MY HISBAND AND I VISITED THIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE WHEN WE WERE IN OUR 30'S. IT IS AT THE MOUTH OF WELL OF ITZA, A PRE-COLUMBIAN CITY OF THE MAYA. IT IS IN YUCATAN.
IT IS SOME STEPPED PYRAMIDS DATING FROM 600 - 900 A.D. IT HAS MANY STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE. THEY MAY HAVE MOVED TO THESE LOWLANDS FROM CENTRAL MEXICO.
CHICHEN ITZA WAS ONE OF THE LARGEST MAYAN CITIES. IT MAY HAVE HAD THE MOST DIVERSE POPULATION IN THE MAYAN WORLD. TODAY THE SITE IS MANAGED BY BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 1.2 MILLION TOURISTS VISIT THE SITE TODAY THE NAME OF THE SITE MEANS AT THE MOUTH OF THE WELL. OF THE ITZA.
IT'S SPANISH NAME AN ETHNIC GROUP THAT GAINED ECONOMIC AND ETHNIC LINEAGE. ANOTHER NAME MEANS ENCHANTER OF THE WATER.
THEY HAVE RECORDED HIEROGLYPHIC HIEROGLYPHIC TEXTS IN THE RUINS. THE SITE IS LOCATED IN YUCATAN STATE WHERE IT IS ARID AND THE RIVERS IN THE INTERIOR ALL RUN UNDERGROUND. CENOTES ARE THE NATURAL SINK HOLES. THAT PROVIDED PLENTY OF WATER YEAR ROUND. .ONE WAS CALLED SACRED WELL. IN PRECOLUMBIA, THE MAYA SACRIFICED OBJECTS SUCH AS HUMANS INTO THE CENOTE AS A FORM OF WORSHIP TO MAYAN RAIN GOD CHAC. FOR 6 YEARS 1 SCIENTIST STUDIED WHAT WAS IN THE THIS CENOTE AND FOUND ARTIFACTS, GOLD, JADE, POTTERY, AND INCENSE. AND HUMAN BONES.
CHICHEN ITZA MAY HAVE HAD LEADERS OF VARIOUS ELITE - CALLED MULTIPLE SYSTEMS. IT WAS A MAJOR ECONOMIC POWER.IN MAYAN LOWLANDS. THEY HAVE A TRADE ROUTE ON THE NORTH COAST. THEY TRADED OBSIDIAN FROM CENTRAL MEXICO AND GOLD FROM CENTRAL AMERICA. BY 900 -1050 A.D. IT EXPANDED AND BECAME A POWERFUL REGIONAL CAPITAL, CONTROLLING YUCATAN. IT CONTROLLED THE AREA FROM CENTRAL YUCATAN. TO THE NORTHERN COAST. ONE OF THE EARLIEST HIEROGLYPHIC DATES HERE WAS 830 A.D. ATTHE END OF THE LATE CLASSIC PERIOD THE SITE WAS A REGIONAL CAPITOL DOMINATING POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND IDEOLOGICAL LIFE IN NORTHERN MAYA LOWLAND. OTHER CENTERS WERE DECLINING.
IN THE 13TH CENTURY A RULER OF MAYAPAN CONQUERED CHICHEN ITZA. HE PHROPHISIZED HIS RISE TO POWER. DURING A CEREMONY THERE WERE NO SURVIVORS. ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THE SITE WAS LOOTED BEFORE THE RISE OF MAYAPAN. BY 1250 IT DECLINED BEFORE THE RISE OF MAYAPAN. THE HIGH POPULATION WAS A FACTOR THAT AFFECTED SPANISH CONQUERORS TO LOCATE A CAPITOL THERE.IN 1526 SPANISH CONQUISTADORS CONQUERED MUCH OF THE PENINSULA 1530'S HE SENT HIS SON TO CONQUER THE INTERIOR. YUCATAN. THEY ESTABLISHED A CAPITAL TO AT CHICHEN ITZA. BY 1535 ALL SPANISH HAD BEEN DRIVEN OUT OF YUCATAN. THEY RECRUITED INDIO - SPANISH ARMY CONQUERED THE PENINSULA. THE SPANISH CROWN LATER ISSUED A LAND GRANT TO INCLUDE CHICHEN ITZA BY 1588 IT WAS A CATTLE RANCH.
IN 1875 A COUPLE VISITED AND EXCAVATED A STATUE OF A FIGURE. IN THE BOOK WITH A PLATE ON ITS STOMACH. THEY CALLED CHAC MOOL AND IT IS ALL TYPES OF STATUARY FOUN HERE.
BY 1894 THE U.S. CONSUL TO YUCATAN PURCHASED HACIENDA CHICHEN ITZA CHICHEN, INCLUDING THE RUINS. FOR 30 YEARS THOMPSON EXPLORED THIS ANCIENT CITY.
CARNEGIE ACCEPTED A PROPOSAL TO HAVE LONG TERM ARCHAEOLOGISTS FROM U.S. COME HERE AND WRITE UP HIS RESEARCH. HE WROTE A BOOK CALED
' PEOPLE OF THE SERPENT'.
CHICHEN ITZA WAS SOLD TO A TOURISM PIONEER IN THE 30'S. THIS 5 KM SITE HAS MANY FEATURES AND ARCHITECTURE THAT IS CLUSTERED WITH PYRAMIDS AND THEIR ARE COMPLEXES THAT HAVE MANY STYLES OF PYRAMIDS AND VARIOUS STRUCTURES WITH OR WITHOUT MANY STYLES OF PYRAMIDS AND VARIOUS STRUCTURES WITH OR WITHOUT DEW. SOME OF THE PYRAMIDS AND VARIOUS STRUCTURES WITH OR WITHOUT DEW. SOME OF THE PYRAMIDS ARE BUILT BASED ON POSSIBLE INTENTIONAL DESIGN OF SPRING AND AUTUMN EQINOXES. THE SITE HAS MANY BALLCOURTS.
THEY EVEN HAD STEAM BATHS. THE TEMPLE OF THE WARRIORS HAS A CHAC MOOL AND ENTOMBS ANOTHER TEMPLE. IN 1928 IT WAS RESTORED. THIS SITE PRESUMABLY EVEN HAS AN OBSERVATORY HERE ALIGNED TO THE PATH OF HEAVEN. ABOUT 2 MILES AWAY FROM THE SITE ARE SACRED CAVES THAT HAVE ANCIENT POTTERY. IDOLS
FROM PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
Friday, May 31, 2013
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
SPIDER ROCK
CANYON DE CHELLY NATIONAL MONUMENT IS IN THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF ARIZONA AND IS LESSER KNOWN DESTINATION AND IT IS ONE OF IT'S MOST DRAMATIZED INSPIRING PLACES. IT IS SMALLER THAN THE GRAND CANYON., BUT HAS MANY BEAUTIFUL VISTAS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. THIS LAND IS OWNED BY THE NAVAJO NATION WHO FARM HERE. ONE MAY TAKE A HIKE INTO THE CANYON ON A PATH TO A SITE. BUT ALL OTHER AREAS MUST BE VISITED PNLY WITH A GUIDE. MANY SITES ARE SACRED TO THIS TRIBE.
SPIDER ROCK IS A RED SANDSTONE , 900' TALL SPIRE WITH A SMALLER 600' SPIRE. MY FAMILY VISITED THIS SITE WHEN MY SON WAS ABOUT 12 OR SO. ACCORDING TO THEIR MYTH SPIDER WOMAN USED THE SPIRE AS HER HOME. SHE IS AN IMPORTANT DIETY IN THE NAVAJO CULTURE. WHEN THE NAVAJO PEOPLE FOUND THEIR WAY HOME FROM THE UNDERWORLD SHE GAVE POWER TO THOSE WHO HERE DESTROYED EVIL CREATURES THAT ROAMED THIS WORLD. SHE PROTECTED PEACEFUL MEN WHO FOUND THEMSELVES IN DANGER. ONE STORY IS THAT A YOUNG NAVAJO WAS HUNTING IN THE CANYON WHEN AN ENEMY WARRIOR PURSUED HIM. HE KEPT CHASING HIM AND THE HUNTER SAW A SILK CORD DOWN THE SIDE OF SPIDER ROCK. HE TIED IT TO HIS WAIST AND WITH THE HELP OF SIDER WOMAN HE ESCAPED TO THE TOP, WHERE HE WAS ALLOWED TO STAY UNTIL SAFE.
THERE IS A DARKER SIDE TO SPIDER WOMAN. ON THE LOWER PEAK IS SPEAKING ROCK. SPIDER WOMAN SEEKS OUT MISCHIEVIOUS CHILDREN WHO ARE NOT BEHAVING AND SNATCHES THEM AND CARRIES THEM TO THIS ROCK. THE CHALKY COLOR OF THE CAPS ARE THE BONES OF CILDREN SHE HAS EATEN.
ANCIENT CANYONS WERE IDEAL FOR ANCIENT PUEBLOANS WHO BUILT HOMES HERE. DESCENDANTS OF THE PUEBLOANS , THE HOPI, MIGRATED INTO THE CANYONS TO PLANT FIELDS OF CORN AND OTHER FRUITS. THEY ALSO COLLECTED NATURAL PLANTS. THEY ALSO COLLECTED NATURAL PLANTS. THEY HAD THEIR NATURAL HOMES ON MESA TOPS. THEY STILL HAVE MANY TRADITIONS IN THEIR HOME AND KIVAS. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES DATE ABOUT 4,000 YEARS OF HUMAN OCCUPATION.
I VISITED THIS PARK WHEN I WAS ABOUT 18 WITH A NAVAJO TEACHER.
NPS.GOV
WEIRDUS.COM
SPIDER ROCK IS A RED SANDSTONE , 900' TALL SPIRE WITH A SMALLER 600' SPIRE. MY FAMILY VISITED THIS SITE WHEN MY SON WAS ABOUT 12 OR SO. ACCORDING TO THEIR MYTH SPIDER WOMAN USED THE SPIRE AS HER HOME. SHE IS AN IMPORTANT DIETY IN THE NAVAJO CULTURE. WHEN THE NAVAJO PEOPLE FOUND THEIR WAY HOME FROM THE UNDERWORLD SHE GAVE POWER TO THOSE WHO HERE DESTROYED EVIL CREATURES THAT ROAMED THIS WORLD. SHE PROTECTED PEACEFUL MEN WHO FOUND THEMSELVES IN DANGER. ONE STORY IS THAT A YOUNG NAVAJO WAS HUNTING IN THE CANYON WHEN AN ENEMY WARRIOR PURSUED HIM. HE KEPT CHASING HIM AND THE HUNTER SAW A SILK CORD DOWN THE SIDE OF SPIDER ROCK. HE TIED IT TO HIS WAIST AND WITH THE HELP OF SIDER WOMAN HE ESCAPED TO THE TOP, WHERE HE WAS ALLOWED TO STAY UNTIL SAFE.
THERE IS A DARKER SIDE TO SPIDER WOMAN. ON THE LOWER PEAK IS SPEAKING ROCK. SPIDER WOMAN SEEKS OUT MISCHIEVIOUS CHILDREN WHO ARE NOT BEHAVING AND SNATCHES THEM AND CARRIES THEM TO THIS ROCK. THE CHALKY COLOR OF THE CAPS ARE THE BONES OF CILDREN SHE HAS EATEN.
ANCIENT CANYONS WERE IDEAL FOR ANCIENT PUEBLOANS WHO BUILT HOMES HERE. DESCENDANTS OF THE PUEBLOANS , THE HOPI, MIGRATED INTO THE CANYONS TO PLANT FIELDS OF CORN AND OTHER FRUITS. THEY ALSO COLLECTED NATURAL PLANTS. THEY ALSO COLLECTED NATURAL PLANTS. THEY HAD THEIR NATURAL HOMES ON MESA TOPS. THEY STILL HAVE MANY TRADITIONS IN THEIR HOME AND KIVAS. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES DATE ABOUT 4,000 YEARS OF HUMAN OCCUPATION.
I VISITED THIS PARK WHEN I WAS ABOUT 18 WITH A NAVAJO TEACHER.
NPS.GOV
WEIRDUS.COM
STATUE OF ZEUS AT OLYMPIA
ONE OF THE GREEKS MOST IMPORTANT FESTIVALS IN HONOR OF THE KING THEIT GODS, ZEUS. LIKE OUR MODERN OLYMPICS FOLKS CAME HERE TO COMPETE FROM MANY OTHER COUNTRIES. THE OLYMPICS CAME HERE TO COMPETE.COUNTRIES. THE OLYMPICS STARTED IN 776 B.C. AND WERE HELD AT A SHRINE TO ZEUS. IT WAS ON THE COAST OF GREECE.
THE STATUS OF ZEUS IN THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIA STOOD MORE THAN 40 FEET HIGH! THE GAMES INCREASED IN IMPORTANCE AT A LARGER TEMPLE WORTHY OF THE KING OF GODS WAS NEEDED. BETWEEN 470 AND 460 B.C. THEY BUILT A NEW TEMPLE. THEY BUILT TEMPLES ON 13 LARGE COLUMNS. ON THE INTERIOR THEY BUILT A STATUE OF ZEUS- ONE OF 7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD. THE ARTIST TOOK 12 YEARS TO COMPLETE THIS PROJECT. WHEN FINISHED THE STATUE WAS AT THE WESTERN END OF THE TEMPLE. IT WAS 40 TALL AND 22' WIDE.
IN 97 A.D. ANOTHER SAID THE STATUE WAS SO POWERFUL THAT "IF SOMEONE HAD A HEAVY HEART FROM SORROW, HE WILL FORGET ALL THESE." ZEUS'S RIGHT HAND HELD A SCEPTOR WITH MANYKINDS OF METAL AND WAS TOPPED WITH AN EAGLE. HIS THROWN WAS MADE OUT OF GOLD EBONY, AND IVORY. THE STATUE HAD A BEARD , HAIR AND ROBE OF GOLD. CONSTRUCTION OF THIS STATUE WAS GOLD PLATED BRONZE AND IVORY SECTIONS. THEY NEEDED TO PUT OLIVE OIL ON THE IVORY SOIL SO IT WOULD NOT CRACK. IT WAS KEPT IN A SPECIAL RESERVOIR WITH A REFLECTING POOL. TODAY THE STADIUM HAS BEEN RESTORED, BUT LITTLE IS LEFT OF THE TEMPLE. ALL OF THE ZEUS STATUE IS NOW GONE.
UNMUSEUM.ORG
THE STATUS OF ZEUS IN THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIA STOOD MORE THAN 40 FEET HIGH! THE GAMES INCREASED IN IMPORTANCE AT A LARGER TEMPLE WORTHY OF THE KING OF GODS WAS NEEDED. BETWEEN 470 AND 460 B.C. THEY BUILT A NEW TEMPLE. THEY BUILT TEMPLES ON 13 LARGE COLUMNS. ON THE INTERIOR THEY BUILT A STATUE OF ZEUS- ONE OF 7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD. THE ARTIST TOOK 12 YEARS TO COMPLETE THIS PROJECT. WHEN FINISHED THE STATUE WAS AT THE WESTERN END OF THE TEMPLE. IT WAS 40 TALL AND 22' WIDE.
IN 97 A.D. ANOTHER SAID THE STATUE WAS SO POWERFUL THAT "IF SOMEONE HAD A HEAVY HEART FROM SORROW, HE WILL FORGET ALL THESE." ZEUS'S RIGHT HAND HELD A SCEPTOR WITH MANYKINDS OF METAL AND WAS TOPPED WITH AN EAGLE. HIS THROWN WAS MADE OUT OF GOLD EBONY, AND IVORY. THE STATUE HAD A BEARD , HAIR AND ROBE OF GOLD. CONSTRUCTION OF THIS STATUE WAS GOLD PLATED BRONZE AND IVORY SECTIONS. THEY NEEDED TO PUT OLIVE OIL ON THE IVORY SOIL SO IT WOULD NOT CRACK. IT WAS KEPT IN A SPECIAL RESERVOIR WITH A REFLECTING POOL. TODAY THE STADIUM HAS BEEN RESTORED, BUT LITTLE IS LEFT OF THE TEMPLE. ALL OF THE ZEUS STATUE IS NOW GONE.
