ISLANDSBEFORE 1300. OVER THE CENTURIES THE MAORI CULTURE DIVERGED FROM POLYNESIAN ROOTS. THEY ESTABLISHED SEPARATE TRIBES, BUILT FORTIFIED VILLAGES, HUNTED AND FISHED AND TRADED COMMODITIES, DEVELOPED AGRICULTURE, ARTS AND WEAPONS, AND KEPT ORAL HISTORIES.
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THEY GIVE SINGING AND DANCING AND ANCIENT WAR DANCES TO EXPERIENCE THE CULTURE FIRST HAND. THEY COOK IN EARTH OVENS. THEY MAKE VISUAL ARTS LIKE CARVING, WEAVING, AND TATTOOING ALIVE. THEY HAVE CULTURAL CENTERS AND STUDIOS. CHECK OUT SOME CONTEMPORARY MAORI ART FASHION, FILM, AND TV FILMS THAT ARE THEIR CREATURE EXPRESSION.
THE FUTURE OF NEW ZEALAND IS INHERITED FROM BRITISH AND EUROPEAN CUSTOM WITH POLYNESIAN TRADITION.IT WAS COMPARATIVELY RECENTLY SETTLED BY HUMANS. INITIALLY THE MAORI ONLY IS A BICULTURAL VALUE. NOW NEW ZEALAND IS A COSMOPOLITAN CULTURE THAT REFLECTSITS CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS AND IS CONCIOUS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND IS AN EDUCATED, DEVELOPED SOCIETY.
MAORI VOYAGERS REACHED THE ISLANDSBEFORE 1300. OVER THE CENTURIES THE MAORI CULTURE DIVERGED FROM POLYNESIAN ROOTS. THEY ESTABLISHED SEPARATE TRIBES, BUILT FORTIFIED VILLAGES, HUNTED AND FISHED AND TRADED COMMODITIES, DEVELOPED AGRICULTURE, ARTS AND WEAPONS, AND KEPT ORAL HISTORIES.
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BEOTHUNK INDIANS IN GREENLAND
BEOTHUNK INDIANS WERE HERE FROM 200 A.D. NO ONE KNOWS HOW THEIR POPULATION CHANGED BUT BY 1829 THEY WERE EXTINCT. THEY MAY HAVE CROSSED OVER INTO LABRADOR AND MERGED WITH THE MONTAGNAIS. THEY KEPT TO THEMSELVES AND AVOIDED EUROPEANS. THEIR ENEMIES THE MICMACS LIKED THE FOLKS IN QUEBEC. THEIR GROWING SEASON IS SHORT SO THEY HAVE AGRICULTURE. THEY WERE SEMI NOMADIC HUNTERS AND GATHERERS ORGANIZED INTO SMALL BANDS. THEY MOVED SEASONALLY IN SUMMER AND WENT TO THE COAST. THEN MOVED INLAND IN WINTER. THEY HUNTED VARIOUS CARIBOU AND VARIOUS TYPES OF SEALS. THEY HUNTED CARIBOU AND VARIOUS TYPES OF SEALS. THEY WERE GOOD AT BUILDING. THEY ATE SALMON AND OTHER FISH.
SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THEIR DECLINE WAS DUE TO STARVATION. THEY COVERED THEIR BODIES WITH RED OCHRE, AS WELL AS THEIR TOOLS.RED OCHRE PROTECTED THEM FROM INSECTS. IN WINTER THEY WORE CARIBOU SKIN CLOTHING AND MITTENS. THEY WERE COMFORTABLE WITH THESE.
THEY AVOIDED ANGLOS. THEY BORROWED RAILROAD SPIKES TO MAKE PROJECTILE POINTS. NEWFOUNDLAND WAS OCCUPIED BY THE ICE AGE HUNTERS 9000 YEARS AGO. VIKINGS CAME HERE ABOUT 900 A.D. THEY EXPLORED THE COAST AND TRADED WITH THE BEOTHUK AND SOME FOUGHT THEM.
ENGLISH FOLKS CAME HERE IN 1497. IN 1500 A PORTUGUESE EXPLORER CAPTURED 50 BEOTHUNK MEN AS SLAVES AHEM TO HIS COUNTRY. NO EUROPEANS STAYED HERE IN WINTER. THEY CAUGHT FISH AND BROUGHT THEM HOME.
BY 1500 THE BRITISH DECIDED NEW FOUNDLAND WAS THEIRS. AT FIRST THEY DID NOT DECIDE TO BUILD ANY SETTLEMENTS. THEY JUST FISHED. IN 1610 THE BRITISH MADE THEIR FIRST ATTEMPT TO TO BUILD A PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. THE BEOTHUNK BY THEN HAPPILY TRADED WITH THEM. ONE CAPTAIN FIRED HIS CANYON AT THEM AND THEY THEY NEVER REGAINED FRIENDSHIP.
IN 1613 THE MICMAC FROM CAPE BRITON VISITED THEM. THEY WERE FRIENDS WITH THE FRENCH WHO GAVE THEM GUNS. THE BEOTHUK WERE DRIVEN INLAND AND NEVER CAME BACK TO THE COAST. THE FISHING GROUNDS WERE FOUGHT OVER BY THE FRENCH AND BRITISH IN 1627.
A WAR FROM 1687 TO 1696 OCCURRED WITH FRENCH AND BRITISH. THEY BROUGHT 120 SOLDIERS AND 40 ABENAKI WARRIORS TO DESTROY THE BRITISH SETTLEMENTS AND AGAIN IN 1701 THE FRENCH DESTROYED THE BRITISH. THE LAST BEOTHUK PERSON DIED IN 1829.
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SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THEIR DECLINE WAS DUE TO STARVATION. THEY COVERED THEIR BODIES WITH RED OCHRE, AS WELL AS THEIR TOOLS.RED OCHRE PROTECTED THEM FROM INSECTS. IN WINTER THEY WORE CARIBOU SKIN CLOTHING AND MITTENS. THEY WERE COMFORTABLE WITH THESE.
THEY AVOIDED ANGLOS. THEY BORROWED RAILROAD SPIKES TO MAKE PROJECTILE POINTS. NEWFOUNDLAND WAS OCCUPIED BY THE ICE AGE HUNTERS 9000 YEARS AGO. VIKINGS CAME HERE ABOUT 900 A.D. THEY EXPLORED THE COAST AND TRADED WITH THE BEOTHUK AND SOME FOUGHT THEM.
ENGLISH FOLKS CAME HERE IN 1497. IN 1500 A PORTUGUESE EXPLORER CAPTURED 50 BEOTHUNK MEN AS SLAVES AHEM TO HIS COUNTRY. NO EUROPEANS STAYED HERE IN WINTER. THEY CAUGHT FISH AND BROUGHT THEM HOME.
BY 1500 THE BRITISH DECIDED NEW FOUNDLAND WAS THEIRS. AT FIRST THEY DID NOT DECIDE TO BUILD ANY SETTLEMENTS. THEY JUST FISHED. IN 1610 THE BRITISH MADE THEIR FIRST ATTEMPT TO TO BUILD A PERMANENT SETTLEMENT. THE BEOTHUNK BY THEN HAPPILY TRADED WITH THEM. ONE CAPTAIN FIRED HIS CANYON AT THEM AND THEY THEY NEVER REGAINED FRIENDSHIP.
IN 1613 THE MICMAC FROM CAPE BRITON VISITED THEM. THEY WERE FRIENDS WITH THE FRENCH WHO GAVE THEM GUNS. THE BEOTHUK WERE DRIVEN INLAND AND NEVER CAME BACK TO THE COAST. THE FISHING GROUNDS WERE FOUGHT OVER BY THE FRENCH AND BRITISH IN 1627.
A WAR FROM 1687 TO 1696 OCCURRED WITH FRENCH AND BRITISH. THEY BROUGHT 120 SOLDIERS AND 40 ABENAKI WARRIORS TO DESTROY THE BRITISH SETTLEMENTS AND AGAIN IN 1701 THE FRENCH DESTROYED THE BRITISH. THE LAST BEOTHUK PERSON DIED IN 1829.
