SPINAFLEX INDIANS OR THE PILA GURU ARE ABORIGINES IN THE GREAT VICTORIAN DESERT IN WEST AUSTRALIA. THEY ARE PRIMARILY HUNTER GATHERERS IN THEIR LAND. THEIR TITLE TO THEIR CLAIMS WAS RECOGNIZED IN 2000 BY A FEDERAL COURT DECISION.
IN 1997 AN ART PROJECT WAS STARTED IN 1991 IN WHICH TRADITIONAL PAINTINGS BECAME PART OF THE CLAIM. A MAJOR EXHIBIT IN LONDON IN 2005 BROUGHT THE ARTISTS WIDE ATTENTION. THEY MADE DOT PAINTINGS. SPINIFLEX COMES FROM A COMMUNITY WHICH IS PREVALENT IN THE DESERT. EUROPEANS CONSIDERED THIS AREA UNHOSPITABLE.
BY 1900 SETTLERS WERE GRANTED PASTORAL LEASES. BUT THE LAND WAS SO ARID THEY DID NOT ATTEMPT AGRICULTURE. BUT THE LAND WAS SO ARID THEY DID NOT ATTEMPT AGRICULTURE. BY THE 1950'S SO LITTLE WAS KNOWN ABOUT THESE PEOPLE THAT THE BRITISH DECIDED TO TEST NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
FROM 1952 TO 1955 A ROAD WAS BUILT FOR THE WEATHER STATION. THEY LEARNED THAT THE ABORIGINALS HAD ABOUT 150 PEOPLE WHO LIVED WEST OF THE SITE. AN OFFICIAL GAVE THEM A WARNING OF THEIR NUCLEAR TESTS. NINE HYDROGEN BOMBS WERE TESTED. MANY SPINIFLEX WERE NEVER INFORMED OF AND THEY LIVED ACROSS THIS ENORMOUS AREA FAR WEST OF THE TEST. NO ONE WALL ALLOWED WITH 200 KM OF GROUND ZERO EVEN THOUGH SOME SPINIFLEX WERE HUNTING OVER THE AREA CLOSE ENOUGH TO HEAR THE BOMBS EXPLODE, THEY WERE HEALTHY SEVERAL YEARS AFTER IT.
BY 1997 THEIR ART PROJECT BEGUN TO DOCUMENT THE NATIVE TITLE CLAIMS. BOTH NATIVE TITLE PAINTINGS AND THEIR DOCUMENTS SHOWED THEIR BIRTHPLACES AND EXPRESS THE IMPORTANT TRADITIONAL STORIES THAT CROSS AND GIVE SHAPE TO THEIR TERRITORIES THAT CROSS AND GIVE SHAPE TO THEIR LAND. THEIR TERRITORY ABOUT 55,000 KM SQUARED OF PARK RESERVE WITHOUT PASTORAL LEASES. IN 2004 21,000 KM SQUARED OF THIS LAND WAS GIVEN TO THEIR NEIGHBORS BY THE GOVERNMENT.
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Friday, June 29, 2012
NUGUNWAL INDIANS IN AUSTRALIANS
NUGUNWAL ARE IN THE CITY OF CANBERRA. THEY MET EUROPEANS IN 1820'S. THEIR NEIGHBORS WERE OF THE YUIN. THE NAGIGO WERE OF THEIR NEIGHBORS. THE NGAMBERRI ARE A SMALL FAMILY CLAN OF THE WIRADJURI NATION. THEY SPEAK NGUNAWAL. THEY HAVE DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT THESE FOLKS WERE HERE AGAIN 20,000 YEARS AGO AND IT POSSIBLY GOES BACK FURTHER. THESE ORIGINAL PEOPLE MAY NOT BE DIRECTLY RELATED, BUT THE NGUMAWAL PEOPLE HAVE LORE AND TRADITIONS 0F LENGTHY ASSOCIATIONS. BEGINNING IN THE 1820'S THEY WERE DISPLACED FROM CANBERRA WHEN SHEPARDS CAME HERE. IN 1826 A THOUSAND ABORIGINES AT LAKE GEORGE PROTESTED AN INCIDENT WITH A SHEPARD AND AN ABORIGINAL WOMAN.
IN 2007 THE MGUNNAWAL WOMAN MATILDA HOUSE WAS THE FIRST INDIGENOUS PERSON TO WELCOME TO THIS COUNTRY. IN 1998 THE NGUNNAWAL CHAIRMAN SPOKE AT A MEETING ON COUNTRY OF WHICH THE PEOPLE OF THE NGUNNAI TRIBE HAVE BEEN CUSTODIANS FOR MANY CENTURIES AND ON WHICH MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE PERFORMED AGE OLD CEREMONIES AND RENEWAL.
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IN 2007 THE MGUNNAWAL WOMAN MATILDA HOUSE WAS THE FIRST INDIGENOUS PERSON TO WELCOME TO THIS COUNTRY. IN 1998 THE NGUNNAWAL CHAIRMAN SPOKE AT A MEETING ON COUNTRY OF WHICH THE PEOPLE OF THE NGUNNAI TRIBE HAVE BEEN CUSTODIANS FOR MANY CENTURIES AND ON WHICH MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE PERFORMED AGE OLD CEREMONIES AND RENEWAL.
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NGARIGO INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS LIE EAST OF THE CANBERRA AREA. THE HGARIGO MEANS "HOSTILE PEOPLE". IN WINTER THESE TABLE LAND PEOPLE CAME TO THE LOWER LANDS FOR SHELTER. COOMA GOVERNMENT SAYS THE TWO GROUPS WERE SEPARATED. ONE GROUP SPOKE A SOUTHERN DIALECT OF NORTH NGARIGO.
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NAKARA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE NAKARA LIVE IN THE SUBURB OF THE CITY OF DARWIN. THIS SUBURB WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1972 WITH ABOUT 2100 FOKS. THEY LIVE AROUND BOUCAUT BAY. THEIR STREETS ARE NAMED AFTER EARLY RESIDENTS.
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MURRINH PATHA IN AUSTRALIA
MARRUNH PATHA ARE AN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE NORTH TERRITORY. THEIR LANGUAGE IS MURRINH-PATHA, AND IT IS SPOKEN BY 2500 PEOPLE. SOME OF THEIR LANGUAGES ARE EXTINCT. THIS CULTURE DISPLAYS A SOCIAL STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTIC OF INTERNAL INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIA PEOPLE WHO FEATURE A COMPLEX KINSHIP SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT GROUPS.
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Wednesday, June 27, 2012
A CHINESE FESTIVAL AT THE SONOMA COUNTY MUSEUM/ARTIST CHESTER ARNOLD
LAST WEEKEND I WENT TO PARTAKE IN A FUN FESTIVAL OF THE CHINESE. I GLIMPSED ONLY A FEW MINUTES THEIR DRAGON DANCERS. THEN THEY HAD A GROUP OF CHINESE DRESS UP AND SING IN MOSTLY CHINESE LANGUAGE. IT WAS VERY INTERESTING. THERE WERE FEW CHINESE PARTICIPATING. HOWEVER, I MET AN ANGLO LADY WHO WAS PART OF A CHINESE ASSOCIATION IN SANTA ROSA AND WAS VERY INFORMATIVE, THEY ALSO HAD CHILDREN'S ACTIVITIES. A MASTER LED US IN SOME STRETCHING EXERCISES CALLED TAI CHI. IT WAS INTERESTING AND SOME POSES WERE DIFFICULT, BUT HE KEPT ENCOURAGING US.
UPSTAIRS THEY HAD A DISPLAY OF THE CHINESE AND ABOUT 5.2% OF THE POPULATION IN SANTA ROSA IS ASIAN (KOREAN, CAMBODIAN, LAOTIAN, OR CHINESE OR VIETNAM). THEY DO BELIEVE IN PAST LIVES. AS I TOURED THE MUSEUM A GENTLEMAN WHO PLAYED THE KEYBOARD SAID HE WAS KNOWLEDGEABLE OF THE HISTORY OF THE CHINESE HERE. HE KNEW ALL THE PEOPLE IN THE PHOTO GRAPHS AND HE WAS ALSO A DOCTOR. HE SAID MOST CHINESE MOVED TO FRESNO WHEN THEIR BUSINESS DID NOT WORK. THEY HAD MAPS DEPICTING THE LOCATION OF CHINATOWN IN SANTA ROSA ON 2ND AND D STREET IN 1888 TO 1904. THE ANGLOS BURNT IT MANY TIMES. THEY EVEN HAD A TEMPLE WHICH WAS THE KEY TO THEIR LIFE. MOST FOLKS WERE CANTONESE. SOME WERE CARETAKERS, RESTAURANT OWNERS, AND VERY MANY WERE GAMBLERS. THE FIRST PERSON WHO HAD A RESTAURANT WAS JAN PIE IN 1876. EVERY SMALL TOWN USED TO HAVE A CHINA TOWN.
CHESTER ARNOLD WHO IS INTERNALLY KNOWN PAINTS IN OIL S AND HIS INTEREST IS IN TREES AND LOGS. HE IS INTERESTED IN ADDRESSING CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL CONSUMPTION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND WASTE. HE PRIMARILY FOCUSES ON LANDSCAPES WITH LARGE FORMATS. HE IS TECHNICALLY CALLED A REALIST, AND HIS PAINTINGS POSE PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS ABOUT OUR EXISTENCE WITH NATURE.
UPSTAIRS THEY HAD A DISPLAY OF THE CHINESE AND ABOUT 5.2% OF THE POPULATION IN SANTA ROSA IS ASIAN (KOREAN, CAMBODIAN, LAOTIAN, OR CHINESE OR VIETNAM). THEY DO BELIEVE IN PAST LIVES. AS I TOURED THE MUSEUM A GENTLEMAN WHO PLAYED THE KEYBOARD SAID HE WAS KNOWLEDGEABLE OF THE HISTORY OF THE CHINESE HERE. HE KNEW ALL THE PEOPLE IN THE PHOTO GRAPHS AND HE WAS ALSO A DOCTOR. HE SAID MOST CHINESE MOVED TO FRESNO WHEN THEIR BUSINESS DID NOT WORK. THEY HAD MAPS DEPICTING THE LOCATION OF CHINATOWN IN SANTA ROSA ON 2ND AND D STREET IN 1888 TO 1904. THE ANGLOS BURNT IT MANY TIMES. THEY EVEN HAD A TEMPLE WHICH WAS THE KEY TO THEIR LIFE. MOST FOLKS WERE CANTONESE. SOME WERE CARETAKERS, RESTAURANT OWNERS, AND VERY MANY WERE GAMBLERS. THE FIRST PERSON WHO HAD A RESTAURANT WAS JAN PIE IN 1876. EVERY SMALL TOWN USED TO HAVE A CHINA TOWN.
CHESTER ARNOLD WHO IS INTERNALLY KNOWN PAINTS IN OIL S AND HIS INTEREST IS IN TREES AND LOGS. HE IS INTERESTED IN ADDRESSING CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL CONSUMPTION, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND WASTE. HE PRIMARILY FOCUSES ON LANDSCAPES WITH LARGE FORMATS. HE IS TECHNICALLY CALLED A REALIST, AND HIS PAINTINGS POSE PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS ABOUT OUR EXISTENCE WITH NATURE.
LARRIKIA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
LARRIKIA ARE TRADITIONAL OWNERS OF LARRIKIA COUNTRY WHICH INCLUDES IN AND AROUND DARWIN IN THE NORTH TERRITORY. THEY ARE KNOWN AS SALT WATER PEOPLE. THE LARRIKIA HAD TRADING ROUTES
MOSTLY EXTENDING DOWN THE WESTERN SIDE OF THEIR TERRITORY. THEY HAD SONG LINES ALLOWING STORIES AND HISTORIES TO BE RETOLD.
THEY ESTABLISHED AN ABORIGINAL CORPORATION IN 1997 PROVING FUNDS FOR FOR YEARS TO ASSIST IN THEIR OPERATION. THEY HAVE EIGHT GROUPS OF RELATED AND UNRELATED FAMILIES. THIS GROUP OF FIVE HUNDRED IS UNDER SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
THE LARRIKIA CORPORATION IS A SHAREHOLDER COMPANY FROM THE LAND COUNCIL. IT IS SELF FUNDED WITH NO GRANTS. THEY ARE MOVING FORWARD IN ACHIEVING ACCEPTABLE DEVELOPMENT. THESE MEMORANDUMS HELP THE LARRIKIA GAIN FINANCIAL THROUGH EMPLOYMENT.
A LARRIKIA PERSON SHOULD BE ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR CLAIMED HERITAGE OF GENEALOGIES. THE KENBI LAND CLAIM IS LAND, WATERS, AND ISLANDS SPANNING OVER 30 YEARS. IN 2009 THE GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED THAT KENBI, THE LONGEST RUNNING LAND CLAIM IN AUSTRALIA'S HISTORY WAS HANDED OVER TO THE LARRIKIA. THEY HAVE HAD A LONG HISTORY OF FIGHTING TO REGAIN THEIR COUNTRY. IN 1977 THE KENBI LAND CLAIM WAS MADE BY NORTHERN LAND COUNCIL. IN 2000 THE KENBI LAND CLAIM WAS HANDED BACK TO LARRIKIA FOLKS. THEN IN 2006 A FEDERAL COURT CLAIM DENIED THE LARRIKIA NATIVE TITLE TO THE LAND BASED ON THEIR FAILURE TO PROVE CONTINUOUS CONNECTION WITH DARWIN.
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MOSTLY EXTENDING DOWN THE WESTERN SIDE OF THEIR TERRITORY. THEY HAD SONG LINES ALLOWING STORIES AND HISTORIES TO BE RETOLD.
THEY ESTABLISHED AN ABORIGINAL CORPORATION IN 1997 PROVING FUNDS FOR FOR YEARS TO ASSIST IN THEIR OPERATION. THEY HAVE EIGHT GROUPS OF RELATED AND UNRELATED FAMILIES. THIS GROUP OF FIVE HUNDRED IS UNDER SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
THE LARRIKIA CORPORATION IS A SHAREHOLDER COMPANY FROM THE LAND COUNCIL. IT IS SELF FUNDED WITH NO GRANTS. THEY ARE MOVING FORWARD IN ACHIEVING ACCEPTABLE DEVELOPMENT. THESE MEMORANDUMS HELP THE LARRIKIA GAIN FINANCIAL THROUGH EMPLOYMENT.
A LARRIKIA PERSON SHOULD BE ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR CLAIMED HERITAGE OF GENEALOGIES. THE KENBI LAND CLAIM IS LAND, WATERS, AND ISLANDS SPANNING OVER 30 YEARS. IN 2009 THE GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED THAT KENBI, THE LONGEST RUNNING LAND CLAIM IN AUSTRALIA'S HISTORY WAS HANDED OVER TO THE LARRIKIA. THEY HAVE HAD A LONG HISTORY OF FIGHTING TO REGAIN THEIR COUNTRY. IN 1977 THE KENBI LAND CLAIM WAS MADE BY NORTHERN LAND COUNCIL. IN 2000 THE KENBI LAND CLAIM WAS HANDED BACK TO LARRIKIA FOLKS. THEN IN 2006 A FEDERAL COURT CLAIM DENIED THE LARRIKIA NATIVE TITLE TO THE LAND BASED ON THEIR FAILURE TO PROVE CONTINUOUS CONNECTION WITH DARWIN.
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KULIN INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
KULIN LIVE IN AN ALLIANCE OF FIVE INDIGENOUS NATIONS PRIOR TO EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT. THEIR TERRITORY IS IN CENTRAL VICTORIA. WHEN OUTSIDERS PASSED THROUGH THEY PERFORM A CEREMONY OF TANDERUM - OR FREEDOM OF THE BUSH. THIS ALLOWED SAFE PASSAGE AND INVOLVED A RITUAL OF THE EXCHANGE OF GIFTS.
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Tuesday, June 26, 2012
KAURNA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS ARE IN THEIR TRADITIONAL LANDS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA. THE KAURNA CULTURE AND LANGUAGE WAS ALMOST COMPLETELY DESTROYED WITHIN A FEW DECADES OF EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA IN 1836. EARLY RESEARCHERS HAVE ENABLED A MODERN REVIVAL OF BOTH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE. EARLY SETTLERS CALLED BANDS SEPARATE TRIBES. KAURNA WAS DERIVED FROM AN OLD WORD MEANING 'MEN AND PEOPLE'. IT WAS NOT WIDELY USED UNTIL THE 1920'S.
THEIR TERRITORY EXTENDED FROM CAPE JARVIS TO CRYSTAL BROOK. THEY HAVE FORESTS AND BEACH LANDS IN APPROXIMATELY 50 KM BY 200 KM. THEY HAVE SIX CLANS ALONG THIS AREA AS DETERMINED IN THE 30'S BY AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY. THE KAURNA BUILT WURLIES OR SIMPLE HOMES OF TWIGS AND GRASS. SOME 400 FOLKS WOULD CAMP AT ONE PLACE. THEY ARE A HUNTER AND GATHERER SOCIETY. THEIR CUSTOM IS TO PRACTICE FIRE STICK FARMING. IN THIS PRACTICE THEY WOULD CLEAR THE FIELD FOR HUNTING PURPOSES. THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS SPOTTED THIS BURNING BEFORE THE KAURNA WERE DISPLACED. IT ALSO INCREASES GRASS GROWTH FOR THE EMU AND KANGAROO.
THIS TRADITION LED TO CONFLICT WITH THE EUROPEANS AS FIRE CAUSED DAMAGE TO GRASSLANDS. SOME FIRES BURNT FENCES AND SCATTERED LIVESTOCK. BY THE 1960'S THE FOOT HILLS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN RESTRICTED. SO NATIVE TREES AND BRUSH ARE REGENERATING TO A NATURAL CONDITION.
BY 1887 THE ITEMS OF TRADITIONAL KAUNA CULTURE ARE RARE AND NO LONGER PRACTICED. THESE ITEMS ARE IN SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM. IN 1836 THEIR POPULATION WAS AROUND 500 WITH THE FIRST OFFICIAL CENSUS. THEIR ORIGINAL POPULATION BEFORE EUROPEANS WAS POSSIBLY 1000. IN 1830 MANY DIED FROM SMALLPOX EPIDEMICS SPREAD BY THE BRITISH. THE KAURNA MOVED FROM THE PLAINS TO THE FOOTHILLS AFTER BRITISH SETTLERS CAME. IN 1856 THEY HAD AN OUTBREAK OF TYPHOID FEVER. THE LAST SURVIVING KAURNA DIED IN 1931. HOWEVER THIS WAS NOT ACCURATE. THESE FOLKS LIVED IN FAMILY GROUPS OR BANDS. THESE TERRITORIES ARE PASSED FROM FATHER TO SON UPON INITIATION. THEY HAVE ACCESS TO THE COAST LINE FOR SEAFOOD AND PROVIDING FOOD CLOTHING AND PROTECTION. YERTA WAS A COMPLETE TERRITORY ABLE TO SUSTAIN A GROUP WITH ALL ECONOMIC NEEDS. A MAN CANNOT MARRY A WOMAN FROM THE SAME BAND. A WOMAN LIVES WITH HER HUSBANDS BAND. AROUND 12 THE GIRL'S COULD MARRY, BUT MEN HAD TO WAIT UNTIL 25. MEN FROM DISTANT TRIBES VISITED THEM THEY PRACTICED WIFE STEALING, A COMMON THING. THE MEN HAD INITIATION RITES. IN 1840 THE EARLY SETTLERS PUBLISHED KAURNA WORDLIST. THE SETTLERS LEARNED KAURNA AND ADVOCATED.
IN 1838 GERMAN MISSIONARIES ARRIVED TO LEARN ABOUT THEIR LANGUAGE AND TO CIVILIZE THEM. THEY BUILT A SCHOOL FOR THEIR CHILDREN TO READ AND WRITE IN KAURNA. THEY BURIED THEIR DEAD NEAR WATER. IN 2000 THE KAURNA YERTA CORPORATION LODGED A NATIVE CLAIM THAT COVERS 8,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS. AS OF 2010 THE DETERMINATION OF THEIR CLAIM IS ONGOING. SOME OF THEIR NEIGHBORS ARE CONTESTING THIS CLAIM.
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THEIR TERRITORY EXTENDED FROM CAPE JARVIS TO CRYSTAL BROOK. THEY HAVE FORESTS AND BEACH LANDS IN APPROXIMATELY 50 KM BY 200 KM. THEY HAVE SIX CLANS ALONG THIS AREA AS DETERMINED IN THE 30'S BY AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY. THE KAURNA BUILT WURLIES OR SIMPLE HOMES OF TWIGS AND GRASS. SOME 400 FOLKS WOULD CAMP AT ONE PLACE. THEY ARE A HUNTER AND GATHERER SOCIETY. THEIR CUSTOM IS TO PRACTICE FIRE STICK FARMING. IN THIS PRACTICE THEY WOULD CLEAR THE FIELD FOR HUNTING PURPOSES. THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS SPOTTED THIS BURNING BEFORE THE KAURNA WERE DISPLACED. IT ALSO INCREASES GRASS GROWTH FOR THE EMU AND KANGAROO.
THIS TRADITION LED TO CONFLICT WITH THE EUROPEANS AS FIRE CAUSED DAMAGE TO GRASSLANDS. SOME FIRES BURNT FENCES AND SCATTERED LIVESTOCK. BY THE 1960'S THE FOOT HILLS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN RESTRICTED. SO NATIVE TREES AND BRUSH ARE REGENERATING TO A NATURAL CONDITION.