UNMUSEUM.ORG
Thursday, May 23, 2013
WEDNESDAY NIGHT MARKET
ST NIGHT I WENT TO THE FIRST MARKET THIS YEAR. IT WAS VERY CROUWED. IT WAS VERY CROWDED WITH LOTS OF PEOPLE. AA LOUD BLACK BAND WAS SINGING SOME POPULAR SONGS. IT GOT COLD EARLY SAW SOME ACQUAINTANCES MY FAMILY KNEW. SOME FOLKS WERE RED BLOOD NATIVES. THE VENDORS HAD ALL KINDS OF FRUITS AND SOME ETHIOPIAN HAD NON GLUTEN BREAD I MOVED BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE 4 BLOCKS AND IT GOT VERY WINDY. I LISTENED TO A JAZZ BAND AND ONE GUY THERE LOOKED LIKE MY HUSBAND BUT IT WAS NOT.. I TOLD MY FRIENDS ABOUT MY WEBSITE AND THAT I'D SEE MY SON SOON. I FINALLY BOUGHT SOME PIZZA. IT WAS SO WINDY I BOUGHT SOME FOOD AND CAME TO MY RENTAL. THERE WERE MANY PEOPLE THERE WITH TATTOOS AND PEOPLE PUTTING ON HENNA TATTOOS. I TOUCHED A STRANGE LIZARD FROM SOUTH AMERICA. THE MARKET IS A STRANGE PLACE.
GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE
THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE IS A SUSPENSION BRIDGE SPANNING THE GOLDEN GATE THAT OPENS THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY TO THE OCEAN. IT HAS BEEN DECLARED WONDER OF THE WORLD. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED SYMBOLS OF SAN FRANCISCO. IT IS THE MOST PHOTOGRAPHED BRIDGE IN THE WORLD.
BEFORE 1933 THE ONLY WAY ACROSS THE BAY WAS BY BOAT. FERRIES CARRIED FOLKS AS EARLY AS 1820 FOR CARRYING WATER. BY THE 1920'S THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC FERRIES WERE VERY PROFITABLE AND REPORT TO THE ECONOMY. THE FERRIES AUTOS FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO SAUSALITO AND TO HYDE ST. PIER. EXPERTS SAID THE BRIDGE COULD NOT CONNECT THESE LAND MASSES BECAUSE OF WIND AND FOG.
THE IDEA OF A BRIDGE SPANNING THE GOLDEN GATE THE GOLDEN GATE WAS OFTEN THOUGHT ABOUT . THIS PROPOSAL DREW ATTENTION AND WAS MADE BY AN ENGINEERING STUDENT JAMES WILKINS. IN 1916. THE COST OF THE STRUCTURE WAS ESTIMATED ABOUT $100 MILLION. JOSEPH STRAUS WAS AN AMBITIOUS POET AND ENGINEER WHO WROTE A GRADUATE THESIS AND DESIGNED 55 RAILROAD BRIDGES ACROSS BERING STRAIT.
THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR WAS CONCERNED THAT THE BRIDGE WOULD INTERFERE WITH SHIP TRAFFIC. THE FERRY SERVICE OPPOSED THE BRIDGE AS IT WOULD END THEIR BUSINESS. THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY SUPPORTED THE BRIDGE. BY 1924 THEY HAD AN ASSOCIATION CALLED BRIDGING THE GOLDEN GATE ASOCIATION. DISCUSSION TO BUILD THE BRIDGE WERE HELD IN SANTA ROSA. THE CHAMBER HERE SUPPORTED THE PROJECT.
STRAUS WAS THE CHIEF ENGINEER, BUT MANY OTHER ENGINEERS HELPED TOO. THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE HAS PROVED SOUND WITH THE HELP OF MANY ENGINEERS. AFTER 70 YEARS PASSED CHARLES ELLIS WAS GIVEN MAJOR CREDIT IN THE DESIGN OF THE BRIDGE.
THE BRIDGE AND HIGHWAY DISTRICT AUTHORIZED IN 1928 TO DESIGN CONSTRUCT AND FINANCE THE BRIDGER. A LOCAL BANK HELPED TO REFINANCE THE BRIDGE. IN 1933 CONSTRUCTION BEGAN WITH $35 MILLION DOLLARS. STRAUSS WAS HEAD OF THE PROJECT WITH MANY OTHER ENGINEERS HELPING. HE INNOVATED THE THE USE OF MOVABLE SAFETY NETTING BENEATH THE CONSTRUCTION AREA SAVING THE USE OF MOVABLE SAFETY NETTING BENEATH THE CONSTRUCTION AREA SAVING MANY LIVES. BY 1937 THE PROJECT COMPLETED. THEY EVEN PUT IN A SMALL DINER BY A TOURIST PLAZA. IT WAS BUILT IN ART DECO DESIGN. A BRIDGE OPENING CELEBRATION WAS IN 1937 AND LASTED FOR A WEEK BEFORE TRAFFIC CAME HERE, 200,00 PEOPLE CROSSED BY FOOT. PRESIDENT ROSEVELT PUSHED A BUTTON TO CELEBRATE ITS OPENING. UNTIL 1964 IT HAD THE LONGEST SPAN OF SUSPENSION IN THE WORLD- 4200'. THE BRIDGE HAS 80,000 MILES WIRE IN THE CABLES. THEY MADE SIDEWALKS FOR PEDESTRIAN AND BYCYCLES. IT HAS SOME UNIQUE LIGHTING AT NIGHT. IT IS A TOLL BRIDGE AND HAS BEEN CLOSED ONLY 3 TIMES FOR BAD WEATHER. IT IS FEATURED IN SOME MOVIES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
BEFORE 1933 THE ONLY WAY ACROSS THE BAY WAS BY BOAT. FERRIES CARRIED FOLKS AS EARLY AS 1820 FOR CARRYING WATER. BY THE 1920'S THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC FERRIES WERE VERY PROFITABLE AND REPORT TO THE ECONOMY. THE FERRIES AUTOS FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO SAUSALITO AND TO HYDE ST. PIER. EXPERTS SAID THE BRIDGE COULD NOT CONNECT THESE LAND MASSES BECAUSE OF WIND AND FOG.
THE IDEA OF A BRIDGE SPANNING THE GOLDEN GATE THE GOLDEN GATE WAS OFTEN THOUGHT ABOUT . THIS PROPOSAL DREW ATTENTION AND WAS MADE BY AN ENGINEERING STUDENT JAMES WILKINS. IN 1916. THE COST OF THE STRUCTURE WAS ESTIMATED ABOUT $100 MILLION. JOSEPH STRAUS WAS AN AMBITIOUS POET AND ENGINEER WHO WROTE A GRADUATE THESIS AND DESIGNED 55 RAILROAD BRIDGES ACROSS BERING STRAIT.
THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR WAS CONCERNED THAT THE BRIDGE WOULD INTERFERE WITH SHIP TRAFFIC. THE FERRY SERVICE OPPOSED THE BRIDGE AS IT WOULD END THEIR BUSINESS. THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY SUPPORTED THE BRIDGE. BY 1924 THEY HAD AN ASSOCIATION CALLED BRIDGING THE GOLDEN GATE ASOCIATION. DISCUSSION TO BUILD THE BRIDGE WERE HELD IN SANTA ROSA. THE CHAMBER HERE SUPPORTED THE PROJECT.
STRAUS WAS THE CHIEF ENGINEER, BUT MANY OTHER ENGINEERS HELPED TOO. THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE HAS PROVED SOUND WITH THE HELP OF MANY ENGINEERS. AFTER 70 YEARS PASSED CHARLES ELLIS WAS GIVEN MAJOR CREDIT IN THE DESIGN OF THE BRIDGE.
THE BRIDGE AND HIGHWAY DISTRICT AUTHORIZED IN 1928 TO DESIGN CONSTRUCT AND FINANCE THE BRIDGER. A LOCAL BANK HELPED TO REFINANCE THE BRIDGE. IN 1933 CONSTRUCTION BEGAN WITH $35 MILLION DOLLARS. STRAUSS WAS HEAD OF THE PROJECT WITH MANY OTHER ENGINEERS HELPING. HE INNOVATED THE THE USE OF MOVABLE SAFETY NETTING BENEATH THE CONSTRUCTION AREA SAVING THE USE OF MOVABLE SAFETY NETTING BENEATH THE CONSTRUCTION AREA SAVING MANY LIVES. BY 1937 THE PROJECT COMPLETED. THEY EVEN PUT IN A SMALL DINER BY A TOURIST PLAZA. IT WAS BUILT IN ART DECO DESIGN. A BRIDGE OPENING CELEBRATION WAS IN 1937 AND LASTED FOR A WEEK BEFORE TRAFFIC CAME HERE, 200,00 PEOPLE CROSSED BY FOOT. PRESIDENT ROSEVELT PUSHED A BUTTON TO CELEBRATE ITS OPENING. UNTIL 1964 IT HAD THE LONGEST SPAN OF SUSPENSION IN THE WORLD- 4200'. THE BRIDGE HAS 80,000 MILES WIRE IN THE CABLES. THEY MADE SIDEWALKS FOR PEDESTRIAN AND BYCYCLES. IT HAS SOME UNIQUE LIGHTING AT NIGHT. IT IS A TOLL BRIDGE AND HAS BEEN CLOSED ONLY 3 TIMES FOR BAD WEATHER. IT IS FEATURED IN SOME MOVIES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
NORTHERN LIGHTS OR AURORA
AN AURORA COMES COMES FROM LATIN AS A NATURAL LIGHT DISPLAY IN THE SKY THAT IS COMMON IN THE ARCTIC. IT IS A COLLISON OF ENERGETICLLY CHARGED PARTICLES WITH ATOMS IN THE HIGH ALTITUDE. THE CHARGED PARTICLES WITH ATOMS THAT ORIGINATE IN THE WIND, ON EARTH AND IN A MAGNETIC FIELD INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. MOST AURORAS OCCUR IN A BAND KNOWN AS THE AURORAL ZONE. DURING A STORM THE AURORAL ZONE EXPANDS TO THE LOWER ALTITUDES
AURORA ARE CLASSIFIED AS DIFFUSE. IT IS A FEATURELESS GLOW IN THE SKY MIGHT BE VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE, EVEN ON DARK NIGHTS. THE LIGHTS VARY IN COLOR AND BRIGHTNESS. AURORAS ARE ARCES GENERALLY INVISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE.
THE AURORA BOREALIS IS NAMED AFTER A ROMAN GODDESS OF DAWN, AURORA, AND GREEK NAME FOR THE NORTHERN WIND. THE LIGHTS CAN CHANGE WITHIN SECONDS. OR GLOW GLOW FOR HOURS IN FLOURESCENT GREEN. THE CREE INDIANS CALL IT THE DANCE OF THE SPIRITS. SOME CULTURES THOUGHT THEY WERE A SIGN OF GOD
THE SOUTHERN LIGHTS IN SOUTH AMERICA ARE SIMILAR TO THESE AURORAS OCCUR ON OTHER PLANETS CLOSE TO THE POLES AS WELL. THEY RESULT FROM PHOTOS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AABOVE 8 KM, AND OXYGEN AND NITROGEN RETUEN FROM AN EXCITED STATE TO GROUND. THEY ARE EXCITED IONIZED OR COLLIDE WITH SOLAR WIND AND ACCELERATE BY COLLISION. AT HIGH ALTITUDE OXYGEN , RED DOMINATES AND OXYGEN GREEN AND BLUE PREVENT ANY OTHER OTHER COLOR. GREEN IS THE MOST COMMON AURORA.
AURORAS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SOLAR WIND FLOWING FROM THE SUN. AURORAS ARE MORE FREQUENT DURING HIGH WINDS AND WHEN THE SOLAR CYCLE HAS MASS INJECTIONS. AN AURORA HAS A DIFFUSE GLOW OR CURTAIN THAT GOES EAST TO WEST. SATELLITES SHOW THE ELECTRONS ARE GUIDED BY MAGNETIC FIELDS SPIRALING AROUND THE EARTH. THE AURORA MAY BE A DIVERGING RAY.
SOME SPECTACULAR AURORAS RESULTED WITH GEOMAGNETIC STORMS ON AUGUST 28 AND SEPTEMBER, 1859. IT WAS SEEN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD - THE U.S., EUROPE, JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA. SOME SCIENTISTS HAVE REPORTED SOUND ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. THESE INCLUDE CLAPPING AND CRACKLING.
THE SOURCE OF ENERGY OF AURORA IS THE SOLAR WIND FLOWING PAST THE EARTH. THE SOLAR WIND IS PLASMA OR IONIZED GAS THAT CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY. SINCE 1830 THEY FOUND THAT WHEN AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR IS PLACED WITHIN A MAGNETIC FIELD AND AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IS INDUCED. IN PARTICULAR THE SOLAR WIND CONDUCTS FLUIDS WITH RELATIVE MOTION. THE DYNAMO ACTION OF THE WIND PRODUCES QUIET AUROAS. SINCE WE HAVE DIGITAL CAMERAS THAT HAVE HIGH SENSITIVITIES, IMAGES OF THE NORTHERN LIGHTS ARE MORE COMMON TODAY.
WIKIP[EDIA.ORG
AURORA ARE CLASSIFIED AS DIFFUSE. IT IS A FEATURELESS GLOW IN THE SKY MIGHT BE VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE, EVEN ON DARK NIGHTS. THE LIGHTS VARY IN COLOR AND BRIGHTNESS. AURORAS ARE ARCES GENERALLY INVISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE.
THE AURORA BOREALIS IS NAMED AFTER A ROMAN GODDESS OF DAWN, AURORA, AND GREEK NAME FOR THE NORTHERN WIND. THE LIGHTS CAN CHANGE WITHIN SECONDS. OR GLOW GLOW FOR HOURS IN FLOURESCENT GREEN. THE CREE INDIANS CALL IT THE DANCE OF THE SPIRITS. SOME CULTURES THOUGHT THEY WERE A SIGN OF GOD
THE SOUTHERN LIGHTS IN SOUTH AMERICA ARE SIMILAR TO THESE AURORAS OCCUR ON OTHER PLANETS CLOSE TO THE POLES AS WELL. THEY RESULT FROM PHOTOS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AABOVE 8 KM, AND OXYGEN AND NITROGEN RETUEN FROM AN EXCITED STATE TO GROUND. THEY ARE EXCITED IONIZED OR COLLIDE WITH SOLAR WIND AND ACCELERATE BY COLLISION. AT HIGH ALTITUDE OXYGEN , RED DOMINATES AND OXYGEN GREEN AND BLUE PREVENT ANY OTHER OTHER COLOR. GREEN IS THE MOST COMMON AURORA.
AURORAS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SOLAR WIND FLOWING FROM THE SUN. AURORAS ARE MORE FREQUENT DURING HIGH WINDS AND WHEN THE SOLAR CYCLE HAS MASS INJECTIONS. AN AURORA HAS A DIFFUSE GLOW OR CURTAIN THAT GOES EAST TO WEST. SATELLITES SHOW THE ELECTRONS ARE GUIDED BY MAGNETIC FIELDS SPIRALING AROUND THE EARTH. THE AURORA MAY BE A DIVERGING RAY.
SOME SPECTACULAR AURORAS RESULTED WITH GEOMAGNETIC STORMS ON AUGUST 28 AND SEPTEMBER, 1859. IT WAS SEEN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD - THE U.S., EUROPE, JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA. SOME SCIENTISTS HAVE REPORTED SOUND ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. THESE INCLUDE CLAPPING AND CRACKLING.