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Wednesday, July 11, 2012
BEAVER NATION IN GREENLAND
THE BEAVER ARE ALSO KNOWN AS THE DUNNEZA OR TSATTINE OR DWELLERS IN BEAVER LAND. THEIR TERRITORY WAS VAST IN THE AREA OF ALBERTA -SASKATCHEWAN. THE CREE NATION DROVE THEM WEST WHEN THEY PURCHASED GUNS. THE BEAVER TRIBE HUNTED MOOSE AND SMALL MAMMALS. THEY WERE PEACEFUL TRIBE. THEY LIVED IN SMALL TRIBAL GROUPS. ONCE EUROPEANS CONTACTED THEM IN EARLY 1800'S THEY HAD 10000 FOLKS. BY LATE 1800S EPIDEMICS DECREASED THE SIZE OF 500. THEY SIGNED A TREATY IN 1900. FUR TRADING HAD A BIG IMPACT UPON UPON THE BEAVER AND THE TRIBES. THEY HAD ADOPTED A EUROPEAN DRESSING BY MID 1850S. THEY WERE VICTIMIZED BY PRESSURE ON THERE POISONING METHODS. THE EUROPEAN GOLD RUSH AND POISONING METHODS KILLED THEIR DOGS.
CHILDREN WERE TAUGHT BY ELDERS AND THEY WERE TAUGHT BY ELDERS AND THEY HAD TO LEARN SOMETHING ABOUT THE ANIMALS.THE LIFE OF ANIMALS WAS SACRIFICED TO THE HUNTERS. WHEN A BOY REACHED PUBERTY HE WAS SENT AWAY BY HIMSELF TO GO ON A VISION QUEST. HE WOULD FAST AND GO WITHOUT SLEEP. WHEN HE SLEPT HE WOULD DREAM. IF HE DID THINGS PROPERLY AN ANIMAL SPIRIT MIGHT APPEAR TO HIM. YOUNG GIRLS JOINED GAINED POWER DURING PUBERTY. DURING MENSTRUATION A WOMAN HAD THE POWER TO BRING SICKNESS OR DESTROY A HUNTER'S SKILL IN CATCHING GAME. SHE WAS ISOLATED FOR SEVERAL DAYS FROM CAMP. SOMEONE WOULD BRING HER FOOD. SHE COULD NOT STEP OVER A GAME TRAIL.
MARRIAGE WAS PREARRANGED, THE MAN HAD TO LEARN HOW TO HUNT. THE WOMAN WOULD DO ALL THE WORK AROUND CAMP AND CARRY BELONGINGS TO THE NEXT CAMP. AFTER BIRTH THE MOTHER AND BABY SEPARATED FOR A MONTH.
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CHILDREN WERE TAUGHT BY ELDERS AND THEY WERE TAUGHT BY ELDERS AND THEY HAD TO LEARN SOMETHING ABOUT THE ANIMALS.THE LIFE OF ANIMALS WAS SACRIFICED TO THE HUNTERS. WHEN A BOY REACHED PUBERTY HE WAS SENT AWAY BY HIMSELF TO GO ON A VISION QUEST. HE WOULD FAST AND GO WITHOUT SLEEP. WHEN HE SLEPT HE WOULD DREAM. IF HE DID THINGS PROPERLY AN ANIMAL SPIRIT MIGHT APPEAR TO HIM. YOUNG GIRLS JOINED GAINED POWER DURING PUBERTY. DURING MENSTRUATION A WOMAN HAD THE POWER TO BRING SICKNESS OR DESTROY A HUNTER'S SKILL IN CATCHING GAME. SHE WAS ISOLATED FOR SEVERAL DAYS FROM CAMP. SOMEONE WOULD BRING HER FOOD. SHE COULD NOT STEP OVER A GAME TRAIL.
MARRIAGE WAS PREARRANGED, THE MAN HAD TO LEARN HOW TO HUNT. THE WOMAN WOULD DO ALL THE WORK AROUND CAMP AND CARRY BELONGINGS TO THE NEXT CAMP. AFTER BIRTH THE MOTHER AND BABY SEPARATED FOR A MONTH.
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BABINE-WITSWWITEN IN GREENLAND
BABINE IS IN ATHABASCAN LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY AQBOUT 500 PEOPLE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE BABINE HAVE A LAKE AND THEIR NAME MEANS 'LIPPY' A FRENCH TERM. THEY HAVE A STRONG CONNECTION OF THE PEOPLE. THEY CATCH STEELHEAD IN BABINE RIVERS. IT IS ONE OF THE TOP STEELHEAD RIVERS IN THE WORLD.
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BELLA BELLA IN GREENLAND
THE BELLA BELLA OCCUPY THE CENTRAL COAST IN THE VICINITY OF CHAMENET. THEY LIKE TO BE CALLED HEILTSUK MEANING NATIVE. THEY LIVE AS A COMMUNITY OF BELLA BELLA AND THEY SPEAK HAILHZAQVIA.
THEY HAVE 5 BANDS EACH WITH A WINTER VILLAGE. THEY HAD STRATIFIED SOCIETIES. THE UPPER CLASS HAD THE POTLATCH AND CEREMONIAL WITH CHIEFS WHO ASKED OTHERS TO HOST DANCES.
THIS TRIBE HARVESTED AND PERSEVERED WILD FISH, BIRDS, LAND AND SEA MAMMALS, AND NATIVE PLANTS. NOTHING WAS DOMESTICATED. IN WINTER THEY HAD LEFT THE VILLAGE TO GO TO SEASONAL CAMPS WHERE FOOD WAS PREPARED FOR STORAGE. THEY TRADED PLANTED FOODS AND MARINE FOODS WITH OTHER NATIVES.
THEY BUILT LARGE CEDAR PLANK HOUSES WITH GABLED ROOFS. THEY TRAVELED WITH CEDAR BARK CANOES DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE OCEAN. THESE FOLKS EXCELLED IN IN WOOD CRAFTS. BY THE
1780S THE ENGLISH MET THEM AND THEY DID NOT TRADE WITH THEM UNTIL LATER. IN 1833 THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY ESTABLISHED FORT MCLOUGHLIN ON CAMPBELL ISLAND. THEY RECEIVED FURS FROM THE NATIVES THROUGH TRADE. IN 1843 THE FORT CLOSED AS THE COMPANY PROVIDED A STEAMSHIP WHICH MADE IT VERY EASY TO COLLECT FURS AND MOVE THEM TO OTHERS. AS USUAL BY 1850'S SEVERAL EPEDEMICS REDUCED THE HEITKUK POPULATION TO 200.
TODAY THEIR POPULATION HAS INCREASED TO 1210. THEY HAVE AN ACTIVE CEREMONIAL LIFE WITH TRADITIONS OF THEIR ANCESTORS.
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THEY HAVE 5 BANDS EACH WITH A WINTER VILLAGE. THEY HAD STRATIFIED SOCIETIES. THE UPPER CLASS HAD THE POTLATCH AND CEREMONIAL WITH CHIEFS WHO ASKED OTHERS TO HOST DANCES.
THIS TRIBE HARVESTED AND PERSEVERED WILD FISH, BIRDS, LAND AND SEA MAMMALS, AND NATIVE PLANTS. NOTHING WAS DOMESTICATED. IN WINTER THEY HAD LEFT THE VILLAGE TO GO TO SEASONAL CAMPS WHERE FOOD WAS PREPARED FOR STORAGE. THEY TRADED PLANTED FOODS AND MARINE FOODS WITH OTHER NATIVES.
THEY BUILT LARGE CEDAR PLANK HOUSES WITH GABLED ROOFS. THEY TRAVELED WITH CEDAR BARK CANOES DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE OCEAN. THESE FOLKS EXCELLED IN IN WOOD CRAFTS. BY THE
1780S THE ENGLISH MET THEM AND THEY DID NOT TRADE WITH THEM UNTIL LATER. IN 1833 THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY ESTABLISHED FORT MCLOUGHLIN ON CAMPBELL ISLAND. THEY RECEIVED FURS FROM THE NATIVES THROUGH TRADE. IN 1843 THE FORT CLOSED AS THE COMPANY PROVIDED A STEAMSHIP WHICH MADE IT VERY EASY TO COLLECT FURS AND MOVE THEM TO OTHERS. AS USUAL BY 1850'S SEVERAL EPEDEMICS REDUCED THE HEITKUK POPULATION TO 200.
TODAY THEIR POPULATION HAS INCREASED TO 1210. THEY HAVE AN ACTIVE CEREMONIAL LIFE WITH TRADITIONS OF THEIR ANCESTORS.