BY 1887 THE ITEMS OF TRADITIONAL KAUNA CULTURE ARE RARE AND NO LONGER PRACTICED. THESE ITEMS ARE IN SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM. IN 1836 THEIR POPULATION WAS AROUND 500 WITH THE FIRST OFFICIAL CENSUS. THEIR ORIGINAL POPULATION BEFORE EUROPEANS WAS POSSIBLY 1000. IN 1830 MANY DIED FROM SMALLPOX EPIDEMICS SPREAD BY THE BRITISH. THE KAURNA MOVED FROM THE PLAINS TO THE FOOTHILLS AFTER BRITISH SETTLERS CAME. IN 1856 THEY HAD AN OUTBREAK OF TYPHOID FEVER. THE LAST SURVIVING KAURNA DIED IN 1931. HOWEVER THIS WAS NOT ACCURATE. THESE FOLKS LIVED IN FAMILY GROUPS OR BANDS. THESE TERRITORIES ARE PASSED FROM FATHER TO SON UPON INITIATION. THEY HAVE ACCESS TO THE COAST LINE FOR SEAFOOD AND PROVIDING FOOD CLOTHING AND PROTECTION. YERTA WAS A COMPLETE TERRITORY ABLE TO SUSTAIN A GROUP WITH ALL ECONOMIC NEEDS. A MAN CANNOT MARRY A WOMAN FROM THE SAME BAND. A WOMAN LIVES WITH HER HUSBANDS BAND. AROUND 12 THE GIRL'S COULD MARRY, BUT MEN HAD TO WAIT UNTIL 25. MEN FROM DISTANT TRIBES VISITED THEM THEY PRACTICED WIFE STEALING, A COMMON THING. THE MEN HAD INITIATION RITES. IN 1840 THE EARLY SETTLERS PUBLISHED KAURNA WORDLIST. THE SETTLERS LEARNED KAURNA AND ADVOCATED.
IN 1838 GERMAN MISSIONARIES ARRIVED TO LEARN ABOUT THEIR LANGUAGE AND TO CIVILIZE THEM. THEY BUILT A SCHOOL FOR THEIR CHILDREN TO READ AND WRITE IN KAURNA. THEY BURIED THEIR DEAD NEAR WATER. IN 2000 THE KAURNA YERTA CORPORATION LODGED A NATIVE CLAIM THAT COVERS 8,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS. AS OF 2010 THE DETERMINATION OF THEIR CLAIM IS ONGOING. SOME OF THEIR NEIGHBORS ARE CONTESTING THIS CLAIM.
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GADUBANUD INDIANS OF AUSTRALIA
THE GADUBANUD INDIANS OCCUPY THE RAINFOREST NEAR CAPE OTWAY. THEIR NAME MEANS KING PARROT PEOPLE. THEIR IS NO DOCUMENTATED INTERACTION WITH THE GADUBANUD SINCE 1846. SOME MAY HAVE LIVED AT MISSIONS. THE GUNDIT MARA FOLKS ARE THE CUSTODIANS OF THE GADUBANUD LANDS. ABORIGINALS TODAY TRACE THEIR ANCESTORY TO GUDABANUD.
THE GADUBANUD TRADED SPEAR WOOD FOR GREEN STONE MINED BY THE WRUUNDJERI WHEN THEY MET AT CEREMONIES. THERE IS LITTLE ETHNOHISTORIC INFORMATION ON THE PEOPLE OF CAPE OTWAY. THERE ARE MANY MIDDENS HERE THAT SHOW A VARIETY DIET OF SHELLS, ABALONE, PERIWINKLE, ELEPHANT FISH, MUSSELS, AND LIMPETS. SEALS, EELS, DUCKS, TUBERS, BERRIES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THEIR DIET.
THE GADUBANUD MAKE BARK CANOES, FOR USE IN RIVERS AND LAKES, AND OCEANS. IN THE 1830'S THEY AVOIDED INTERACTION WITH THE EUROPEANS. THEY HAVE 5 CLANS.
IN 1842 THE GADUBANUD ROBBED AN OUTSTATION FOR FOOD AND BLANKETS. BY 1846 AN ENGLISHMAN WAS CONTRACTED TO SURVEY THE NATIVES. ONE ENGLISHMAN WAS KILLED BY THE NATIVES.LATER IN 1846 SMITH FORMED A RELATIONSHIP IMPEDIMENT ON THE NATIVES. THEY KILLED A GROUP OF NATIVES AND IT WAS CALLED A MASSACRE. AND AS IS TYPICAL THIS GROUP STILL IS SURVIVING HERE.
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THE GADUBANUD TRADED SPEAR WOOD FOR GREEN STONE MINED BY THE WRUUNDJERI WHEN THEY MET AT CEREMONIES. THERE IS LITTLE ETHNOHISTORIC INFORMATION ON THE PEOPLE OF CAPE OTWAY. THERE ARE MANY MIDDENS HERE THAT SHOW A VARIETY DIET OF SHELLS, ABALONE, PERIWINKLE, ELEPHANT FISH, MUSSELS, AND LIMPETS. SEALS, EELS, DUCKS, TUBERS, BERRIES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THEIR DIET.
THE GADUBANUD MAKE BARK CANOES, FOR USE IN RIVERS AND LAKES, AND OCEANS. IN THE 1830'S THEY AVOIDED INTERACTION WITH THE EUROPEANS. THEY HAVE 5 CLANS.
IN 1842 THE GADUBANUD ROBBED AN OUTSTATION FOR FOOD AND BLANKETS. BY 1846 AN ENGLISHMAN WAS CONTRACTED TO SURVEY THE NATIVES. ONE ENGLISHMAN WAS KILLED BY THE NATIVES.LATER IN 1846 SMITH FORMED A RELATIONSHIP IMPEDIMENT ON THE NATIVES. THEY KILLED A GROUP OF NATIVES AND IT WAS CALLED A MASSACRE. AND AS IS TYPICAL THIS GROUP STILL IS SURVIVING HERE.
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Monday, June 25, 2012
YIRRGANYDJA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE YIRRGANNDI AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES LIVE IN DJABAGAY COUNTRY. THEIR TERRITORY RUNS NORTH FROM QUEENSLAND. THEY ARE REGARDED AS SEAFARERS AND THEY HAVE COMMON DESCENT FROM ANCESTORS WHO SPOKE YIRRGAY. THEY LIVE SOUTH TO THE CAIRNS TRINITY INLET AND THEIR LAND IS NORTH TO THE WEST. PART OF DOUGLAS DISTRICT. ACCORDING TO THEIR ELDERS YOU HAVE TO SING A SPECIAL SONG WHEN CROSSING SKELETON CREEK. IT IS A MEETING PLACE. THEY HAVE CEREMONIES THERE AND OTHER TRIBES MEET THERE.
THE YIRRGANDII PEOPLE LIVE IN UNITS OF YILA OR MARRIED COUPLES. THE PIPUNPAY ARE THEIR CHILDREN. THEY BUILD SHELTERS OF HUTS OF BARK. FIRES ARE USED FOR COOKING AND PREPARING MEDICINES AND CHASING AWAY MOSQUITOES. THEY ARE HUNTERS/GATHERERS AND THE WOMEN GATHER AND PREPARE THE PLANT FOODS. THE FIRES ARE MADE CLOSE TO THE ENTRANCE OF THEIR SHELTERS. THEY MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE WITHIN THEIR COUNTRY. MEN HUNT AND FISH, WOMEN GATHER FOODS AND PREPARE THEM AND TAKE CARE OF THE CHILDREN. THEY HAVE NO CROPS.
THEY CATCH FOOD FROM THE SEA AND THE RIVERS - INCLUDING FISH, EELS, TURTLE, AND OYSTERS. THEY HUNT WALLABIES, BANDICOOTS, SCRUB PYTHONS, LIZARDS, FLYING FOXES, CASSAWARIES AND OTHER BIRDS. THEY COLLECT FRUIT AND GATHER VEGETABLES - FIGS, PLUMS, NUTS AND BERRIES. THEY PREPARE TOXIC ITEMS FROM THE RAIN FOREST.
THEY BURN THE UNDERSTORY TO MANAGE THEIR LAND TO ENCOURAGE NEW GROWTH . THEY MANAGE FIRES DURING APRIL TO OCTOBER TO LOWER THE RISK OF A BRUSH FIRE.
ANNUALLY THEY MEET THEIR NEIGHBORS TO FIGHT, TRADE, FEAST, CELEBRATE AND MARRY. REGULAR TRADES EXCHANGE VARIOUS ITEMS THEY MAKE - SPEARS, SHELL NECKLACES, BIRD HEAD DRESSES, ETC.
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THE YIRRGANDII PEOPLE LIVE IN UNITS OF YILA OR MARRIED COUPLES. THE PIPUNPAY ARE THEIR CHILDREN. THEY BUILD SHELTERS OF HUTS OF BARK. FIRES ARE USED FOR COOKING AND PREPARING MEDICINES AND CHASING AWAY MOSQUITOES. THEY ARE HUNTERS/GATHERERS AND THE WOMEN GATHER AND PREPARE THE PLANT FOODS. THE FIRES ARE MADE CLOSE TO THE ENTRANCE OF THEIR SHELTERS. THEY MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE WITHIN THEIR COUNTRY. MEN HUNT AND FISH, WOMEN GATHER FOODS AND PREPARE THEM AND TAKE CARE OF THE CHILDREN. THEY HAVE NO CROPS.
THEY CATCH FOOD FROM THE SEA AND THE RIVERS - INCLUDING FISH, EELS, TURTLE, AND OYSTERS. THEY HUNT WALLABIES, BANDICOOTS, SCRUB PYTHONS, LIZARDS, FLYING FOXES, CASSAWARIES AND OTHER BIRDS. THEY COLLECT FRUIT AND GATHER VEGETABLES - FIGS, PLUMS, NUTS AND BERRIES. THEY PREPARE TOXIC ITEMS FROM THE RAIN FOREST.
THEY BURN THE UNDERSTORY TO MANAGE THEIR LAND TO ENCOURAGE NEW GROWTH . THEY MANAGE FIRES DURING APRIL TO OCTOBER TO LOWER THE RISK OF A BRUSH FIRE.
ANNUALLY THEY MEET THEIR NEIGHBORS TO FIGHT, TRADE, FEAST, CELEBRATE AND MARRY. REGULAR TRADES EXCHANGE VARIOUS ITEMS THEY MAKE - SPEARS, SHELL NECKLACES, BIRD HEAD DRESSES, ETC.
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GUNDITJMARA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE GUNDITJMARA LIVE WEST OF BUANDIG AND THEY HAD OTHER NEIGHBORS. THEY WERE RIVER AND LAKE PEOPLE SURROUNDING RIVER SYSTEMS WERE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THEM ECONOMICALLY AND SPIRITUALLY. THEY BUILT STONE DWELLLINGS, AQUACULTURE, AND EEL FARMING. THEY BUILT STONE DAMS TO HOLD WATER AND CREATE PONDS AND WETLANDS TO GROW EELS AND FISH. THE WOMEN WOVE BASKETS TO HARVEST EELS.
IN 1833 WHALERS CLASHED WITH THE GUNDIDJI AS A WHALE WAS BEACHED. APPARENTLY THE ENGLISH KILLED MANY ABORIGINES BASED ON NOTES FROM AN ENGLISH MAN. LATER A LETTER FROM THE POLICE STATED THERE WERE ACTUALLY 250 ABORIGINES HERE.
DEEN MAR WAS THE SITE OF CONFLICT AND IT IS CALLED THE EUMERELLA WARS AND TOOK PLACE OVER 20 YEARS. FROM THE LATE 19TH CENTURY MANY WERE MOVED ON TO A MISSION. OUTSIDE OF THEIR AREA. THEY HAVE A TRUST IN 1987 THAT GAVE THEM TITLE TO THEIR INDIGENOUS LAND. IN 1993 THE PECK SPEAKERS PURCHASED THE DEEN MARR SO IT WAS A PROTECTED AREA.
THESE PEOPLE HOLD 4000 HECTARES OF CROWN LAND. THROUGH THEIR NATIVE TITLE AND TRADITION OWNERS CORPORATION THEY HAVE MANY PROJECTS BASED ON THE PRINCIPALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. THEY BUILT AN AQUACULTURE SYSTEM AND SITES OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT.
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IN 1833 WHALERS CLASHED WITH THE GUNDIDJI AS A WHALE WAS BEACHED. APPARENTLY THE ENGLISH KILLED MANY ABORIGINES BASED ON NOTES FROM AN ENGLISH MAN. LATER A LETTER FROM THE POLICE STATED THERE WERE ACTUALLY 250 ABORIGINES HERE.
DEEN MAR WAS THE SITE OF CONFLICT AND IT IS CALLED THE EUMERELLA WARS AND TOOK PLACE OVER 20 YEARS. FROM THE LATE 19TH CENTURY MANY WERE MOVED ON TO A MISSION. OUTSIDE OF THEIR AREA. THEY HAVE A TRUST IN 1987 THAT GAVE THEM TITLE TO THEIR INDIGENOUS LAND. IN 1993 THE PECK SPEAKERS PURCHASED THE DEEN MARR SO IT WAS A PROTECTED AREA.
THESE PEOPLE HOLD 4000 HECTARES OF CROWN LAND. THROUGH THEIR NATIVE TITLE AND TRADITION OWNERS CORPORATION THEY HAVE MANY PROJECTS BASED ON THE PRINCIPALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. THEY BUILT AN AQUACULTURE SYSTEM AND SITES OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT.
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Friday, June 22, 2012
GUNATARE INDIANS ARE IN AUSTRALIA
GUNATARE ARE LOCATED IN SOUTHEAST AUSTRALIA AND OCCUPY MOST OF GIPPSLAND. THIS TRIBE WAS MOST ON FRIENDLY TERMS WITH NEIGHBORS. THEY RESISTED EUROPEANS AND THEIR SETTLEMENTS. THEY HAVE FIVE CLANS. THEIR CREATION STORIES TELLS THAT KURNAI CAME DOWN THROUGH THE NORTHWEST WITH HIS CANOE ON HIS HEAD. HE WAS A PELICAN. HE CROSSED THE TRIBAL RIVER WHERE PORT ALBERT IS. HE HEARD CONSTANT TAPPING. HE PUT HIS CANOE DOWN AND FOUND A WOMEN IN IT . SHE WAS TUK THE MUSK DUCK. HE WAS VERY HAPPY TO SEE HER AND SHE BECAME THE MOTHER OF THE GUNAI. THE KUNAI RESISTED EUROPEAN INVASION OF THEIR LAND. MANY KUNAI WERE MASSACRED BY EUROPEANS. THEY RESISTED EUROPEAN INVASION OF THEIR LAND.MANY KURNAI WERE MASACRED BY EUROPEANS. ONE FELLOW ESTIMATED ABOUT 500 FOLKS HAD BEEN SHOT.
THE SURVIVORS WERE MOVED TO A MISSION IN 1863 NEAR LAKE WELLINGTON. IT DISCOURAGED THEIR RITUALS AND CULTURE. IN 1908 IT CLOSED AND THE GUNAI MOVED TO LAKE TYERS.
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THE SURVIVORS WERE MOVED TO A MISSION IN 1863 NEAR LAKE WELLINGTON. IT DISCOURAGED THEIR RITUALS AND CULTURE. IN 1908 IT CLOSED AND THE GUNAI MOVED TO LAKE TYERS.
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SPINIFLEX PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
SPINIFLEX PEOPLE HAVE LANDS IN THE GREAT VICTORIAN DESERT IN AUSTRALIA. THEY LEAD HUNTING GATHERING EXITENCE AND HAVE TITLE TO THEIR LAND RECOGNIZED BY A COURT DECISION IN 2000.
IN 1997 AN ART PROJECT WAS STARTED IN WHICH THEIR PAINTINGS BECAME PART OF THE TITLE CLAIM. AN EXHIBIT OF THEIR WORK IN LONDON IN 2005 BROUGHT THEM ATTENTION. THEIR NAME COMES FROM SPINIFLEX GRASS THAT GROWS IN THE DESERT. EUROPEANS CONSIDERED THIS LAND UNSUITABLE FOR LIVING.
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IN 1997 AN ART PROJECT WAS STARTED IN WHICH THEIR PAINTINGS BECAME PART OF THE TITLE CLAIM. AN EXHIBIT OF THEIR WORK IN LONDON IN 2005 BROUGHT THEM ATTENTION. THEIR NAME COMES FROM SPINIFLEX GRASS THAT GROWS IN THE DESERT. EUROPEANS CONSIDERED THIS LAND UNSUITABLE FOR LIVING.
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RAMINDJERI INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
RAMINDJERI ARE IN A CLAN OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE FORMING PART OF THE KUKEBRAT SINCE POPULARIZED DUE TO THE C19TH MISSIONARY REVEREND GEORGE TAPLIN. THEIR LAND IS NGARRINDJERI LAND. RAMINDJERI WERE THE FIRST ABORIGINALS TO MEET THE EUROPEANS IN 1802. THEY RAIDED THE RAMINDJERI ISLANDS FOR WOMEN IN THE 1900'S. RAMINDJERI MEN BEGAN WORKING AS WHALERS IN ENCOUNTER BAY IN 1830'S.
RAMINDERJERI ASSET A HISTORICAL TERRITORY INCLUDING KANGAROO ISLAND, AND EARLIER THE RIVER TORRENS. THEY HAVE NO EVIDENCE OF CONTINUAL OCCUPATION ON KANGAROO ISLAND.THEY HAD A COMPLETE SEPARATION FROM THE MAINLAND 11,000 YEARS AGO.. SEVERAL SMALL SITES SEPARATED 6000 YEARS AGO HAVE BEEN FOUND. THEY BELONGED TO REMNANT POPULATION OF UP TO 200 INDIVIDUALS WITH THE LAST DYING UP TO 2500 YEARS AGO. LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABORIGINALS ENCOUNTERED A COLONEL IN 1836. RAMIDJERIA FULL MOON CEREMONY AT CEREMONY AT ONKUPARINGA IN 1837.
THEY HAD 6 CLANS BY 1930'S. THE RAIMIDJERI OCCUPIED THE COAST FROM CAPE JERVIS TO SOUTH SOUTH OF THE ADELAIDE. THE CLANS MAY HAVE ALONG TRADE ROUTES.
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RAMINDERJERI ASSET A HISTORICAL TERRITORY INCLUDING KANGAROO ISLAND, AND EARLIER THE RIVER TORRENS. THEY HAVE NO EVIDENCE OF CONTINUAL OCCUPATION ON KANGAROO ISLAND.THEY HAD A COMPLETE SEPARATION FROM THE MAINLAND 11,000 YEARS AGO.. SEVERAL SMALL SITES SEPARATED 6000 YEARS AGO HAVE BEEN FOUND. THEY BELONGED TO REMNANT POPULATION OF UP TO 200 INDIVIDUALS WITH THE LAST DYING UP TO 2500 YEARS AGO. LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABORIGINALS ENCOUNTERED A COLONEL IN 1836. RAMIDJERIA FULL MOON CEREMONY AT CEREMONY AT ONKUPARINGA IN 1837.
THEY HAD 6 CLANS BY 1930'S. THE RAIMIDJERI OCCUPIED THE COAST FROM CAPE JERVIS TO SOUTH SOUTH OF THE ADELAIDE. THE CLANS MAY HAVE ALONG TRADE ROUTES.
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Thursday, June 21, 2012
PINDJARUP INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE BINJAREB, PINDJARUP OR PINDJAREB IS THE NAME OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN GROUP OF NOONGAR SPEAKERS LIVING IN THE REGION OF THE NOONGAR SPEAKERS LIVING IN THE REGION OF THE SOUTHWEST, WESTERN AUSTRALIA BETWEEN PORT KENNEDY ON THE COAST AND ROCKINGHAM AND MANDURATO AUSTRALIA ON THE LESCHENAULT INLET. THEIR NAME IS FROM THE WORD PINJAR MEANING WETLANDS OR SWAMPS. THESE AREAS HAVE BEEN DOMINATED BY THE DAIRY INDUSTRY, WITH CATTLE GRAZING. THESE FOLKS WERE FAMED FOR THEIR FISH TRAPS AND A SEASONAL CYCLE OF SIX SEASONS. THEY USED THE COAST, SAND DUNES, LAKES AND FERTILE SOIL. OF THE FOOTHILLS. THEY ATE TURTLES, SWANS, DUCKS AND BIRDS AS PART OF THE DIET. THEIR LANDS WERE FIRST EXPLORED BY EUROPEANS IN 1829 BY 2 BRITISH MEN. THEIR LAND WERE FIRST EXPLORED BY EUROPEANS IN 1829 BY TWO BRITISH MEN.
THOMAS PEEL, A COUSIN OF THE BRITISH PRIME MINISTER WAS GIVEN MUCH WAS GIVEN MUCH OF THE BRITISH THIS LAND. PEEL FACED RESISTANCE WHEN HE CONTROLLED THE MOUTH OF THE MURRAY, AN IMPORTANT CAMP OF THE ABORIGINES. THERE WERE FATALITIES ON BOTH SIDES IN 1834.
A LEADER OF THE NINJARUP WAS CALUTE WHO LED A PEACEFUL RAID ON SHELTON'SMILL IN PERTH FOR FOOD FOR HIS PEOPLE. IN 1836 A MILITARY SETTLEMENT IN PINJARA OCCURRED WITH LITTLE RESISTANCE FROM FROM ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. THEY SOUGHT EMPLOYMENT IN THE PASTORAL INDUSTRY. BY 1838 A ROAD THROUGH PINDJARUP CONNECTED PINNJARRA TO BUNBURY.
THE PINJARUP SURVIVED THE CONFLICT, BUT THEIR CULTURALIDENTITY WAS WEAKENED. MEASLES AND OTHER DISEASES TOOK THEIR TOLL ON THESE PEOPLE. SINCE THE 1930'S THEIR POPULATION HAS INCREASED. AND THEY SPEAK THE NOONGAR LANGUAGE.
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THOMAS PEEL, A COUSIN OF THE BRITISH PRIME MINISTER WAS GIVEN MUCH WAS GIVEN MUCH OF THE BRITISH THIS LAND. PEEL FACED RESISTANCE WHEN HE CONTROLLED THE MOUTH OF THE MURRAY, AN IMPORTANT CAMP OF THE ABORIGINES. THERE WERE FATALITIES ON BOTH SIDES IN 1834.