THE SOURCE OF ENERGY OF AURORA IS THE SOLAR WIND FLOWING PAST THE EARTH. THE SOLAR WIND IS PLASMA OR IONIZED GAS THAT CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY. SINCE 1830 THEY FOUND THAT WHEN AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR IS PLACED WITHIN A MAGNETIC FIELD AND AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IS INDUCED. IN PARTICULAR THE SOLAR WIND CONDUCTS FLUIDS WITH RELATIVE MOTION. THE DYNAMO ACTION OF THE WIND PRODUCES QUIET AUROAS. SINCE WE HAVE DIGITAL CAMERAS THAT HAVE HIGH SENSITIVITIES, IMAGES OF THE NORTHERN LIGHTS ARE MORE COMMON TODAY.
WIKIP[EDIA.ORG
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
LEANING TOWER OF PISA
THE LARGE FREESTANDING TOWER IN ITALY IS A BELL TOWER IN ITALY OF THE CATHEDRAL OF THE ITALIAN CITY OF PISA. IT HAS A UNINTENDED TILT TO ONE SIDE.THE TILT BEGAN DURING DURING CONSTRUCTION ASA THE FOUNDATION WAS ON TOO SOFT OF GROUND TO SUPPORT THE STRUCTURETOO SOFT GROUND TO SUPPORT STRUCTURE. THE TILT INCRESED IN THE DECADES BEFORE THE STRUCTURE WAS RESTORED. THE TOWER WAS STABILIZED IN THE 20TH CENTURY.
THE HEIGHT OF THE TOWER WAS 55 METERS, AND 4 METERS WIDE AT THE BASE. IT HAS 296 STEPS AND LEANS ABOUR 4 DEGREES,...
IT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 40 YEARS. IN 1174 THE FIRST FLOOR WAS BUILT WITH MARBLE. BECAUSE OF UNSTABLE SOIL CONSTRUCTION FOR 100YEARS. THEY HAD BATTLES TO FIGHT.
BY 1272 CONSTRUCTION RESTARTED BY ANOTHER ARCHITECT. THEY BUILT UPPER FKLOORS. WITH A TILT TO COMPENSATEFOR THE LEAN THAT BEGAN. ANOTHER BATTLE BY GENOAN'S HALTED BUILDING IN 1280. THE 7TH FLOOR WAS WAS COMPLETED IN 1319. THERE ARE 7 BELLS ONE FOR EACH NOTE. IT IS STILL BEING RESTORED. IN1172 DONNA BERTA HAD 60 SOLDIERS TO THE OPERA CAMPANIELLIS. THE MONEY WAS USED TO BY THE PURCHASE OF A STONES AT THE HEAD BASE. AFTER 4 CENTURIES A SCULPTOR LAID FOUNDATIONS OF THE BELL TOWER OF THE CATHEDRAL. THE MASTER BUIDER WAS PERHAPS GERARDO. WHO KNOWS? BY 1260 THE BELL TOWER WAS BEGUN.
GALILEO DROPPED 2 CANON BALLS OF DIFERENT MASSES FROM THE TOWER TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR SPEED OF DESCENT WAS INDEPERNDENT OF MASS.
IN WORLD WAR II GERMANS USED THE TOWER AS A POST. A U.S. ARMY SERGENT SENT TO CONFIRM PRESENCE OF GERMAN TROOPS HERE WERE SO IMPRESSED BY BEAUTY HE REFRAINED FROM AN ARTILLERY STRIKE. IN 1964 THE GOVERNMENT PREVENTED THE TOWER FROM TOPPING OVER.
A MULTINATIONAL GROUP STUDIED SITE AND DECLARED IT A WORLD HERITAGE SITE. ANOTHER TOWER IN PAVIA COLLAPSED IN 1989. SO IN 1990 THE TOWER WAS CLOSED. THE FINAL SOLUTION TO PREVENT ITS COLLAPSE WAS TO REMOVE 38 CUBIC METERS OF SOIL UNDER THE RAISED END OF THE TOWER. THIS RETURNED IT TO THE 1838 POSITION. BY 2001 THE PUBLIC ABLE TO COME HERE. AGAIN IN 2008 THEY REMOVED MORE GROUND TO PREVENT COLLAPSE!
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
THE HEIGHT OF THE TOWER WAS 55 METERS, AND 4 METERS WIDE AT THE BASE. IT HAS 296 STEPS AND LEANS ABOUR 4 DEGREES,...
IT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 40 YEARS. IN 1174 THE FIRST FLOOR WAS BUILT WITH MARBLE. BECAUSE OF UNSTABLE SOIL CONSTRUCTION FOR 100YEARS. THEY HAD BATTLES TO FIGHT.
BY 1272 CONSTRUCTION RESTARTED BY ANOTHER ARCHITECT. THEY BUILT UPPER FKLOORS. WITH A TILT TO COMPENSATEFOR THE LEAN THAT BEGAN. ANOTHER BATTLE BY GENOAN'S HALTED BUILDING IN 1280. THE 7TH FLOOR WAS WAS COMPLETED IN 1319. THERE ARE 7 BELLS ONE FOR EACH NOTE. IT IS STILL BEING RESTORED. IN1172 DONNA BERTA HAD 60 SOLDIERS TO THE OPERA CAMPANIELLIS. THE MONEY WAS USED TO BY THE PURCHASE OF A STONES AT THE HEAD BASE. AFTER 4 CENTURIES A SCULPTOR LAID FOUNDATIONS OF THE BELL TOWER OF THE CATHEDRAL. THE MASTER BUIDER WAS PERHAPS GERARDO. WHO KNOWS? BY 1260 THE BELL TOWER WAS BEGUN.
GALILEO DROPPED 2 CANON BALLS OF DIFERENT MASSES FROM THE TOWER TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR SPEED OF DESCENT WAS INDEPERNDENT OF MASS.
IN WORLD WAR II GERMANS USED THE TOWER AS A POST. A U.S. ARMY SERGENT SENT TO CONFIRM PRESENCE OF GERMAN TROOPS HERE WERE SO IMPRESSED BY BEAUTY HE REFRAINED FROM AN ARTILLERY STRIKE. IN 1964 THE GOVERNMENT PREVENTED THE TOWER FROM TOPPING OVER.
A MULTINATIONAL GROUP STUDIED SITE AND DECLARED IT A WORLD HERITAGE SITE. ANOTHER TOWER IN PAVIA COLLAPSED IN 1989. SO IN 1990 THE TOWER WAS CLOSED. THE FINAL SOLUTION TO PREVENT ITS COLLAPSE WAS TO REMOVE 38 CUBIC METERS OF SOIL UNDER THE RAISED END OF THE TOWER. THIS RETURNED IT TO THE 1838 POSITION. BY 2001 THE PUBLIC ABLE TO COME HERE. AGAIN IN 2008 THEY REMOVED MORE GROUND TO PREVENT COLLAPSE!
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
Tuesday, May 21, 2013
ANKAR WAT TEMPLE-WORLDS LARGEST RELIGIOUS SITE
ANKAR WAT IS THE LARGEST HINDU BUDDIST TEMPLE COMPLEX AND LARGE RELIGIOUS COMPLEX IN THE WORLD! IT WAS BUILT BY A KING IN THE 12TH CENTURY AND ANKORWAS THE CAPITAL OF THE KHMER EMPIRE, AS HIS STATE TEMPLE AND EVENTUAL MAUSALEUM. ANGKAR WEST WAS DEDICATED TO VISHNU. IT IS THE BEST PRESERVED TEMPLE OF THE SITE. IT IS THE ONLY ONE TO HAVE REMAINED A SIGNIFICANT RELIGIOUS XCENTER. SINCE ITS FOUNDATION IT HAS BECOME A HIGH SYMBOL OF CAMBODIA, AND APPEARS ON THEIR FLAG. IT IS DESIGNED TO REPRESENT MT. MERU, HOME OF THE DEVAS IN HINDU MYTHOLOGY. THE TEMPLE HAS GALLERIES. AT THE CENTER STANDS A QUINCUNX OR 5 PATTERNS OF TOWERS. ANKAR WAT IS ORIENTED TO THE WEST. WHO KNOWS WHY? THE TEMPLE IS ADMIRED FOR THE GRANDEUR AND HARMONY OF THE ARCHITECTURE AND ITS MANY BAS ELIEFS. IT HAS NUMEROUS DEVELAS OR WALLS. ITS MODERN NAME MEANS TEMPLE CITY. VAT MEANS IN KHMER EMPLE GROUNDS. THIS TEMPLE LIES 5.5 KM NORTH OF SIEM REAP. HERE IS AN IMPORTANT GROUP OF ANCIENT STRUCTURES. THE TEMPLE WAS DEDICATED TO VISHNU AND BUILT AS THE CAPITOL CITY. IT IS A PLACE AND THE BAS REL;IEF DECORATION.
IN 1177, 27 YEARSAFTER THE DEATH OFTHEIR KING, ANKAR WAS INVADED BYTHE CHAMS. THE EMPIRE WAS RESTORED BY AND NEW KING WHO ESTABLISHED A NEW CAPITAL.
BY THE LATE 13TH CENTURY ANKAR WAT MOVED FROM HINDU TO BUDDIST USE AND IT CONTINUES TODAY. IT BECAME NEGLECTED IN THE 16TH CENTURY AND WAS NEVER COMPLETELY ABANDONED ONE OF THE FIRST WESTERN VISITORS WAS A PORTUGUESE MONK WHO SAID IT WAS SO BEAUTIFUL IT IS DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE. BY 19TH CENTURY A FRENCH NATURALIST AND EXPLORER POPULARIZED THE SITE BY PUBLISHING SOME TRAVEL NOTES. THIS TEMPLE APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN BUILT BY SOME ANCIENT MICHAELANGELO. ITS GRANDEUR IS MORE SPECTACULAR THAN ANY BUILDING IN GREECE OR ROME. IN THE 18TH CENTURY IT PRESENTS AN OPPOSING STATE TO THE BARBARISM IN WHICH THEIR NATION WAS IN. THE HISTORY OF THE SITE WAS PIECED TOGETHER BY USING EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE - READING AND RESEARCHING THESE INSCRIPTIONS. THERE WERE NO REMAINS OF ORDINARY HOUSE , COOKING UTENSILS, OR WEAPONS FOUND HERE. JUST THE REMAINS OF MONUMENTS. DURING 1900'S LOTS OF RESTORATIONS OCCURED BY REMOVING VEGETATION AND EARTH.
THE TEMPLE IS A GREAT SOURCE OF NATIONAL PRIDE AND THEIR RULERS HERE HAVE FORMED RELATIONS WITH FRANCE, U. S. AND THAILAND. THE TEMPLE BECAME A POLITICAO-CULTURAL RELATION BETWEEN FRENCH HERITAGE. THE TEMPLE WAS PRESENTED IN PARIS AND MARSILLE BETWEEN 1889 AND 1937.
FRANCE ADOPTED CAMBODIA AS A PROTECTORATE SITE IN 1863 INVADING SIAM TO TAKE CONTROL OF THE SITE. CAMBODIA QUICKLY RETAINED LANDS IN THE SITE AND IN THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF THE COUNTRY UNDER THAI CONTROL SINCE 1300'S IN 1953 CAMBODIA GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM FRANCE AND HAS SINCE CONTROLLED ANKAR WAT.
THIS TEMPLEBORROED DESIGNS FROM ODISHA AND INDIA. IT IS THE HOME OF GODS AND THE 5 TOWERS SYMBOLIZE THE 5 PEAKS OF MT. MERU AND SURROUNDING OCEAN. THIS TEMPLE IS BUILT FROM SANDSTONE. BLOCKS! LATERITE WAS USED FOR THE OUTSIDE WALLS. NO ONE KNOWS HOW THE BLOCKS WERE JOINED. ITS GRANDEUR HAS BEEN COMPARED TO ANCIENT ROME. THE TEMPLE HAS SOME PERFECTION BY THE RESTRAINED MONUMENTS AND WELL BALANCED ELEMENTS(SEEMINGLY FENG SHUI)! SOME ELEMENTS HABEEN LOOTED THROUGH TIME, THE OTHER WALL IS 4.5 M HIGH AND A 30 METER APRON OF OPEN GROUND. A MOAT ABOUT 190 M WIDE WAS BUILT IN A SQUARE AROUND THE TEMPLE. ACCESS IS BY AN EARTH BANK TO THE EAST. NOTHING REMAINS OF THESECULAR BUILDINGS AS THEY WERE OF PERISHABLE MATERIALS, NOT STONE. THERE ARE ONLY OUTLINES OF STREETS. INSIDE THE TEMPLE ARE MANY INSCRIPTIONS RELATING TO GOOD DEEDS OF TRAVELERS - SOME ARE IN BURMESE AND JAPANESE. THROUGHOUT THE CENTURIESTHEIR WALLS HAVE INSCIBED BUDDHAS. THE TEMPLES FAME IS THROUGH ITS BAS RELIEF FRIEZES. SOME ARE DEVATAS OR WOMEN GODS WITH LARGE METAL CROWNS. SOME INSCRIPTIONS SHOW BATTLES AND OTHERS REPRESENT THE SUMMER AND WINTER SOLSTICE. SOME SCENES SHOW VICTORY AND HINDU GODS.
THE SANDSTONE USED TO BUILD THE TEMPLE WAS TRANSPORTED HERE 25 MILES AWAY. ONE GALLERY ALONE HAS 1000 SQUARE METERS OF BAS RELIEF. SOME MAY HAVE HAD BRONZE DECORATIONS IT IS ESTIMATED THE SITE TOOK 40 YEARS TO COMPLETE. THEY MUST HAVE HAD 1000'S OF SKILLED ARTISANS TO BUILD AND CARVE THESE SCULPTURES.
TODAY IT HAS MUCH TOURISM AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS WITH 600,00 VISITORS PER YEAR.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
IN 1177, 27 YEARSAFTER THE DEATH OFTHEIR KING, ANKAR WAS INVADED BYTHE CHAMS. THE EMPIRE WAS RESTORED BY AND NEW KING WHO ESTABLISHED A NEW CAPITAL.
BY THE LATE 13TH CENTURY ANKAR WAT MOVED FROM HINDU TO BUDDIST USE AND IT CONTINUES TODAY. IT BECAME NEGLECTED IN THE 16TH CENTURY AND WAS NEVER COMPLETELY ABANDONED ONE OF THE FIRST WESTERN VISITORS WAS A PORTUGUESE MONK WHO SAID IT WAS SO BEAUTIFUL IT IS DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE. BY 19TH CENTURY A FRENCH NATURALIST AND EXPLORER POPULARIZED THE SITE BY PUBLISHING SOME TRAVEL NOTES. THIS TEMPLE APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN BUILT BY SOME ANCIENT MICHAELANGELO. ITS GRANDEUR IS MORE SPECTACULAR THAN ANY BUILDING IN GREECE OR ROME. IN THE 18TH CENTURY IT PRESENTS AN OPPOSING STATE TO THE BARBARISM IN WHICH THEIR NATION WAS IN. THE HISTORY OF THE SITE WAS PIECED TOGETHER BY USING EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE - READING AND RESEARCHING THESE INSCRIPTIONS. THERE WERE NO REMAINS OF ORDINARY HOUSE , COOKING UTENSILS, OR WEAPONS FOUND HERE. JUST THE REMAINS OF MONUMENTS. DURING 1900'S LOTS OF RESTORATIONS OCCURED BY REMOVING VEGETATION AND EARTH.
THE TEMPLE IS A GREAT SOURCE OF NATIONAL PRIDE AND THEIR RULERS HERE HAVE FORMED RELATIONS WITH FRANCE, U. S. AND THAILAND. THE TEMPLE BECAME A POLITICAO-CULTURAL RELATION BETWEEN FRENCH HERITAGE. THE TEMPLE WAS PRESENTED IN PARIS AND MARSILLE BETWEEN 1889 AND 1937.