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THE POMO OF LAKE COUNTY
CLEAR LAKE LOOKED LIKE THE GARDEN OF EDEN TO THESE SOUTHEAST POMO. THEY LOOKED LIKE THE ABUNDANT SPRINGS FROM THE EARTH. THEY HAD NO CHIEFS. EACH TRIBE SPOKE DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. EVEN THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO THERE SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN PLENTY OF FOOD. THEY HUNTED ELK THAT WERE ABUNDANT. THEY HAD PLENTY OF SPAWNING FISH IN KELSEY CREEK. THE DEER CAME DOWN TO THE LAKE AND MOUNTAIN LIONS FOLLOW THEM.
AT HISTORIC TIMES THEIR WERE GRIZZLY BEARS. THE POMO HAD NO METAL BEFORE EUROPEAN CONTACT. THEIR HOUSES WERE HUTS OF TULE WITH SMOKE HOLES ON THE TOP. THEY BUILT HOUSES FOR ONE FAMILY. THEY BUILT A NETTING AREA TO DRY ACORNS ABOVE THE GROUND FOR PROTECTION.
THE WOMEN WOVE TULE MATS AND THESE COVERED THE INSIDE OF THEIR WALLS AND PACKED DIRT FLOORS. TULE HOUSES WERE NOT SAVED FROM FIRES. THEY BUILT NEW ONES. TULE SHOOTS COULD BE EATEN IN THE SPRING. THESE MARSHES HAD FISH, WATER FOWL, AND A RELIABLE RESOURCE FOR TURTLES.
IN 1948 THE LAKE COUNTY SOUTHEAST POMO WON AN EXHIBIT FOR THEIR BASKETS AND OTHER CRAFTS. SCOTTS VALLEY WAS NAMED FROM PIONEER. BY 1850 THE CALIFORNIA SQUATTERS FORCED THE NATIVES INTO MENDOCINO RESERVATION AT FORT BRAGG. IT WAS MISMANAGED SO THE NATIVES MOVED BACK TO THEIR TRADITIONAL LANDS WITHIN 10 YEARS. THEY FOUND 1000'S OF SETTLERS THERE. IN 1856 9 TRIBES WERE FORCED TO THE NOME CULT FARM IN MENDOCINO COUNTY AT COVELO. MANY HOWEVER DID NOT GO.
BY 1858 HOPS PRODUCTION WAS BIG AND INDIANS WORKED THE VINES THROUGH SEPTEMBER. MOST PICKING WAS DONE BY MACHINE. THEY USED DIESEL TO FIRE THE KILNS TO DRY HOPS.
BY 1900 THE SETTLERS BEGAN TO GROW HOPS BY BLUE LAKES. THEY OPENED A SMALL BEAN CANNERY AT LAUREL DELL. THE SOUTHEAST POMO HARVESTED BEANS. THE PICKERS MOVED FROM ONE CROP TO ANOTHER. GRAPES FOR WINE WERE ANOTHER CROP THE POMO WORKED BEFORE PROHIBITION IN 1920'S. VINE YARDS REPLACED PEAR ORCHARDS IN 199-. IN 1885 CALIFORNIA PACKING CORP HAD THE LARGEST DRY YARD FOR PEARS IN THE WORLD.
MEN MIGRANTS COMPETED WITH NATIVE AMERICANS WORKERS ON THE FRUIT CROPS DURING WORLD WAR II. PRUNES AND WALNUTS WERE HARVESTED AND DRIED FOLLOWING PEAR SEASON. IN 1875 CINNABAR AND MERCURY WERE WERE DISCOVERED HERE. SULPHUR BANKS HIRED HUNDREDS OF NATIVE AMERICANS AND CHINESE TO MINE QUICKSILVER AND OPENED PIT MINING DURING EACH WAR AND CLOSED IN 1957. IN NAPA COUNTY THEY ALSO HAD MANY MINES. THE WORK WAS DANGEROUS AND THE MERCURY WAS TOXIC.
IN 1912 THE DEPARTMENT INTERIOR BOUGHT LAND FOR RANCHERIAS, FOR SOME TRIBES - UPPER LAKE, LOWER LAKE, SCOTTS VALLEY, AND MIDDLETOWN AND BIG LAKE. BY 1917 THEY MOVED IN WHEN WORLD WAR I STARTED. TEN THOUSAND NATIVE AMERICANS SERVED OUR COUNTRY. GOVERNMENT POLICIES SERVED OUR COUNTRY . GOVERNMENT POLICIES SWITCHED REGULARLY AND THERE WERE LAWSUITS . IN A LAND CLAIM CASE, THEY WERE REIMBURSED WITH 47 CENTS PER ACRE. HOWEVER THEIR MONEY WAS NEVER SENT TO THEM.
SOME OF THE POMO LIVED TO BE 100 YEARS OLD BEFORE EUROPEAN DISEASES. CLEAR LAKE HAS A HOT SPRINGS THAT THE SE POMO ENJOYED. THE MEN USED SONGS TO HELP CATCH GOOD FISH AND THEIR VILLAGE SHARED THE CATCH. THEY TRADED MANY ITEMS.
THEIR HISTORIC INFANT MORTALITY RATE WAS 50%. EARLY IN A GIRL'S PREGNANCY THEY HAD ELABORATE GIFTING. THEY GAVE BIRTH AT HOME WITH A MIDWIFE. THEIR BABIES WERE BATHED IN WARM WATER TWICE A DAY.THEIR WILLOW BASKET WAS USED AS A SEAT AND CARRIER UNTIL THE BABE COULD WALK.
THEY USE A GAME OF CHANCE 'POMO STICK DICE'. THE STICKS ARE MADE OF ELDERBERRY AND BURNED TO DECORATE DESIGNS ON ROUNDED AND SPLIT STICKS. THE POINTS WERE VARIED BASED UPON THE STICKS LANDED WITH THE DESIGNS UP AND DOWN. ALL KINDS OF GAMES WERE PLAYED AND MANY ENDURANCE SKILLS WERE TESTED. MANY ENDURANCE SKILLS WERE TESTED. THEY HAD NO DOGS UNTIL EUROPEANS CAME THEN EACH FAMILY HAD A DOG. THEY HUNTED SNAKE AND SMALL MAMMALS. THEY VOLUNTEERED FOR THE WAR THERE WERE MANY NATIVES INVOLVED. THEY FILED SUIT AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT CHALLENGING THE LEGALITY OF TERMINATING THEIR POLICY . THE SUIT WAS WON BUT BUT MOST OF THE LAND WAS LEFT TO BUYERS. UPPER LAKE ONCE HAD A DANCE HOUSE AND IT BURNED DOWN IN 1906. MANY CEREMONIES WERE HELD THERE FOR THREE DECADES DRAWING MANY DANCERS EVEN FROM SACRAMENTO.
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AT HISTORIC TIMES THEIR WERE GRIZZLY BEARS. THE POMO HAD NO METAL BEFORE EUROPEAN CONTACT. THEIR HOUSES WERE HUTS OF TULE WITH SMOKE HOLES ON THE TOP. THEY BUILT HOUSES FOR ONE FAMILY. THEY BUILT A NETTING AREA TO DRY ACORNS ABOVE THE GROUND FOR PROTECTION.
THE WOMEN WOVE TULE MATS AND THESE COVERED THE INSIDE OF THEIR WALLS AND PACKED DIRT FLOORS. TULE HOUSES WERE NOT SAVED FROM FIRES. THEY BUILT NEW ONES. TULE SHOOTS COULD BE EATEN IN THE SPRING. THESE MARSHES HAD FISH, WATER FOWL, AND A RELIABLE RESOURCE FOR TURTLES.
IN 1948 THE LAKE COUNTY SOUTHEAST POMO WON AN EXHIBIT FOR THEIR BASKETS AND OTHER CRAFTS. SCOTTS VALLEY WAS NAMED FROM PIONEER. BY 1850 THE CALIFORNIA SQUATTERS FORCED THE NATIVES INTO MENDOCINO RESERVATION AT FORT BRAGG. IT WAS MISMANAGED SO THE NATIVES MOVED BACK TO THEIR TRADITIONAL LANDS WITHIN 10 YEARS. THEY FOUND 1000'S OF SETTLERS THERE. IN 1856 9 TRIBES WERE FORCED TO THE NOME CULT FARM IN MENDOCINO COUNTY AT COVELO. MANY HOWEVER DID NOT GO.
BY 1858 HOPS PRODUCTION WAS BIG AND INDIANS WORKED THE VINES THROUGH SEPTEMBER. MOST PICKING WAS DONE BY MACHINE. THEY USED DIESEL TO FIRE THE KILNS TO DRY HOPS.