A LEADER OF THE NINJARUP WAS CALUTE WHO LED A PEACEFUL RAID ON SHELTON'SMILL IN PERTH FOR FOOD FOR HIS PEOPLE. IN 1836 A MILITARY SETTLEMENT IN PINJARA OCCURRED WITH LITTLE RESISTANCE FROM FROM ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. THEY SOUGHT EMPLOYMENT IN THE PASTORAL INDUSTRY. BY 1838 A ROAD THROUGH PINDJARUP CONNECTED PINNJARRA TO BUNBURY.
THE PINJARUP SURVIVED THE CONFLICT, BUT THEIR CULTURALIDENTITY WAS WEAKENED. MEASLES AND OTHER DISEASES TOOK THEIR TOLL ON THESE PEOPLE. SINCE THE 1930'S THEIR POPULATION HAS INCREASED. AND THEY SPEAK THE NOONGAR LANGUAGE.
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Wednesday, June 20, 2012
MOONRISE KINGDOM - A DRAMA MOVIE
I SAW THIS MOVIE LAST WEEK AND IT IS A DRAMA AND COMEDY. IT HAS MANY FOLKS PLAYING INSTRUMENTS AS THEY HAD A LARGE LIST OF PLAYERS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE MOODS. IT WAS FILMED IN RHODE ISLAND TO SET THE MOOD. IT WAS ABOUT A BOY SCOUT CAMP OUT IN THE SUMMER. TWO TWELVE YEAR OLDS MEET IN A WILDERNESS SETTING AFTER SAM FLEES HIS CAMP. THE TROOP GOES OUT T SEARCH FOR HIM, SAM AND HIS GIRL,SUZY, CAMPED TOGETHER AND FALL IN LOVE. SCOUTS, PARENTS, AND POLICE SEARCH FOR THEM. THE COUPLE SCRAMBLE UP A CHURCH STEEPLE AND THEY ARE CAUGHT DURING A THUNDERSTORM. SAM IS AN ORPHAN AND INSTEAD OF GOING TO THE ORPHANAGE HE IS ALLOWED TO STAY ON THE ISLAND WITH SUZY. IT IS A SWEET ENDING AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND FILMING REPRESENT A GOOD SHOW.
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Tuesday, June 19, 2012
RAMINDJERI INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
RAMINDJERI ARE A CLAN OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLE FORMING PART OF THE KUKEBRAK SINCE POPULARIZED DUE TO THE C 19TH MISSIONARY IN REVEREND GEORGE TAPLIN. THERE LAND IS NGARRINDJERI.
RAMINDJERI LAND IS PART OF NGARRINDJERI LAND. THESE FOLKS WERE THE FIRST TO TOMEET EUROPEANS. IN 1802. THEY RAIDED THE RAMINDJERI ISLANDS FOR WOMEN IN THE 1900'S. RAMINDJERI MEN BEGAN WORKING AS WHALERS IN ENCOUNTER BAY IN 1830'S.
RAMINDJERI HAVE AN ASSET OF A HISTORICAL ERRITORY INCLUDING KANGAROO ISLAND, AND EARLIER THE RIVER TORRENS. THEY HAVE NO EVIDENCE OF CONTINUAL OCCUPATION ON KANGAROO ISLAND EARLIER THAN THE COMPLETE SEPARATION OF THE ISLAND FROM THE MAINLAND 11,000 YEARS AGO. SEVERAL SMALL SITES SEPARATED 6,000 YEARS AGO AND HAVE BEEN FOUND. THEY BELONGED TO A REMNANT POPULATION OF UP TO 200 INDIVIDUALS AND THE SITE WAS DATED TO ABOUT 2500 YEARS AGO. LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABORIGINALS ENCOUNTERED A COLONEL IN 1836. RAMIDJERI WERE HOLDING A FULL MOON CEREMONY AT ONKAPARINGA IN 1837.
THEY HAD 6 CLANS BY 1930'S. THEY HAD 6 CLANS BY 1930'S. THE RAIMIDJERI OCCUPIED THE COAST FROM CAPE JERVIS TO SOUTH OF ADELAIDE. THE CLANS MAY HAVE EXPANDED ALONG TRADE ROUTES.
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RAMINDJERI LAND IS PART OF NGARRINDJERI LAND. THESE FOLKS WERE THE FIRST TO TOMEET EUROPEANS. IN 1802. THEY RAIDED THE RAMINDJERI ISLANDS FOR WOMEN IN THE 1900'S. RAMINDJERI MEN BEGAN WORKING AS WHALERS IN ENCOUNTER BAY IN 1830'S.
RAMINDJERI HAVE AN ASSET OF A HISTORICAL ERRITORY INCLUDING KANGAROO ISLAND, AND EARLIER THE RIVER TORRENS. THEY HAVE NO EVIDENCE OF CONTINUAL OCCUPATION ON KANGAROO ISLAND EARLIER THAN THE COMPLETE SEPARATION OF THE ISLAND FROM THE MAINLAND 11,000 YEARS AGO. SEVERAL SMALL SITES SEPARATED 6,000 YEARS AGO AND HAVE BEEN FOUND. THEY BELONGED TO A REMNANT POPULATION OF UP TO 200 INDIVIDUALS AND THE SITE WAS DATED TO ABOUT 2500 YEARS AGO. LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABORIGINALS ENCOUNTERED A COLONEL IN 1836. RAMIDJERI WERE HOLDING A FULL MOON CEREMONY AT ONKAPARINGA IN 1837.
THEY HAD 6 CLANS BY 1930'S. THEY HAD 6 CLANS BY 1930'S. THE RAIMIDJERI OCCUPIED THE COAST FROM CAPE JERVIS TO SOUTH OF ADELAIDE. THE CLANS MAY HAVE EXPANDED ALONG TRADE ROUTES.
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PITJANTATJARA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS LIVE IN THE THE CENTRAL AUSTRALIANDESERT AND ARE RELATED TO THE YANKUNTYATJARA AND OTHERS CAN SPEAK A WESTERN DESERT LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE GIVEN UP THEIR NOMADIC HUNTING AND GATHERING LIFESTYLE BUT HAVE RETAINED THEIR LANGUAGE AND MUCH OF THEIR CULTURE IN IN SPITE OF INCREASED INFLUENCES FROM THE BROADER AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITY. THEY HAVE ABOUT 4000 ANANGIU IN SCATTERED COMMUNITIES FORMING A SUCCESSFUL JOINT LAND ARRANGEMENT IN THE ABORIGINAL TRADING OWNERS.
THEIR NAME IS FROM A WORD "GO" THAT COMBINES TO MEAN GO FOR. THEY HAVE 73,000 SQ. KM. IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND IN 1921 THEY LOST MUCH OF IT TO HOSTILE RANCHERS AND HUNTERS. EXTENDED DROUGHTS IN 1920 AND 1956 IN THE GIBSON DESERTS LED TO MANY PITJANYATJARA PEOPLE TO MOVE EAST TO A RAILWAY FOR WATER AND FOOD. THEY GAVE SUPPORT TO PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH AND TO SET UP A SAFE HAVEN AS A MISSION. IN 1950 THEY WERE FORCED TO LEAVE DUE TO BRITISH NUCLEAR TEST. AFTER YEARS OF NEGOTIATING THEY GOT 103,000 SQ. KM. OF LAND IN NORTHWEST CORNER OF SOUTH AUTRAILIA. AFTER YEARS OF NEGOTIATING THEY GOT 103,000 SQ. KM. OF LAND IN THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
THE MARLINGA LAND RIGHTS ACT OF 1984 GRANTED AN AREA OF 80,000 SQ, KM.TO MARLINGA.
THE SACRED SITE OF AYERS ROCK AND KATA TJUTA POSSESSES SPIRITUAL AND CEREMONIAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE ANANGURU WITH 40 SACRED SITES. THE ALGAS AND AYERS ROCKARE MAJOR TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS WITH A NATIONAL PARK. THE CENTRAL LAND COUNCIL CLAIMED THIS NATIONAL PARK BUT IT WAS CHALLENGED BY NORTHERN TERRITORY GOVERNMENT. BY 1983 BOB HAOKE ANNOUNCED THE GOVERNMENT TO TRANSFER TITLE OF THE LAND TO THE ABORIGINES.
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THEIR NAME IS FROM A WORD "GO" THAT COMBINES TO MEAN GO FOR. THEY HAVE 73,000 SQ. KM. IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND IN 1921 THEY LOST MUCH OF IT TO HOSTILE RANCHERS AND HUNTERS. EXTENDED DROUGHTS IN 1920 AND 1956 IN THE GIBSON DESERTS LED TO MANY PITJANYATJARA PEOPLE TO MOVE EAST TO A RAILWAY FOR WATER AND FOOD. THEY GAVE SUPPORT TO PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH AND TO SET UP A SAFE HAVEN AS A MISSION. IN 1950 THEY WERE FORCED TO LEAVE DUE TO BRITISH NUCLEAR TEST. AFTER YEARS OF NEGOTIATING THEY GOT 103,000 SQ. KM. OF LAND IN NORTHWEST CORNER OF SOUTH AUTRAILIA. AFTER YEARS OF NEGOTIATING THEY GOT 103,000 SQ. KM. OF LAND IN THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
THE MARLINGA LAND RIGHTS ACT OF 1984 GRANTED AN AREA OF 80,000 SQ, KM.TO MARLINGA.
THE SACRED SITE OF AYERS ROCK AND KATA TJUTA POSSESSES SPIRITUAL AND CEREMONIAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE ANANGURU WITH 40 SACRED SITES. THE ALGAS AND AYERS ROCKARE MAJOR TOURISTS ATTRACTIONS WITH A NATIONAL PARK. THE CENTRAL LAND COUNCIL CLAIMED THIS NATIONAL PARK BUT IT WAS CHALLENGED BY NORTHERN TERRITORY GOVERNMENT. BY 1983 BOB HAOKE ANNOUNCED THE GOVERNMENT TO TRANSFER TITLE OF THE LAND TO THE ABORIGINES.
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PINTUPI INDIANS OF AUSTRALIA
PINTUPI REFERS TO AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES WHO ARE IN THE WESTERN DESERT GROUP AND WHOSE HOMELAND IS IN THE AREA WEST OF LAKE MC DONALD. THEY WERE REMOVED INTO COMMUNITY IN THE 1940'S TO 1980'S. THERE WAS A LAST PINTUPI TO LEAVE THEIR LIFESTYLE IN THE DESERT IN 1984. THEY WERE CALLED THE LAST TRIBE.
DURING RECENT TIMES GROUPS OF PINTUPI HAVE MOVED BACK TO THEIR TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE IN THE DESERT. THEY SET UP SEVERAL COMMUNITIES.
THEY ORIGINALLY LIVED IN A VERY REMOTE PART OF AUSTRALIA. THEY WERE AMONG THE LAST ABORIGINESTO LEAVE THEIR TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE. THIS WAS BECAUSE OF THE BLUE STREAK MISSILE TESTS. THEY WOULD LAND IN THEIR HOMELAND SO THEY MOVED THEM ALONG. THE PINTUPI WOUND UP LIVING IN A VARIETY OF COMMUNITIES.
BY 1960 THEIR GOVERNMENT FORCED THEM OFF OF THEIR TRADITIONAL LIVING SETTLEMENTS. THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE NOT READY TO LIVE IN WHITE SOCIETY AND THEIR CHILDREN WERE FORCED TO BE DISPERSED INTO A GOVERNMENT OR RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS OR FOSTER HOMES AWAY FROM THEIR PARENTS. AT ONE OF THE SETTLEMENTS PEOPLE DIED BECAUSE OF HEPATITUS, MENINGITUS, OR OTHER CAUSES IN THE 60'S.
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DURING RECENT TIMES GROUPS OF PINTUPI HAVE MOVED BACK TO THEIR TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE IN THE DESERT. THEY SET UP SEVERAL COMMUNITIES.
THEY ORIGINALLY LIVED IN A VERY REMOTE PART OF AUSTRALIA. THEY WERE AMONG THE LAST ABORIGINESTO LEAVE THEIR TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLE. THIS WAS BECAUSE OF THE BLUE STREAK MISSILE TESTS. THEY WOULD LAND IN THEIR HOMELAND SO THEY MOVED THEM ALONG. THE PINTUPI WOUND UP LIVING IN A VARIETY OF COMMUNITIES.
BY 1960 THEIR GOVERNMENT FORCED THEM OFF OF THEIR TRADITIONAL LIVING SETTLEMENTS. THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE NOT READY TO LIVE IN WHITE SOCIETY AND THEIR CHILDREN WERE FORCED TO BE DISPERSED INTO A GOVERNMENT OR RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS OR FOSTER HOMES AWAY FROM THEIR PARENTS. AT ONE OF THE SETTLEMENTS PEOPLE DIED BECAUSE OF HEPATITUS, MENINGITUS, OR OTHER CAUSES IN THE 60'S.
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PINDJARUP INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE BINJAREB, PINDJARUP, OR PINJAREB IS THE NAME OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN GROUP OF NOONGAR SPEAKERS. THEY LIVE IN THE REGION OF THE SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA BETWEEN PORT KENNEDY ON THE COAST AND ROCKINGHAM AND MANDURA TO AUSTRALIND ON THE LESCHENAULT INLET. THEIR NAME IS FROM THE WORD PINJAR MEANING WETLANDS OR SWAMPS, THE PINJARUP FOLKS WERE PEOPLE OF THE SWAMPS. THESE AREAS HAVE BEEN DOMINATED BY THE DAIRY INDUSTRY WITH CATTLE GRAZING. THE FOLKS WERE FAMED FOR THEIR FISH TRAPS AND A SEASONAL CYCLE OF SIX SEASONS. THEY USED THE COAST, SAND DUNES, LAKES AND FERTILE SOIL OF THE FOOTHILLS. THEY ATE TURTLES, SWANS, DUCKS, AND BIRDS AS PART OF THEIR DIET.
THEIR LANDS WERE FIRST EXPLORED BY EUROPEANS IN 1829 BY TWO BRITISH MEN. THOMAS PEEL, A COUSIN OF THE WAS GIVEN MUCH OF HIS LAND. PEEL FACED MUCH RESISTANCE WHEN HE CONTROLLED THE MOUTH OF THE OF THE MURRAY, AN IMPORTANT CAMP OF THE ABORIGINES. THERE WERE FATALITIES ON BOTH SIDES IN 1834.
A LEADER OF THE NINDJARUP WAS CALYUTE WHO LED A PEACEFUL RAID ON SHELTON'S MILL IN PERTH FOR FOOD FOR HIS PEOPLE.
IN 1836 A MILITARY SETTLEMENT IN PINJARA OCCURRED WITH LITTLE RESISTANCE FROM ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. THEY SOUGHT EMPLOYMENT IN PASTORAL INDUSTRY. BY 1838 THROUGH PINDJARUP CONNECTED PINJARRA TO BUNBURY.
THE PINJARUP SURVIVED THE CONFLICT, BUT THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY WAS WEAKENED. MEASLES AND OTHER DISEASES TOOK THEIR TOLL ON THESE PEOPLE. SINCE THE 1930'S THEIR POPULATION HAS INCREASED, THEY SPEAK A NUNGAR LANGUAGE.
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THEIR LANDS WERE FIRST EXPLORED BY EUROPEANS IN 1829 BY TWO BRITISH MEN. THOMAS PEEL, A COUSIN OF THE WAS GIVEN MUCH OF HIS LAND. PEEL FACED MUCH RESISTANCE WHEN HE CONTROLLED THE MOUTH OF THE OF THE MURRAY, AN IMPORTANT CAMP OF THE ABORIGINES. THERE WERE FATALITIES ON BOTH SIDES IN 1834.
A LEADER OF THE NINDJARUP WAS CALYUTE WHO LED A PEACEFUL RAID ON SHELTON'S MILL IN PERTH FOR FOOD FOR HIS PEOPLE.
IN 1836 A MILITARY SETTLEMENT IN PINJARA OCCURRED WITH LITTLE RESISTANCE FROM ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. THEY SOUGHT EMPLOYMENT IN PASTORAL INDUSTRY. BY 1838 THROUGH PINDJARUP CONNECTED PINJARRA TO BUNBURY.
THE PINJARUP SURVIVED THE CONFLICT, BUT THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY WAS WEAKENED. MEASLES AND OTHER DISEASES TOOK THEIR TOLL ON THESE PEOPLE. SINCE THE 1930'S THEIR POPULATION HAS INCREASED, THEY SPEAK A NUNGAR LANGUAGE.
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NUKUNU INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS ONCE SPOKE NUKINU LANGUAGE. THEY WERE THE SOUTHEASTERNMOST OF TRIBE TO PRACTICE CIRCUMCISION, AS A MALE INITIATION. THE FEW SURVIVORS ARE SETTLED AT BAROOTA ISLAND FROM PORT GERMAIN WHERE THEY ARE KNOWN AS BARUTACLURA.
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Monday, June 18, 2012
NOONGAR INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
NOONGAR INDIANS LIVE IN SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE SOUTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA. THEY SPEAK DIALECTS OF NOONGAR LANGUAGE AND TODAY THEY SPEAK AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL ENGLISH.
BEFORE ENGLISH CAME HERE THEIR POPULATION WAS ESTIMATED BETWEEN 60000 AND SOME AS LITTLE AS 1000. COLONIZATION BY THE BRITISH RESULTED IN VIOLENCE AND NEW DISEASES. TODAY THEY NUMBER MORE THAN 28,000. THE 2001 CENSUS SHOWED 21,000 IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TODAY THEY MOSTLY LIVE IN PERTH.
THEY TRADITIONALLY MADE A LIVING BY HUNTING, TRAPPING, AND A VARIETY OF GAME INCLUDING KANGAROOS, POSSUMS,AND WALLABIES, BY FISHING USING SPEARS AND FISH TRAPS AND GATHERING NUTS OF ZAMIA PALM WERE SOMETHING OF A STAPLE FOOD. IT REQUIRED A PROCESS TO REMOVE IT'S TOXICITY. NOONGAR PEOPLE USED QUARTZ INSTEAD OF FLINT FOR SPEAR AND A KNIFE EDGES. THEY CALLED THE EUROPEANS "WHITE SPIRITS". IN 1829 WHEN THE BRITISH A CAPTAIN JAMES STERLING DECLARED THAT THE LOCAL TRIBES WERE BRITISH SUBJECTS TRADED FRIENDLY WITH THE SETTLERS, BUT RIFTS WENT ON AND ATTACKS SOON ESCALATED. THE NOONGAR PRACTICED SLASH AND BURN IN EARLY SUMMER. THE SETTLERS MISTOOK IT AS A HOSTILITY. A LEADER OF THE NOONGAR WAS SHOT AS THE SETTLERS KILLED SOME OF THE NOONGAR AT WHITE HANDS.
FROM AUGUST 1838 THE ABORIGINAL PRISONERS WERE SENT TO RATTNEST ISLAND KNOWN AS A PLACE ACROSS THE WATER. SOON BOTH SETTLERS AND PROSONERS OCCUPIED THE ISLQAND. BETWEEN 1838 TO 1931 RATTNEST ISLAND WQAS USED AS A PRISON TO TRANSFER ABORIGINAL PRISONERS OVERSEAS. AT SOME POINT 5700 ABORIGINAL PRISONERS MEN AND BOYS WERE IMPRISONED!
A SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT FOR THE NOONGAR PEOPLE WAS A HIGHLY FOR THE FOR THE NOONGAR PEOPLE WAS A BISHOP SLVADORE, A HIGHLY CULTURED BENEDICTINE MONK FROM THE SPANISH REGION WHO DEDICATED HIS LIFE TO TO THE HUMAN TREATMENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. HE HAD THE MONK'S BUILD A MISSION WITH THE ABORIGINES. HE TAUGHT THEM LIFE SKILL TO SURVIVE IN BRITISH SETTLEMENT, BUT ENCOURAGE THEIR OWN CULTURE. THEY WERE FREE TO COME AND GO FROM THE MISSION.
ALSO THE THE SURVIVALOF THE CATHOLIC CHURCHIN THE EARLY DAYSOF WESTERN AUSTRALIA SETTLEMENT WOULD OWE MUCH TO BISHOP SALVADOR.
FROM 1890 TO 1958 THE NOONGAR PEOPLE WERE SUBJECT TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS. ABOUT 25% OF THEIR CHILDREN WERE ADOPTED DURING THESE YEARS. THEY SPOKE 13 DIALECTS. THEY LIVE IN MY TOWNS AND HAVE DEVELOPED RELATIONSHIPS WITH WHITE FARMERS AND HUNT KANGEROOS, EMU, AND QUANDONG. AT THE BASE OF THE MOUNTAIN WHERE A LEADER RESTED. IN PERTH, MOUNT ELIZA IS AN IMPORTANT SITE FOR NONGAR. IT WAS A HUNTING SITE AT THE BASE OF THE MOUNTAIN.
THEIR CULTURE DESCRIBES THEIR WAY FOR POSITIVE SELF ENHANCEMENT THROUGH ARTISTIC EXPRESSION. THEY HAVE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE EARTH AND THEY DIVIDED THE YEAR INTO SIX DIFFERENT SEASONS. THESE SEVEN REGIONS OF BIOLOGICAL REGIONS HVE BEEN ACKNOWLEDGED AS A HOT SPOT. THEY ARE TRYING TO RESTORE HABITATS THAT HAVE BEEN DESTROYED,
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BEFORE ENGLISH CAME HERE THEIR POPULATION WAS ESTIMATED BETWEEN 60000 AND SOME AS LITTLE AS 1000. COLONIZATION BY THE BRITISH RESULTED IN VIOLENCE AND NEW DISEASES. TODAY THEY NUMBER MORE THAN 28,000. THE 2001 CENSUS SHOWED 21,000 IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TODAY THEY MOSTLY LIVE IN PERTH.