FRANCE ADOPTED CAMBODIA AS A PROTECTORATE SITE IN 1863 INVADING SIAM TO TAKE CONTROL OF THE SITE. CAMBODIA QUICKLY RETAINED LANDS IN THE SITE AND IN THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF THE COUNTRY UNDER THAI CONTROL SINCE 1300'S IN 1953 CAMBODIA GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM FRANCE AND HAS SINCE CONTROLLED ANKAR WAT.
THIS TEMPLEBORROED DESIGNS FROM ODISHA AND INDIA. IT IS THE HOME OF GODS AND THE 5 TOWERS SYMBOLIZE THE 5 PEAKS OF MT. MERU AND SURROUNDING OCEAN. THIS TEMPLE IS BUILT FROM SANDSTONE. BLOCKS! LATERITE WAS USED FOR THE OUTSIDE WALLS. NO ONE KNOWS HOW THE BLOCKS WERE JOINED. ITS GRANDEUR HAS BEEN COMPARED TO ANCIENT ROME. THE TEMPLE HAS SOME PERFECTION BY THE RESTRAINED MONUMENTS AND WELL BALANCED ELEMENTS(SEEMINGLY FENG SHUI)! SOME ELEMENTS HABEEN LOOTED THROUGH TIME, THE OTHER WALL IS 4.5 M HIGH AND A 30 METER APRON OF OPEN GROUND. A MOAT ABOUT 190 M WIDE WAS BUILT IN A SQUARE AROUND THE TEMPLE. ACCESS IS BY AN EARTH BANK TO THE EAST. NOTHING REMAINS OF THESECULAR BUILDINGS AS THEY WERE OF PERISHABLE MATERIALS, NOT STONE. THERE ARE ONLY OUTLINES OF STREETS. INSIDE THE TEMPLE ARE MANY INSCRIPTIONS RELATING TO GOOD DEEDS OF TRAVELERS - SOME ARE IN BURMESE AND JAPANESE. THROUGHOUT THE CENTURIESTHEIR WALLS HAVE INSCIBED BUDDHAS. THE TEMPLES FAME IS THROUGH ITS BAS RELIEF FRIEZES. SOME ARE DEVATAS OR WOMEN GODS WITH LARGE METAL CROWNS. SOME INSCRIPTIONS SHOW BATTLES AND OTHERS REPRESENT THE SUMMER AND WINTER SOLSTICE. SOME SCENES SHOW VICTORY AND HINDU GODS.
THE SANDSTONE USED TO BUILD THE TEMPLE WAS TRANSPORTED HERE 25 MILES AWAY. ONE GALLERY ALONE HAS 1000 SQUARE METERS OF BAS RELIEF. SOME MAY HAVE HAD BRONZE DECORATIONS IT IS ESTIMATED THE SITE TOOK 40 YEARS TO COMPLETE. THEY MUST HAVE HAD 1000'S OF SKILLED ARTISANS TO BUILD AND CARVE THESE SCULPTURES.
TODAY IT HAS MUCH TOURISM AND CONSERVATION EFFORTS WITH 600,00 VISITORS PER YEAR.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
NETHERLANDS CULTURE
THEY HAVE A DIVERSE GROUP AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES. THE DUTCH CULTURE HAS PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR CENTURIES IN THE GOLDEN AGE. DURING THE 1500'S MANY PAINTERS FLED TO NORTHERN NETHERLANDS FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS. THESE REGIONS WERE GROWING ECONOMICALLY. SOME GREAT PAINTERS WERE FROM HERE BY VINCENT VAN GOGH. BY 1581 NETHERLANDS WAS FREE FROM SPAIN.
THEY MAINLY SPEAK DUTCH WHILE THEY ALSO SPEAK DIALECTS OF LOW SAXON. NETHERLANDS HAS SEEN WHERE FOLKS HAVE MOVED WHO WERE FLEEING FROM DISCRIMINATION. THEY ALSO DREW REFUGEES FROM THE WAR COUNTRIES IN THE 1900'S. THE PEOPLE LIKE TO ENJOY CULTURAL DIVERSITY. THEY HAVE BUILT DIKES AND DUNES TO PROTECT THEIR LAND FROM STORMS . THEY HAVE 12 PROVINCES AND IT IS THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRY IN EUROPE. THEY ALSO SPEAK CREOLE IN SOME PARTS. THEY ALSO TAKE GREAT PART ININTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS. PEOPLE RAISE ORANGE FLAGS TO BE PATRIOTIC AND HAVE A GOOD FEELNG OF THEIR ATHLETES. THEY HAVE A BIG FESTIVAL ON QUEENS DAY TO CELEBRATE HOPE AND UNITY DURING WAR. THE QUEEN BRINGS THEM HOPE AND UNITY DURING WAR.
IN 1940 TO 1945 THE DUTCH PEOPLE WERE OCCUPIED BY NAZI GERMANY. THEY SHELTERED 25,000 FOLKS INCLUDING NAZI GERMANY. THEY THEY SHELTERED 25,000 FOLKS INCLUDING JEWS. OVER 100,000 JEWS WERE DEPORTED TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS. ANNE FRANK AND FAMILY WAS HARBORED BY 2 YEARS BY DUTCH FOLKS BEFORE BEING BETRAYED BY DUTCH COLLABORATORS.
wikipedia,org
THEY MAINLY SPEAK DUTCH WHILE THEY ALSO SPEAK DIALECTS OF LOW SAXON. NETHERLANDS HAS SEEN WHERE FOLKS HAVE MOVED WHO WERE FLEEING FROM DISCRIMINATION. THEY ALSO DREW REFUGEES FROM THE WAR COUNTRIES IN THE 1900'S. THE PEOPLE LIKE TO ENJOY CULTURAL DIVERSITY. THEY HAVE BUILT DIKES AND DUNES TO PROTECT THEIR LAND FROM STORMS . THEY HAVE 12 PROVINCES AND IT IS THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRY IN EUROPE. THEY ALSO SPEAK CREOLE IN SOME PARTS. THEY ALSO TAKE GREAT PART ININTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS. PEOPLE RAISE ORANGE FLAGS TO BE PATRIOTIC AND HAVE A GOOD FEELNG OF THEIR ATHLETES. THEY HAVE A BIG FESTIVAL ON QUEENS DAY TO CELEBRATE HOPE AND UNITY DURING WAR. THE QUEEN BRINGS THEM HOPE AND UNITY DURING WAR.
IN 1940 TO 1945 THE DUTCH PEOPLE WERE OCCUPIED BY NAZI GERMANY. THEY SHELTERED 25,000 FOLKS INCLUDING NAZI GERMANY. THEY THEY SHELTERED 25,000 FOLKS INCLUDING JEWS. OVER 100,000 JEWS WERE DEPORTED TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS. ANNE FRANK AND FAMILY WAS HARBORED BY 2 YEARS BY DUTCH FOLKS BEFORE BEING BETRAYED BY DUTCH COLLABORATORS.
wikipedia,org
Friday, May 17, 2013
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
SOME STORIES INDICATE THE HANGING GARDENS TOWERED HUNDREDS OF FEET INTO THE AIR AND WERE BUILT ABOUT 600 B.C. ACCORDING TO ATCHAEOLOGISTS THE CITY WAS A WONDER TO ANCIENT TRAVELOR'S EYES. A GREEK HISTORIAN IN 450 B.C. SAID IT SURPASSES IN SPLENDOR ANY CITY IN THE KNOWN WORLD. SOME SAID THE OUTER WALLS WERE 400' IN LENGTH X80' HIGH X 320' WIDE MUD BRICK AND WATERPROOF WITH LEAD. IT ROSE ABOVE THE CITY AND HAD A FAMOUSE TOWER OF BABEL, A TEMPLE TO THEIR GOD MARDUK.
ACCOUNTS INDICATE THE GARDENS WAS BUILT BY KING NEBUCHCHADNEZZAR WHO RULED THE CITY FOR 43 YEARS. THERE IS NO WRITTEN EVIDENCE. THE GARDENS WERE BUILT TO CHEER UP HIS WIFE . THE LAND SHE CAME FROM WAS GREEN WITH MOUNTAINS. SHE FOUND THE TERRAIN HERE DEPRESSING. THE PLANTS OVERHUNG TERRACES OR BALCONIES OF VARIOUS LEVELS. THE BALCONIES WERE FILLED WITH EARTH TO ALLOW TREES OF A LARGE SIZE TO BE PLANTED.
THE ASCENT TO THE HIGHEST STORY IS BY STAIRS AND AT THEIR SIDE ARE WATER ENGINES BY MEANS OF WHICH PERSONS ARE HIRED TO WATER THE GARDENS. SINCE BABYLON RARELY GOT RAIN THEY NEEDED TO USE WATER FROM THE EUPHRATES RIVER. THEY MAY HAVE HAD USED A CHAIN PUMP WITH 2 LARGE WHEELS. ONE ABOVE THE OTHER CONNECTED BY A CHAIN ARE HUNG BASKETS. BELOW THE BOTTOM WHEEL WAS A WATER SOURCE. A CHAIN COULD LIFT THE UPPER WHEEL WHERE BUCKETS ARE TIPPED AND BUMPED. THEY MAY CHANNELS TO ACT LIKE ARTIFICIAL STREAMS. SOME ENGINEERS POSTULATE THAT A SCREW PUMP COULD HAVE BEEN USED TO MOVE WATER TO THE UPPER LEVELS.
THE GARDENS WERE BUILT OF HUGE STONES OR SLABS MADE OF LAYERS OF REED, ASPHALT, AND TILE. THEN OVER THIS PLATFORM WAS PUT A A SHEET OF LEAD SO THE FORMATION WOULD NOT ROT. THE GARDENS WERE BUILT OF HUGE STONES OR SLABS MADE OF LAYERS OF REED, ASPHALT, AND TILE. THEN OVER THIS WAS PUT A SHEET OF LEAD. SO THE FOUNDATION WOULD NOT ROT. THE GARDENS WERE AN AMAZING SITE.
SOME HISTORIANS THINK THE WERE ONLY A FICTIONATION CREATION. ONE ARCHAEOLOGIST EXCAVATED HERE FOR 14 YEARS AND FOUND THE WALLS AND TOWER OF BABEL THAT WAS UNDERTHAT WAS UNDER A MOUND OF MUDDY DEBRIS. THE RUINS OF BABYLON IN 1932 SHOW A JUMBLED REMAINS AND THEY MAY HAVE BEEN RESTORED BY AN EARTHQUAKE. OR IT MAY HAVE BEEN SLOWLY ERODED WITH INFREQUENT RAINS. NOONE KNOWS IF THE QUEEN WAS HAPPY WITH HER FANTASTIC PRESENT OR THE GREENMOUNYTAIN.
EMUSEUM.ORG POOL.
ACCOUNTS INDICATE THE GARDENS WAS BUILT BY KING NEBUCHCHADNEZZAR WHO RULED THE CITY FOR 43 YEARS. THERE IS NO WRITTEN EVIDENCE. THE GARDENS WERE BUILT TO CHEER UP HIS WIFE . THE LAND SHE CAME FROM WAS GREEN WITH MOUNTAINS. SHE FOUND THE TERRAIN HERE DEPRESSING. THE PLANTS OVERHUNG TERRACES OR BALCONIES OF VARIOUS LEVELS. THE BALCONIES WERE FILLED WITH EARTH TO ALLOW TREES OF A LARGE SIZE TO BE PLANTED.
THE ASCENT TO THE HIGHEST STORY IS BY STAIRS AND AT THEIR SIDE ARE WATER ENGINES BY MEANS OF WHICH PERSONS ARE HIRED TO WATER THE GARDENS. SINCE BABYLON RARELY GOT RAIN THEY NEEDED TO USE WATER FROM THE EUPHRATES RIVER. THEY MAY HAVE HAD USED A CHAIN PUMP WITH 2 LARGE WHEELS. ONE ABOVE THE OTHER CONNECTED BY A CHAIN ARE HUNG BASKETS. BELOW THE BOTTOM WHEEL WAS A WATER SOURCE. A CHAIN COULD LIFT THE UPPER WHEEL WHERE BUCKETS ARE TIPPED AND BUMPED. THEY MAY CHANNELS TO ACT LIKE ARTIFICIAL STREAMS. SOME ENGINEERS POSTULATE THAT A SCREW PUMP COULD HAVE BEEN USED TO MOVE WATER TO THE UPPER LEVELS.
THE GARDENS WERE BUILT OF HUGE STONES OR SLABS MADE OF LAYERS OF REED, ASPHALT, AND TILE. THEN OVER THIS PLATFORM WAS PUT A A SHEET OF LEAD SO THE FORMATION WOULD NOT ROT. THE GARDENS WERE BUILT OF HUGE STONES OR SLABS MADE OF LAYERS OF REED, ASPHALT, AND TILE. THEN OVER THIS WAS PUT A SHEET OF LEAD. SO THE FOUNDATION WOULD NOT ROT. THE GARDENS WERE AN AMAZING SITE.
SOME HISTORIANS THINK THE WERE ONLY A FICTIONATION CREATION. ONE ARCHAEOLOGIST EXCAVATED HERE FOR 14 YEARS AND FOUND THE WALLS AND TOWER OF BABEL THAT WAS UNDERTHAT WAS UNDER A MOUND OF MUDDY DEBRIS. THE RUINS OF BABYLON IN 1932 SHOW A JUMBLED REMAINS AND THEY MAY HAVE BEEN RESTORED BY AN EARTHQUAKE. OR IT MAY HAVE BEEN SLOWLY ERODED WITH INFREQUENT RAINS. NOONE KNOWS IF THE QUEEN WAS HAPPY WITH HER FANTASTIC PRESENT OR THE GREENMOUNYTAIN.
EMUSEUM.ORG POOL.
Thursday, May 16, 2013
WHAT I LEARNED ABOUT DOGS
WHEN I WENT TO VISIT MY CATS THE OTHER DAY, A LARGE DOG WAS IN THE OFFICE. THE OWNER EXPLAINED TO ME THAT THE APPEARANCE OF SOMEONE WITH A HAT MAKES A DOG THINK THAT SOMEONE IS NOT A PERSON BUT SOMEONE FREIGHTENING. THE LADY ASKED ME TO TAKE OFF MY HAT SO THE DOG COULD SMELL IT. HE THEN RECOGNIZED ME AS SOMEONE WHO WAS KIND AND HE BEGAN TO ACT NICE. I NEVER HAD HEARD OF THIS THEORY BEFORE. IT IS UNUSUAL AS I USED TO HAVE A DOG AND IT NEVER ACTED STRANGE WHEN I WORE A HAT. ALSO OTHER FOLKS WHO I KNOW HAD A DOG AND IT NEVER ACTED STRANGE BEFORE.
IN ANY CASE MY CATS ARE FINE AND MY SON WILL BE MAKING PLANS TO BUILD AN OTDOOR CAGE FOR THEM. I LOOK FORWARD TO BEING PROCESSED THIS WEEK..
IN ANY CASE MY CATS ARE FINE AND MY SON WILL BE MAKING PLANS TO BUILD AN OTDOOR CAGE FOR THEM. I LOOK FORWARD TO BEING PROCESSED THIS WEEK..
COLOSSEUM IN ROME
THE COLOSEUM IN ROME IS AN ELLIPTICAL AMPHITHEATRE IN THE CENTER OF ROME. IT WAS BUILT OF CONCRETE AND STONE.IT WAS THE LARGEST IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. IT IS ONE OF THE GREATEST ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURAL WORKS. IT WAS BUILT ABOUT 80 A.D. AND TOOK 10 YEARS. IT WAS NAMED IN LATIN AS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY.
THE COLOSSEUM COULD HOLD 50,000 FOLKS IN THE AUDIENCE. THEY HAD GLADIATOR CONTESTS AND MOCK SEA BATTLES , ANIMAL HUNTS, EXECUTION, DRAMAS ANIMAL HUNTS, EXECUTIONS, DRAMAS BASED ON MYTHOLOGIES. IT CEASED TO BE USED ON THE EARLY MEDIEVAL ERA. LATER IT WAS REUSED AS HOUSING, WORKSHOPS, RELIGIOUS ORDER, FORTRESS AND A SHRINE.