BY 1900 THE SETTLERS BEGAN TO GROW HOPS BY BLUE LAKES. THEY OPENED A SMALL BEAN CANNERY AT LAUREL DELL. THE SOUTHEAST POMO HARVESTED BEANS. THE PICKERS MOVED FROM ONE CROP TO ANOTHER. GRAPES FOR WINE WERE ANOTHER CROP THE POMO WORKED BEFORE PROHIBITION IN 1920'S. VINE YARDS REPLACED PEAR ORCHARDS IN 199-. IN 1885 CALIFORNIA PACKING CORP HAD THE LARGEST DRY YARD FOR PEARS IN THE WORLD.
MEN MIGRANTS COMPETED WITH NATIVE AMERICANS WORKERS ON THE FRUIT CROPS DURING WORLD WAR II. PRUNES AND WALNUTS WERE HARVESTED AND DRIED FOLLOWING PEAR SEASON. IN 1875 CINNABAR AND MERCURY WERE WERE DISCOVERED HERE. SULPHUR BANKS HIRED HUNDREDS OF NATIVE AMERICANS AND CHINESE TO MINE QUICKSILVER AND OPENED PIT MINING DURING EACH WAR AND CLOSED IN 1957. IN NAPA COUNTY THEY ALSO HAD MANY MINES. THE WORK WAS DANGEROUS AND THE MERCURY WAS TOXIC.
IN 1912 THE DEPARTMENT INTERIOR BOUGHT LAND FOR RANCHERIAS, FOR SOME TRIBES - UPPER LAKE, LOWER LAKE, SCOTTS VALLEY, AND MIDDLETOWN AND BIG LAKE. BY 1917 THEY MOVED IN WHEN WORLD WAR I STARTED. TEN THOUSAND NATIVE AMERICANS SERVED OUR COUNTRY. GOVERNMENT POLICIES SERVED OUR COUNTRY . GOVERNMENT POLICIES SWITCHED REGULARLY AND THERE WERE LAWSUITS . IN A LAND CLAIM CASE, THEY WERE REIMBURSED WITH 47 CENTS PER ACRE. HOWEVER THEIR MONEY WAS NEVER SENT TO THEM.
SOME OF THE POMO LIVED TO BE 100 YEARS OLD BEFORE EUROPEAN DISEASES. CLEAR LAKE HAS A HOT SPRINGS THAT THE SE POMO ENJOYED. THE MEN USED SONGS TO HELP CATCH GOOD FISH AND THEIR VILLAGE SHARED THE CATCH. THEY TRADED MANY ITEMS.
THEIR HISTORIC INFANT MORTALITY RATE WAS 50%. EARLY IN A GIRL'S PREGNANCY THEY HAD ELABORATE GIFTING. THEY GAVE BIRTH AT HOME WITH A MIDWIFE. THEIR BABIES WERE BATHED IN WARM WATER TWICE A DAY.THEIR WILLOW BASKET WAS USED AS A SEAT AND CARRIER UNTIL THE BABE COULD WALK.
THEY USE A GAME OF CHANCE 'POMO STICK DICE'. THE STICKS ARE MADE OF ELDERBERRY AND BURNED TO DECORATE DESIGNS ON ROUNDED AND SPLIT STICKS. THE POINTS WERE VARIED BASED UPON THE STICKS LANDED WITH THE DESIGNS UP AND DOWN. ALL KINDS OF GAMES WERE PLAYED AND MANY ENDURANCE SKILLS WERE TESTED. MANY ENDURANCE SKILLS WERE TESTED. THEY HAD NO DOGS UNTIL EUROPEANS CAME THEN EACH FAMILY HAD A DOG. THEY HUNTED SNAKE AND SMALL MAMMALS. THEY VOLUNTEERED FOR THE WAR THERE WERE MANY NATIVES INVOLVED. THEY FILED SUIT AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT CHALLENGING THE LEGALITY OF TERMINATING THEIR POLICY . THE SUIT WAS WON BUT BUT MOST OF THE LAND WAS LEFT TO BUYERS. UPPER LAKE ONCE HAD A DANCE HOUSE AND IT BURNED DOWN IN 1906. MANY CEREMONIES WERE HELD THERE FOR THREE DECADES DRAWING MANY DANCERS EVEN FROM SACRAMENTO.
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JAGERA TRIBE IN AUSTRALIA
THIS TRIBE LIVES IN THE SOUTHWEST REGION OF BRISBANE BEFORE EUROPEANS. THEY ARE ALSO CALLED YAGARA. MUCH OF THEIR LAND OVERLAPS WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS TURRBAL.
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POMO CANYON PARK
LAST WEEKEND I HIKED 7 MILES AND WENT TO POMO CANYON, A STATE PARK LOCATED NEAR DUNCAN MILLS. THE STATE PARKS ARE CLOSING AND THERE WERE FEW PEOPLE HERE. THEY HAD CLOSED THE CAMPGROUND WE USED TO CAMP AT WITH STATE PARKS FOLK. I HAD HIKED THE TRAIL LONG AGO, BUT DID NOT REMEMBER HOW STENUOUS IT WAS. ONE COUPLE SAID IT ONLY TOOK THEM A FEW HOURS TO HIKE BOTH WAYS. I SPENT ABOUT FOUR HOURS HERE, SPENDING TIME TO TAKE IN THE BEAUTY OF THE PLACE AND TALK TO FOLKS I MET THERE AND TELL THEM ABOUT THE NATIVES WHO LIVED HERE. IT WAS LIKE HIKING IN A WILDERNOUS TRAIL. A VARIETY OF NATIVE PLANTS USED BY THE COAST MIWOK WERE HERE, INCLUDING POISON OAK AND SOAPROOT WHICH HEALS THIS SKIN IRRITATION. THERE WERE MANY TREES THAT DID NOT RECOGNIZE ON THE COAST. AND SOME INTERESTING FLOWERS. I ONLY SAW AND HEARD A VARIETY OF BIRDS THAT I DID NOT KNOW.
Tuesday, July 10, 2012
WESTSIDE FARMS IN HEALDSBURG
WHEN I WAS A YOUNG MOM I WORKED PART TIME AT WESTSIDE FARMS IN THE FALL, IT IS NEARBY THE BISHOP'S RANCH. THE FARM HIRED ME AS A WREATH ARTIST AND DRIVER FOR THEIR TRACTOR RIDES. I LOVED THE OLD BARN WHERE WE MADE MANY UNUSUAL WREATHS FROM DRIED FLOWERS AND GOURDS. I STILL HAVE ONE AT MY HOUSE. THE SMELL OF THIS BARN REMINDED ME OF BEING AT WILLIAMSBURG. WE ALSO ARRANGED DRIED FLOWERS FOR PUMPKINS AND THEY HAD SOME VARIOUS PLACES FOR THE KIDS TO PLAY DURING HALLOWEEN. THEY MADE A HAY HOUSE AND A HAY MAZE . THE FARM USED TO DRAW A LARGE CROWD AND THEY HAD KIDS PAINT ON PUMPKINS. THEY HAD SO MANY DIFFERENT SIZES OF PUMPKINS, GOURDS, AND FLOWERS THAT IT WAS A BEAUTIFUL SIGHT TO SEE AND TO SMELL. I DROVE THEIR TRACTOR TO GIVE ABOUT 15 PEOPLE AT A TIME A SMALL RIDE AROUND THE FARM TO LOOK AT AND CHOOSE THEIR PUMPKINS. IT WAS QUITE A CHALLENGE WITH SOME OF THE FAMILIES WITH SMALL KIDS. THE FARM HAD CHICKENS, A LLAMA, SOME DONKEYS, AND A VERY LARGE PIG. WHAT A LOT OF WORK TO RUN THIS TYPE OF FARM! THEY HAVE SINCE CLOSED UNFORTUNATELY. THE BARN PROBABLY DATES TO THE MID 1800'S.
ATTIKAMEKU INDIANS
THIS NATION IS IN QUEBEC. THEY ARE ALLIES OF MONTAGNAIS AND ADVERSARIES OF THE UNUIT. THERE ARE ABOUT 5000 ATTIKAMEKU HERE TODAY. THEY HAD LITTLE CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS AND NO ARMED CONFLICT WITH THEM. THEIR CLOSE NEIGHBORS THE INNU. GAVE THEM DEVASTATING EPIDEMICS. THE FUR TRADE BETWEEN MONTAGNAIS AND THE FRENCH WOUND UP DRAWING THE ATTIKANEKU INTO A WAR. THE INUIT DID NOT FARE SO WELL. DAMS AND RESERVOIRS FLOODED THEIR LANDS. THEY ARE SUFFERING FROM MERCURY POISONING. THIS IS DUE TO HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS. THEY STILL HOWEVER HAVE THEIR LANDS AND PRACTICE TRADITIONAL CULTURE.