THEY TRADITIONALLY MADE A LIVING BY HUNTING, TRAPPING, AND A VARIETY OF GAME INCLUDING KANGAROOS, POSSUMS,AND WALLABIES, BY FISHING USING SPEARS AND FISH TRAPS AND GATHERING NUTS OF ZAMIA PALM WERE SOMETHING OF A STAPLE FOOD. IT REQUIRED A PROCESS TO REMOVE IT'S TOXICITY. NOONGAR PEOPLE USED QUARTZ INSTEAD OF FLINT FOR SPEAR AND A KNIFE EDGES. THEY CALLED THE EUROPEANS "WHITE SPIRITS". IN 1829 WHEN THE BRITISH A CAPTAIN JAMES STERLING DECLARED THAT THE LOCAL TRIBES WERE BRITISH SUBJECTS TRADED FRIENDLY WITH THE SETTLERS, BUT RIFTS WENT ON AND ATTACKS SOON ESCALATED. THE NOONGAR PRACTICED SLASH AND BURN IN EARLY SUMMER. THE SETTLERS MISTOOK IT AS A HOSTILITY. A LEADER OF THE NOONGAR WAS SHOT AS THE SETTLERS KILLED SOME OF THE NOONGAR AT WHITE HANDS.
FROM AUGUST 1838 THE ABORIGINAL PRISONERS WERE SENT TO RATTNEST ISLAND KNOWN AS A PLACE ACROSS THE WATER. SOON BOTH SETTLERS AND PROSONERS OCCUPIED THE ISLQAND. BETWEEN 1838 TO 1931 RATTNEST ISLAND WQAS USED AS A PRISON TO TRANSFER ABORIGINAL PRISONERS OVERSEAS. AT SOME POINT 5700 ABORIGINAL PRISONERS MEN AND BOYS WERE IMPRISONED!
A SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT FOR THE NOONGAR PEOPLE WAS A HIGHLY FOR THE FOR THE NOONGAR PEOPLE WAS A BISHOP SLVADORE, A HIGHLY CULTURED BENEDICTINE MONK FROM THE SPANISH REGION WHO DEDICATED HIS LIFE TO TO THE HUMAN TREATMENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. HE HAD THE MONK'S BUILD A MISSION WITH THE ABORIGINES. HE TAUGHT THEM LIFE SKILL TO SURVIVE IN BRITISH SETTLEMENT, BUT ENCOURAGE THEIR OWN CULTURE. THEY WERE FREE TO COME AND GO FROM THE MISSION.
ALSO THE THE SURVIVALOF THE CATHOLIC CHURCHIN THE EARLY DAYSOF WESTERN AUSTRALIA SETTLEMENT WOULD OWE MUCH TO BISHOP SALVADOR.
FROM 1890 TO 1958 THE NOONGAR PEOPLE WERE SUBJECT TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS. ABOUT 25% OF THEIR CHILDREN WERE ADOPTED DURING THESE YEARS. THEY SPOKE 13 DIALECTS. THEY LIVE IN MY TOWNS AND HAVE DEVELOPED RELATIONSHIPS WITH WHITE FARMERS AND HUNT KANGEROOS, EMU, AND QUANDONG. AT THE BASE OF THE MOUNTAIN WHERE A LEADER RESTED. IN PERTH, MOUNT ELIZA IS AN IMPORTANT SITE FOR NONGAR. IT WAS A HUNTING SITE AT THE BASE OF THE MOUNTAIN.
THEIR CULTURE DESCRIBES THEIR WAY FOR POSITIVE SELF ENHANCEMENT THROUGH ARTISTIC EXPRESSION. THEY HAVE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE EARTH AND THEY DIVIDED THE YEAR INTO SIX DIFFERENT SEASONS. THESE SEVEN REGIONS OF BIOLOGICAL REGIONS HVE BEEN ACKNOWLEDGED AS A HOT SPOT. THEY ARE TRYING TO RESTORE HABITATS THAT HAVE BEEN DESTROYED,
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Wednesday, June 13, 2012
NGUNAWAL INDIANS IN AUSTRAILIA
THESE FOLKS ARE INDIGENOUS TO CANBERRY. IN 1820 WHEN EUROPEANS CAME HERE THE NGUNAWAL PEOPLE LIVED IN SMALL TOWNS. SOME PEOPLE HERE ARE OF THE NGANBERRI NATION INSIDE THE NGUNAWAL TERRITORY.
IN 2004 THE NGUNAWAL LANGUAGE TO NAME BEECHES WAS TO RECOGNIZE TRADITIONAL NAMES OF SOME OF THEIR LAKES AND OTHER FEATURES.
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IN 2004 THE NGUNAWAL LANGUAGE TO NAME BEECHES WAS TO RECOGNIZE TRADITIONAL NAMES OF SOME OF THEIR LAKES AND OTHER FEATURES.
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NGARO INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE NAGARO SEAFARING ABORIGINE GROUPS WHO LIVED IN WHITSUNDAY ISLANDS AND COASTAL REGIONS AT LEAST 7000 B.C. UNTIL 1870. THEIR SOCIETY IS WAS DESTROYED BY WARFARE WITH TRADERS, COLONISTS, AND THE AUSTRALIAN POLICE. THEY RELOCATED THEM TO A MISSION SETTLEMENT ON PALM ISLAND AND THEY WORKED THE LUMBER MILLS OF BRAMPTON ISLANDS.
NGARO MEANS MISSISSIPPI OR VANISHING IN MAORI. THE MODERN POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC. THEIR IS LITTLE HISTORIC OR ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE ABOUT THEM. THEY ENDURED REPEATEDLY ONSLAUGHT BY RISING SEA LEVELS 9000 YEARS AGO, AND THEN BY EUROPEANS. EVENTUALLY THE NAGARO SUCCUMBED TO GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL OF WESTERN EXPLORERS.
THE NAGARO MAY HAVE LIVED HERE 7000 B.C., BUT NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS HERE. THEY MAY MAY HAVE LIVED IN A DIFFERENT REGION BECAUSE OF RISING SEA LEVELS. THAT WASHED AWAY COASTAL SITES, MIDDENS AND BURIAL SITES. THE RISING SEA LEVEL MOVED THEM TO HIGHER TERRAIN AND TO CAVES, FRESH WATER IN NARA INLET. FOR 1000'S OF YEARS UNTIL 4000 B.C. THE SEA LEVEL ROSE SEVEN METERS AND THE COASTLINE MOVED INLAND OVER 100 MILES. THEY LEFT THE ANCIENT INLAND MOUNTAINTOPS DURING THE RAINY SEASON. THE PREHISTORIC COASTAL PLAINS WOULD HAVE BEEN NEAR THE GREAT BARRIER REEF. THEIR ORAL HISTORY INDICATES THAT THE NGARO CONTINUED TO VISIT THE GREAT BARRIER REEF BY BARK CANOES EVEN AFTER IT BECAME A HAZARDOUS JOURNEY TO A REMOTE OCEAN SETTLEMENT.
THE EARLIEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS ON HOOK ISLAND WHERE THE NGARO FOLKS LIVED PROTECTED BY STEEP CLIFFS ON HOOK ISLAND WHERE THE NGARO FOLKS LIVED PROTECTED BY STEEP CLIFFS. THE SHELLS DO NOT RESEMBLE MODERN OYSTERS AND CLAM SPECIES FOUND ON THE COAST, VERIFYING THE AGE DIFFERENCE PIGMENTS HAVE BEEN DATED USING CARBON 14 DATING.
THOUGH MUCH OF THEIR LIFE STYLE HAS VANISHED THE CAVE PAINTINGS SHOW THEIR HUMANITY. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE NGARO LIFESTYLE IS SOMEWHAT A MYSTERY. SOME TOR OPERATORS SUGGEST THAT SOME SYMBOLS ARE LADDERS USED TO REACH CAVES OF PROMINENT NGARO ELDERS. SOME SYMBOLS ARE LIKE THE TRUNK OF A PALM TREE OR THE TRUNK OF A PLANT SPECIES. OR IT MAY HAVE BEEN A PLANT SPECIES THAT WAS IMPORTANT THEM BUT IT IS NOT NOW. IF COCONUT PALMS WERE EVER SEEN BY THE NGARO THEIR VALUE AS A FOOD SOURCE WOULD NOT HAVE MISSED. THE DOMESTICATED COCONUT PALM WOULD HAVE REACHED BORNEO BY A LAND BRIDGE BEFORE SEA LEVEL ROSE. COCONUTS MAY HAVE REACHED NGARO BY FLOATING IN STRONG CURRENTS WHERE THE INDIAN AND PACIFIC CURRENTS MEET. AS SEAFARING FOLKS OF THE NGARO MAY HAVE BEEN IST OF THE TRIBES TO LEARN OF COCONUTS, AND USE THEM FOR FOOD.
THERE IS A PAINTING OF AN OVAL SHAPE, PROBABLY A SEA TURTLE, A GOOD FOOD SOURCE FOR THE ABORIGINES. THE SYMBOL MAY ALSO REPRESENT THE FRUIT OF PADAMUS PLANTS AND ITS SEED. THE CYAD NUTS HAVE TO BE CHOPPED AND THEN HEATED TO BREAK DOWN DEADLY POISONS. THE CRUSHED COOKED NUT PRODUCES AN EDIBLE FLOUR THAT CAN BE ROASTED INTO A FLAT BREAD SIMILAR TO AUSTRALIAN FLATBREAD.
THE NAGARO ARE UNIQUE IN THEIR SEAFARING CULTURE. THEY TRAVELED AMONG WHITSUNDAY ISLANDS IN SEWN PAPERBARK CANOES. THEY CAUGHT SEAS TURTLES, SHELLFISH, AND LARGE SEA MAMMALS, AS WELL AS SMALL WHALES. THEY DEVELOPED A BARBED HARPOON TECHNOLOGY THAT ENABLED THE NGARO TO KILL THEIR PREY BY EXHAUSTING THEM VS. BLEEDING. THAT WOULD ATTRACT TOO MANY SHARKS TO COMPETE FOR THE CATCH. THE NGARO ORAL HISTORY IS CONSISTENT THROUGH HISTORICAL RECORD IN DESCRIPTION OF SEASON VISITS TO THE GREAT BARRIER REEF IN THEIR CANOES.
THE GOVERNMENT IS COMPENSATING SOME MODERN ABORIGINES FOR LOSS OF ANCESTRAL LANDS AND THEY ARE HIRED THEM FOR NATIONAL FOREST AND TOURISM JOBS IN THE AREAS IN WHICH THEIR ANCESTORS LIVED. THIS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION SERVES TO PRESERVE THE ABORIGINES WHO ARE HIRED . THIS SERVES TO PRESERVE MUCH OF THEIR LORE AND KNOWLEDGE. THE YOUTHS LEARN ELDERS AND SKILLS AND TRADITIONS THEIR LAND GRANTS ARE ALSO BASED ON ANCESTRAL TERRITORIES, BOUNDARIES, THAT FURTHER THE NON ACADEMIC INTERESTS IN TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
THE NGARO PEOPLE WERE ONE OF PEOPLE WERE ONE OF THE FIRST SEAFARING PEOPLE IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA WHO JAMES COOK. SOME OF THE ORAL ACCOUNTS MAYBE JUST STORIES SPOKEN AND NOT FACTUAL.
LIKE MYTHS THEY HAVE SECOND HAND STORIES. SOME OF THEIR DREAM TIMES HAVE STORIES THAT DESCRIBE THE CREATION OF RIVERS AND SNAKES AND AT THE SAME TIME DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE RIVER OR MOUNTAIN ACCURATELY. MANY RESEARCHERS FOUND CONSISTENCY BY ORAL HISTORY OF NGARO DESCENDANTS.
HOOK ISLAND IS THE OLDEST NGARO SETTLEMENT. THE CAVES HAVE ANCIENT PAINTINGS. HERE IS ONE OF LARGEST BASALT ABORIGINAL QUARRIES IN AUSTRALIA.THE DRAWINGS HAVE SEVERAL INTERPRETATIONS.
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NGARO MEANS MISSISSIPPI OR VANISHING IN MAORI. THE MODERN POLYNESIAN LANGUAGES OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC. THEIR IS LITTLE HISTORIC OR ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE ABOUT THEM. THEY ENDURED REPEATEDLY ONSLAUGHT BY RISING SEA LEVELS 9000 YEARS AGO, AND THEN BY EUROPEANS. EVENTUALLY THE NAGARO SUCCUMBED TO GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL OF WESTERN EXPLORERS.
THE NAGARO MAY HAVE LIVED HERE 7000 B.C., BUT NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS HERE. THEY MAY MAY HAVE LIVED IN A DIFFERENT REGION BECAUSE OF RISING SEA LEVELS. THAT WASHED AWAY COASTAL SITES, MIDDENS AND BURIAL SITES. THE RISING SEA LEVEL MOVED THEM TO HIGHER TERRAIN AND TO CAVES, FRESH WATER IN NARA INLET. FOR 1000'S OF YEARS UNTIL 4000 B.C. THE SEA LEVEL ROSE SEVEN METERS AND THE COASTLINE MOVED INLAND OVER 100 MILES. THEY LEFT THE ANCIENT INLAND MOUNTAINTOPS DURING THE RAINY SEASON. THE PREHISTORIC COASTAL PLAINS WOULD HAVE BEEN NEAR THE GREAT BARRIER REEF. THEIR ORAL HISTORY INDICATES THAT THE NGARO CONTINUED TO VISIT THE GREAT BARRIER REEF BY BARK CANOES EVEN AFTER IT BECAME A HAZARDOUS JOURNEY TO A REMOTE OCEAN SETTLEMENT.
THE EARLIEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS ON HOOK ISLAND WHERE THE NGARO FOLKS LIVED PROTECTED BY STEEP CLIFFS ON HOOK ISLAND WHERE THE NGARO FOLKS LIVED PROTECTED BY STEEP CLIFFS. THE SHELLS DO NOT RESEMBLE MODERN OYSTERS AND CLAM SPECIES FOUND ON THE COAST, VERIFYING THE AGE DIFFERENCE PIGMENTS HAVE BEEN DATED USING CARBON 14 DATING.
THOUGH MUCH OF THEIR LIFE STYLE HAS VANISHED THE CAVE PAINTINGS SHOW THEIR HUMANITY. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE NGARO LIFESTYLE IS SOMEWHAT A MYSTERY. SOME TOR OPERATORS SUGGEST THAT SOME SYMBOLS ARE LADDERS USED TO REACH CAVES OF PROMINENT NGARO ELDERS. SOME SYMBOLS ARE LIKE THE TRUNK OF A PALM TREE OR THE TRUNK OF A PLANT SPECIES. OR IT MAY HAVE BEEN A PLANT SPECIES THAT WAS IMPORTANT THEM BUT IT IS NOT NOW. IF COCONUT PALMS WERE EVER SEEN BY THE NGARO THEIR VALUE AS A FOOD SOURCE WOULD NOT HAVE MISSED. THE DOMESTICATED COCONUT PALM WOULD HAVE REACHED BORNEO BY A LAND BRIDGE BEFORE SEA LEVEL ROSE. COCONUTS MAY HAVE REACHED NGARO BY FLOATING IN STRONG CURRENTS WHERE THE INDIAN AND PACIFIC CURRENTS MEET. AS SEAFARING FOLKS OF THE NGARO MAY HAVE BEEN IST OF THE TRIBES TO LEARN OF COCONUTS, AND USE THEM FOR FOOD.
THERE IS A PAINTING OF AN OVAL SHAPE, PROBABLY A SEA TURTLE, A GOOD FOOD SOURCE FOR THE ABORIGINES. THE SYMBOL MAY ALSO REPRESENT THE FRUIT OF PADAMUS PLANTS AND ITS SEED. THE CYAD NUTS HAVE TO BE CHOPPED AND THEN HEATED TO BREAK DOWN DEADLY POISONS. THE CRUSHED COOKED NUT PRODUCES AN EDIBLE FLOUR THAT CAN BE ROASTED INTO A FLAT BREAD SIMILAR TO AUSTRALIAN FLATBREAD.
THE NAGARO ARE UNIQUE IN THEIR SEAFARING CULTURE. THEY TRAVELED AMONG WHITSUNDAY ISLANDS IN SEWN PAPERBARK CANOES. THEY CAUGHT SEAS TURTLES, SHELLFISH, AND LARGE SEA MAMMALS, AS WELL AS SMALL WHALES. THEY DEVELOPED A BARBED HARPOON TECHNOLOGY THAT ENABLED THE NGARO TO KILL THEIR PREY BY EXHAUSTING THEM VS. BLEEDING. THAT WOULD ATTRACT TOO MANY SHARKS TO COMPETE FOR THE CATCH. THE NGARO ORAL HISTORY IS CONSISTENT THROUGH HISTORICAL RECORD IN DESCRIPTION OF SEASON VISITS TO THE GREAT BARRIER REEF IN THEIR CANOES.
THE GOVERNMENT IS COMPENSATING SOME MODERN ABORIGINES FOR LOSS OF ANCESTRAL LANDS AND THEY ARE HIRED THEM FOR NATIONAL FOREST AND TOURISM JOBS IN THE AREAS IN WHICH THEIR ANCESTORS LIVED. THIS AFFIRMATIVE ACTION SERVES TO PRESERVE THE ABORIGINES WHO ARE HIRED . THIS SERVES TO PRESERVE MUCH OF THEIR LORE AND KNOWLEDGE. THE YOUTHS LEARN ELDERS AND SKILLS AND TRADITIONS THEIR LAND GRANTS ARE ALSO BASED ON ANCESTRAL TERRITORIES, BOUNDARIES, THAT FURTHER THE NON ACADEMIC INTERESTS IN TRIBAL BOUNDARIES.
THE NGARO PEOPLE WERE ONE OF PEOPLE WERE ONE OF THE FIRST SEAFARING PEOPLE IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA WHO JAMES COOK. SOME OF THE ORAL ACCOUNTS MAYBE JUST STORIES SPOKEN AND NOT FACTUAL.
LIKE MYTHS THEY HAVE SECOND HAND STORIES. SOME OF THEIR DREAM TIMES HAVE STORIES THAT DESCRIBE THE CREATION OF RIVERS AND SNAKES AND AT THE SAME TIME DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE RIVER OR MOUNTAIN ACCURATELY. MANY RESEARCHERS FOUND CONSISTENCY BY ORAL HISTORY OF NGARO DESCENDANTS.
HOOK ISLAND IS THE OLDEST NGARO SETTLEMENT. THE CAVES HAVE ANCIENT PAINTINGS. HERE IS ONE OF LARGEST BASALT ABORIGINAL QUARRIES IN AUSTRALIA.THE DRAWINGS HAVE SEVERAL INTERPRETATIONS.
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NGARIGO INDIANS IN AUSTRALIAN
NGARIGO ARE THE ABORIGINE WHO LIVE IN SOUTHEAST OF THE CANBERRA. IN 1974 A CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES INCLUDED THEIR LANDS IN MONARO NORTH OF QUEENSBAY AND THE AUSTRALIAN ALPS. THEIR NAME MEANS HOSTILE PEOPLE. IN WINTER THEY MOVE TO LOWER ELEVATION FROM THE MOUNTAINS. HENCE THEY ARE CALLED AGGRESSIVE. SO THEY HAVE TWO GROUPS - A GROUP IN THE TABLELANDS AND ONE IN THE HIGH COUNTRY. THESE PEOPLE SPEAK NGARIGU LANGUAGE AND A SOUTHERN DIALECT.
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Tuesday, June 12, 2012
NGADJURI INDIANS IN AUSTRAILIA
THESE PEOPLE ARE A GROUP OF INDIGENOUS FOLKS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA WITH A TERRITORY EXPANDING FROM GAWLER TO THE NORTH. THEY LED NOMADIC LIVES AND THE EUROPEAN DISEASES DECIMATED THEM, ESPECIALLY SMALLPOX. ALTHOUGH THE LANDS OF THE NGARDJURI WERE EXTENSIVE THEIR PRINCIPAL CAMPING AND BURIAL GROUNDS ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN AT CLARE AUBURN.
WHEN ANGLO EUROPEAN CAUCASIAN SETTLERS ARRIVED IN 1836, THE LAND IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA WAS CONSIDERED A BARREN WASTELAND BY BRITISH PARLIAMENT. IN CONTRAST TO THE REST OF AUSTRALIA IT WAS A BARREN WASTELAND. THERE WAS A PATENT AND AN ACT THAT STATED THE NATIVES SHOULD HAVE ACCESS AND ENJOYMENT OF THESE LANDS. BUT THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN COMPANY AND AUTHORITIES IGNORED IT. BY 1870 FEW NGADJURI WERE ON THESE LANDS.
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WHEN ANGLO EUROPEAN CAUCASIAN SETTLERS ARRIVED IN 1836, THE LAND IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA WAS CONSIDERED A BARREN WASTELAND BY BRITISH PARLIAMENT. IN CONTRAST TO THE REST OF AUSTRALIA IT WAS A BARREN WASTELAND. THERE WAS A PATENT AND AN ACT THAT STATED THE NATIVES SHOULD HAVE ACCESS AND ENJOYMENT OF THESE LANDS. BUT THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN COMPANY AND AUTHORITIES IGNORED IT. BY 1870 FEW NGADJURI WERE ON THESE LANDS.
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LURITA INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
LURITA IS A NAME USED TO DESCRIBE SEVERAL DIALECTS OF THE DESERT LANGUAGE. IT'S MEANING IS A FOREIGNER. IT APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN APPLIED BY ARRENTE SPEAKERS TO PEOPLE OF THE WESTERN DESERT LANGUAGE GROUP WHO RELOCATED TO FROM REMOTE DESERT AREAS TO ALICE SPRINGS.