TODAY IT IS PARTIALLY RUINED BECAUSE OF EARTHQUAKES AND STONE ROBBERS. IT IS A SYMBOL OF IMPERIAL ROME AND IS A POPULAR TOURIST ATTRACTION. IT HAS CLOSE CONNECTIONS WITH ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
THE COLOSEUM'S ORIGINAL NAME WASAMPHITHEATRUM FLAVIUM. IT WAS CONSTRUCTED BY EMPERORS. IN ROME THERE ARE MANY STATUES OF THEIR GODS OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGIES.IN ROME THEREWAS AL;SO A BRONZE STATUE OF THE COLOSSEUM. THIS STATUE DID NOT FALL AND IT WAS PULLED DOWN TO USE ITS BRONZE STATUES. DURING THE 17TH CENTURY CHURCH OFFICIALS SOUGHT A PRODUCTIVEROLE FOR THE COLOSEUM - A WOOL FACTORY FOR EMPLOYING ROME PROSTITUTES. IT FELL THROUGH. IN 1671 THE COLOSSEUM WAS USED FOR BULLFIGHTS AND IT WAS HASTILY ABANDONED.
THE COLUSSEUM WAS BY SPOILS TAKEN FROM THE JEWISH TEMPLE AFTER A BATTLE IN JERUSALEM. BY THE END OF THE CENTURY B.C. THE THE AREA HAD A DENSE POPULATION BY 64 A.D. THERE WAS A FIRE.
SINCE THEN THEY HAVE BUILT OTHER AMPHITHEATRES. A SERIES OF TUNNELS WERE BUILT BY THE SON OF VESPASIAN. THE TUNNELS WERE USED TO HOUSE ANIMALS AND SLAVES. THROUGH TIME THE COLLUSEUM HAD DAMAGE FROM FIRES. EARTHQUAKE ANF GLADIATOR FIGHTS.
BY THE LATE 6TH CENTURY A CHURCH WAS BUILT BY THE AMPHITHEATRE. THE AREA WAS CONVERTED. HOUSES AND WORSHOPS WERE RENTED OUT AS EARLY AS 12TH CENTURY. BY 1200 A FAMILY TOOK IT OVER AND FORTIFIED IT USING IT AS A CASTLE. A RELIGIOUS SECT MOVED INTO THE NORTHERN PART FROM 14TH - 19TH CENTURIES. THE ORIGINAL BUILDING HAD BRONZE CLAMPS WHICH HELD THE STONE WORK AND WERE PRIED OFF AND LEFT SCARS ON THE BUILDING.
IN 1749 POPE BENEDICT ENDORSED THE VIEW THAT THE COLOSSEUM WAS A SACRED SITE WHERE EARLY CHRISTIANS HAD BEEN MARTYRED. THE POPE LATER ENDORSED THE VIEW THAT THE EARLY CHRISTIANS HAD BEEN MARTERED. HE FORBADE THE USE OF THE COLOSSEUM AS A QUARRY AND DEDICATED THE BUILDING TO THE PASSION OF CHRIST AND INSTALLED STATIONS OF THE CROSS DECLARING IT SANCTIFIED.HOWEVER THERE IS NO HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR SUPPORTING THIS. THE COLOSSEUM HAS UNDERGONE VARIOUS STABILIZATION AND RESTORATION PROJECTS, REMOVING EXTENSIVE VEGETATION.
TODAY THE COLOSSEUM IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS RECEING MILLIONS OF VISITORS MILLIONS OF VISITORS ANNUALLY. POLUTION AND GENERAL DETERIORATION OVER TIME PROMPTED A MAJOR DETERIORATION IN 1993 AND 2000. THE INTERIOR OF THE COLOSEUM IS HOST TO LARGE EVENTS, ONLY A FEW HUNDRED SPECTATORS CAN BE ACCOMODATED IN TEMPORARY SEATING. THEY HAVE HELD LARGE LEVELS OUTSIDE USING THE COLOSSEUM AS A BACKDROP.
UNLIKE EARLIER GREEK THEATRES IT IS THAT THEY WERE BUILT INTO HILLSIDES, IT IS A FREE STANDING STRUCTURE. UNLIKE GREEK THEATRES THAT WERE BUILT INTO HILLSIDES, THE COLL=OSSEUM IS AN ENTIRELY FREE STANDING STRUCTURE. THE EXTERIOR WALLS ARE ABOUT 158' HIGH. THE CENTRAL ARENA IS AN OVAL 280' LONG AND 180 ' WIDE. THEY HAD TIERS OF SEATING ABOUT 5 M WIDE. SOME OF THE SEATING WAS 15' HIGH. THE OUTER WALL IS TRAVERTINE STONE SET WITH MORTAR AND HELD TOGETHER WITH IRON CLAMPS. SOME EARTHQUAKES HAVE AFFECTED IT AND SECTIONS COLLAPSED. ORIGINALLY IT HAD THREE STORIES OF ARCADES. WITH A TALL ATTIC AND THEY HAD SOME WINDOWS. IN THE ARCHES THEY HAD DIVINITIES OR FIGUURES FROM CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY. THEY HAD A RETRACTABLE AWNING THAT KEPT THER RAIN OFF SPECTATORS. THIS COVERED 2/3 OF THE ARENA. SAILORA CAME FROM ROMAN NAVEL HEADQUARTERS.
THEY BUILT IT SO IT COULD BE FILLED OR EVACUATED QUICKLY. THE SPECTATORS WERE GIVEN POTTERY SHERDS AS TICKETS SO THEY KNEW THE SEATS TO TAKE. THE ROMANS HAD QUITE A RIGID SYSTEM AND THE SEATS REFLECTED A TIERED ARRANGEMENT OF CEMENT SECTIONS. SOME FOLKS BROUGHT SOME CHAIRS.
SENATORS HAD SPECIAL SEATS. THEIR SOCIETY WAS HIGHLY STRATIFIED. SPECIAL SOCIAL SECTIONS WERE PROVIDED FOR CITIZENS AND NOBLES. SOME GROUPS WERE BANNED FROM COMING HERE. THE ARENA HAD A WOODEN FLOOR WITH SAND AND IT HAD AN UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE. THESE TUNNELS WERE WHERE ANIMALS HAD CAGES. IT EVEN HAD ROOM FOR ELEPHANTS! THE COLOSSEUM SUPPORTED A BIG INDUSTRY. NEARBY WAS A TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GLADIATORS. NEARBY WAS AN ARMORY OF STORE WEAPONS AND PLACESTO TREAT WOUNDED GLADIATORS. CERTAIN FAMILIES GAVE EVENTS HERE TO PROVIDE SHOWS CALLED MINERA. SOME WERE HIGHLY RELIGIOUS, BUT MOSTLY OF POWER. A POPULAR SHOW WAS THE ANIMAL HUNT. THE ANIMAL HUNT. THE ANIMALS CAME FROM AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST. SOME CONTESTS HAD SEA BATTLES. IN A.D. 89 IT WAS FILLED WITH WATER FOR SWIMMING HORSES AND BULLS. THERE IS DEBATE THAT THERE IS NOT ENOUGH ROOM FOR WARSHIPS TO HAVE MOVED AROUND.
SOME ARTISTS PLANTED FORESTS SCENERY IN THE AREA WITH BUSHES AND TREES. NO ANIMALS COULD BE PLACED HERE FOR HUNTS AND DRAMAS. TODAY THEY HAVE CEREMONIES ON GOOD FRIDAYS. SINCE 1600'S THEY HAVE DOCUMENTED THE HISTORY OF OF FLORA HERE. THEY TRIED TO REDUCE PLANTS THAT GREW HERE ON THE ROCKS. THESE INCLUDED DIFFERENT MOSSES AND LICHEN.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
THE COLOSSEUM COULD HOLD 50,000 FOLKS IN THE AUDIENCE. THEY HAD GLADIATOR CONTESTS AND MOCK SEA BATTLES , ANIMAL HUNTS, EXECUTION, DRAMAS ANIMAL HUNTS, EXECUTIONS, DRAMAS BASED ON MYTHOLOGIES. IT CEASED TO BE USED ON THE EARLY MEDIEVAL ERA. LATER IT WAS REUSED AS HOUSING, WORKSHOPS, RELIGIOUS ORDER, FORTRESS AND A SHRINE.
TODAY IT IS PARTIALLY RUINED BECAUSE OF EARTHQUAKES AND STONE ROBBERS. IT IS A SYMBOL OF IMPERIAL ROME AND IS A POPULAR TOURIST ATTRACTION. IT HAS CLOSE CONNECTIONS WITH ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
THE COLOSEUM'S ORIGINAL NAME WASAMPHITHEATRUM FLAVIUM. IT WAS CONSTRUCTED BY EMPERORS. IN ROME THERE ARE MANY STATUES OF THEIR GODS OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGIES.IN ROME THEREWAS AL;SO A BRONZE STATUE OF THE COLOSSEUM. THIS STATUE DID NOT FALL AND IT WAS PULLED DOWN TO USE ITS BRONZE STATUES. DURING THE 17TH CENTURY CHURCH OFFICIALS SOUGHT A PRODUCTIVEROLE FOR THE COLOSEUM - A WOOL FACTORY FOR EMPLOYING ROME PROSTITUTES. IT FELL THROUGH. IN 1671 THE COLOSSEUM WAS USED FOR BULLFIGHTS AND IT WAS HASTILY ABANDONED.
THE COLUSSEUM WAS BY SPOILS TAKEN FROM THE JEWISH TEMPLE AFTER A BATTLE IN JERUSALEM. BY THE END OF THE CENTURY B.C. THE THE AREA HAD A DENSE POPULATION BY 64 A.D. THERE WAS A FIRE.
SINCE THEN THEY HAVE BUILT OTHER AMPHITHEATRES. A SERIES OF TUNNELS WERE BUILT BY THE SON OF VESPASIAN. THE TUNNELS WERE USED TO HOUSE ANIMALS AND SLAVES. THROUGH TIME THE COLLUSEUM HAD DAMAGE FROM FIRES. EARTHQUAKE ANF GLADIATOR FIGHTS.
BY THE LATE 6TH CENTURY A CHURCH WAS BUILT BY THE AMPHITHEATRE. THE AREA WAS CONVERTED. HOUSES AND WORSHOPS WERE RENTED OUT AS EARLY AS 12TH CENTURY. BY 1200 A FAMILY TOOK IT OVER AND FORTIFIED IT USING IT AS A CASTLE. A RELIGIOUS SECT MOVED INTO THE NORTHERN PART FROM 14TH - 19TH CENTURIES. THE ORIGINAL BUILDING HAD BRONZE CLAMPS WHICH HELD THE STONE WORK AND WERE PRIED OFF AND LEFT SCARS ON THE BUILDING.
IN 1749 POPE BENEDICT ENDORSED THE VIEW THAT THE COLOSSEUM WAS A SACRED SITE WHERE EARLY CHRISTIANS HAD BEEN MARTYRED. THE POPE LATER ENDORSED THE VIEW THAT THE EARLY CHRISTIANS HAD BEEN MARTERED. HE FORBADE THE USE OF THE COLOSSEUM AS A QUARRY AND DEDICATED THE BUILDING TO THE PASSION OF CHRIST AND INSTALLED STATIONS OF THE CROSS DECLARING IT SANCTIFIED.HOWEVER THERE IS NO HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR SUPPORTING THIS. THE COLOSSEUM HAS UNDERGONE VARIOUS STABILIZATION AND RESTORATION PROJECTS, REMOVING EXTENSIVE VEGETATION.
TODAY THE COLOSSEUM IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS RECEING MILLIONS OF VISITORS MILLIONS OF VISITORS ANNUALLY. POLUTION AND GENERAL DETERIORATION OVER TIME PROMPTED A MAJOR DETERIORATION IN 1993 AND 2000. THE INTERIOR OF THE COLOSEUM IS HOST TO LARGE EVENTS, ONLY A FEW HUNDRED SPECTATORS CAN BE ACCOMODATED IN TEMPORARY SEATING. THEY HAVE HELD LARGE LEVELS OUTSIDE USING THE COLOSSEUM AS A BACKDROP.
UNLIKE EARLIER GREEK THEATRES IT IS THAT THEY WERE BUILT INTO HILLSIDES, IT IS A FREE STANDING STRUCTURE. UNLIKE GREEK THEATRES THAT WERE BUILT INTO HILLSIDES, THE COLL=OSSEUM IS AN ENTIRELY FREE STANDING STRUCTURE. THE EXTERIOR WALLS ARE ABOUT 158' HIGH. THE CENTRAL ARENA IS AN OVAL 280' LONG AND 180 ' WIDE. THEY HAD TIERS OF SEATING ABOUT 5 M WIDE. SOME OF THE SEATING WAS 15' HIGH. THE OUTER WALL IS TRAVERTINE STONE SET WITH MORTAR AND HELD TOGETHER WITH IRON CLAMPS. SOME EARTHQUAKES HAVE AFFECTED IT AND SECTIONS COLLAPSED. ORIGINALLY IT HAD THREE STORIES OF ARCADES. WITH A TALL ATTIC AND THEY HAD SOME WINDOWS. IN THE ARCHES THEY HAD DIVINITIES OR FIGUURES FROM CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY. THEY HAD A RETRACTABLE AWNING THAT KEPT THER RAIN OFF SPECTATORS. THIS COVERED 2/3 OF THE ARENA. SAILORA CAME FROM ROMAN NAVEL HEADQUARTERS.
THEY BUILT IT SO IT COULD BE FILLED OR EVACUATED QUICKLY. THE SPECTATORS WERE GIVEN POTTERY SHERDS AS TICKETS SO THEY KNEW THE SEATS TO TAKE. THE ROMANS HAD QUITE A RIGID SYSTEM AND THE SEATS REFLECTED A TIERED ARRANGEMENT OF CEMENT SECTIONS. SOME FOLKS BROUGHT SOME CHAIRS.
SENATORS HAD SPECIAL SEATS. THEIR SOCIETY WAS HIGHLY STRATIFIED. SPECIAL SOCIAL SECTIONS WERE PROVIDED FOR CITIZENS AND NOBLES. SOME GROUPS WERE BANNED FROM COMING HERE. THE ARENA HAD A WOODEN FLOOR WITH SAND AND IT HAD AN UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE. THESE TUNNELS WERE WHERE ANIMALS HAD CAGES. IT EVEN HAD ROOM FOR ELEPHANTS! THE COLOSSEUM SUPPORTED A BIG INDUSTRY. NEARBY WAS A TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GLADIATORS. NEARBY WAS AN ARMORY OF STORE WEAPONS AND PLACESTO TREAT WOUNDED GLADIATORS. CERTAIN FAMILIES GAVE EVENTS HERE TO PROVIDE SHOWS CALLED MINERA. SOME WERE HIGHLY RELIGIOUS, BUT MOSTLY OF POWER. A POPULAR SHOW WAS THE ANIMAL HUNT. THE ANIMAL HUNT. THE ANIMALS CAME FROM AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST. SOME CONTESTS HAD SEA BATTLES. IN A.D. 89 IT WAS FILLED WITH WATER FOR SWIMMING HORSES AND BULLS. THERE IS DEBATE THAT THERE IS NOT ENOUGH ROOM FOR WARSHIPS TO HAVE MOVED AROUND.