THEIR NAME MEANS A 'WHITEFISH'. THEIR LAND IS UNDER THEIR CONTROL. THEY HAVE VARIOUS BANDS THAT ARE POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT. EACH BAND HAS A CHIEF. THEY ARE CANADIAN CITIZENS AND MUST OBEY CANADIAN LAW. THEY HAVE THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE AND THEY LIVED IN CONE SHAPED TIPIS WITH CARIBOU SKINS AND WOODEN FRAME. TODAY THEY LIVE IN MODERN HOUSES. THEY WORE BUCKSKIN OUTFITS AND BUILT CANOES AND TOBAGANS. THEY KEPT TO THEMSELVES.
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THEIR NAME MEANS A 'WHITEFISH'. THEIR LAND IS UNDER THEIR CONTROL. THEY HAVE VARIOUS BANDS THAT ARE POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT. EACH BAND HAS A CHIEF. THEY ARE CANADIAN CITIZENS AND MUST OBEY CANADIAN LAW. THEY HAVE THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGE AND THEY LIVED IN CONE SHAPED TIPIS WITH CARIBOU SKINS AND WOODEN FRAME. TODAY THEY LIVE IN MODERN HOUSES. THEY WORE BUCKSKIN OUTFITS AND BUILT CANOES AND TOBAGANS. THEY KEPT TO THEMSELVES.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.COM
GROS VENTRE IN GREENLAND
GROS VENTURA WERE CALLED 'WHITE CLAY PEOPLE'. THIS NAME WAS GIVEN BY THE FRENCH TRADERS AND HAS STAYED WITH THIS TRIBE. SILENT LANGUAGES EVOLVED WHICH DELIVERED MESSAGES WHICH DELIVERED MESSAGES CLEARLY - FEATHERS, BODY AND FACE PAINTS, HORSE PAINT, AND HAND SIGNALS. THEY COULD PASS THEIR HANDS ACROSS THEIR STOMACHS. SAYING THEY WERE BIG EATERS. THEY COMMUNICATED TO FRIENDS AND ENEMIES THIS WAY . T5HEY LIVE WITH THE ASSINIBOINE. IN 1888 THE GOVERNMENT WANTED TO TAKE THEIR LANDS IN FAVOR OF A RESERVATION. THE GOVERNMENT GOT A STRIP OF LAND 7 X 4 MILES FOR MINING.. THE GOLD MINING CONTINUES IN SPITE OF CONTAMINATED LAND AND WATER. THE TRIBE HAS STRONG VOICES IN GOVERNMENT. THEY SUFFERED IKE OTHERS FROM EUROPEAN DISEASES. THEIR TOTAL POPULATION OF THE RESERVATION IS ABOUT 2500 AND INCLUDES FOLKS WHO ARE REGISTERED.
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Friday, July 6, 2012
YUIN INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE ABORIGINES FROM THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES ARE THE TRADITIONALOWNERS OF THEIR COASTAL PROPERTY THE HUIN SHAN ANCESTORS WHO SPOKE THE YUIN LANGUAGE AND HAD SEVERAL DIALECTS. THE THE COUNTRY THE YUIN ANCESTORS OCCUPY AND ENJOYED WENT FROM CAPE HOWE TO THE SHOALHAVEN RIVER AND TO THE GREAT DIVIDE.
THE POPULATION BEFORE 1788 HAS BEEN ESTIMATED AT ABOUT 11,000 BEFORE CAPE HOWE AND BATEMAN'S BAY. IN THE 19TH CENTURY THE EPIDEMICSOF 1789 AND 1830, AS WELL AS TRIBAL BATTLES AND VENEREAL DISEASE FROM WHALERSREDUCED POPULATION TO 600.
THE YUIN ARE OWNERS OF THE WALLAGA LAKE LAND. THE PREVIOUS LAKE NATIONAL PARK IS NOW GULANGA NATIONAL PARK. MERRIMAN ISLAND IS IN WALLAGA LAKE AND IS A SACRED PLACE. IT IS THOUGHT OF AS AN ABORIGINAL HERITAGE SITE IN 1977. IT IS THOUGHT OF AS AN ABORIGINAL HERITAGE SITE IN 1977. MUMBULLA MOUNTAIN IS LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF A VALLEY AND IS OF CENTRAL SIGNIFICANCE IN BIAMANGA NATIONAL PARK. SOME AREAS HAVE BEEN KNOWN AS A CEREMONIAL MEETING PLACE FOR CEREMONIAL MEETINGS.MOUNT DROMEDARY IS RECENTLY RENAMED GULAGA MOUNTAIN AND IS DESCRIBED BY THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. THE PLACE OF ANCESTRAL ORIGIN.
IN 2006 THE FREE HOLD TITLES TO GILOG AND BIAMAONGA NATIONAL PARK WERE HANDED BACK TO THE YUIN PEOPLE BY NEW SOUTH WALES GOVERNMENT. THE NATIONAL PARK WILL BE HELD FOR THE ABORIGINES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG.
THE POPULATION BEFORE 1788 HAS BEEN ESTIMATED AT ABOUT 11,000 BEFORE CAPE HOWE AND BATEMAN'S BAY. IN THE 19TH CENTURY THE EPIDEMICSOF 1789 AND 1830, AS WELL AS TRIBAL BATTLES AND VENEREAL DISEASE FROM WHALERSREDUCED POPULATION TO 600.
THE YUIN ARE OWNERS OF THE WALLAGA LAKE LAND. THE PREVIOUS LAKE NATIONAL PARK IS NOW GULANGA NATIONAL PARK. MERRIMAN ISLAND IS IN WALLAGA LAKE AND IS A SACRED PLACE. IT IS THOUGHT OF AS AN ABORIGINAL HERITAGE SITE IN 1977. IT IS THOUGHT OF AS AN ABORIGINAL HERITAGE SITE IN 1977. MUMBULLA MOUNTAIN IS LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF A VALLEY AND IS OF CENTRAL SIGNIFICANCE IN BIAMANGA NATIONAL PARK. SOME AREAS HAVE BEEN KNOWN AS A CEREMONIAL MEETING PLACE FOR CEREMONIAL MEETINGS.MOUNT DROMEDARY IS RECENTLY RENAMED GULAGA MOUNTAIN AND IS DESCRIBED BY THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. THE PLACE OF ANCESTRAL ORIGIN.
IN 2006 THE FREE HOLD TITLES TO GILOG AND BIAMAONGA NATIONAL PARK WERE HANDED BACK TO THE YUIN PEOPLE BY NEW SOUTH WALES GOVERNMENT. THE NATIONAL PARK WILL BE HELD FOR THE ABORIGINES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG.
WATHAURONG INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS ARE CALLED WADA WURRUNG QAND ARE INDIGENOUS TRIBE LIVING IN THE AREANEAR MELBOURNE PENNISULA. THEY ARE PART OF THE KULIN ALLIANCE. THEY SPOKE WATHAWRONG, THEY MAY BE CALLED EUROPEANS AS THE BARRABOO. A HEADMAN OR TRIBAL LEADER WAS CALLED AN ARIVEET. ARIVEET HOLD THE SAME TRIBAL AS A NGURUNGAETA.
THEY LIVE IN THE AREA FOR AT LEAST 25,000 YEARS. THEY HAVE RECORDED 140 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITH A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL OF ACTIVITY BY THESE PEOPLE. COASTAL CLANS MAY HAVE CONTACTED THE BRITISH WHEN THEY CAMPED IN THIS AREA IN 1802. THEY HAD TWENTY FIVE CLANS. THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF WADA WURRUNG BEGAN IN 1835 WITH A RAPID ARRIVAL OF SQUATTERS AROUND THE GEELONG AND WESTWARD. SETTLEMENT WAS MARKED BY RESISTANCE TO THE INVASION OFTEN BY DRIVING OFF OR STEALING SHEEP THAT RESULTED IN THE MASSACRE OF ABORIGINES.