THE LURITJA LAND IS WEST AND SOUTH OF ALICE SPRINGS. THEIR AREA IS NEAR WATARRKA NATIONAL PARK AND IS REFERRED TO AS KINGS CANYON. THEY HAVE A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE THERE. OVER TIME YOUNGER GENERATIONS HAVE TAKEN ON THE TERM AS THEIR ETHNONYM.
PAPUNYA LURITA IS THE VARIETY OF LURITJA SPOKEN AROUND THE COMMUNITY OF PAPUNYA. THERE ARE SEVERAL DIALECTS. THEIR TOTAL POPULATION IS IN THE 1000'S MAKING THEM THE THIRD LARGEST OF ABORIGINAL POPULATIONS.
THEY RELY HEAVILY ON THE SALE OF ARTWORK. THEY HAVE THE LARGEST NUMBER OF FAMOUS ARTISTS. THEY LIVE IN PAPUNYA AND KINTORI. THE PAPUNYA TULA COMPANY IS WORLD FAMOUS FOR ARTISTS. NAKARA IS A NORTH SUBURB OF DARWIN. THE NAKAR INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS LIVE AROUND BOUUCART BAY WHICH IS WEST OF THE BLYTHE RIVER. THEY HAVE A POPULATION OF OVER 2000 FOLKS.
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THE LURITJA LAND IS WEST AND SOUTH OF ALICE SPRINGS. THEIR AREA IS NEAR WATARRKA NATIONAL PARK AND IS REFERRED TO AS KINGS CANYON. THEY HAVE A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE THERE. OVER TIME YOUNGER GENERATIONS HAVE TAKEN ON THE TERM AS THEIR ETHNONYM.
PAPUNYA LURITA IS THE VARIETY OF LURITJA SPOKEN AROUND THE COMMUNITY OF PAPUNYA. THERE ARE SEVERAL DIALECTS. THEIR TOTAL POPULATION IS IN THE 1000'S MAKING THEM THE THIRD LARGEST OF ABORIGINAL POPULATIONS.
THEY RELY HEAVILY ON THE SALE OF ARTWORK. THEY HAVE THE LARGEST NUMBER OF FAMOUS ARTISTS. THEY LIVE IN PAPUNYA AND KINTORI. THE PAPUNYA TULA COMPANY IS WORLD FAMOUS FOR ARTISTS. NAKARA IS A NORTH SUBURB OF DARWIN. THE NAKAR INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS LIVE AROUND BOUUCART BAY WHICH IS WEST OF THE BLYTHE RIVER. THEY HAVE A POPULATION OF OVER 2000 FOLKS.
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MARTU INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
MARTU ARE FOLKS OF THE WESTERN DESERT. THEY HAVE A BIG TRACT OF LAND. THEY HAVE MANY LANGUAGE GROUPS. AND MARTU MEANS ONE PERSON.
THEIR LANGUAGE NAME HAS BEEN USED BY NON-ABORIGINIES ONLY SINCE 1980.BEFORE THIS WHITE AUTRALIANS THOUGHT THESE FOLKS WEREIN THE REMOTE PART OF AUSTRALIA. IN 1964 A SMALL CLAN OF MARTU WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE BROUGHT IN FROM THEIR COUNTRY TO A MISSION TO MAKE WAY FOR THE BLUE STREAK MISSILE TESTS.THE MISSILES FIRED FROM WOOMERA WERE DESIGNED TO DUMPIN TRADITIONAL MANTU COUNTRY. A DEBATE RAGED. EVEN IN THE 60'S SOME MARTU HAD NOT SEEN WHITE PEOPLE. THEY EXPERIENCED BRUTAL TREATMENTBY EUROPEANS. BY 2002 THE MARTU WERE GRANTED NATIVE TITLE TO MUCH OF THEIR COUNTRY AFTER STRUGGLING TWO DECADES.
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THEIR LANGUAGE NAME HAS BEEN USED BY NON-ABORIGINIES ONLY SINCE 1980.BEFORE THIS WHITE AUTRALIANS THOUGHT THESE FOLKS WEREIN THE REMOTE PART OF AUSTRALIA. IN 1964 A SMALL CLAN OF MARTU WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE BROUGHT IN FROM THEIR COUNTRY TO A MISSION TO MAKE WAY FOR THE BLUE STREAK MISSILE TESTS.THE MISSILES FIRED FROM WOOMERA WERE DESIGNED TO DUMPIN TRADITIONAL MANTU COUNTRY. A DEBATE RAGED. EVEN IN THE 60'S SOME MARTU HAD NOT SEEN WHITE PEOPLE. THEY EXPERIENCED BRUTAL TREATMENTBY EUROPEANS. BY 2002 THE MARTU WERE GRANTED NATIVE TITLE TO MUCH OF THEIR COUNTRY AFTER STRUGGLING TWO DECADES.
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GWEAGAL INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS ARE A CLAN OF THARAWAL IN NEW SOUTH WALES. THEY LIVED ON THE SHORES OF BOTANY BAY. THEIR TERRITORY WAS NOT CLEARLY DEFINED. THEY WERE NORTHERNMOST OF DHARAWAL NATION.
THEY WERE A FIRE CLAN. A TRIBE CONSISTED OF ABOUT 20 TO 50 PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THEIR TERRITORY. THEY HAD STRONG SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TIES. THEY HAD WRITTEN LANGUAGE. THEY HAD TIES TO SACRED SITES. THEY KNEW HOW TO LIGHT FIRES. THEY WORE LITTLE CLOTHING AND HAD A WOVEN HAIR SASHE. THEY MADE A POSSUM SKIN COAT FOR WINTER. THEY PUT RESIN IN THEIR HAIR FOR A MOPLIKE APPEARANCE AND USED NATIVE ANIMAL'S HIDE AND MAKE CEREMONIAL COSTUMES. THEY GROUND THEIR AXES BY STREAMS. THEY USE IGNEOUS ROCKS FOR AXES. ONE ANTHROPOLOGIST DATED THE GROOVES TO BE 3000 YEARS OLD.
THE ABORIGINES WERE GUARDIANS OF SACRED WHITE CLAY PITS. MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE1000'S OF MILESTO COLLECT THE CLAY. IT WAS SACRED AND HAD MANY USES. THEY LINED THEIR CANOES SO THEY COULD LIGHT FIRES THERE. IT WAS A BODY PAINT AND IT WAS ADDED TO BERRIES FOR A CEREMONIAL PAINT.. IT WAS AN ANTIACID. IT WAS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT.
CAVES WERE IMPORTANT TO ABORIGINALS. THEY OFTEN LIVED IN CAVES AND WERE USED AS BURIAL SITES. IN KERNELL THERE IS A SKELETON CAVE WHERE A SMALLPOX VICTIMS WERE BURIED IN 1789. MANY CAVES HAVE HUMAN REMAINS. DURING HEAVY RAINS PEOPLE WERE TRAPPED IN CAVES. SOME CAVES HAVE OYSTER SHELLS THERE AND OTHERS ARE ADJOINING THEM WITH CARVINGS. ONE CAVE HAD OCHRE AND A SPEAR HEAD AFTER EXCAVATION. THEY USED CAVES ON MICKEY'S POINT AND RADSTOW THAT WAS NAMED AFTER AN ABORIGINE. IN WINTER THEY BUILT FIRES IN CAVES AND PAINTED THEM ELABORATELY.
THE GWEAGAL HAD MANY RESOURCES. THESE FOLKS FISHED IN CANOES AND THEY CAUGHT WATERFOWL. THEY COLLECTED EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL SWAMPLANDS. BIRDS EGGS, POSSUMS, AND WALLABIES WERE THEIRSTAPLE. THESE FOLKS WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS AND FISHED AND THEY ONLY CAUGHT WHAT THEY COULD EAT IMMEDIATELY. THESE ABUNDANT FOODS MEANT THESE FOLKS WERE LESS NOMADIC THAN THOSE OF OUTBACK AUSTRALIA. MIDDENS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN GEORGE RIVER WHERE SHELLS, FISH BONES AND OTHER PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN PLACES. THIS INDICATED LONG PERIODS OF CAMPING.MIDDENS HAVE BEEN TEST EXCAVATED.
THE GWEAGAL ABORIGINES MADE FIRST CONTACT WITH JAMES COOK AND OTHERS FROM EUROPE IN 1770. THE ABORIGINES YELLED AND SHOWED SIGNS OF AGRESSION, INTIMIDATION, STRENGTH AND WEAPONRY. SOME ABORIGINES WENT INTO THE ROCK AND BUSHES . SOME WARRIORS THREATENED ON THE ROCKS, WARNINGS THEM OF THE SPEARS. ONE MUSCUT SHOT WOUNDED AN ABORIGINAL. SPEARS WERE INEFFECTIVE. NO ONE MADE FRIENDS WITH COOK AND THEY AVOIDED THEM IN THE DAILY LIFE AND WATCHED THEM WITH CAUTION.
SOME GWEAGAL MEN TRIED TO APPROACH THEM WITHOUT HOSTILITY. COOK BROUGHT CULTURAL ARTIFACTS FROM THE STANCE AND FLORA AND FAUNA. THEY FOUND 50 SPEARS. SOME ARE ON DISPLAY T THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE IN ENGLAND.
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THEY WERE A FIRE CLAN. A TRIBE CONSISTED OF ABOUT 20 TO 50 PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THEIR TERRITORY. THEY HAD STRONG SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TIES. THEY HAD WRITTEN LANGUAGE. THEY HAD TIES TO SACRED SITES. THEY KNEW HOW TO LIGHT FIRES. THEY WORE LITTLE CLOTHING AND HAD A WOVEN HAIR SASHE. THEY MADE A POSSUM SKIN COAT FOR WINTER. THEY PUT RESIN IN THEIR HAIR FOR A MOPLIKE APPEARANCE AND USED NATIVE ANIMAL'S HIDE AND MAKE CEREMONIAL COSTUMES. THEY GROUND THEIR AXES BY STREAMS. THEY USE IGNEOUS ROCKS FOR AXES. ONE ANTHROPOLOGIST DATED THE GROOVES TO BE 3000 YEARS OLD.
THE ABORIGINES WERE GUARDIANS OF SACRED WHITE CLAY PITS. MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE1000'S OF MILESTO COLLECT THE CLAY. IT WAS SACRED AND HAD MANY USES. THEY LINED THEIR CANOES SO THEY COULD LIGHT FIRES THERE. IT WAS A BODY PAINT AND IT WAS ADDED TO BERRIES FOR A CEREMONIAL PAINT.. IT WAS AN ANTIACID. IT WAS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT.
CAVES WERE IMPORTANT TO ABORIGINALS. THEY OFTEN LIVED IN CAVES AND WERE USED AS BURIAL SITES. IN KERNELL THERE IS A SKELETON CAVE WHERE A SMALLPOX VICTIMS WERE BURIED IN 1789. MANY CAVES HAVE HUMAN REMAINS. DURING HEAVY RAINS PEOPLE WERE TRAPPED IN CAVES. SOME CAVES HAVE OYSTER SHELLS THERE AND OTHERS ARE ADJOINING THEM WITH CARVINGS. ONE CAVE HAD OCHRE AND A SPEAR HEAD AFTER EXCAVATION. THEY USED CAVES ON MICKEY'S POINT AND RADSTOW THAT WAS NAMED AFTER AN ABORIGINE. IN WINTER THEY BUILT FIRES IN CAVES AND PAINTED THEM ELABORATELY.
THE GWEAGAL HAD MANY RESOURCES. THESE FOLKS FISHED IN CANOES AND THEY CAUGHT WATERFOWL. THEY COLLECTED EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL SWAMPLANDS. BIRDS EGGS, POSSUMS, AND WALLABIES WERE THEIRSTAPLE. THESE FOLKS WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS AND FISHED AND THEY ONLY CAUGHT WHAT THEY COULD EAT IMMEDIATELY. THESE ABUNDANT FOODS MEANT THESE FOLKS WERE LESS NOMADIC THAN THOSE OF OUTBACK AUSTRALIA. MIDDENS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN GEORGE RIVER WHERE SHELLS, FISH BONES AND OTHER PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN PLACES. THIS INDICATED LONG PERIODS OF CAMPING.MIDDENS HAVE BEEN TEST EXCAVATED.
THE GWEAGAL ABORIGINES MADE FIRST CONTACT WITH JAMES COOK AND OTHERS FROM EUROPE IN 1770. THE ABORIGINES YELLED AND SHOWED SIGNS OF AGRESSION, INTIMIDATION, STRENGTH AND WEAPONRY. SOME ABORIGINES WENT INTO THE ROCK AND BUSHES . SOME WARRIORS THREATENED ON THE ROCKS, WARNINGS THEM OF THE SPEARS. ONE MUSCUT SHOT WOUNDED AN ABORIGINAL. SPEARS WERE INEFFECTIVE. NO ONE MADE FRIENDS WITH COOK AND THEY AVOIDED THEM IN THE DAILY LIFE AND WATCHED THEM WITH CAUTION.
SOME GWEAGAL MEN TRIED TO APPROACH THEM WITHOUT HOSTILITY. COOK BROUGHT CULTURAL ARTIFACTS FROM THE STANCE AND FLORA AND FAUNA. THEY FOUND 50 SPEARS. SOME ARE ON DISPLAY T THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE IN ENGLAND.
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THE THARAWAL IN AUSTRAILIA
THE THARAWAL WERE THE FOLKS WHO LIVED ON SOUTHERN SYDNEY. IN 1788 EUROPEANS FIRST MET THEM. THE ROCK ART OF THE THARAWAL IS ON SANDSTONE IN CHARCOAL AND RED ORCHE. THERE ARE MANY PAINTINGS IN 100'S OF SURFACES AND OVERHANGS. THE PICTOGRAPHS ARE MARRED BY RECENT EUROPEAN GRAFFITI. THEY HAVE A PUBLIC VIEWING SITE AT JIBBON POINT. SOME ARE PETROGLYPHS OF WHALES AND A SEAL . THE WHALE SCARIFIED IS A TOTEMIC SPIRIT OF HIGH ESTEEM.
IT IS BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE NO REMAINING DESCENDANTS OF THE THARAWAL PEOPLE. SOME OF THE WODI WODI CLAN WHO CLAIM TO HAVE SURVIVED THE DECIMATION MOVED BACK TO THE AREAS FORMALLY OCCUPIED BYTHEM.
THE THARAWAL LIVED MAINLY BY LOCAL PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLE AND BY FISHING AND GATHERING SHELLFISH AND FISH PRODUCTS. THE MEN HUNTED MAMMAL. WOMEN COLLECTED NATIVE PLANTS AND FISHED AND BUILT CANOES. THEY LEFT MANY SITES.
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IT IS BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE NO REMAINING DESCENDANTS OF THE THARAWAL PEOPLE. SOME OF THE WODI WODI CLAN WHO CLAIM TO HAVE SURVIVED THE DECIMATION MOVED BACK TO THE AREAS FORMALLY OCCUPIED BYTHEM.
THE THARAWAL LIVED MAINLY BY LOCAL PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLE AND BY FISHING AND GATHERING SHELLFISH AND FISH PRODUCTS. THE MEN HUNTED MAMMAL. WOMEN COLLECTED NATIVE PLANTS AND FISHED AND BUILT CANOES. THEY LEFT MANY SITES.
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Friday, June 8, 2012
ART AT THE SOURCE
DURING THE SUMMER THERE ARE TWO SPECIAL WEEKENDS WHEN ABOUT 100 ARTISTS OPEN THEIR STUDIOS AND INVITE THE PUBLIC TO TO VIEW THEIR PRODUCTS AND PAINTINGS. THEY CAN PERSONALLY MEET PROSPECTIVE BUYERS AND DISCUSS HOW THEY MAKE THEIR PRODUCTS AND PAINTINGS AND THEIR BACKGROUND. IT IS CALLED ART AT THE SOURCE. THERE IS A MAP WITH VARIOUS ADDRESSES SO PEOPLE CAN COME AND MEET AND IDENTIFY THE ARTISTS IN THEIR BEAUTIFUL STUDIOS. THESE ARTISTS HAVE TAKEN GREAT PRIDE AND TIME IN PUTTING TOGETHER THEIR COLLECTIONS AND DISPLYING THEM. MANY ARTISTS HAVE GATHERED TOGETHER FOR EASE IN PREPARING DISPLAY AREAS. I HAVE VIsITED MANY OF THE ARTISTS DURING THESE WEEKENDS AND IT IS FUN.
THIS WEEKEND I WENT TO GLASS PRODUCTIONS AND VARIOUS SCULPTURES WHO WERE VERY INTERESTING TO LISTEN TO. I MET A LADY IN OCCIDENTAL WHO PAINTED BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPES THAT HAD BEEN REPRODUCED. SHE EXPLAINED THAT THIS PROCESS IS EXPENSIVE AS WELL. SHE WAS INTERESTED IN MY TALKS AND I GAVE HER MY WEBSITE. MANY PEOPLE HAD A VARIETY OF INTERESTING TREATS. THERE WAS A GAL WHO HAD STAWBERRIES AND I SAID THEY WERE TO THE POMO. IN THIS TERRITORY THE INDIANS WERE FROM THE COAST MIWOK.
SOME PEOPLE KNEW THEY WERE PART INDIAN AND SOME WERE VERY BUSY.
THIS WEEKEND I WENT TO GLASS PRODUCTIONS AND VARIOUS SCULPTURES WHO WERE VERY INTERESTING TO LISTEN TO. I MET A LADY IN OCCIDENTAL WHO PAINTED BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPES THAT HAD BEEN REPRODUCED. SHE EXPLAINED THAT THIS PROCESS IS EXPENSIVE AS WELL. SHE WAS INTERESTED IN MY TALKS AND I GAVE HER MY WEBSITE. MANY PEOPLE HAD A VARIETY OF INTERESTING TREATS. THERE WAS A GAL WHO HAD STAWBERRIES AND I SAID THEY WERE TO THE POMO. IN THIS TERRITORY THE INDIANS WERE FROM THE COAST MIWOK.
SOME PEOPLE KNEW THEY WERE PART INDIAN AND SOME WERE VERY BUSY.
Thursday, June 7, 2012
MIAM INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
THE MIAN ARE A PEOPLE FOR DIVING IN THE SANDAUN PROVINCE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA. THEY HAVE ABOUT 35000 FOLKS WHO SPEAK THEIR LANGUAGE. THEY LIVE IN SMALL VILLAGES WITH IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS WITH RAINFOREST. TRANSPORT IS DIFFICULT. MOST PEOPLE WALK. THEY USE HUNT AND AGRICULTURAL AND SLASH AND BURN. THEY GROW SELECT POTATOES, SAGE POTATOES, SAGO BANANAS,PINEAPPLES, BREAD FRUITS, PAWPAW, PUMPKINS, SQUASHES, BEANS, PEANUTS AND CORN AND COCONUTS. THE MEN HUNT OIGS, CASSOIVARIES, BIRDS, FISH, SNAKES, AND SMALL REPTILES.
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MAMU IN AUSTRAILIA
MAMU ARE FROM COAST AND RAIN FOREST OF FAR NORTH QUEENSLAND. THEY HAD 5 CLANS. A CLAN WAS PHYSICALLY SHORTER THAN OTHERS AND LIVED IN DENSE FORESTS THAT WERE RADICALLY ADJACENT TO THE RIVER. THE MAMU WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS. THEY STRONGLY RESISTED EUROPEAN OCCUPATION. IN 1872 THE MAMU ABUSED THE SURVIVORS OF THE SHIP CALLED MARIA. IN LATE 1870'S EUROPEAN TREE CUTTERS AND CHINESE CAME TO PROSPECT FOR GOLD. AN INSPECTOR ATTACKED THE MAMU WHEN HE WAS ESCORTING THEM. THE MAMU FOUGHT FIERCELY. THEIR FAMILIES WERE LATER BROKEN DOWN AND DISPERSED.
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LARRAKIA INDIANS IN AUSTRAILIA
LARRAKIA ARE ABORIGINES OWNERS OF LARRAKIN COUNTRY IN AND AROUND DARWIN. THEY ARE ALSO CALLED SALT WATER PEOPLE. THEY HAD SONGS THEY SUNG ON THE ROUTES AND HISTORIES.
LARRAKIN ORGANIZATIONS WERE THE NATIONAL ABORIGINAL CORPORATION IN 1997. THIS PROVIDED FUNDING TO THESE FOLKS FOR OVER 4 YEAR TO ASSIST IN GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES. THIS ORGANIZATION HAD 8 DIFFERENT GROUPS. THEY HAVE ABOUT 500 MEMBERS. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PUT THEM UNDER A SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION.
UNLIKE MANY OTHER GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS THEY WANT THESES FOLKS TO HAVE FINANCIAL INDEPENDANCE . IT'S MISSION IS WORKING FOR FOLKS AND THEY HAVE A TRUST DEED.. A LARRAKIA PERSON SHOULD BE ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR CLAIMED HERITAGE AND GENEOLOGY. MANY LARRAKIA ARE LISTED IN KENBI LAND CLAIM. THE KENBI LAND CLAIM ENCOMPASSED DARWIN TERRITORY AND KENBI FOR OVER 30 YEARS.
IN 2009 THE NORTHERN GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED THE KENBI AS THE LONGEST RUNNING LAND CLAIM. DURING THE ANNOUNCEMENT THE HANDOVER OF THE PAYLENE TRADITIONAL OWNER SAID "I WILL BE ENSURE THAT THE LAND WILL BE PROTECTED FOR ALL LARRAKIA FAMILES."
LARRAKIA HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF FIGHTING TO REGAIN THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORIES. IN 1977 THE KENBY LAND CLAIMS WAS MADE BY THE COUNCIL TO KEEP LANDS FOR GENERATIONS IN THE FUTURE. SOME LARRAKITA SEE IT AS INAPPROPRIATE AND WANT TO INFORM THEIR OWN LAND HOLDINGS.