SOME ARTISTS PLANTED FORESTS SCENERY IN THE AREA WITH BUSHES AND TREES. NO ANIMALS COULD BE PLACED HERE FOR HUNTS AND DRAMAS. TODAY THEY HAVE CEREMONIES ON GOOD FRIDAYS. SINCE 1600'S THEY HAVE DOCUMENTED THE HISTORY OF OF FLORA HERE. THEY TRIED TO REDUCE PLANTS THAT GREW HERE ON THE ROCKS. THESE INCLUDED DIFFERENT MOSSES AND LICHEN.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
TAJ MAJOL IN INDIA
THE TAJ MAGOL IS IN INDIA AND IS A WHITE MARBLE MAUSOLEUM. ITWAS WHITE MARBLE MAUSELEUM. IT WAS BUILT BY MEIGHAL, EMPEROR IN MEMORY OF HIS THIRD WIFE. IT IS RECOGNIZEDWHITE MARBLE MAUSELEUM. IT WAS BUILT BY MUGHAL EMPEROR IN MEMORY OF HIS THIRD WIFE. IT IS RECOGNIZED AS THE JEWEL OF MUSLIM ART IN INDIA. IT IS A FINE EXAMPLE OF MIGUL. ARCHITECTITURE, COMBINING ISLAMIC, PERSIAN, TURKISH AND INDIAN STYLES. IT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 1632 AND COMPLETED ABOUT 1653. THOUSANDS OF ARTISTS WERE EMPLOYED UNDER MANY ARCHITECTS.
IN 1631, SHA JOHAN , EMPEROR WHEN THEY HAD A GREAT PROPERITY, BECAME GRIEVED HIS THIRD WIFE MUNTAZ DIED DURING THE BIRTH OF THEIR 14TH CHILD. THE MASOLEUM WAS COMPLETED IN 1648 AND THE MASALEUM WAS COMPLETED IN 1648 AND THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGS AND GARDEN WER COMPLETED 5 YEARS LATER. EMPEROR SHAH JAHAN DESCRIBED THE TAJ AS A "PLACE WHERE ALL SINS WILL BE WASHED AWAY. THE SUN AND MOON SHED TEARS FROM THEIR EYES.
TAJ MAHAL EXPANDS ON DESIGN TRADITIONS OF PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE. EARLIER BUILDINGS WERE CONSTRUCTED OF RED SANDSTONE. THEY USED THE REFINED MARBLE INLAID WITH SOME PRECIOUS STONES. THE TOMB IS THE CENTRAL FOCUS THE ENTIRE COMPLEX OF TAJ MAHAL. IT HAS PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE BUT IS MOSTLY OF WHITE MARBLE.
THE TOMB IS THE MAIN FOCUS OF THE ENTIRE COMPLEX. THE WHITE MARBLE STRUCTURE STANDS ON A SQUARE PLINTH AND CONSISTS OF A SYMMETRICAL BUILDING WITH A LARGE DOME SHAPED FINIAL. THEIR TOMBS ARE BASIC PERSIAN STRUCTURE.
THE BASE STRUCTURE IS ESSENTIALLY A LARGE CHAMBER FORMING AN OCTAGON ABOUT 55 METERS ON EACH SIDE. IT HAS MANY ARCHWAYS AND BALCONIES STACKED ON EITHER SIDE. THE MAIN CHAMBER HOUSES THE SARCOPHAGUS OF MUNTAZ MAHAL AND SHAL JAHAN. THE DESIGN IS SYMMETRICAL ON ALL SIDES. FOUR EACH CORNER OF THE PLINITH FACING CHAMBERED CORNERS. THE HOUSE OF THE SARCOPHGI OF MUNTAZ AND SHAH JAHAN. THEIR GRAVES ARE LOWER.
THE MARBLE DOME OF THE TOMB IS THE MOST SPECIAL FEATURE. IT IS 35 METERS IN HEIGHT. THE DOME IS ONION SHAPED AND THE TOP HAS A LOTUS DESIGN. IT SERVES TO BUILD IT'S HEIGHT. IT HAS TALL SPIRES. THE LOTUS MOTIF IS ON THE CHATTRIS. THE MAIN FINAL WAS GOLD. A TYPICAL ISLAMIC MOTIF POINTS TO HEAVEN
90 STONE CARVINGS AND SHRINES DATETO THE TANG DYNASTY. THEY CUT A LARGE ROCK IN THE RIVER FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES. IN THE MID 9TH CENTURY EMPEROR ZHAC KUANGYYIN SENT A BUDDIST MISSION TO INDIA. WHEN HE RETURNED HE TRANSLATED INDIAN BUDDIST TENTS. HE CAST A BRONZE STATUE ABOUT 2 TONS AND IT IS IN THE WANNIAN TEMPLE. SINCE THAT TIME MOUNT EMU HAS BEEN A HOLY PLACE OF BUDDISM.
THEY HAVE RED RED PANDAS, CHINSE GIANT SALAMANDERS, AND SLATY BUNTINGS.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
IN 1631, SHA JOHAN , EMPEROR WHEN THEY HAD A GREAT PROPERITY, BECAME GRIEVED HIS THIRD WIFE MUNTAZ DIED DURING THE BIRTH OF THEIR 14TH CHILD. THE MASOLEUM WAS COMPLETED IN 1648 AND THE MASALEUM WAS COMPLETED IN 1648 AND THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGS AND GARDEN WER COMPLETED 5 YEARS LATER. EMPEROR SHAH JAHAN DESCRIBED THE TAJ AS A "PLACE WHERE ALL SINS WILL BE WASHED AWAY. THE SUN AND MOON SHED TEARS FROM THEIR EYES.
TAJ MAHAL EXPANDS ON DESIGN TRADITIONS OF PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE. EARLIER BUILDINGS WERE CONSTRUCTED OF RED SANDSTONE. THEY USED THE REFINED MARBLE INLAID WITH SOME PRECIOUS STONES. THE TOMB IS THE CENTRAL FOCUS THE ENTIRE COMPLEX OF TAJ MAHAL. IT HAS PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE BUT IS MOSTLY OF WHITE MARBLE.
THE TOMB IS THE MAIN FOCUS OF THE ENTIRE COMPLEX. THE WHITE MARBLE STRUCTURE STANDS ON A SQUARE PLINTH AND CONSISTS OF A SYMMETRICAL BUILDING WITH A LARGE DOME SHAPED FINIAL. THEIR TOMBS ARE BASIC PERSIAN STRUCTURE.
THE BASE STRUCTURE IS ESSENTIALLY A LARGE CHAMBER FORMING AN OCTAGON ABOUT 55 METERS ON EACH SIDE. IT HAS MANY ARCHWAYS AND BALCONIES STACKED ON EITHER SIDE. THE MAIN CHAMBER HOUSES THE SARCOPHAGUS OF MUNTAZ MAHAL AND SHAL JAHAN. THE DESIGN IS SYMMETRICAL ON ALL SIDES. FOUR EACH CORNER OF THE PLINITH FACING CHAMBERED CORNERS. THE HOUSE OF THE SARCOPHGI OF MUNTAZ AND SHAH JAHAN. THEIR GRAVES ARE LOWER.
THE MARBLE DOME OF THE TOMB IS THE MOST SPECIAL FEATURE. IT IS 35 METERS IN HEIGHT. THE DOME IS ONION SHAPED AND THE TOP HAS A LOTUS DESIGN. IT SERVES TO BUILD IT'S HEIGHT. IT HAS TALL SPIRES. THE LOTUS MOTIF IS ON THE CHATTRIS. THE MAIN FINAL WAS GOLD. A TYPICAL ISLAMIC MOTIF POINTS TO HEAVEN
90 STONE CARVINGS AND SHRINES DATETO THE TANG DYNASTY. THEY CUT A LARGE ROCK IN THE RIVER FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES. IN THE MID 9TH CENTURY EMPEROR ZHAC KUANGYYIN SENT A BUDDIST MISSION TO INDIA. WHEN HE RETURNED HE TRANSLATED INDIAN BUDDIST TENTS. HE CAST A BRONZE STATUE ABOUT 2 TONS AND IT IS IN THE WANNIAN TEMPLE. SINCE THAT TIME MOUNT EMU HAS BEEN A HOLY PLACE OF BUDDISM.
THEY HAVE RED RED PANDAS, CHINSE GIANT SALAMANDERS, AND SLATY BUNTINGS.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
EMEI SHAN IN CHINA
THIS MOUNTAIN IS BUDDIST AND 2600 M ABOVE THE PLAIN. IT HAS THE FIRST TEMPLE IN CHINA THAT WAS BUILT IN SECHUAN PROVINCE IN THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. AT THE SUMMIT OF MT. EMEI. THIS IS ONE OF THE BUDDIST'SHOLIEST SITES. THEY HAVE A GIANT BUDDA CARVED OUT OF A ROCK ON A HILLSIDEIN THE 8TH CENTURY THAT OVERLOOKS THREE CENTURIES. SOME OF THE TREES HERE ARE OVER 1000 YEARS OLD.MOUNT EMU IS AN AREA OF EXCEPTIONAL. MOUNT EMEI IS AN AREA OF EXCEPTIOAL SCENIC VALUE WHERE BUDDISM FIRST BECAME ESTABLISHED ON CHINESE TERRITORY.
THIS MOUNTAIN HAS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE SINCE IT IS IN THE PLACE WHERE BUDDISM FIRST BECAME ESTABLISHED IN CHINESE TERRITORY IN THE FIRST CENTURY.
BY THE FORTH CENTURY THEY BUILT A BRONZE BUDDA AND GARDENTEMPLE IN THE 17TH CENTURY. A TEMPLE OF THE 7TH DYNASTY CONTAINS A BRONZE BUDDHA AND AN 11TH CENTURY STATUE GROUP.
MOUNT EMEI HAS GREAT SCENIC BEAUTY. IT HAS GREAT SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL IMPORTANCE AS IT INTRODUCES BUDDISM TO CHINA. THE MANY MONUMENTS AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS MAKES IT A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF VERY HIGH ORDER. THE AREA HAS GREAT NATURAL BEAUTY AND THE HUMAN ELEMENT HAS BEEN INTEGRATED WITH SKILL AND BEAUTY. THE KESHAN, GIANT BUDDHA IS THE TALLEST BUDDHA SCULPTURE IN THE WORLD!
MOUNT EMU IS OF HIGHEST SIGNIFICANCE AS 1 OF 4 HOLY LANDS OF CHINESE BUDDISM. BUDDISM WAS INTRODUCED INTO CHINA VIA THE SILK ROAD FROM INDIA.
HERE THERE ARE 2000 YEARS OF DOCUMENTS, HISTORY, TOMBS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, AND STONE INSCRIPTIONS, PAINTING AND MUSIC AND OTHER ARTS. IT HAS OVER 2300 ANIMAL SPECIES AND SEVERAL THREATENED SPECIES. BECAUSE OF THE MOUNTAIN'S INACCESSIBILITY IT REMAINS UNTOUCHED AND UNSPOILED. CONSERVATION OF THE PROPERTY HERE IS VERY STRICT. THERE IS A MANAGEMENT AREA HERE.
THE MAIN THREAT TO THE MOUNTAIN AREA ARE TOURIST AND OTHERS WHO VIEW THE SITE. A CABLE CAR WAS BUILT THAT LEADS TO THE SUMMIT OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BRINGS 300,000 FOLKS HERE PER YEAR TO THIS SENSITIVE AREA.
THE AREA HAS MANY FOSSILS THAT ARE IMPORTANT AS A SOURCE OF AS A SOURCE OF GEOLOGIC INFORMATION. THE MOUNTAIN HAS 50 VEGETATION ZONES WITH SUBALPINE FORESTS AND SHRUBS. THERE HAVE BEEN 3200 PLANT SPECIES RECORDED. ALSO 1600 SPECIES OF MEDICINL PLANTS WITH 600 SPECIES OF COMMERCIAL VALUE. 100 SPECIES ARE ENDEMIC OR HAVE THREATENED POPULATION
IN THE WORLD. ALSO 2300 ANIMAL SPECIES ARE HERE. 157 SPECIES ARE THREATENED. SOME HAVE BEEN REMOVED FROM THE MOUNTAIN. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND EVIDENCE IN THE AREA THAT THEY WERE HERE FOR ABOUT 10,000 YEARS!
THERE HAVE BEEN MORE THAN 4 HOLY LANDS OF CHINESE BUDDHISM.
MOUNT EMUI HAS A RICH HERITAGE OF ARCHITECTURE, CALIGRAPHY, PAINTINGS AND EARTHENWARE. THEIR SCENIC AREA COVERS 2500 HA.
SOME CHINESE MONKS BUILT A TEMPLE HERE. ONE BUDDIST SCHOOL BUILT HERE WAS COMISSIONED TO BUILD 100 TEMPLES. ONE EMPIROR HERE TRANSLATED THE INDIAN BUDDISM TEXTS. A LARGE BRONZE STATUE WEIGHING 62 TONS IS IN ONE TEMPLE. THIS AREA HAS MANY ANIMAL SPECIES THAT THEY ARE TRYING PRESERVE.
WHC.UNESCO.ORG
THIS MOUNTAIN HAS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE SINCE IT IS IN THE PLACE WHERE BUDDISM FIRST BECAME ESTABLISHED IN CHINESE TERRITORY IN THE FIRST CENTURY.
BY THE FORTH CENTURY THEY BUILT A BRONZE BUDDA AND GARDENTEMPLE IN THE 17TH CENTURY. A TEMPLE OF THE 7TH DYNASTY CONTAINS A BRONZE BUDDHA AND AN 11TH CENTURY STATUE GROUP.
MOUNT EMEI HAS GREAT SCENIC BEAUTY. IT HAS GREAT SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL IMPORTANCE AS IT INTRODUCES BUDDISM TO CHINA. THE MANY MONUMENTS AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS MAKES IT A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF VERY HIGH ORDER. THE AREA HAS GREAT NATURAL BEAUTY AND THE HUMAN ELEMENT HAS BEEN INTEGRATED WITH SKILL AND BEAUTY. THE KESHAN, GIANT BUDDHA IS THE TALLEST BUDDHA SCULPTURE IN THE WORLD!
MOUNT EMU IS OF HIGHEST SIGNIFICANCE AS 1 OF 4 HOLY LANDS OF CHINESE BUDDISM. BUDDISM WAS INTRODUCED INTO CHINA VIA THE SILK ROAD FROM INDIA.
HERE THERE ARE 2000 YEARS OF DOCUMENTS, HISTORY, TOMBS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, AND STONE INSCRIPTIONS, PAINTING AND MUSIC AND OTHER ARTS. IT HAS OVER 2300 ANIMAL SPECIES AND SEVERAL THREATENED SPECIES. BECAUSE OF THE MOUNTAIN'S INACCESSIBILITY IT REMAINS UNTOUCHED AND UNSPOILED. CONSERVATION OF THE PROPERTY HERE IS VERY STRICT. THERE IS A MANAGEMENT AREA HERE.
THE MAIN THREAT TO THE MOUNTAIN AREA ARE TOURIST AND OTHERS WHO VIEW THE SITE. A CABLE CAR WAS BUILT THAT LEADS TO THE SUMMIT OF THE MOUNTAIN AND BRINGS 300,000 FOLKS HERE PER YEAR TO THIS SENSITIVE AREA.
THE AREA HAS MANY FOSSILS THAT ARE IMPORTANT AS A SOURCE OF AS A SOURCE OF GEOLOGIC INFORMATION. THE MOUNTAIN HAS 50 VEGETATION ZONES WITH SUBALPINE FORESTS AND SHRUBS. THERE HAVE BEEN 3200 PLANT SPECIES RECORDED. ALSO 1600 SPECIES OF MEDICINL PLANTS WITH 600 SPECIES OF COMMERCIAL VALUE. 100 SPECIES ARE ENDEMIC OR HAVE THREATENED POPULATION
IN THE WORLD. ALSO 2300 ANIMAL SPECIES ARE HERE. 157 SPECIES ARE THREATENED. SOME HAVE BEEN REMOVED FROM THE MOUNTAIN. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND EVIDENCE IN THE AREA THAT THEY WERE HERE FOR ABOUT 10,000 YEARS!
THERE HAVE BEEN MORE THAN 4 HOLY LANDS OF CHINESE BUDDHISM.
MOUNT EMUI HAS A RICH HERITAGE OF ARCHITECTURE, CALIGRAPHY, PAINTINGS AND EARTHENWARE. THEIR SCENIC AREA COVERS 2500 HA.