VERY FEW OF THESE REPORTS WERE ACTED UPON TO BRING SETTLERS TO COURT. HISTORIANS NOTE THE PRESSURE ON THE GOLDFIELDS IN 1850. THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE IN THE EVENTS OF THE EUREKA REBELLION IN 1854. ABORIGINAL PEOPLE MAY BE RELEVANT TO THIS REBELLION THAT TOOK PLACE IN WATHAWRONGLAND.
EARLY POLICING OF THE GOLDFIELDS WAS DONE BY NATIVE POLICE. THEY ENFORCED A COLLECTION A LICENSE FEE FROM DIGGERS. THE ABORIGINES MAY HAVE CARED FOR SOME BRITISH CHILDREN.
EACH CLAN OWNED ACCESS TO CERTAIN LANDS. THEY WERE CONNECTED THROUGH TRADING INITIATIVES. THEY LET FISH RECOVER IN A RIVER THAT HAD NO FISH. THEY USED OTHER RESOURCES. AS WITH MOST OTHER RESOURCES AND TERRITORIES THE CLAN LOCATIONS AND BORDERS ARE NO LONGER USED.
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THEY LIVE IN THE AREA FOR AT LEAST 25,000 YEARS. THEY HAVE RECORDED 140 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITH A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL OF ACTIVITY BY THESE PEOPLE. COASTAL CLANS MAY HAVE CONTACTED THE BRITISH WHEN THEY CAMPED IN THIS AREA IN 1802. THEY HAD TWENTY FIVE CLANS. THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF WADA WURRUNG BEGAN IN 1835 WITH A RAPID ARRIVAL OF SQUATTERS AROUND THE GEELONG AND WESTWARD. SETTLEMENT WAS MARKED BY RESISTANCE TO THE INVASION OFTEN BY DRIVING OFF OR STEALING SHEEP THAT RESULTED IN THE MASSACRE OF ABORIGINES.
VERY FEW OF THESE REPORTS WERE ACTED UPON TO BRING SETTLERS TO COURT. HISTORIANS NOTE THE PRESSURE ON THE GOLDFIELDS IN 1850. THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE IN THE EVENTS OF THE EUREKA REBELLION IN 1854. ABORIGINAL PEOPLE MAY BE RELEVANT TO THIS REBELLION THAT TOOK PLACE IN WATHAWRONGLAND.
EARLY POLICING OF THE GOLDFIELDS WAS DONE BY NATIVE POLICE. THEY ENFORCED A COLLECTION A LICENSE FEE FROM DIGGERS. THE ABORIGINES MAY HAVE CARED FOR SOME BRITISH CHILDREN.
EACH CLAN OWNED ACCESS TO CERTAIN LANDS. THEY WERE CONNECTED THROUGH TRADING INITIATIVES. THEY LET FISH RECOVER IN A RIVER THAT HAD NO FISH. THEY USED OTHER RESOURCES. AS WITH MOST OTHER RESOURCES AND TERRITORIES THE CLAN LOCATIONS AND BORDERS ARE NO LONGER USED.
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WONNARUA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS ARE A GROUP OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE UNITED BY COMMON LANGUAGE AND STRONG KINSHIP. THEIR FAMILIES SPREAD ALONG INLAND AREAS THEIR NAMES MEANT PEOPLE OF THE HILLS MEANT PEOPLE OF THE HILLS AND PLAINS. THEY HAD NEIGHBORS OF ALL SIDES. THEY TRADED WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS AND HAD CEREMONIES. THEIR CREATION SPIRIT IS BAIANI, ALSO KNOWN AS KOIN. IT IS THE CREATOR OF ALL THINGS AND KEEPER OF THE VALLEY.
THE WONNARUA APPEARED TO USE A SIMILAR LANGUAGE TO THE AWABAKAL PEOPLE CALLED AWABAKAL. IT IS A LANGUAGE THAT ORAL HISTORIANS REVIEW TO DEVELOP A DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE. BY 2009 THE WONNARUA NATIONHAD PLANS TO INCLUDE THE AGREEMENTS IN HEALTH EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, AND WELFARE TO FLOW FROM MINING RIGHTS TO VARIOUS CITIES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
THE WONNARUA APPEARED TO USE A SIMILAR LANGUAGE TO THE AWABAKAL PEOPLE CALLED AWABAKAL. IT IS A LANGUAGE THAT ORAL HISTORIANS REVIEW TO DEVELOP A DICTIONARY OF THE LANGUAGE. BY 2009 THE WONNARUA NATIONHAD PLANS TO INCLUDE THE AGREEMENTS IN HEALTH EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, AND WELFARE TO FLOW FROM MINING RIGHTS TO VARIOUS CITIES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
WIRADJURI INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE INDIANS ARE INDIGENOUS TO THESE PEOPLE. THE WIRADJURI PEOPLE ARE A GROUP OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE THAT HAVE A COMMON LANGUAGE AND STRONG KINSHIP TIES.THEY SURVIVE AS HUNTING, FISHING AND GATHERING IN CENTRAL NEW SOUTH WALES.AS FAMILY GROUPS. IN 2000 THEY LIVE IN CITIES OF CONDOBILIAN PEAK HILL, NARANDA, GRIFFITH. THEIR NAME WIRRAAYDHWAY MEANS 'NO HAVING'. THEY HAVE 60 DIFFERENT WAYS TO PRONOUNCE THE NAME. THEY ARE THE LARGEST GROUP IN NEW SOUTH WALES. THEY OCCUPY NEW SOUTH WALES, BLUE MOUNTAINS, AND THE SOUTHWESTERN SLOPES OF THE REGION. NORMAN TINSDALE QUOTES SEVERAL OF THESE GROUPS OF THE TRIBE AS HAVING DIFFERENCES IN DIALECT INCLUDING BATHURST AND NEAR ALBURY.
THEIR LIFESTYLE AND DIET INCLUDED FISH AND COD FROM RIVERS. THEY ATE KANGAROOS AND EMUS AND GATHERED FRUIT, NUTS, AND SEEDS. AND ORCHID TUBERS, AND FRUITS. THEY WENT TO THE ALPINE AREAS TO FEAST ON MOTHS. THEY MADE POSSUM POSSUM SKIN CLOAKS. THEIR LANGUAGE HAD EFFECTIVELY DIED OUT BASED UPON EUROPEAN ANTHROPOLOGY RECORDS. THEIR ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE IS TAUGHT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS. THE ABORIGINES HAD VIOLENT CLASHES BETWEEN EUROPEAN SETTLERS. THESE LASTED BETWEEN 1821 TO 1827. THE ABORIGINES RETALIATED BY KILLING CATTLE STOCKMEN. BY 1850'S THEIR WERE LESS CLASHES.
THE WIRADJURI PEOPLE HAD A STRONG LANGUAGE AND WERE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES WHO HAD STRONG KINSHIP TIES AND SURVIVED HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING GROUPS. THEY LIVE IN LARGE AREAS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. THEY CAUGHT YABBIES, FISH AND COD. IN DRY SEASONS THEY ATE KANGAROOS, EMUS, AND FAST FOODS FROM THE LAND.
THE WIRADJUKI LANGUAGE HAD EFFECTIVELY DIED OUT OF EVERYDAY USE, BUT HAS BEEN RECENTLY RECLAIMED. IT IS BEING TAUGHT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS. THEIR TOWN OF WAGGA WAGGA COMES FROM THE MEANING CROW.
THE EUROPEANS CLASHED WITH THEM VIOLENTLY AROUND BATHHURST. THEY HAVE BEEN CALLED THE WARD. THEY LOST FISHING GROUNDS AND SITES, KILLED ABORIGINES. THIS SPEARED THE EUROPEAN CATTLE AND STOCKMEN. BY 1850 ABORIGINAL POPULATION HAD DECLINED.
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THEIR LIFESTYLE AND DIET INCLUDED FISH AND COD FROM RIVERS. THEY ATE KANGAROOS AND EMUS AND GATHERED FRUIT, NUTS, AND SEEDS. AND ORCHID TUBERS, AND FRUITS. THEY WENT TO THE ALPINE AREAS TO FEAST ON MOTHS. THEY MADE POSSUM POSSUM SKIN CLOAKS. THEIR LANGUAGE HAD EFFECTIVELY DIED OUT BASED UPON EUROPEAN ANTHROPOLOGY RECORDS. THEIR ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE IS TAUGHT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS. THE ABORIGINES HAD VIOLENT CLASHES BETWEEN EUROPEAN SETTLERS. THESE LASTED BETWEEN 1821 TO 1827. THE ABORIGINES RETALIATED BY KILLING CATTLE STOCKMEN. BY 1850'S THEIR WERE LESS CLASHES.