AFTER 23 YEARS OF STRUGGLE THIS RECOMMENDATION TO KEEP LAND WAS A STRUGGLE THIS RECOMMENDATION TO KEEP LAND WAS A GREAT VICTORY FOR THESE OLD FOLKS. TEN YEARS LATER THE ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS MINISTER HAS NOT SIGNED THE LAND OVER. IN 2006 A FEDERAL COURT DENIED THE LARRAKIA'S TITLE TO CLAIM ON BASIS OF FAILURE TO PROVE CONTINUOUS CONNECTION WITH THE DARWIN AREA.
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LARRAKIN ORGANIZATIONS WERE THE NATIONAL ABORIGINAL CORPORATION IN 1997. THIS PROVIDED FUNDING TO THESE FOLKS FOR OVER 4 YEAR TO ASSIST IN GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES. THIS ORGANIZATION HAD 8 DIFFERENT GROUPS. THEY HAVE ABOUT 500 MEMBERS. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PUT THEM UNDER A SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION.
UNLIKE MANY OTHER GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS THEY WANT THESES FOLKS TO HAVE FINANCIAL INDEPENDANCE . IT'S MISSION IS WORKING FOR FOLKS AND THEY HAVE A TRUST DEED.. A LARRAKIA PERSON SHOULD BE ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR CLAIMED HERITAGE AND GENEOLOGY. MANY LARRAKIA ARE LISTED IN KENBI LAND CLAIM. THE KENBI LAND CLAIM ENCOMPASSED DARWIN TERRITORY AND KENBI FOR OVER 30 YEARS.
IN 2009 THE NORTHERN GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED THE KENBI AS THE LONGEST RUNNING LAND CLAIM. DURING THE ANNOUNCEMENT THE HANDOVER OF THE PAYLENE TRADITIONAL OWNER SAID "I WILL BE ENSURE THAT THE LAND WILL BE PROTECTED FOR ALL LARRAKIA FAMILES."
LARRAKIA HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF FIGHTING TO REGAIN THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORIES. IN 1977 THE KENBY LAND CLAIMS WAS MADE BY THE COUNCIL TO KEEP LANDS FOR GENERATIONS IN THE FUTURE. SOME LARRAKITA SEE IT AS INAPPROPRIATE AND WANT TO INFORM THEIR OWN LAND HOLDINGS.
AFTER 23 YEARS OF STRUGGLE THIS RECOMMENDATION TO KEEP LAND WAS A STRUGGLE THIS RECOMMENDATION TO KEEP LAND WAS A GREAT VICTORY FOR THESE OLD FOLKS. TEN YEARS LATER THE ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS MINISTER HAS NOT SIGNED THE LAND OVER. IN 2006 A FEDERAL COURT DENIED THE LARRAKIA'S TITLE TO CLAIM ON BASIS OF FAILURE TO PROVE CONTINUOUS CONNECTION WITH THE DARWIN AREA.
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Wednesday, June 6, 2012
YOSEMITE TRIPS OF OUR FAMILY
MY FAMILY USUALLY TOOK ONE TRIP EACH YEAR TO YOSEMITE EITHER DURING THE SUMMER OR DURING THE WINTER. ONLY ONE TIME WE WENT WITH GARY'S BROTHER'S FAMILY AND WE TOOK THE PANORAMIC TRAIL. IT WAS SUMMER BUT A BIG RAIN STORM CAME UP AND WE WERE HAVING LUNCH BY BRIDALVEIL FALLS. A LIGHTENING STORM CAME UP THAT DAY AND I DID NOT HAVE ANY HIKING STICKS AND FELL ON MY BOTTOM MANY TIMES. MY ARTHRITIC KNEES WERE KILLING ME. DENNIS AND HIS FAMILY CHOSE ANOTHER WAY TO GO DOWN THE VALLEY. WE WENT DOWN A SLIPPERY VERNAL FALLS TRAIL AND IT WAS LIKE WALKING ON GLASS AS THE GRANITE WAS VERY SLICK. OUR FAMILIES FINALLY MET UP AT THE END BY OUR LODGES.
ANOTHER TRIP WE CAMPED WITH OUR SON WHEN HE WAS ABOUT FIVE. SOME BLACK BEARS ATTACKED OUR OLD VAN AS IT HAD HONEY AND CEREAL. WE HAD PLANNED A TRIP FOR A WEEK. ONCE WE CHASED THE BEARS AWAY, THEY BROKE A WINDOW. THEN THE LARGE RACOONS CAME BY AND COLLECTED THE REST OF THE FOOD ON THE GROUND. THEN SOME SMALL SQUIRRELS CAME. WE BOXED UP OUR WINDOW THAT WAS BROKEN AND MOVED TO ANOTHER CAMPGROUND THAT HAD LARGER BEAR BOXES FOR OUR OUR FOOD. IT WAS A GOOD LESSON. AGAIN WE WENT HIKING AND CAMPING UP TO TOULOMNE MEADOWS AND WE HUNG OUR FOOD IN THE TREES. WE HAD NO BEAR PROBLEMS. WE TOOK MANY PHOTOS OF YOSEMITE DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS.
ANOTHER YEAR WE RENTED A CABIN IN THE WINTER AND BROUGHT OUR BIKES AND WINTER CLOTHING AND RODE ON THE TRAILS. IT SNOWED ONLY A FEW INCHES. WE FOUND A PLACE TO USE OUR SLEDS AND MY SON ENJOYED PLAYING IN THE SNOW. WE WENT TO THE MUSEUMS AND BOUGHT SOME OF ANSEL ADAMS PHOTOS FOR GIFTS AND WATCHED A POMO -MIWOK WEAVER MAKE A BASKET. WE VIEWED THE LARGE HISTORIC AHWAHNEE HOTEL BUILT IN 1927. THEY HAVE MANY HISTORIC PAINTINGS AND WEAVINGS IN THIS HOTEL.
ANOTHER TRIP WE CAMPED WITH OUR SON WHEN HE WAS ABOUT FIVE. SOME BLACK BEARS ATTACKED OUR OLD VAN AS IT HAD HONEY AND CEREAL. WE HAD PLANNED A TRIP FOR A WEEK. ONCE WE CHASED THE BEARS AWAY, THEY BROKE A WINDOW. THEN THE LARGE RACOONS CAME BY AND COLLECTED THE REST OF THE FOOD ON THE GROUND. THEN SOME SMALL SQUIRRELS CAME. WE BOXED UP OUR WINDOW THAT WAS BROKEN AND MOVED TO ANOTHER CAMPGROUND THAT HAD LARGER BEAR BOXES FOR OUR OUR FOOD. IT WAS A GOOD LESSON. AGAIN WE WENT HIKING AND CAMPING UP TO TOULOMNE MEADOWS AND WE HUNG OUR FOOD IN THE TREES. WE HAD NO BEAR PROBLEMS. WE TOOK MANY PHOTOS OF YOSEMITE DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS.
ANOTHER YEAR WE RENTED A CABIN IN THE WINTER AND BROUGHT OUR BIKES AND WINTER CLOTHING AND RODE ON THE TRAILS. IT SNOWED ONLY A FEW INCHES. WE FOUND A PLACE TO USE OUR SLEDS AND MY SON ENJOYED PLAYING IN THE SNOW. WE WENT TO THE MUSEUMS AND BOUGHT SOME OF ANSEL ADAMS PHOTOS FOR GIFTS AND WATCHED A POMO -MIWOK WEAVER MAKE A BASKET. WE VIEWED THE LARGE HISTORIC AHWAHNEE HOTEL BUILT IN 1927. THEY HAVE MANY HISTORIC PAINTINGS AND WEAVINGS IN THIS HOTEL.
MY FAIR LADY - A PLAY AT A HIGH SCHOOL.
THIS IS A PLAY AS WELL AS A BROADWAY PRODUCTION OF GEORGE BERNARD SHAW BOOK. THE MAIN CHARACTER IS IS ELIZA, STREET FLOWER GIRL WHO TAKES SPEECH LESSONS A PROFESSOR HENRY SO SHE LATCHES ON TO HIM AND STAYS IN HIS HOUSE. THE PLAY IS ABOUT 2 1/2 HOURS. THEY HAD AN ORCHESTRA SET THE TONE FOR MANY SONGS THE ACTORS SUNG. IT WAS NOT A LOVE STORY. THE STORY WAS SET IN LONDON. AFTER THE SONGS AND DANCES WERE CHREOGRPHED IT WAS A NICE PLAY I SAW AT ANALY HIGH SCHOOL WITH HIGH SCHOOL TALENT.
THE STORY IS ABOUT THE STRUGGLE FOR A BETTER LIFE AND ABOUT LOVE. WHAT DRIVES US TO DO WHAT WE DO AND HOW ARE WE GOING TO GET IT. IT TAKES PLACE IN 1912. THE DRESSES ARE FRILLY FOR THE LADIES AND THEY GO TO A HORSE RACE. THE MAIN ACTRESS MEETS A YOUNG MAN WHO FALLS IN LOVE WITH HER. HER PROFESSOR TAKES HER TO A BALL AND TAKES CREDIT FOR TURNING HER INTO A DUTCHESS. SHE GETS MAD AT HIM SINCE A HE DOES NOT ACKNOELEDGE HER EFFORTS. HE REALIZES HE CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT HERAS HE HAS GROWN SO ACCUSTOMED TO HER. THE COSTUMES WERE GREAT AS WELL AS THE STAGE DESIGN.
THE STORY IS ABOUT THE STRUGGLE FOR A BETTER LIFE AND ABOUT LOVE. WHAT DRIVES US TO DO WHAT WE DO AND HOW ARE WE GOING TO GET IT. IT TAKES PLACE IN 1912. THE DRESSES ARE FRILLY FOR THE LADIES AND THEY GO TO A HORSE RACE. THE MAIN ACTRESS MEETS A YOUNG MAN WHO FALLS IN LOVE WITH HER. HER PROFESSOR TAKES HER TO A BALL AND TAKES CREDIT FOR TURNING HER INTO A DUTCHESS. SHE GETS MAD AT HIM SINCE A HE DOES NOT ACKNOELEDGE HER EFFORTS. HE REALIZES HE CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT HERAS HE HAS GROWN SO ACCUSTOMED TO HER. THE COSTUMES WERE GREAT AS WELL AS THE STAGE DESIGN.
EASTERN INDIAN CHANTING AT CHURCH
ONE DAY THIS WEEK I WENT TO A VERY MEDITATIVE CHANTING AT CHURCH WHICH ABOUT 100 PEOPLE ATTENDED. THERE WHEREABOUT 10 PEOPLE PLAYING INSTRUMENTS OF ALL KINDS ON STAGE AND ABOUT 20 SINGERS. THE INDIAN LANGUAGE IS QUITE DIFFERENT AND TRICKY. IT IS RYTHMIC IF YOU SING THESE SONGS. ON STAGE THEY HAD ABOUT 20 SINGERS.
THE LANGUAGE IS DIFFICULT TO PRONOUNCE AND THEY HAD THE WORDS PROJECTED ON THE FRONT WALLS SO ALL COULD FOLLOW ALONG. ONE GAL WAS DANCING IN AN ILSE. IT HAD A POSITIVE ENERGY FEELING. I DID NOT KNOW ANY OF THE SONGS AND MOST PEOPLE DID NOT KNOW THEM. ONE FELLA PLAYED THE DIDJERADOO AND OUR MINISTER PLAYED THE HARP AND AN OBOE. IT WAS A GROUNDING EVENT.
THE LANGUAGE IS DIFFICULT TO PRONOUNCE AND THEY HAD THE WORDS PROJECTED ON THE FRONT WALLS SO ALL COULD FOLLOW ALONG. ONE GAL WAS DANCING IN AN ILSE. IT HAD A POSITIVE ENERGY FEELING. I DID NOT KNOW ANY OF THE SONGS AND MOST PEOPLE DID NOT KNOW THEM. ONE FELLA PLAYED THE DIDJERADOO AND OUR MINISTER PLAYED THE HARP AND AN OBOE. IT WAS A GROUNDING EVENT.
Tuesday, June 5, 2012
NGARRINDJERRI INDIANS IN AUSTRALIA
NGARRINDJERI IS THE NAME OF A LANGUAGE GROUP IN SOUTH CENTRAL AUSTRAILIA AND CAPE JERIS.
WHALERS AND SEALERS HAD BEEN VISITINGTHE SOUTH CENTRAL COAST SINCE 1802 AND BY 1819 THERE WAS A PERMANENT CAMP ON KANGAROO ISLAND. MANY OF THESE MEN WERE CONVICTS SINCE 1802 AND BY 1819 THERE WAS SUCH A PERMANENT CAMP ON KANGAROO ISLAND. MANY OF THE MEN WERE CONVICTS WHO BROUGHT TASMANIAN WOMEN WITH THEM AND THEY RAIDED AUSTRALIA FOR WOMEN.
ORIGINALLY THE MOST HEAVILY POPULATED AREA IN AUSTRALIA HAD SMALLPOX EPIDEMICS AND TRAVELED DOWN MURRAY RIVER BEFORE COLONIALIZATION. THIS EPIDEMIC KILLED A MAJORITY OF THESE INDIANS. FUNERAL RITES AND CULTURAL PRACTICES WERE DISRUPTED AND CLANS MERGED AND LAND USE ALTERED. SONGS FROM THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC WERE BORN, BY 1830 AN EXPEDITION TO THESE PEOPLE NOTED THAT THEY ALREADY WERE FAMILIAR WITH FIREARMS.
THEIR POPULATION WAS ONLY 6000 AT THE TIME OF THE WHITE SETTLEMENT IN 1836 DUE TO THE EPIDEMIC. THEY ARE THE ONLY PEOPLE IN AUSTRAILIA WHOSE LAND LAY WITHIN 62 MILES OF THE CAPITAL CITY TO SURVIVE AS A DISTINCT CAPITAL.
THE PEOPLE WHO BELONG TO THIS TRIBE ARE A NATION WHO BELONG TO THIS TRIBE ARE A NATION OF 18 TRIBES. THEY HAVE FAMILY CLANS WHO SPEAK SIMILAR DIALECTS OF THE NORTH GARRINDEJERA LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE TRADITIONAL ABORIGINAL STORIES OF THE MURRAY RIVER, WESTERN PENNISULA AND CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.
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WHALERS AND SEALERS HAD BEEN VISITINGTHE SOUTH CENTRAL COAST SINCE 1802 AND BY 1819 THERE WAS A PERMANENT CAMP ON KANGAROO ISLAND. MANY OF THESE MEN WERE CONVICTS SINCE 1802 AND BY 1819 THERE WAS SUCH A PERMANENT CAMP ON KANGAROO ISLAND. MANY OF THE MEN WERE CONVICTS WHO BROUGHT TASMANIAN WOMEN WITH THEM AND THEY RAIDED AUSTRALIA FOR WOMEN.
ORIGINALLY THE MOST HEAVILY POPULATED AREA IN AUSTRALIA HAD SMALLPOX EPIDEMICS AND TRAVELED DOWN MURRAY RIVER BEFORE COLONIALIZATION. THIS EPIDEMIC KILLED A MAJORITY OF THESE INDIANS. FUNERAL RITES AND CULTURAL PRACTICES WERE DISRUPTED AND CLANS MERGED AND LAND USE ALTERED. SONGS FROM THE SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC WERE BORN, BY 1830 AN EXPEDITION TO THESE PEOPLE NOTED THAT THEY ALREADY WERE FAMILIAR WITH FIREARMS.
THEIR POPULATION WAS ONLY 6000 AT THE TIME OF THE WHITE SETTLEMENT IN 1836 DUE TO THE EPIDEMIC. THEY ARE THE ONLY PEOPLE IN AUSTRAILIA WHOSE LAND LAY WITHIN 62 MILES OF THE CAPITAL CITY TO SURVIVE AS A DISTINCT CAPITAL.
THE PEOPLE WHO BELONG TO THIS TRIBE ARE A NATION WHO BELONG TO THIS TRIBE ARE A NATION OF 18 TRIBES. THEY HAVE FAMILY CLANS WHO SPEAK SIMILAR DIALECTS OF THE NORTH GARRINDEJERA LANGUAGE. THEY HAVE TRADITIONAL ABORIGINAL STORIES OF THE MURRAY RIVER, WESTERN PENNISULA AND CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.
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JARDWADJALI IN AUSTRIALIA
THESE PEOPLE ARE INDIGENOUS WHO OCCUPY THE LANDS IN THE UPPER WIMERA RIVER WATERSHED EAST TO LAKE BRINGALBERT. THEY HAVE SEVERAL TOWNS IN THEIR AREA. THERE WERE 37 JARDIWADIPAL CLANS WHO PERFORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH NEIGHBORING DJABURRING THROUGH INTERMARRIAGE AND THEY SHARED CULTURE AND TRADE AND HAVE A MOIETY SYSTEM. THEY LIVED HERE FOR 30,000 TO 40,0000 YEARS. THEIR LANGUAGE IS COMMON TO THE DJABWEIRING. ONE SITE WAS DATED TO 22,0000 YEARS AGO. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE FIRST CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS WAS THROUGH SMALLPOX EPIDEMICS. THIS EPIDEMIC WAS IN 1788 AND ANOTHER WAS IN 1830'S THIS KILLED MANY FOLKS.
IN 1836 EDWARD HENLY WAS EXPLORING JARDWADJALI LAND FROM THE SOUTH. THIS STARTED EUROPEAN INVASION. TO THE JARDWADJALI AND DIAB WURRONG PEOPLES, GARIWERD WAS CENTRAL TO THE DREAMING OF THE CREATOR.
JARDIWADJALI FOLKS FORMED THE ABORIGINAL CRICKET TEAM IN 1868 THEY PLAYED 47 MATCHES AND WON 17. THERE WERE NO ABORIGINAL MISSIONS ESTABLISHED IN JARDWDIJALI TERRITORY, SO BY 1860'S MANY RELOCATED TO LAKE CONDAH MISSION IN DHAWIR WURRUNG COUNTRY.
THERE WERE ON AND OFF MASSACRES OF THE ABORIGINES, AND VERY FEW WENT TO COURT. MANY SETTLERS KILLED THEM AND THOUGHT NOTHING OF IT.
IN 1989 THERE WAS A PROPOSAL BY VICTORIAN MINISTER OF TOURISM TO RENAME MY PLACES OF ASSOCIATIONS WITH ABORIGINAL HERITAGE. EUROPEANS OPPOSED THIS HOWEVER MANY PLACES RECEIVED ABORINAL NAMES.
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IN 1836 EDWARD HENLY WAS EXPLORING JARDWADJALI LAND FROM THE SOUTH. THIS STARTED EUROPEAN INVASION. TO THE JARDWADJALI AND DIAB WURRONG PEOPLES, GARIWERD WAS CENTRAL TO THE DREAMING OF THE CREATOR.
JARDIWADJALI FOLKS FORMED THE ABORIGINAL CRICKET TEAM IN 1868 THEY PLAYED 47 MATCHES AND WON 17. THERE WERE NO ABORIGINAL MISSIONS ESTABLISHED IN JARDWDIJALI TERRITORY, SO BY 1860'S MANY RELOCATED TO LAKE CONDAH MISSION IN DHAWIR WURRUNG COUNTRY.
THERE WERE ON AND OFF MASSACRES OF THE ABORIGINES, AND VERY FEW WENT TO COURT. MANY SETTLERS KILLED THEM AND THOUGHT NOTHING OF IT.
IN 1989 THERE WAS A PROPOSAL BY VICTORIAN MINISTER OF TOURISM TO RENAME MY PLACES OF ASSOCIATIONS WITH ABORIGINAL HERITAGE. EUROPEANS OPPOSED THIS HOWEVER MANY PLACES RECEIVED ABORINAL NAMES.
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GUILDJAN INDIANS IN AUSTRAILIA
THE GUILDEAN ARE KNOWN AS THE COLAC TRIBE WHOSE LAND COVERS THE LAKE COLAC REGION OF VICTORIA. THEY HAD GRASSLANDS, WOODLANDS, VOLCANIC PLAINS AND LAKES.
THEIR TERRITORY BORDERED THE WADA WURRUNG AND OTHER TRIBES. THEY LIVED FOR 10,000 YEARS AS SEMI NOMADIC SUBSISTENCE LIFESTYLE WITH A SYSTEM OF OF LORE AND SPIRITUALITY WITH A SENSE OF PLACE.
THEY WERE HIT HARD BY THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT WITH MOST OF THEIR LANDS OCCUPIED BY SQUATTERS IN 1838, 3 YEARS AFTER THE FOUNDING OF MELBORNE. THE GUILDIANS WERE HIT HARD BY THE EUROPEAN INVASION AND SETTLEMENT WITH MOST OF THEIR LANDS OCCUPIED BY SQUATTERS IN 1838. THEY RESISTED BY DRIVING OFF LIVESTOCK AND RAIDING STATIONS. THESE RAIDS BROUGHT PARTIES OF SETTLERS WITH VIOLENT REACTIONS. IN 1839 THE SETTLERS KILLED ABORIGINES AND DESTROYED CAMPSITES AND TOOK IMPLEMENTS AS REVENGE.
IN ADDITION SEVERAL ABORIGINAL GROUPS ATTACKED EACH OTHER. BY 1837THE GUILDJAN NUMBERS WERE ABOUT 35-40 AND BY THE 1850'S THEY HAD 78 FOLKS.
IN 1838 A RIVER FRANCIS TUCKFIELD FROM WESLAYAN MISSION SOCIETY WAS ESTABLISHED AT BUNTINGDALE. THERE WERE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE GUILIDJAN AND WADA WURRUNG AT THE MISSION. THE CHRISTIANS TRIED TO CONVERT THE GUILIDJAN IN 1842. THEIR EFFORTS WERE NOT SUCCESSFUL AND THE MISSION WAS CLOSED.
IN 1860 A SMALLRESERVE WAS ESTABLISHED ON THE BARWON RIVER FOR GUILIDJAN PEOPLE. IT WAS MAINTIANED UNTIL 1875. THEY PREFERRED TO LIVE A TRADITIONALMIA MIOS LIFE.