SOME CHINESE MONKS BUILT A TEMPLE HERE. ONE BUDDIST SCHOOL BUILT HERE WAS COMISSIONED TO BUILD 100 TEMPLES. ONE EMPIROR HERE TRANSLATED THE INDIAN BUDDISM TEXTS. A LARGE BRONZE STATUE WEIGHING 62 TONS IS IN ONE TEMPLE. THIS AREA HAS MANY ANIMAL SPECIES THAT THEY ARE TRYING PRESERVE.
WHC.UNESCO.ORG
Friday, May 10, 2013
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
THIS IS PERHAPS THE MOST RECOGNIZABLE , SYMBOL OF CHINA AND IT'S LONG AND VIVID HISTORY. THERE ARE NUMEROUS WALLS AND FORTS WITH MANY RUNNING!
THE WALL WAS ORIGINALLY CONCEIVED BY EMPEROR QUIN SHI HUANG ABOUT 260 B.C. TO PREVENT THE BARBARIANS ANS NOMADS INTO THE CHINESE EMPIRE. THE BEST KNOWN PRESERVED SECTION OF THE GREAT WALL WAS BUILT IN 14TH AND 17TH CENTURIES DURING MING DYNASTY. IT WAS NEVER EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING INVADERS FROM ENTERING. IT WAS MORE OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER.
ABOUT 220 B.C. CHINA WAS DIVIDED INTO A NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL KINGDOMS. QIN SHI HUANG THE FIRST IS EMPEROR OF A UNIFIED CHINA ORDERED THAT SOME EXISTING WALLS BE REMOVED.
HE WANTED SOME WALLS TO BE JOINED INTO SYSTEM EXTENDING 1/3 MILES LONG FROM PROTECTION FROM THE NORTH. CONSTRUCTION OF ONE OF THE MOST AMBITIOUS BUILDING PROJECTS EVER UNDERTAKEN BY ANY UNDERTAKEN BY ANY CIVILIZATION. THEY USED A MASSIVE ARMY OF SOLDIERS AND WORKERS. IT WAS MADE OF EARTH AND STONE. THE WALL STRETCHED INTO THE GANSU PROVINCE. FROM A BASE OF 15 - 50 ' HIGH IT WAS TOPPED BY RAMPARTS 12' HIGH. GUARD TOWERS WERE INCLUDED AT INTERVALS ALONG IT. MANY FOLKS WHO BUILT THE WALL WERE SOLDIERS AND CONVICTS. THERE WERE 400,000 FOLKS WHO DIED DURING THE WALL CONSTRUCTION IT EXTENDED FROM CHINA SEA PORT OVER 3000 MILES WEST.
WITH THE DEATH OF THE LEADER OF THE QIN DYNASTY WENT WITH THE DISREPAIR OF THE GREAT WALL. AFTER THE FALL OF THE HANE DYNASTYIN 206 B.C. - 220 A.D. TRIBES CONTROLLED NORTH CHINA. THE MOST POWERFUL TRIBE IN 390 A.D. REPAIRED THE WALL TO DEFEND AGAINST ATTACKS. IN 550 ANOTHER KINGDOM REPAIRED OVER 900 MILES OF WALLS.
DURING 618 A.D. THE GREAT WALL LOST ITS IMPORTANCE AS CHINA DEFEATED A TRIBE TO THE NORTH AND EXPANDED PAST THE WALL DURING 960 A.D.THE CHINESE WITHDREW UNDER THREAT FROM JIN FOLKS IN THE NORTH. THE POWERFUL YUAN DYNASTY 1206 - 1400 A,D, BUILT BY GENGHIS KHAN CONTROLLED SOME OF CHINA AND ASIA. THE WALL DID NOT HAVE MILITARY FORTIFICATION BUT SOLDIERS MANNED THE WALL TO PROTECT MERCHANTS ALONG THE TRDE ROUTE BUILT IN THIS PERIOD.
THE MING EMPEROR SAID THAT THE CAPITOL WAS BEIJING. CHINESE CULTURE FLOURISHED AND IT WAS AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF CONSTRUCTION, BRIDGES, AND PAGOCLAS. MING RULER TOOK A DEFENSIVE STANCE AND EXTENDED THE GREAT WALL.
IN THE MID 17TH CENTURY THE MANCHUS FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH MANCHRIA BROKE THROUGH THE GREAT WALL TO BEIJING FORCED THE FALL OF MING DYNASTY AND BEGINNING OF QUIN DYNASTY IN 1644. THE GREAT WALL EMERGED AS THE MOST COMMON EMBLEM CHINA FOR THE WESTERN WORLD. IT IS A SYMBOL OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
TODAY THE UNESCO DESIGNATED THE WALL AS A HERITAGE SITE, IT IS ONLY MAN MADE STRUCTURE VISIBLE FROM THE MOON! THE BEST KNOWN SECTION 43 MILES NORTHWEST 43 MILES NORTHWEST OF BEIJING WAS REBUILT IN LATE 1950'S AND ATTRACTS 1000'S OF NATIONAL AND FOREIGN TOURISTS PER DAY.
HISTORY.COM
THE WALL WAS ORIGINALLY CONCEIVED BY EMPEROR QUIN SHI HUANG ABOUT 260 B.C. TO PREVENT THE BARBARIANS ANS NOMADS INTO THE CHINESE EMPIRE. THE BEST KNOWN PRESERVED SECTION OF THE GREAT WALL WAS BUILT IN 14TH AND 17TH CENTURIES DURING MING DYNASTY. IT WAS NEVER EFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING INVADERS FROM ENTERING. IT WAS MORE OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER.
ABOUT 220 B.C. CHINA WAS DIVIDED INTO A NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL KINGDOMS. QIN SHI HUANG THE FIRST IS EMPEROR OF A UNIFIED CHINA ORDERED THAT SOME EXISTING WALLS BE REMOVED.
HE WANTED SOME WALLS TO BE JOINED INTO SYSTEM EXTENDING 1/3 MILES LONG FROM PROTECTION FROM THE NORTH. CONSTRUCTION OF ONE OF THE MOST AMBITIOUS BUILDING PROJECTS EVER UNDERTAKEN BY ANY UNDERTAKEN BY ANY CIVILIZATION. THEY USED A MASSIVE ARMY OF SOLDIERS AND WORKERS. IT WAS MADE OF EARTH AND STONE. THE WALL STRETCHED INTO THE GANSU PROVINCE. FROM A BASE OF 15 - 50 ' HIGH IT WAS TOPPED BY RAMPARTS 12' HIGH. GUARD TOWERS WERE INCLUDED AT INTERVALS ALONG IT. MANY FOLKS WHO BUILT THE WALL WERE SOLDIERS AND CONVICTS. THERE WERE 400,000 FOLKS WHO DIED DURING THE WALL CONSTRUCTION IT EXTENDED FROM CHINA SEA PORT OVER 3000 MILES WEST.
WITH THE DEATH OF THE LEADER OF THE QIN DYNASTY WENT WITH THE DISREPAIR OF THE GREAT WALL. AFTER THE FALL OF THE HANE DYNASTYIN 206 B.C. - 220 A.D. TRIBES CONTROLLED NORTH CHINA. THE MOST POWERFUL TRIBE IN 390 A.D. REPAIRED THE WALL TO DEFEND AGAINST ATTACKS. IN 550 ANOTHER KINGDOM REPAIRED OVER 900 MILES OF WALLS.
DURING 618 A.D. THE GREAT WALL LOST ITS IMPORTANCE AS CHINA DEFEATED A TRIBE TO THE NORTH AND EXPANDED PAST THE WALL DURING 960 A.D.THE CHINESE WITHDREW UNDER THREAT FROM JIN FOLKS IN THE NORTH. THE POWERFUL YUAN DYNASTY 1206 - 1400 A,D, BUILT BY GENGHIS KHAN CONTROLLED SOME OF CHINA AND ASIA. THE WALL DID NOT HAVE MILITARY FORTIFICATION BUT SOLDIERS MANNED THE WALL TO PROTECT MERCHANTS ALONG THE TRDE ROUTE BUILT IN THIS PERIOD.
THE MING EMPEROR SAID THAT THE CAPITOL WAS BEIJING. CHINESE CULTURE FLOURISHED AND IT WAS AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF CONSTRUCTION, BRIDGES, AND PAGOCLAS. MING RULER TOOK A DEFENSIVE STANCE AND EXTENDED THE GREAT WALL.
IN THE MID 17TH CENTURY THE MANCHUS FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH MANCHRIA BROKE THROUGH THE GREAT WALL TO BEIJING FORCED THE FALL OF MING DYNASTY AND BEGINNING OF QUIN DYNASTY IN 1644. THE GREAT WALL EMERGED AS THE MOST COMMON EMBLEM CHINA FOR THE WESTERN WORLD. IT IS A SYMBOL OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
TODAY THE UNESCO DESIGNATED THE WALL AS A HERITAGE SITE, IT IS ONLY MAN MADE STRUCTURE VISIBLE FROM THE MOON! THE BEST KNOWN SECTION 43 MILES NORTHWEST 43 MILES NORTHWEST OF BEIJING WAS REBUILT IN LATE 1950'S AND ATTRACTS 1000'S OF NATIONAL AND FOREIGN TOURISTS PER DAY.
HISTORY.COM
Thursday, May 9, 2013
STONEHENGE IN ENGLAND
STONEHENGE IS IN ENGLAND AND WEST OF AMESTBURY AND NORTH OF SALISBURG. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS SITES IN THE WORLD. IT IS A CIRCLE OF LARGE RECTANGULAR STONES IN A COMPLEX OF NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE MONUMENTS AND BURIAL MOUNDS.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS THINK IT WAS BUILT FROM 3000 -2000 B.C. IN 2008 RADIOCARBON DATES THE SITE APPROXIMATELY 2400 B.C.
THERE IS AN EARTH BANK AND DITCH CHICH CONSTITUTES AN EARLY PHASE OF 3100 B.C. IN 1986 THE SITE WAS PLACED ON UNESCO'S WORLD HERITAGE SITE. IT IS MANAGED BY ENGLISH HERITAGE AND IS OWNED BY THE NATIONAL TRUST.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND THAT IT MAY HAVVE BENN A BURIAL GROUNDTHERE IN 2008. THEY DATED CREMATED BONES AS EARLY AS 3000 B.C. THE SITE IS OF RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE IN NEO DRDRUIDY.STONE HENGE COMES FROM THE OLD ENGLISH WORD 'STAN' OR STONE AND 'HENGE' MEANING HINGE. SOME STONES HINGE ON THE UPRIGHT STONES. ARCHAEOLOGIST DEFINE STONE AS EARTHWORKS CONSISTING OF A CIRCULAR BANKED ENCLOSURE WITH AN INTERNAL DITCH STONEHENGE HAS LINTELS HELD IN PLACE WITH MORTISE AND TENDON JOINTS.
STONEHENGE WAS A PLACE OF BURIAL AND CREMATION.THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT THERE WAS LARGE SCALE MONUMENT THAT EXTENDS THE LANDSCAPE'S TIME TO 6500 YEASRS.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND 4 - 5 MESOLITHIC OR PRE AGRICULTURE POSTHOLES DATING TO 8000 B.C. IT IS BENEATH THE MODERN TOURIST PARK. THEY HELD PINE POSTS IN SITU.THREE OF THE POSTS HAVE HAD RITUAL SIGNIFICANCE. THE SALISBURY PLAN WAS STILL WOODED AND 4000 YEARS LATER PEOPLE BUILT A CASEWAY OF ENCLOSURE OF LING TOMS. BY A 3500 B.C. ANOTHER CURCUS NORTH OF STONEHENGE WAS BUILT AND THEY BEGAN TO CLEAR TREES DEVELOP AN AREA FOR FARMING.
DURING 3100 B.C THEY BUILT A BANK AND DITCH ENCLOSURE IN THE GRASSLAND. THE BUILDERS PLACED THE BONES OF DEER AND OXEN AND WORKED FLINT TOOLS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DITCH. THE BONES WERE OLDER THAN THE ANTLERS USED TO DIG THE DITCH. THE DITCH WAS A CIRCLE AND THEY FOUND CHALK THAT WAS FOUND ALONG THE BANK. THE FIRST STAGE DATES TO ABOUT 3100 B.C. WITHIN THE OUTER EDGE OF OF THE ENCLOSED AREA IS A CIRCLE OF 56 PITS.
THE FIRST STAGE DATES TO ABOUT 3100 B.C. WITHIN THE OUTER EDGE OF THE ENCLOSED AREA IS A CIRCLE OF 56 PITS. EACH PIT MAY HAVE HELD A TIMBER, BUT THEY HAVE NO EVIDENCE.
IN 2013 ARCHAEOLOGISTS EXCAVATE 50,000 CREMATED BONES OF 63 FOLKS BURIED HERE. THEY WERE ORIGINALLY BURIED IN THE AUBREY HOLES AND REMOVED DURING A PREVIOUS EXCAVATION IN 1920.
WILLIAM HAWLEY IN 1920 WERE NOT CONSIDERED IMPORTANT. THE BONES W3ERE PLACED BACK IN ONE HOLE IN 1935. ALL FOLKS WHO WERE CREMATED MEN AND WOMEN WITH A FEW CHILDREN. THE TEAM DETERMINED THAT THE FIRST BLUESTONE FROM WALES WERE USED AS GRAVE MARKERS.
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL TEETH FOUND AT DURINGTON WALES, A BUILDER'S CAMP, DETERMINED THAT 4000 FOLKS GATHERED FOR MID WINTER AND SUMMER FESTIVALS. THESE REMAINS SHOWED SOME ANIMALS WERE EATEN AFTER 9 TO 15 MO OF AGE.
EVIDENCE OF STONEHENGE 2 SHOWS THAT THERE WAS NOT MUCH EVIDENCE. THIS PHASE IS A 3000 B.C. DURING THIS TIME STONEHENGE WAS AN ENCLOSED CREMATION CEMETERY - THE EARLIEST IN THE BRITISH ISLES . FRAGMENTS OF UNBURNT HUMAN BONES HAVE BEEN FOUND THERE. THEY HAD NEOLITHIC POTTERY OR GROOVED WARE FROM THIS PHASE.
THERE WERE VARIOUS PHASES AND THEY USED STONE INSTEAD OF TIMBERS AND VICE VERSA. AT THIS PHASE THEY HAD 80 STIONES THAT WERE BELIEVED TO BE MOVED FROM 150 MILES AWAY. POSSIBLY AND SOME WERE IGNEOUS AND SOME WERE DOLORITE. THEY WERE BELIEVED TO BE MOVED HERE FROM 150 MILES AWAY. POSSIBLY ANOTHER THEORY SUGGESTS THEY WERE BROUGHT CLOSER BY THE SALISH SEA GLACIER. EACH STONE WEIGHS ABOUT 4 TONS AND IS 6 ' HIGH AND IS 3 ' WIDE AND 3' THICK! THERE ARE 4 STATION STONES,2 THAT STAND ATOP MOUNDS WITHOUT BURIALS.
DURING STONEHENGE 3, 3 ENORMOUS STONES WERE BROUGHT HERE. THEY MAY HAVE COME FROM AN AREA 25 MILES AWAY TO THE NORTH. THEY WERE FASHIONED WITH MORTIS AND TENDON JOINTS BEFORE 30 WERE ERECTEDHERE IN THE CIRCLE OF STONES. EACH STONE WAS 13' HIGH, 6' WIDE AND THEY WEIGHED 25 TONS. THE INWARD SIDE OF THEIR SUNFACES WERE SMOOTHER AND MORE FINELY WORKED THAN THE OUTSIDE. THEY CARVED IMAGES OF DAGGER AND 14 AXEHEADS HAVE BEEN CAQRVED IN STONE. THEY LOOK LIKE BRONZE AGE WEAPONSAS THEY HAD LAZER SCANNING TO DATE THEM.