THE WIRADJURI PEOPLE HAD A STRONG LANGUAGE AND WERE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES WHO HAD STRONG KINSHIP TIES AND SURVIVED HUNTING, FISHING, AND GATHERING GROUPS. THEY LIVE IN LARGE AREAS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. THEY CAUGHT YABBIES, FISH AND COD. IN DRY SEASONS THEY ATE KANGAROOS, EMUS, AND FAST FOODS FROM THE LAND.
THE WIRADJUKI LANGUAGE HAD EFFECTIVELY DIED OUT OF EVERYDAY USE, BUT HAS BEEN RECENTLY RECLAIMED. IT IS BEING TAUGHT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS. THEIR TOWN OF WAGGA WAGGA COMES FROM THE MEANING CROW.
THE EUROPEANS CLASHED WITH THEM VIOLENTLY AROUND BATHHURST. THEY HAVE BEEN CALLED THE WARD. THEY LOST FISHING GROUNDS AND SITES, KILLED ABORIGINES. THIS SPEARED THE EUROPEAN CATTLE AND STOCKMEN. BY 1850 ABORIGINAL POPULATION HAD DECLINED.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
Tuesday, July 3, 2012
TIWI ISLAND INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS LIVE IN NORTH TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA WHERE THE SEA JOINS THE TIMOR SEA. IT HAS ABOUT 8300 SQ. KM. THERE ARE ABOUT 2500 TIWI HERE. THE TIWI LAND COUNCIL IS ONE IN FOUR IN THIS TERRITORY. THEY HAVE A FERRY THAT GIVES THEM ACCESS TO ALL ISLANDS SINCE 2011.
THEY ARE INHABITED FERRY THAT GIVES THEM ACCESS TO ALL ACCESS ISLANDS SINCE 2011.THEY ARE INHABITED BY THE TIWI PEOPLE BEFORE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT. THEY ARE CULTURALLY DISTINCT FROM THOSE OF ARNHEM LAND ON THE MAINLAND JUST ACROSS WATER. THEY NUMBER AROUND 2500. IN 2006 THE TOTAL POPULATION OF 2500. IN 2006 THE TOTAL POPULATION WAS 2100. MOST FOLKS SPEAK TIWI AS THEIR FIRST LANGUAGE AND SOME KNOW ENGLISH. THEY HAVE SEVERAL SMALLER ISLANDS. THEY HAVE OCCUPIED THE TIWI ISLANDS FOR CENTURIES WITH CREATION STORIES SUGGESTING THEY WERE PRESENT AT LEAST 7000 YEARS AGO. THEY WERE BELIEVED TO HAVE CONTACT WITH THE MACASSAN TRADERS, THE DUTCH, FRENCH AND BRITISH VISITED AND EXPLORED THERE AREA. IN 1824 THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT CAME HERE, BUT ONLY LASTED 5 YEARS AS THE TIWI WERE HOSTILE TO THEM.
A CATHOLIC MISSION WAS ESTABLISHED WAS ESTABLISHED BY BY FRANCES GSELL AND THE ISLANDS WERE AN ABORIGINAL RESERVE IN 1912. A CATHOLIC MISSION THRIVED UNTIL 1972 AND PROVIDED INVALUABLE EDUCATION TO THE TIWI PEOPLE. THEY ALSO TAUGHT AGRICULTURE AND MANY FOLKS LEARNED TO DEVELOP CROPS TO SELL. THE TIWI COUNCIL WAS FOUNDED IN 1978. THEIR LOCAL GOVERNMENT TRANSFERRED THE ISLANDS TO THE TRADITIONAL OWNERS THROUGH THE TIWI LAND TRUST.
THEY CREATED THREE ART CENTERS THAT COLLABORATE A COOPERATIVE VENTURE. THEY ALSO HAVE A FABRIC DESIGN PRINTING AND CLOTHING BUSINESS OPERATED BY INDIGENOUS WOMEN SINCE 1969. SOME OF THEIR FOLKS HAVE HELD INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS.
THEY MAKE A LOT OF WOOD CARVINGS OF BIRDS BY TIWI PEOPLE. SOME OF THESE ARE IN THERE GALLERIES AND HAVE INTRICATE DESIGNS. SOME OF THEIR BIRDS TELL OF APROACHING MONSDOONS WHILE OTHERS WARN OF CYCLONES. OTHERS ALERT THAT THE PEOPLE HAVE DIED IN A CLAN. THERE ARE OTHERS WHO REPRESENT ANCESTRAL BEINGS ACCORDING TO MYTHOLOGY AND THEY CHANGED INTO BIRDS. THEY CARVE BIRDS AND PLACE THEM AT SACRED BURIAL SITES. THE TIWI PEOPLE CREATE MANY OF THEIR DESIGNS ON FABRIC WITH WAX AND RESIST DYING - LIKE BATIK. THEY PLAY FOOTBALL AND CRICKETT.
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THEY ARE INHABITED FERRY THAT GIVES THEM ACCESS TO ALL ACCESS ISLANDS SINCE 2011.THEY ARE INHABITED BY THE TIWI PEOPLE BEFORE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT. THEY ARE CULTURALLY DISTINCT FROM THOSE OF ARNHEM LAND ON THE MAINLAND JUST ACROSS WATER. THEY NUMBER AROUND 2500. IN 2006 THE TOTAL POPULATION OF 2500. IN 2006 THE TOTAL POPULATION WAS 2100. MOST FOLKS SPEAK TIWI AS THEIR FIRST LANGUAGE AND SOME KNOW ENGLISH. THEY HAVE SEVERAL SMALLER ISLANDS. THEY HAVE OCCUPIED THE TIWI ISLANDS FOR CENTURIES WITH CREATION STORIES SUGGESTING THEY WERE PRESENT AT LEAST 7000 YEARS AGO. THEY WERE BELIEVED TO HAVE CONTACT WITH THE MACASSAN TRADERS, THE DUTCH, FRENCH AND BRITISH VISITED AND EXPLORED THERE AREA. IN 1824 THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT CAME HERE, BUT ONLY LASTED 5 YEARS AS THE TIWI WERE HOSTILE TO THEM.
A CATHOLIC MISSION WAS ESTABLISHED WAS ESTABLISHED BY BY FRANCES GSELL AND THE ISLANDS WERE AN ABORIGINAL RESERVE IN 1912. A CATHOLIC MISSION THRIVED UNTIL 1972 AND PROVIDED INVALUABLE EDUCATION TO THE TIWI PEOPLE. THEY ALSO TAUGHT AGRICULTURE AND MANY FOLKS LEARNED TO DEVELOP CROPS TO SELL. THE TIWI COUNCIL WAS FOUNDED IN 1978. THEIR LOCAL GOVERNMENT TRANSFERRED THE ISLANDS TO THE TRADITIONAL OWNERS THROUGH THE TIWI LAND TRUST.
THEY CREATED THREE ART CENTERS THAT COLLABORATE A COOPERATIVE VENTURE. THEY ALSO HAVE A FABRIC DESIGN PRINTING AND CLOTHING BUSINESS OPERATED BY INDIGENOUS WOMEN SINCE 1969. SOME OF THEIR FOLKS HAVE HELD INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS.
THEY MAKE A LOT OF WOOD CARVINGS OF BIRDS BY TIWI PEOPLE. SOME OF THESE ARE IN THERE GALLERIES AND HAVE INTRICATE DESIGNS. SOME OF THEIR BIRDS TELL OF APROACHING MONSDOONS WHILE OTHERS WARN OF CYCLONES. OTHERS ALERT THAT THE PEOPLE HAVE DIED IN A CLAN. THERE ARE OTHERS WHO REPRESENT ANCESTRAL BEINGS ACCORDING TO MYTHOLOGY AND THEY CHANGED INTO BIRDS. THEY CARVE BIRDS AND PLACE THEM AT SACRED BURIAL SITES. THE TIWI PEOPLE CREATE MANY OF THEIR DESIGNS ON FABRIC WITH WAX AND RESIST DYING - LIKE BATIK. THEY PLAY FOOTBALL AND CRICKETT.
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TOOGEE INDIANS IN TASMANIA
THE TOOGEE TRIBE LIVED IN TASMANIA BEFORE THE ANGLOS. THEY HAD TWO BANDS. THEY MADE STONE TOOLS INCLUDING THOSE FROM DARWIN GLASS THAT FORMED FROM A METEORITE. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS DATE TO 20,000 YEARS AGO. THEY LEFT MIDDENS AND REMAINS IN A CAVE. THEY HAD NEIGHBORS NORTH AND SOUTH OF THEM.