THEIR SOCIETY INTERMARRIED WITH DJABWURRING. THEY HAD FOUR CLANS. ONLY 100 WORDS OF THEIR LANGUAGE HAS SURVIVED. IT MAY BE A MIIXTED LANGUAGE OR CREOLE LANGUAGE.
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THEIR TERRITORY BORDERED THE WADA WURRUNG AND OTHER TRIBES. THEY LIVED FOR 10,000 YEARS AS SEMI NOMADIC SUBSISTENCE LIFESTYLE WITH A SYSTEM OF OF LORE AND SPIRITUALITY WITH A SENSE OF PLACE.
THEY WERE HIT HARD BY THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT WITH MOST OF THEIR LANDS OCCUPIED BY SQUATTERS IN 1838, 3 YEARS AFTER THE FOUNDING OF MELBORNE. THE GUILDIANS WERE HIT HARD BY THE EUROPEAN INVASION AND SETTLEMENT WITH MOST OF THEIR LANDS OCCUPIED BY SQUATTERS IN 1838. THEY RESISTED BY DRIVING OFF LIVESTOCK AND RAIDING STATIONS. THESE RAIDS BROUGHT PARTIES OF SETTLERS WITH VIOLENT REACTIONS. IN 1839 THE SETTLERS KILLED ABORIGINES AND DESTROYED CAMPSITES AND TOOK IMPLEMENTS AS REVENGE.
IN ADDITION SEVERAL ABORIGINAL GROUPS ATTACKED EACH OTHER. BY 1837THE GUILDJAN NUMBERS WERE ABOUT 35-40 AND BY THE 1850'S THEY HAD 78 FOLKS.
IN 1838 A RIVER FRANCIS TUCKFIELD FROM WESLAYAN MISSION SOCIETY WAS ESTABLISHED AT BUNTINGDALE. THERE WERE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE GUILIDJAN AND WADA WURRUNG AT THE MISSION. THE CHRISTIANS TRIED TO CONVERT THE GUILIDJAN IN 1842. THEIR EFFORTS WERE NOT SUCCESSFUL AND THE MISSION WAS CLOSED.
IN 1860 A SMALLRESERVE WAS ESTABLISHED ON THE BARWON RIVER FOR GUILIDJAN PEOPLE. IT WAS MAINTIANED UNTIL 1875. THEY PREFERRED TO LIVE A TRADITIONALMIA MIOS LIFE.
THEIR SOCIETY INTERMARRIED WITH DJABWURRING. THEY HAD FOUR CLANS. ONLY 100 WORDS OF THEIR LANGUAGE HAS SURVIVED. IT MAY BE A MIIXTED LANGUAGE OR CREOLE LANGUAGE.
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Monday, June 4, 2012
GUNDANGARA PEOPLE IN AUSTRAILIA
THESE FOLKS ARE IN A CLAN IN INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIA. THEY LIVE IN EASTERN SOUTH WALES. THEIR TRADITIONAL LANDS ARE IN SOUTH HIGHLANDS. THEY LIVE IN SOUTHEAST REGION OF NEW SOUTH WALES FROM NEPEAN RIVER TO LAKE GEORGE.
IN 1802 FRANCIS BARRALLIER MET THE GUNDAUNGARE PEOPLE AND MOVED SOUTHWEST OF SYDNEY, THROUGH THE WOLLONDILLY RIVER. BARRALLIER NOTED THAT THE GUNDARANGARO BUILD HUTS FOR THE STRANGERS THAT THEY WISH TO RECEIVE AS FRIENDS.
IN 1816 14 FOLKS WERE KILLED BY TROOPS SENT BY THE GOVERNOR TO KILL ABORIGINES IN RESPONSE TO SOME ATTACKS BY ABORIGINES.
IN 1828 THERE WAS SOME INTERACTION BETWEEN SURVEYS - GENERAL AND THE GANDARANGARS. THEY BUILT A ROAD AND WERE GUIDES FOR MITCHELL. THEY WERE BADLY AFFECTED BY INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS OF 1846. BY 1845 THEY HAD ONLY 25 FOLKS. THEY BELIEVED IN ANIMAL PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THE DREAM WORLD AND WERE KNOWN AS BRURRINGITLING. THEY LIVED IN THE CLOUDS AND MOUNTAINS, DENSE TREES, SCRUBS AND WATERHOLES. SOME COULD CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE ENVIRONMENT,THEIR BODY AND DISAPPEAR UNDERGROUND. SOME HAD MAGIC WEAPONS AND HELPED BY DOGS.
THEY HAD AN IMPORTANT INITIATION CALLED DHARAMULAN. THE MYTH BASIS IS THAT MOVIES WERE BROUGHT TO THE PLACE WHERE THE CEREMONY WAS CARRIED OUT. THEY HAD PLACED RUGS OVER THEIR HEADS SO THEY SAW MOTHERS. THE DHARA - CAUGHT A BOY AND HIT HIM ON THE HEAD . ONE OF HIS INCISORS FELL OUT.
EVENTUALLY THE DHARA WENT INTO DIFFERENT TREES WHERE HE LIVED, EXCEPT DURING INITIATION CEREMONIES. A PIECE OF WOOD IS CUT FROM A TREE TO MAKE A BULLROARER. IT IS CALLED DHARAMULA.
THE GANDANGARA LIKE THE THARAWAL AND ARE IMPORTANT. THEY BURY THEIR DEAD UPRIGHT. SOME FOLKS THEY WRAP IN BARK CLOTH AND PLACE IN TREES, SURROUNDED BY CARVED TREES.
GWEAGAL ARE A CLAN OF THARAWALLEN IN NEW SOUTH WALES. THEY LIVED ON THE SHORES OF BOTANY BAY. THEIR TERRITORY WAS NOT CLEARLY DEFINED. THEY WERE NORTHERNMOST OF DARAWAL NATION.
THEY WERE A FIRE CLAN. A TRIBUTARY OF ABOUT 20 TO 50 PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THEIR TERRITORY THEY HAD STRONG SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TIES. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. THEY HAD TIES TO SACRED SITES. THEY KNEW HOW TO LIGHT FIRES. THEY WORE LITTLE CLOTHING. AND HAD A WOVEN HAIR SASH. THEY MADE A POSSUM SKIN COAT FOR WINTER. THEY PUT RESIN IN THEIR HAIR FOR A MOPLIKE APPEARANCE. THEY USED NATIVE ANIMAL HIDE AND MADE CEREMONIAL COSTUMES.
THEY GROUND THEIR AXES BY STREAMS. THEY USE AN IGNEOUS ROCK FOR AXES. ONE ANTHROPOLOGIST DATED THE GROOVES TO BE 3000 YEARS OLD. THE ABORIGINES WERE GUARDIANS OF SACRED WHITE CLAY PITS. MEMBERS OF THE TRIBES WALKED 100'S OF MILES TO COLLECT THE CLAY. IT WAS SACRED AND HAD MANY USES. THEY LINED THEIR CANOES SO THEY COULD LIGHT FIRES THERE; IT WAS A BODY PAINT; AND IT WAS ADDED TO BERRIES FOR A CEREMONIAL PAINT; AND IT WAS AN ANTACID. IT WAS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT.
CAVES WERE IMPORTANT TO ABORIGINALS. THEY OFTEN LIVED I CAVES AND WERE USED AS BURIAL SITES. IN KURNELL THERE IS A SKELETON CAVE WHERE SMALL POX VICTIMS WERE BURIED IN 1979 MANY CAVES HAVE HUMAN REMAINS. DURING HEAVY RAINS SOME PEOPLE WERE TRAPPED IN CAVES. SOME CAVES HAVE OYSTER SHELLS THERE AND OTHERS ARE ADORNED WITH CARVINGS. ONE CAVE HAD OCHRE AND A SPEAR HEAD THEY FOUND AFTER EXCAVATION. THEY USED LEAVES ON MICKEY'S POINT AND RADSTOW WAS NAMED AFTER AN ABORIGINE. IN WINTER THEY BUILT FIRES IN CAVE'S AND PAINTED THEM ELABORATELY.
THE GWEAGAL HAD MANY RESOURCES. THESE FOLKS FISHED IN CANOES AND THEY CAUGHT WATERFOWL. THEY COLLECTED EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL SWAMPLANDS. BIRDS, EGGS, POSSUMS AND WALLABIES WERE THEIR STAPLES. THESE FOLKS WERE HUNTER AND GATHERS AND FISHING AND THEY ONLY CAUGHT WHAT THE COULD EAT IMMEDIATELY. THESE ABUNDANT FOODS MEANT THESE FOLKS WERE LESS NOMADIC THAN THOSE OF THE OUTBACK AUSTRALIA.
MIDDENS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN GEORGE RIVER WHERE SHELLS, FISH BONES AND OTHER PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN FOUND. THIS INDICATES LONGER PERIODS OF CAMPING. MIDDENS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED ALONG THE COASTS AND SOME HAVE BEEN TESTED.
THE GWEAGAL ABORIGINES. MADE FIRST CONTACT WITH JAMES COOK. AND OTHERS FROM EUROPEANS IN 1770.THE ABORIGINES YELLED AND SHOWED SIGNS OF AGGRESSION, INTIMIDATION, STRENGTH AND WEAPONRY. SOME ABORIGINALS WENT WENT INTO THE ROCKS. SOME WARRIORS THREATENED CHURCHES, ROCKS, WARNING THEM OF THE SPEARS. ONE MUSCOT SHOT WOUNDED AN ABORIGINE MAN. SPEARS WERE INEFFECTIVE . NO ONE MADE FRIENDS ORIGINALLYWITH CAPTAIN COOK AND THEY AVOIDED THE ABORIGINES . THEY WATCHED THEM IN DAILY LIFE WITH CAUTION.
SOME GWEAGLE MEN TRIED TO APPROACH THEM WITHOUT HOSTILITY. COOK BROUGHT CULTURAL ARTIFACTS. FROM THE ISLANDS AND FLORA AND FAUNA. THEY FOUND 50 SPEARS. SOME THESE ARE ON DISPLAY IN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY IN ENGLAND.
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IN 1802 FRANCIS BARRALLIER MET THE GUNDAUNGARE PEOPLE AND MOVED SOUTHWEST OF SYDNEY, THROUGH THE WOLLONDILLY RIVER. BARRALLIER NOTED THAT THE GUNDARANGARO BUILD HUTS FOR THE STRANGERS THAT THEY WISH TO RECEIVE AS FRIENDS.
IN 1816 14 FOLKS WERE KILLED BY TROOPS SENT BY THE GOVERNOR TO KILL ABORIGINES IN RESPONSE TO SOME ATTACKS BY ABORIGINES.
IN 1828 THERE WAS SOME INTERACTION BETWEEN SURVEYS - GENERAL AND THE GANDARANGARS. THEY BUILT A ROAD AND WERE GUIDES FOR MITCHELL. THEY WERE BADLY AFFECTED BY INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS OF 1846. BY 1845 THEY HAD ONLY 25 FOLKS. THEY BELIEVED IN ANIMAL PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THE DREAM WORLD AND WERE KNOWN AS BRURRINGITLING. THEY LIVED IN THE CLOUDS AND MOUNTAINS, DENSE TREES, SCRUBS AND WATERHOLES. SOME COULD CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE ENVIRONMENT,THEIR BODY AND DISAPPEAR UNDERGROUND. SOME HAD MAGIC WEAPONS AND HELPED BY DOGS.
THEY HAD AN IMPORTANT INITIATION CALLED DHARAMULAN. THE MYTH BASIS IS THAT MOVIES WERE BROUGHT TO THE PLACE WHERE THE CEREMONY WAS CARRIED OUT. THEY HAD PLACED RUGS OVER THEIR HEADS SO THEY SAW MOTHERS. THE DHARA - CAUGHT A BOY AND HIT HIM ON THE HEAD . ONE OF HIS INCISORS FELL OUT.
EVENTUALLY THE DHARA WENT INTO DIFFERENT TREES WHERE HE LIVED, EXCEPT DURING INITIATION CEREMONIES. A PIECE OF WOOD IS CUT FROM A TREE TO MAKE A BULLROARER. IT IS CALLED DHARAMULA.
THE GANDANGARA LIKE THE THARAWAL AND ARE IMPORTANT. THEY BURY THEIR DEAD UPRIGHT. SOME FOLKS THEY WRAP IN BARK CLOTH AND PLACE IN TREES, SURROUNDED BY CARVED TREES.
GWEAGAL ARE A CLAN OF THARAWALLEN IN NEW SOUTH WALES. THEY LIVED ON THE SHORES OF BOTANY BAY. THEIR TERRITORY WAS NOT CLEARLY DEFINED. THEY WERE NORTHERNMOST OF DARAWAL NATION.
THEY WERE A FIRE CLAN. A TRIBUTARY OF ABOUT 20 TO 50 PEOPLE WHO LIVED IN THEIR TERRITORY THEY HAD STRONG SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TIES. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. THEY HAD TIES TO SACRED SITES. THEY KNEW HOW TO LIGHT FIRES. THEY WORE LITTLE CLOTHING. AND HAD A WOVEN HAIR SASH. THEY MADE A POSSUM SKIN COAT FOR WINTER. THEY PUT RESIN IN THEIR HAIR FOR A MOPLIKE APPEARANCE. THEY USED NATIVE ANIMAL HIDE AND MADE CEREMONIAL COSTUMES.
THEY GROUND THEIR AXES BY STREAMS. THEY USE AN IGNEOUS ROCK FOR AXES. ONE ANTHROPOLOGIST DATED THE GROOVES TO BE 3000 YEARS OLD. THE ABORIGINES WERE GUARDIANS OF SACRED WHITE CLAY PITS. MEMBERS OF THE TRIBES WALKED 100'S OF MILES TO COLLECT THE CLAY. IT WAS SACRED AND HAD MANY USES. THEY LINED THEIR CANOES SO THEY COULD LIGHT FIRES THERE; IT WAS A BODY PAINT; AND IT WAS ADDED TO BERRIES FOR A CEREMONIAL PAINT; AND IT WAS AN ANTACID. IT WAS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT.
CAVES WERE IMPORTANT TO ABORIGINALS. THEY OFTEN LIVED I CAVES AND WERE USED AS BURIAL SITES. IN KURNELL THERE IS A SKELETON CAVE WHERE SMALL POX VICTIMS WERE BURIED IN 1979 MANY CAVES HAVE HUMAN REMAINS. DURING HEAVY RAINS SOME PEOPLE WERE TRAPPED IN CAVES. SOME CAVES HAVE OYSTER SHELLS THERE AND OTHERS ARE ADORNED WITH CARVINGS. ONE CAVE HAD OCHRE AND A SPEAR HEAD THEY FOUND AFTER EXCAVATION. THEY USED LEAVES ON MICKEY'S POINT AND RADSTOW WAS NAMED AFTER AN ABORIGINE. IN WINTER THEY BUILT FIRES IN CAVE'S AND PAINTED THEM ELABORATELY.
THE GWEAGAL HAD MANY RESOURCES. THESE FOLKS FISHED IN CANOES AND THEY CAUGHT WATERFOWL. THEY COLLECTED EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL SWAMPLANDS. BIRDS, EGGS, POSSUMS AND WALLABIES WERE THEIR STAPLES. THESE FOLKS WERE HUNTER AND GATHERS AND FISHING AND THEY ONLY CAUGHT WHAT THE COULD EAT IMMEDIATELY. THESE ABUNDANT FOODS MEANT THESE FOLKS WERE LESS NOMADIC THAN THOSE OF THE OUTBACK AUSTRALIA.
MIDDENS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN GEORGE RIVER WHERE SHELLS, FISH BONES AND OTHER PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN FOUND. THIS INDICATES LONGER PERIODS OF CAMPING. MIDDENS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED ALONG THE COASTS AND SOME HAVE BEEN TESTED.
THE GWEAGAL ABORIGINES. MADE FIRST CONTACT WITH JAMES COOK. AND OTHERS FROM EUROPEANS IN 1770.THE ABORIGINES YELLED AND SHOWED SIGNS OF AGGRESSION, INTIMIDATION, STRENGTH AND WEAPONRY. SOME ABORIGINALS WENT WENT INTO THE ROCKS. SOME WARRIORS THREATENED CHURCHES, ROCKS, WARNING THEM OF THE SPEARS. ONE MUSCOT SHOT WOUNDED AN ABORIGINE MAN. SPEARS WERE INEFFECTIVE . NO ONE MADE FRIENDS ORIGINALLYWITH CAPTAIN COOK AND THEY AVOIDED THE ABORIGINES . THEY WATCHED THEM IN DAILY LIFE WITH CAUTION.
SOME GWEAGLE MEN TRIED TO APPROACH THEM WITHOUT HOSTILITY. COOK BROUGHT CULTURAL ARTIFACTS. FROM THE ISLANDS AND FLORA AND FAUNA. THEY FOUND 50 SPEARS. SOME THESE ARE ON DISPLAY IN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY IN ENGLAND.
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GUNGU YIMITHIRR IN AUSTRALIA
THE GUUGU YIMITHIRR LIVE IN NORTHEAST AUSTRALIA. THEY HAVE ABOUT 800 IN POPULATION. COOKTOWN WAS THEIR LANGUAGE. THEY WERE A COASTAL PEOPLE. THEY WERE CALLED SALT WATER PEOPLE. IN 1770 SYDNEY PARKINSON ARRIVED WITH LIUETENANT JAMES COOK BY BOAT. THEIR VESSEL WAS DAMAGED. THE TRIBE WAS TYPICALLY 5' TO 5" MOST MEN CUT THEIR HAIR. THEY HAD HOLES IN THEIR NOSES.SOME HAD NECKLACES OF SHELL. THEY BUILT CANOES OUT OF TREES. IN 1855 A LUTHERAN MISSIONARY FOUND AN ABORIGINAL MISSION AT COOKTOWN OR HOPEVILLE.
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GUNWINGGU IN AUSTRALIA
GUNWOK IS AN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL LANGUAGE IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA. SPEAKERS LIVE IN WESTERN ARNHEM LAND. THERE ARE PERHAPS 2000 FLUENT SPEAKERS BOUNDED BY THE STUART HIGHWAY TO THE WEST. THEY HAVE 3 DIALECTS.
KUNWINIKU IS TYPICAL OF LANGUAGES OF CENTRAL ARNHEM LAND.
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KUNWINIKU IS TYPICAL OF LANGUAGES OF CENTRAL ARNHEM LAND.
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GUNDHMARA IN AUSTRALIA
GUNDHMARA AN INDIGENOUS GROUP IN WESTERN VICTORIA. THEIR NEIGHBORS TO THE WEST ARE AN INDIGENOUS GROWTH IN WESTERN VICTORIA. THEIR NEIGHBORS TO THE WEST,
THE BUANDIG, TO THE NORTH THEY WERE THE JARDWADIALI AND DJAB WURING PEOPLE.
THESE PEOPLE WERE RIVER AND LAKE PEOPLE. THEIR RIVER SYSTEMS WEREIMPORTANT SYSTEMS ECONOMICALLY AND SPIRITUALLY. THEY HAD A SOPHISTICATED SYTEM OF AQUACULTURE AND FARMING, AS WELL AS STONE DWELLINGS. THEY BUILT STONE DAMS TO HOLD WATER IN THESE CHANNELS. THEY GREW SHORT EELS AND OTHER FISH. THEY BUILT CHANNELS LINKING WETLANDS. THESE CHANNELS ARE CONTAINED, WEIRS OF WOVEN BASKETS TO HARVEST IN THE EELS.
IN 1833 THE WHALERS CLASHED WITH THE GUNCHAMARA AND NEIGHBORS AT PORTLAND BEACH. THEIR DISPUTE OF A BEACHED WHALE. THE GUNDY THREW SPEARS AND WHALERS FIRED GUNS. APPARENTLY MANY WERE KILLED WITH ONLY 2 ABORIGINES SURVIVING. AGAIN IN THE MID 19TH CENTURY THE ABORIGINES CONFLICTED W EUROPEANS. OVER 20 YEARS THE ENUMERALLA WAR TOOK PLACE AND THE REMAINSOF PEOPLE INVOLVED ARE AT DUUN MAAR.
IN THE LATE 1800'S MANY WERE MOVED TO THE FRANKLINGHAM ABORIGINAL STATION, A MISSION. IN 1987 THE ABORIGINES GOT 1130 ACRES OF FOREST TRUST. THE TITLE CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER INDIGENOUS LAND TRUST. IT PREVENTS MINING. IN 1993 THE THE GUNDITJMARA OF DEEN MARA PUT THERE LAND INTO AN INDIGENOUS PROTECTED AREA. THEY FOUGHT FIERCELY FOR RECOGNITION OF TRADITIONAL OWNERS RIGHTS. BY 2007 THEY RECEIVED FORMAL RECOGNITION THROUGH AUSTRAILIAN GOVERNMENTS ABORIGINAL LANDS. THE GUNDIT MARA ARE OWNERS OF 140,000 HECTARES RECOGNIZED BY FEDERAL COURT. THEIR PROPERTIES FEATURE THEIR AQUASYSTEM OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT.
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THE BUANDIG, TO THE NORTH THEY WERE THE JARDWADIALI AND DJAB WURING PEOPLE.
THESE PEOPLE WERE RIVER AND LAKE PEOPLE. THEIR RIVER SYSTEMS WEREIMPORTANT SYSTEMS ECONOMICALLY AND SPIRITUALLY. THEY HAD A SOPHISTICATED SYTEM OF AQUACULTURE AND FARMING, AS WELL AS STONE DWELLINGS. THEY BUILT STONE DAMS TO HOLD WATER IN THESE CHANNELS. THEY GREW SHORT EELS AND OTHER FISH. THEY BUILT CHANNELS LINKING WETLANDS. THESE CHANNELS ARE CONTAINED, WEIRS OF WOVEN BASKETS TO HARVEST IN THE EELS.
IN 1833 THE WHALERS CLASHED WITH THE GUNCHAMARA AND NEIGHBORS AT PORTLAND BEACH. THEIR DISPUTE OF A BEACHED WHALE. THE GUNDY THREW SPEARS AND WHALERS FIRED GUNS. APPARENTLY MANY WERE KILLED WITH ONLY 2 ABORIGINES SURVIVING. AGAIN IN THE MID 19TH CENTURY THE ABORIGINES CONFLICTED W EUROPEANS. OVER 20 YEARS THE ENUMERALLA WAR TOOK PLACE AND THE REMAINSOF PEOPLE INVOLVED ARE AT DUUN MAAR.
IN THE LATE 1800'S MANY WERE MOVED TO THE FRANKLINGHAM ABORIGINAL STATION, A MISSION. IN 1987 THE ABORIGINES GOT 1130 ACRES OF FOREST TRUST. THE TITLE CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER INDIGENOUS LAND TRUST. IT PREVENTS MINING. IN 1993 THE THE GUNDITJMARA OF DEEN MARA PUT THERE LAND INTO AN INDIGENOUS PROTECTED AREA. THEY FOUGHT FIERCELY FOR RECOGNITION OF TRADITIONAL OWNERS RIGHTS. BY 2007 THEY RECEIVED FORMAL RECOGNITION THROUGH AUSTRAILIAN GOVERNMENTS ABORIGINAL LANDS. THE GUNDIT MARA ARE OWNERS OF 140,000 HECTARES RECOGNIZED BY FEDERAL COURT. THEIR PROPERTIES FEATURE THEIR AQUASYSTEM OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT.
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Friday, June 1, 2012
THE GUSEAGAL IN AUSTRALIA
THE GUSEAGAL ARE A TRIBE IN SHARAWAL TRIBE IN OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS. THEIR LANDS ARE ON THE SOUTHERN SHORES OF BOTANY BAY AND KURMELL.
THE GUSEAGUL WERE CALLED FIRE CLAN. A CLAN HAD 20 - 350 FOLKS WHO LIVED AMONGST THEMSELVES. THEY HAD STRONG TIES TO THE LAND AND SACRED SITES. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. EARLY ON THEY LIVED WITHOUT CLOTHING. THEY HAD A HAIR SASH IN WHICH THEY CARRIED TOOLS.THEY SOMETIMES WORE A POSSUM SKIN COAT IN WINTER. THEY PUT RESIN IN THEIR HAIR TO GIVE IT A MOP LIKE APPEARANCE. THEY MADE FUR COATS OF ANIMAL SKINS. TOOL MAKERS CHOOSE TO GRIND AXES CLOSE TO POOLS, AS THE WATER WAS USED AS A LUBRICANT FOR GRINDING AND SHARPENING, THEY USED AN IGNEOUS OR METAMORPHIC ROCK . ONLY ONE OF THE ENDS WAS GROUND TO A BLADE. AXE GRINDING GROOVES ARE DATED TO 3,000 YEARS AGO.
THESE ABORIGINES ARE THE GUARDIANS OF THE SACRED WHITE CLAY. IT WAS CONSIDERED SACRED. THEY MADE WHITE PAINT FROM THE EARLY COLOR AND IT WAS ADDED TO THE WHITE CLAY. IT WAS CONSIDERED SACRED THEY MADE WHITE PAINT FROM THE CLAY. COLOR WAS ADDED TO THE CLAY USING BERRIES THAT MADE A COLORED PAINT. THE CLAY WAS USED AS AN ANTIACID AS MEDICINE. THEY PAINTED THEMSELVES FOR CEREMONIES. THEY ATE THE CLAY WITH BERRIES AS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT.
CAVES HAD BEAUTIFUL AND COLORFUL PICTOGRAPHS THAT WERE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR LIVES. THEY LIVED IN CAVES OR OVERHANGING SITES. IN 1789 MANY WERE VICTIMS OF SMALL POX. SOME CAVES WERE WERE USED AS BURIAL SITES. DURING SOME HEAVY RAINSTORM, THE PEOPLE WENT TO CAVES AND SOME CAVED IN TRAPPING THE PEOPLE. THE WALLS OF THESE CAVES WERE ADORNED WITH CARVINGS; SOME OF THEM WERE DESTROYED. THEY BUILT FIRES THERE AND SOME HAVE BEEN TEST EXCAVATED.
THE GUSEAGAL LAND HAD MUCH FISH. MEN AND WOMEN FISHED IN CANOES AND RIVERS AND THE OCEAN. THEY MADE HOOKS FROM SHELLS AND CAUGHT WATERFOWL. THEY COLLECT EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL PLANTS, BIRD EGGS, POSSUMS AND GOANNY WERE THEIR STAPLES. EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD ABUNDANT RESOURCES, THEY TOOK ONLY WHAT THEY IMMEDIATELY COULD USE. THESE FOLKS WERE LESS NOMADIC THAN THE NATIONS OF THE OUTBACK AUSTRALIA.
CAPTAIN COOK LANDED NEAR BOTANY BAY IN 1770. THE ABORIGINES HAD NOT SEEN ANY WHITE FOLKS BEFORE THIS AND THEY YELLED AND DEMONSTRATED SHOWING SIGNS OF AGGRESSION AND WEAPONS. AFTER 15 MINUTES THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF MUSKET FIRE AND SPEARS. ONE SHOT WOUNDED AN ABORIGINE. THEIR SPEARS WERE INEFFECTIVE AGAINST THE GUNS OF THE BRITISH. THEY FINALLY CAME ASHORE WITH GREAT DIFFICULTY TO BREED AND MAKE CONTACT.
BUT THEY HAD NO SUCCESS AND THE ABORIGINES AVOIDED THEM. THEY IGNORED THEM AND CAUGHT FISH ON THE SHORE. THEYCOULD WATCH HIS CREW WITH CAUTION. THE LOCALS DECIDED TO LET COOK'S FOLK USE THEIR SMALL AREA WITHOUT HOSTILITY.
AFTER RETURNING TO ENGLANDTHAT YEAR THEY BROUGHT SOME PLANTS AND ANIMALS AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS 950 ABORIGINAL SPEARS FROM THE GUEAGAL. ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THE SPEARS ARE PRICELESS AS THEY ARE THE FEW ARTIFQCTS FROM COOK'S VOYAGE AND ARE STORED AT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM.
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THE GUSEAGUL WERE CALLED FIRE CLAN. A CLAN HAD 20 - 350 FOLKS WHO LIVED AMONGST THEMSELVES. THEY HAD STRONG TIES TO THE LAND AND SACRED SITES. THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. EARLY ON THEY LIVED WITHOUT CLOTHING. THEY HAD A HAIR SASH IN WHICH THEY CARRIED TOOLS.THEY SOMETIMES WORE A POSSUM SKIN COAT IN WINTER. THEY PUT RESIN IN THEIR HAIR TO GIVE IT A MOP LIKE APPEARANCE. THEY MADE FUR COATS OF ANIMAL SKINS. TOOL MAKERS CHOOSE TO GRIND AXES CLOSE TO POOLS, AS THE WATER WAS USED AS A LUBRICANT FOR GRINDING AND SHARPENING, THEY USED AN IGNEOUS OR METAMORPHIC ROCK . ONLY ONE OF THE ENDS WAS GROUND TO A BLADE. AXE GRINDING GROOVES ARE DATED TO 3,000 YEARS AGO.
THESE ABORIGINES ARE THE GUARDIANS OF THE SACRED WHITE CLAY. IT WAS CONSIDERED SACRED. THEY MADE WHITE PAINT FROM THE EARLY COLOR AND IT WAS ADDED TO THE WHITE CLAY. IT WAS CONSIDERED SACRED THEY MADE WHITE PAINT FROM THE CLAY. COLOR WAS ADDED TO THE CLAY USING BERRIES THAT MADE A COLORED PAINT. THE CLAY WAS USED AS AN ANTIACID AS MEDICINE. THEY PAINTED THEMSELVES FOR CEREMONIES. THEY ATE THE CLAY WITH BERRIES AS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT.
CAVES HAD BEAUTIFUL AND COLORFUL PICTOGRAPHS THAT WERE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THEIR LIVES. THEY LIVED IN CAVES OR OVERHANGING SITES. IN 1789 MANY WERE VICTIMS OF SMALL POX. SOME CAVES WERE WERE USED AS BURIAL SITES. DURING SOME HEAVY RAINSTORM, THE PEOPLE WENT TO CAVES AND SOME CAVED IN TRAPPING THE PEOPLE. THE WALLS OF THESE CAVES WERE ADORNED WITH CARVINGS; SOME OF THEM WERE DESTROYED. THEY BUILT FIRES THERE AND SOME HAVE BEEN TEST EXCAVATED.
THE GUSEAGAL LAND HAD MUCH FISH. MEN AND WOMEN FISHED IN CANOES AND RIVERS AND THE OCEAN. THEY MADE HOOKS FROM SHELLS AND CAUGHT WATERFOWL. THEY COLLECT EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL PLANTS, BIRD EGGS, POSSUMS AND GOANNY WERE THEIR STAPLES. EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD ABUNDANT RESOURCES, THEY TOOK ONLY WHAT THEY IMMEDIATELY COULD USE. THESE FOLKS WERE LESS NOMADIC THAN THE NATIONS OF THE OUTBACK AUSTRALIA.
CAPTAIN COOK LANDED NEAR BOTANY BAY IN 1770. THE ABORIGINES HAD NOT SEEN ANY WHITE FOLKS BEFORE THIS AND THEY YELLED AND DEMONSTRATED SHOWING SIGNS OF AGGRESSION AND WEAPONS. AFTER 15 MINUTES THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF MUSKET FIRE AND SPEARS. ONE SHOT WOUNDED AN ABORIGINE. THEIR SPEARS WERE INEFFECTIVE AGAINST THE GUNS OF THE BRITISH. THEY FINALLY CAME ASHORE WITH GREAT DIFFICULTY TO BREED AND MAKE CONTACT.
BUT THEY HAD NO SUCCESS AND THE ABORIGINES AVOIDED THEM. THEY IGNORED THEM AND CAUGHT FISH ON THE SHORE. THEYCOULD WATCH HIS CREW WITH CAUTION. THE LOCALS DECIDED TO LET COOK'S FOLK USE THEIR SMALL AREA WITHOUT HOSTILITY.
AFTER RETURNING TO ENGLANDTHAT YEAR THEY BROUGHT SOME PLANTS AND ANIMALS AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS 950 ABORIGINAL SPEARS FROM THE GUEAGAL. ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THE SPEARS ARE PRICELESS AS THEY ARE THE FEW ARTIFQCTS FROM COOK'S VOYAGE AND ARE STORED AT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM.
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EORA IN AUSTRAILIA
THE EORA SURVIVED ON A GROUND THAT THEY BUILT HUTS AND IN A FAMILY GROUP OR CLANS SCATTERED ALONG COASTAL AREA, THEY LIVED IN CLANS AND FAMILIES ALONG SYDNEY BASED AREA AND IN SOUTH WALES. THE INDIGENOUS CALL THEMSELVES THE EORA, SIMPLY MEANING THE PEOPLE. THEY REVEALED A DEEP CONNECTION TO THE EARTH. THEY HAVE A HERITAGE SPANNING 1000 YEARS. ABOUT 70% DIED OF SMALL POX FROM FROM VIRUS AND DESTRUCTION.
THE EORA HAVE THREE MAIN CLANS. ADJOINING NEIGHBORS MAY HAVE 4 TO 5 MORE CL;ANS. ADJOINING NEIGHBORS ARE THARAWA LAND DARUG. THEIR TRADITIONAL WATERS AND LAND ARE SOUTH OF PORT JACKSON.
WHEN THE FIRST FLEET OF 1300 CONVICTS, GUARDS, AND ADMINISTRATORS CAME HERE IN 1788. THE EORA HAD 1500. THEIR LANGUAGE HAS BEEN RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE MANY NOTES MADE OF IT BY THE ORIGINAL COLONISTS. THEY GOT SMALLPOX, VIRUS AND REDUCED FOOD SOURCES ELIMINATED 70% OF THEM.
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THE EORA HAVE THREE MAIN CLANS. ADJOINING NEIGHBORS MAY HAVE 4 TO 5 MORE CL;ANS. ADJOINING NEIGHBORS ARE THARAWA LAND DARUG. THEIR TRADITIONAL WATERS AND LAND ARE SOUTH OF PORT JACKSON.
WHEN THE FIRST FLEET OF 1300 CONVICTS, GUARDS, AND ADMINISTRATORS CAME HERE IN 1788. THE EORA HAD 1500. THEIR LANGUAGE HAS BEEN RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE MANY NOTES MADE OF IT BY THE ORIGINAL COLONISTS. THEY GOT SMALLPOX, VIRUS AND REDUCED FOOD SOURCES ELIMINATED 70% OF THEM.
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DJARGURD WURRDING IN AUSTRAILIA
THE WURUUNGARE ARE INDIGENOUS AUSTRAILIANS WHO LIVE IN MOUNT EMMU CREEK. THEY HAD ABOUT 12 CLANS UNDER A MATRILINEAL SYSTEM WITH A DESCENT SYSTEM BASED ON COCKATOO MOIETES.
THESE DJGARD PEOPLE WERE HERE FOR 1000'S OF HERE OR 1000'S OF YEARS. THEY HAVE MANY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES THAT INCLUDE FISH TRAPS. SURFACE SCATTERS, MIDDEN AND BURIAL SITES.
BY THE TIME EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT HAPPENED IN 1830'S THE DJARGURD SUFFERED FROM MASSACRES FROM EUROPEAN SETTLERS. THEY WERE FORCED FROM THE LAND AND LED TO STARVATION.. IN 1839 THE CLAN WAS MASSACRED BY FRED TAYLOR AND OTHERS IN A SITE CALLED MURDERING GULLEY.
BY 1565 A NUMBER OF THIS TRIBE WERE FORCED TO RELOCATE. BUT ELDERS REFUSED TO ABANDONTHE TRADITIONAL COUNTRY. IN 1882 THEY BUILT A MEMORIAL TO THESE FOLKS AND IT IS INSPIRING TO THEM TODAY.
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THESE DJGARD PEOPLE WERE HERE FOR 1000'S OF HERE OR 1000'S OF YEARS. THEY HAVE MANY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES THAT INCLUDE FISH TRAPS. SURFACE SCATTERS, MIDDEN AND BURIAL SITES.
BY THE TIME EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT HAPPENED IN 1830'S THE DJARGURD SUFFERED FROM MASSACRES FROM EUROPEAN SETTLERS. THEY WERE FORCED FROM THE LAND AND LED TO STARVATION.. IN 1839 THE CLAN WAS MASSACRED BY FRED TAYLOR AND OTHERS IN A SITE CALLED MURDERING GULLEY.
BY 1565 A NUMBER OF THIS TRIBE WERE FORCED TO RELOCATE. BUT ELDERS REFUSED TO ABANDONTHE TRADITIONAL COUNTRY. IN 1882 THEY BUILT A MEMORIAL TO THESE FOLKS AND IT IS INSPIRING TO THEM TODAY.
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DJABUGAY IN AUSTRALIA
THESE FOLKS ARE A GROUP OF ABORIGINES WHO LIVE IN MOUNTAIN LANDS AND WATERS OF THE GREAT DIVIDE. THEY SHARE A COMMON DESCENT FROM ANCESTORS. THEY SHARE A COMMON DESCENT FROM ANCESRTORS WHO DATE BACK FROM ANCESTOR WHO DATE BACK TO TIME IMMEMEMORIAL. THEIR NAMES COME FROM THE HISTORIC DJABUGAY LANGUAGE OR DIALECTS. THEIR LANGUAGE WAS SPOKEN OVER A WIDENING AREA, EACH GROUP HAD A DIFFERENT DIALECT.
THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFIS AS FOLLOWS - THE SOURCE OF LIFE IS THE STORY. IT IS CALLED DREAMTIME. ALL IS FROM THE SUN, MOON, AND STARS, THEIR FOOD, THE CREATIONS OF THE WORLD, THE RAIN. BULLARU IS THE SOURCE OF LIFE. THE DIGABUGA ARE FROM BULLARU. DREAMTIME DESCRIBES THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE WORLD.
THEIR CREATION ERA TALKS ABOUT THE MAKING OF THE WORLD. IT IS THE SACRED PAST. THEIR GREATEST ANCESTOR WAS OF ALL THE WORLD AND IS GUDJU. THEIR STORIES WERE PASSED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION. THEIR GREATEST ANCESTOR WAS OF ALL IS GUDJU. HE COULD TRANSFORM INTO ANCESTORS AS A CARPET OF SNAKES. ON A RAILWAY TO KURABNDA THEY TELL THE STORY OF GIANT CARPET SNAKES TO 10000'S OF VISITORS AS THEY TRAVEL TO THE SIDE OF BARRON. GORGE. BY 2004 THE FEDERAL COURT JUDGE DETERMINED WHEATHER OR NOT THE DYABUGAY PEOPLE LAWS ND THEIR SOURCE IN TRADITIONS PRECEDING ENGLISH SETTLEMENT HERE.
EUROPEAN SETTLERS EXPLORED AND CLEARED LAND FOR GOLD AND TIN IN 1880'S. A RAILROAD WAS CONSTRUCTED FROM CAIRN. THE DJABUGAY WERE UNHAPPY ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT. THEIR TRADITIONAL HUNTING GROUNDS WERE TKEN OVER.
IN 1890 THE DJUWAGAY WERE TAKEN TO A MONA MONA MISSION. THE WEREN'T ABLE TO HUNT, FIWSH, OR MOVE AROUND. THEY BECAME LABOROUS ON COFFEE PLANTATIONS. SOME NOW OWN THEIR OWN LAND. IN 2004 THEIR LAND WAS NAMED BARRON GORGE NATIONAL PARK.
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THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFIS AS FOLLOWS - THE SOURCE OF LIFE IS THE STORY. IT IS CALLED DREAMTIME. ALL IS FROM THE SUN, MOON, AND STARS, THEIR FOOD, THE CREATIONS OF THE WORLD, THE RAIN. BULLARU IS THE SOURCE OF LIFE. THE DIGABUGA ARE FROM BULLARU. DREAMTIME DESCRIBES THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE WORLD.
THEIR CREATION ERA TALKS ABOUT THE MAKING OF THE WORLD. IT IS THE SACRED PAST. THEIR GREATEST ANCESTOR WAS OF ALL THE WORLD AND IS GUDJU. THEIR STORIES WERE PASSED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION. THEIR GREATEST ANCESTOR WAS OF ALL IS GUDJU. HE COULD TRANSFORM INTO ANCESTORS AS A CARPET OF SNAKES. ON A RAILWAY TO KURABNDA THEY TELL THE STORY OF GIANT CARPET SNAKES TO 10000'S OF VISITORS AS THEY TRAVEL TO THE SIDE OF BARRON. GORGE. BY 2004 THE FEDERAL COURT JUDGE DETERMINED WHEATHER OR NOT THE DYABUGAY PEOPLE LAWS ND THEIR SOURCE IN TRADITIONS PRECEDING ENGLISH SETTLEMENT HERE.
EUROPEAN SETTLERS EXPLORED AND CLEARED LAND FOR GOLD AND TIN IN 1880'S. A RAILROAD WAS CONSTRUCTED FROM CAIRN. THE DJABUGAY WERE UNHAPPY ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT. THEIR TRADITIONAL HUNTING GROUNDS WERE TKEN OVER.
IN 1890 THE DJUWAGAY WERE TAKEN TO A MONA MONA MISSION. THE WEREN'T ABLE TO HUNT, FIWSH, OR MOVE AROUND. THEY BECAME LABOROUS ON COFFEE PLANTATIONS. SOME NOW OWN THEIR OWN LAND. IN 2004 THEIR LAND WAS NAMED BARRON GORGE NATIONAL PARK.
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THE THARAWAL IN AUSTRALIA
THESE WERE THE FOLKS WHO LIVED IN SOUTHERN SYDNEY. IN 1788 EUROPEANS FIRST MET THEM. THE ROCK ART OF THE THARAWAL IS O=N SAND- PICTOGRAPHS OR STONE IN CHARCOAL AND RED ORCHE. THERE ARE MANY PAINTINGS IN 1990'S OF SURFACES - -OVERHANGS. THE PICTOGRAPHS ARE MARRED BY RECENT PEOPLE AND EOROPEAN GRAFFITI. THEY HAVE A PUBLIC VIEWING SITE AT JIBBON POINT. SOME ARE PETROGLYPHS OF WHALES AND A SEAL. THE WHALE IS SCARIFIED AND IS A TOTEMIC SPIRIT OF HIGH ESTEEM.
IT IS BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE NO REMAINING DECENDANTS OF THE DWAL PEOPLE. SOME OF THE WODI WODI CLAN WHO CLAIM TO HAVE SURVIVED THE DECIMATION MOVED BACK TO THE AREAS FORMALLY OCCUPIED.
THE THARAWAL LIVED MAINLY BY LOCAL LIVED MAINLY LOCAL PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLE AND BY FISHING, AND GATHERING SHELLFISH AND GATHERING FISH PRODUCTS. THE MEN HUNTED MAMMALS. WOMEN COLLECTED NATIVE PLANTS AND FISHED AND BUILT CANOES. THEY LEFT MANY MIDDEN SITES.
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IT IS BELIEVED THAT THERE WERE NO REMAINING DECENDANTS OF THE DWAL PEOPLE. SOME OF THE WODI WODI CLAN WHO CLAIM TO HAVE SURVIVED THE DECIMATION MOVED BACK TO THE AREAS FORMALLY OCCUPIED.
THE THARAWAL LIVED MAINLY BY LOCAL LIVED MAINLY LOCAL PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLE AND BY FISHING, AND GATHERING SHELLFISH AND GATHERING FISH PRODUCTS. THE MEN HUNTED MAMMALS. WOMEN COLLECTED NATIVE PLANTS AND FISHED AND BUILT CANOES. THEY LEFT MANY MIDDEN SITES.
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