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Monday, July 2, 2012
KASHIA POMO INDIANS IN CALIFORNIA
THE KASHAYA PEOPLE KNOWN TO HAVE LIVED IN NEAR POINT ARENA WERE EXPERT GAMBLERS AND STILL SPEAK POMOAN LANGUAGES. THEIR TERRITORY WAS FROM 30 MILES FROM THE GUALALA RIVER TO THE NORTH TO DUNCANS LANDING AND THEN SOUTH TO THE RUSSIAN RIVER WHERE WARM SPRINGS CREEK MEETS DRY CREEK. THEY HAD AN IMPORTANT OLD VILLAGE OF METINI NEAR THE RUSSIAN FOR. PRE-CONTACT POPULATION WAS PROBABLY ABOUT 1500. METINI WAS AN ASSEMBLY HOUSE FOR GROUP CEREMONIALS AND SOCIAL LIFE . THEY HAD SMALL VILLAGES LINKED TO EACH OTHER. THEY MEASURE TIME ACCORDING TO THE SEASONS. THEY LEARNED LONG AGO THAT THE SUN, MOON, AND EARTH AFFECTED ALL OF THE PEOPLE. IN SUMMER THEY MOVED CLOSER TO THE COAST AND GATHERED SEA FOOD AND VARIOUS MAMMALS. IN LATE FALL THEY MOVED INLAND. THEY DEVELOPED SPECIAL PROCESSING AND STORAGE TECHNIQUES FOR THERE FOODS. IN FALL THEY COLLECT SEEDS, ACORNS AND SEA SALT. THEY MAKE BASKETRY THAT IS A RITUAL ART. THEIR BASKETS HAVE STONE, BONE SHELL, HORN, FIBERS AND FEATHERS. MANY KASHAYA, LEARNED RUSSIAN AND SOME INTERMARRIED THEM. TODAY MANY LIVE ON THEIR RANCHERIA AND MANY HAVE RECEIVED DEGREES AND CAREERS IN THE CITIES AND THE BAY AREA.
THE KASHAYA STORIES ARE AN ORAL TRADITION AND THIS IS HOW THE PEOPLE LEARNED AND RELATED THEIR LEGENDS. THEY HAVE CREATION STORIES. THEY MAY HAVE HUNTED WHALES FROM THE OCEAN AS THERE WERE OVER 10,00 OF THE GREY WHALES PASSING BY THEIR LANDS.
THIS WEEKEND I VISITED MENDOCINO, A SMALL ARTITIST COLONY ON THE COAST. IT HAD BEEN OVER 6 YEARS SINCE I HAD BEEN THERE. IT IS AN INTERESTING AND BEAUTIFUL TOWN THAT HAS NO FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS. THE FLOWERS IN THIS TOWN ARE OUTSTANDING AS THEY GET PLENTY OF FOGG. I CAME PREPARED TO THINK GOING TO BE CHILLY HOWEVER IT WAS ACTUALLY HOT AND MUGGY. THE TOWN HAD NO DRINKING FOUNTAINS AND ONLY TWO PUBLIC RESTROOMS. THEY WERE PLANNING FOR A MUSIC EVENT THIS WEEK.
I WENT THROUGH MANY OF THE ART GALLERIES AND WALKED THE MIDDEN AREAS ON THE OCEAN THAT WAS QUITE CALM. ONE TOURIST SAID HE CAUGHT SALMON IN THE OCEAN FROM HIS BOAT. SALMON ARE VERY RARE IN THE RIVERS. THEY HAVE NO LARGE COMMERCIAL BUSINESSES EITHER. MANY OF US WERE TRYING TO IDENTIFY SOME OF THE COLORFUL BEAUTIFUL PLANTS. MANY OF THEM WERE FROM AUSTRAQLIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. SOME PEOPLE MADE BEAUTIFUL ARRANGEMENTS IN FRONT OF THEIR SHOPS. THE ART CENTER HAS MANY CERAMICS WITH LIVE AND DRIED ARRANGEMENTS AND FEATHERS. THIS IS DEFINITELY A CREATIVE GROUP OF GALLERIES. ONE GUY WAS MAKING ALL KINDS OF LEATHERPURSES, WALLETS, BOOK CASES, PHOTO ALBUMS. OTHER ARTICLES, HE SAID HE DOES NOT DO HAND TOOLING AS I ONCE DID. HE SAID IT WOULD TAKE TOO LONG. HE LIKELY SCRAPES LEATHER TO MAKE DESIGNS! AT THE ART SCHOOL GALLERY THERE WAS A LARGE CHAIR BUILT OF WELDED SCRAPS OF STEEL , IRON AND COPPER.
I LIKED ONE STORE WHERE THEY HAD A MIXTURE OF OLD ANTIQUE CHAIRS; SOME CASES OF JEWELRY; SOME PHOTOS OF THE TOWN IN 1800'S BY A PHOTOGRAPHER; SOME OLD WORKING CAMERAS; SOME USED CHILDREN'S CLOTHING - $12 EACH; VARIOUS JEWELRY;AND DOLLS FROM SEVERAL COUNTRIES. THEY HAD A STREET BANJO PLAYER WITH A DOG!
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
THE KASHAYA STORIES ARE AN ORAL TRADITION AND THIS IS HOW THE PEOPLE LEARNED AND RELATED THEIR LEGENDS. THEY HAVE CREATION STORIES. THEY MAY HAVE HUNTED WHALES FROM THE OCEAN AS THERE WERE OVER 10,00 OF THE GREY WHALES PASSING BY THEIR LANDS.
THIS WEEKEND I VISITED MENDOCINO, A SMALL ARTITIST COLONY ON THE COAST. IT HAD BEEN OVER 6 YEARS SINCE I HAD BEEN THERE. IT IS AN INTERESTING AND BEAUTIFUL TOWN THAT HAS NO FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS. THE FLOWERS IN THIS TOWN ARE OUTSTANDING AS THEY GET PLENTY OF FOGG. I CAME PREPARED TO THINK GOING TO BE CHILLY HOWEVER IT WAS ACTUALLY HOT AND MUGGY. THE TOWN HAD NO DRINKING FOUNTAINS AND ONLY TWO PUBLIC RESTROOMS. THEY WERE PLANNING FOR A MUSIC EVENT THIS WEEK.
I WENT THROUGH MANY OF THE ART GALLERIES AND WALKED THE MIDDEN AREAS ON THE OCEAN THAT WAS QUITE CALM. ONE TOURIST SAID HE CAUGHT SALMON IN THE OCEAN FROM HIS BOAT. SALMON ARE VERY RARE IN THE RIVERS. THEY HAVE NO LARGE COMMERCIAL BUSINESSES EITHER. MANY OF US WERE TRYING TO IDENTIFY SOME OF THE COLORFUL BEAUTIFUL PLANTS. MANY OF THEM WERE FROM AUSTRAQLIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. SOME PEOPLE MADE BEAUTIFUL ARRANGEMENTS IN FRONT OF THEIR SHOPS. THE ART CENTER HAS MANY CERAMICS WITH LIVE AND DRIED ARRANGEMENTS AND FEATHERS. THIS IS DEFINITELY A CREATIVE GROUP OF GALLERIES. ONE GUY WAS MAKING ALL KINDS OF LEATHERPURSES, WALLETS, BOOK CASES, PHOTO ALBUMS. OTHER ARTICLES, HE SAID HE DOES NOT DO HAND TOOLING AS I ONCE DID. HE SAID IT WOULD TAKE TOO LONG. HE LIKELY SCRAPES LEATHER TO MAKE DESIGNS! AT THE ART SCHOOL GALLERY THERE WAS A LARGE CHAIR BUILT OF WELDED SCRAPS OF STEEL , IRON AND COPPER.
I LIKED ONE STORE WHERE THEY HAD A MIXTURE OF OLD ANTIQUE CHAIRS; SOME CASES OF JEWELRY; SOME PHOTOS OF THE TOWN IN 1800'S BY A PHOTOGRAPHER; SOME OLD WORKING CAMERAS; SOME USED CHILDREN'S CLOTHING - $12 EACH; VARIOUS JEWELRY;AND DOLLS FROM SEVERAL COUNTRIES. THEY HAD A STREET BANJO PLAYER WITH A DOG!
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