THE LAST KNOWN CONSTRUCTION AT STONEHENGE ARE BUILT AT 1600 B.C. THIS CULTURE LEFT NO WRITTEN RECORDS. MANY ASPECTS OF THE SITE MAY HAVE BEEN USED AS AN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. ONE PROFESSOR IN LONDON THOUGHT IT WAS A PLACE OF HEALING. THE SITE WAS MULTI-FUNCTIONAL. POSSIBLY THEY CELEBRATED HERE. IT MIGHT HAVE ALLOWED PREDICTION OF ECLIPSE, SOLSTICE, EQUINOX AND CELESTIAL EVENTS POSSIBLY PEOPLE FROM THE BRITISH ISLE WERE UNIFIED BY INTEREGIONAL COOPERATION.
THERE IS A HEADSTONE AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE STONEHENGE. IT STANDS 18 FEET ABOVE GROUND. AT SUMMER SOLSTICE IF ONE IS IN THE STONE CIRCLE THE SUN RISES ABOVE THE HEEL STONE. ENGLAND FOLKS AND GOVERNMENT HAVE DECIDED NOT TO DEVELOP AROUND THE STONEHEDGE SITE.
TODAY THE STONES ARE ROPED SO NO ONE CAN
CLIMB ON THE STONES. SOME RESTORATION HAS INCLUDED PLACING SOME STONES INTO CONCRETE.
ASK.COM
ARCHAEOLOGISTS THINK IT WAS BUILT FROM 3000 -2000 B.C. IN 2008 RADIOCARBON DATES THE SITE APPROXIMATELY 2400 B.C.
THERE IS AN EARTH BANK AND DITCH CHICH CONSTITUTES AN EARLY PHASE OF 3100 B.C. IN 1986 THE SITE WAS PLACED ON UNESCO'S WORLD HERITAGE SITE. IT IS MANAGED BY ENGLISH HERITAGE AND IS OWNED BY THE NATIONAL TRUST.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND THAT IT MAY HAVVE BENN A BURIAL GROUNDTHERE IN 2008. THEY DATED CREMATED BONES AS EARLY AS 3000 B.C. THE SITE IS OF RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE IN NEO DRDRUIDY.STONE HENGE COMES FROM THE OLD ENGLISH WORD 'STAN' OR STONE AND 'HENGE' MEANING HINGE. SOME STONES HINGE ON THE UPRIGHT STONES. ARCHAEOLOGIST DEFINE STONE AS EARTHWORKS CONSISTING OF A CIRCULAR BANKED ENCLOSURE WITH AN INTERNAL DITCH STONEHENGE HAS LINTELS HELD IN PLACE WITH MORTISE AND TENDON JOINTS.
STONEHENGE WAS A PLACE OF BURIAL AND CREMATION.THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT THERE WAS LARGE SCALE MONUMENT THAT EXTENDS THE LANDSCAPE'S TIME TO 6500 YEASRS.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND 4 - 5 MESOLITHIC OR PRE AGRICULTURE POSTHOLES DATING TO 8000 B.C. IT IS BENEATH THE MODERN TOURIST PARK. THEY HELD PINE POSTS IN SITU.THREE OF THE POSTS HAVE HAD RITUAL SIGNIFICANCE. THE SALISBURY PLAN WAS STILL WOODED AND 4000 YEARS LATER PEOPLE BUILT A CASEWAY OF ENCLOSURE OF LING TOMS. BY A 3500 B.C. ANOTHER CURCUS NORTH OF STONEHENGE WAS BUILT AND THEY BEGAN TO CLEAR TREES DEVELOP AN AREA FOR FARMING.
DURING 3100 B.C THEY BUILT A BANK AND DITCH ENCLOSURE IN THE GRASSLAND. THE BUILDERS PLACED THE BONES OF DEER AND OXEN AND WORKED FLINT TOOLS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DITCH. THE BONES WERE OLDER THAN THE ANTLERS USED TO DIG THE DITCH. THE DITCH WAS A CIRCLE AND THEY FOUND CHALK THAT WAS FOUND ALONG THE BANK. THE FIRST STAGE DATES TO ABOUT 3100 B.C. WITHIN THE OUTER EDGE OF OF THE ENCLOSED AREA IS A CIRCLE OF 56 PITS.
THE FIRST STAGE DATES TO ABOUT 3100 B.C. WITHIN THE OUTER EDGE OF THE ENCLOSED AREA IS A CIRCLE OF 56 PITS. EACH PIT MAY HAVE HELD A TIMBER, BUT THEY HAVE NO EVIDENCE.
IN 2013 ARCHAEOLOGISTS EXCAVATE 50,000 CREMATED BONES OF 63 FOLKS BURIED HERE. THEY WERE ORIGINALLY BURIED IN THE AUBREY HOLES AND REMOVED DURING A PREVIOUS EXCAVATION IN 1920.
WILLIAM HAWLEY IN 1920 WERE NOT CONSIDERED IMPORTANT. THE BONES W3ERE PLACED BACK IN ONE HOLE IN 1935. ALL FOLKS WHO WERE CREMATED MEN AND WOMEN WITH A FEW CHILDREN. THE TEAM DETERMINED THAT THE FIRST BLUESTONE FROM WALES WERE USED AS GRAVE MARKERS.
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL TEETH FOUND AT DURINGTON WALES, A BUILDER'S CAMP, DETERMINED THAT 4000 FOLKS GATHERED FOR MID WINTER AND SUMMER FESTIVALS. THESE REMAINS SHOWED SOME ANIMALS WERE EATEN AFTER 9 TO 15 MO OF AGE.
EVIDENCE OF STONEHENGE 2 SHOWS THAT THERE WAS NOT MUCH EVIDENCE. THIS PHASE IS A 3000 B.C. DURING THIS TIME STONEHENGE WAS AN ENCLOSED CREMATION CEMETERY - THE EARLIEST IN THE BRITISH ISLES . FRAGMENTS OF UNBURNT HUMAN BONES HAVE BEEN FOUND THERE. THEY HAD NEOLITHIC POTTERY OR GROOVED WARE FROM THIS PHASE.
THERE WERE VARIOUS PHASES AND THEY USED STONE INSTEAD OF TIMBERS AND VICE VERSA. AT THIS PHASE THEY HAD 80 STIONES THAT WERE BELIEVED TO BE MOVED FROM 150 MILES AWAY. POSSIBLY AND SOME WERE IGNEOUS AND SOME WERE DOLORITE. THEY WERE BELIEVED TO BE MOVED HERE FROM 150 MILES AWAY. POSSIBLY ANOTHER THEORY SUGGESTS THEY WERE BROUGHT CLOSER BY THE SALISH SEA GLACIER. EACH STONE WEIGHS ABOUT 4 TONS AND IS 6 ' HIGH AND IS 3 ' WIDE AND 3' THICK! THERE ARE 4 STATION STONES,2 THAT STAND ATOP MOUNDS WITHOUT BURIALS.
DURING STONEHENGE 3, 3 ENORMOUS STONES WERE BROUGHT HERE. THEY MAY HAVE COME FROM AN AREA 25 MILES AWAY TO THE NORTH. THEY WERE FASHIONED WITH MORTIS AND TENDON JOINTS BEFORE 30 WERE ERECTEDHERE IN THE CIRCLE OF STONES. EACH STONE WAS 13' HIGH, 6' WIDE AND THEY WEIGHED 25 TONS. THE INWARD SIDE OF THEIR SUNFACES WERE SMOOTHER AND MORE FINELY WORKED THAN THE OUTSIDE. THEY CARVED IMAGES OF DAGGER AND 14 AXEHEADS HAVE BEEN CAQRVED IN STONE. THEY LOOK LIKE BRONZE AGE WEAPONSAS THEY HAD LAZER SCANNING TO DATE THEM.
THE LAST KNOWN CONSTRUCTION AT STONEHENGE ARE BUILT AT 1600 B.C. THIS CULTURE LEFT NO WRITTEN RECORDS. MANY ASPECTS OF THE SITE MAY HAVE BEEN USED AS AN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. ONE PROFESSOR IN LONDON THOUGHT IT WAS A PLACE OF HEALING. THE SITE WAS MULTI-FUNCTIONAL. POSSIBLY THEY CELEBRATED HERE. IT MIGHT HAVE ALLOWED PREDICTION OF ECLIPSE, SOLSTICE, EQUINOX AND CELESTIAL EVENTS POSSIBLY PEOPLE FROM THE BRITISH ISLE WERE UNIFIED BY INTEREGIONAL COOPERATION.
THERE IS A HEADSTONE AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE STONEHENGE. IT STANDS 18 FEET ABOVE GROUND. AT SUMMER SOLSTICE IF ONE IS IN THE STONE CIRCLE THE SUN RISES ABOVE THE HEEL STONE. ENGLAND FOLKS AND GOVERNMENT HAVE DECIDED NOT TO DEVELOP AROUND THE STONEHEDGE SITE.
TODAY THE STONES ARE ROPED SO NO ONE CAN
CLIMB ON THE STONES. SOME RESTORATION HAS INCLUDED PLACING SOME STONES INTO CONCRETE.
ASK.COM
Tuesday, May 7, 2013
GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA, EGYPT
THIS IS TE OLDEST PYRAMID OF THE ANCIENT WONDERS AND IS INTACT. IT WAS BUILT IN 2584 ON A PLATEAU THAT IS 33 FEET TALL. THE GREEK CONQUEST OF MUCH OF THE KNOWN WORLD IN THE 4TH CENTURY B.C. GAVE HELLENISTIC TRAVELERS ACCESS TO CIVILIZATIONS OF THE EGYPTIANS.
THIS PYRAMID IS THE OLDEST ON THE LIST AND IT IS THE TALLEST MAN MADE STRUCTURE IN THE FOR 3800 YEARS. IT IS NOT ONLY A TESTIMENT TO DURABILITY, BUT TO A VERY REMARKABLE STRUCTURE BUILT. THIS PYRAMID AT GIZA IS THE LARGEST EVER BUILT. THE PYRAMID IS PRECISE AND A REQUIRED ORGANIZATION.
IN 2500 B.C. PHAROAH KHIFU ORDERED THE CONSTRUCTION OF GIZA NEAR CAIRO. IT WAS TO PROTECT HIS TOMB AND POSSESSIONS. IT WOULD ENSURE HIS SAFE TRIP TO THE AFTERLIFE. IT TOOK 30 YEARS TO BUILD. IT HAS 2 MILLION LIMESTONE BLOCKS. EACH WEIGHING 2 TO 15 TONS. THE CORNERS ARE PLACED AT N,S,E,W. IT IS 481 FEET TALL. THERE ARE 3 SMALLER PYRAMIDS TO HOLD THE PHAROAH'S QUEENS. THE SECOND LARGEST PYRAMID AND THE SPHINX ALSO BUILT BY KHUFU'S SON IN 2520 B.C. INSIDE GIZA ARE THREE CHAMBERON THE NORTH FACE. HE PASSAGE GOES ABOUT 200 FEET TO AN UNDERGROUND CHAMBER WIDE ENOUGH FOR ONE MAN . THERE IS ANOTHER CHAMBER THAT WAS ONCE BELIEVED TO BE THE LOCATION OF THE KING'S SPIRIT STATUE. CONNECTED TO THIS PASSAGE IS AN ASCENDING PASSAGEWAY ONLY LARGE ENOUGH TO CRAWL THROUGH. IT LEADS TO THE PHAROAH'S CHAMBER. THE ROOM IS OF GRANITEAND HAS KAKHUF'S CHAMBER. THE ROOM IS OF GRANITE AND HAS HIS SARCOPHAGUS.
THE EGYPTIANS HAD FEW TOOLS OR TECHNOLOGY TO MOVE THESE HEAVY BLOCKS. NOONE KNOWS FOR SURE. THEY COULD HAVE USED ROPES OR SLEDS AND RAMPS. THE NILE RIVER WAS ALSO USED. MANY FOLKS CAME FROM NEARBY COMMUNITTIES ACROSS EGYPT TO HELP. IN THE MIDDLE AGES THROUGH EROSION GRAVE ROBBERS AND TOURISTS HAVE DETERIORATED THE PYRAMIDS. THEY ARE SYMBOLS OF EGYPT AND ITS RICH HISTORY. THESE THESE PYRAMIDS ARE GREAT FEATS OF ANCIENT EGYPT.
PERSONAL.PSU.EDU
THIS PYRAMID IS THE OLDEST ON THE LIST AND IT IS THE TALLEST MAN MADE STRUCTURE IN THE FOR 3800 YEARS. IT IS NOT ONLY A TESTIMENT TO DURABILITY, BUT TO A VERY REMARKABLE STRUCTURE BUILT. THIS PYRAMID AT GIZA IS THE LARGEST EVER BUILT. THE PYRAMID IS PRECISE AND A REQUIRED ORGANIZATION.
IN 2500 B.C. PHAROAH KHIFU ORDERED THE CONSTRUCTION OF GIZA NEAR CAIRO. IT WAS TO PROTECT HIS TOMB AND POSSESSIONS. IT WOULD ENSURE HIS SAFE TRIP TO THE AFTERLIFE. IT TOOK 30 YEARS TO BUILD. IT HAS 2 MILLION LIMESTONE BLOCKS. EACH WEIGHING 2 TO 15 TONS. THE CORNERS ARE PLACED AT N,S,E,W. IT IS 481 FEET TALL. THERE ARE 3 SMALLER PYRAMIDS TO HOLD THE PHAROAH'S QUEENS. THE SECOND LARGEST PYRAMID AND THE SPHINX ALSO BUILT BY KHUFU'S SON IN 2520 B.C. INSIDE GIZA ARE THREE CHAMBERON THE NORTH FACE. HE PASSAGE GOES ABOUT 200 FEET TO AN UNDERGROUND CHAMBER WIDE ENOUGH FOR ONE MAN . THERE IS ANOTHER CHAMBER THAT WAS ONCE BELIEVED TO BE THE LOCATION OF THE KING'S SPIRIT STATUE. CONNECTED TO THIS PASSAGE IS AN ASCENDING PASSAGEWAY ONLY LARGE ENOUGH TO CRAWL THROUGH. IT LEADS TO THE PHAROAH'S CHAMBER. THE ROOM IS OF GRANITEAND HAS KAKHUF'S CHAMBER. THE ROOM IS OF GRANITE AND HAS HIS SARCOPHAGUS.
THE EGYPTIANS HAD FEW TOOLS OR TECHNOLOGY TO MOVE THESE HEAVY BLOCKS. NOONE KNOWS FOR SURE. THEY COULD HAVE USED ROPES OR SLEDS AND RAMPS. THE NILE RIVER WAS ALSO USED. MANY FOLKS CAME FROM NEARBY COMMUNITTIES ACROSS EGYPT TO HELP. IN THE MIDDLE AGES THROUGH EROSION GRAVE ROBBERS AND TOURISTS HAVE DETERIORATED THE PYRAMIDS. THEY ARE SYMBOLS OF EGYPT AND ITS RICH HISTORY. THESE THESE PYRAMIDS ARE GREAT FEATS OF ANCIENT EGYPT.
PERSONAL.PSU.EDU
Monday, May 6, 2013
2013 DAY UNDER THE OAKS
YESTERDAY I WENT TO THIS FAIR WHERE THERE WERE ABOUT 100 VENDORS SELLING ALL TYPES OF NATIVE AMERICAN ITEMS, CD'S, DRUMS, FLUTES, MEXICAN ITEMS AND VARIOUS TYPES OF FRY BREAD AND WITH BEANS. THE DAY WAS COOL AND THEIR WAS SOME RAIN
IN THE AIR. IT FELT COMPLETELY DIFFERENT THAN THE PREVIOUS HOT DAY.
I USED MY CELL PHONE TO TAKE MANY PICTURESOF THE MANY POMO DANCERS. THE DANCERS INCLUDED SOME PART WAPPO AND MIXED POMO FOLKS. MANY HAD VARIOUS TYPES OF TATTOES. I HAD MET MANY OF THEM AT VARIOUS PLACES SUCH AS AT POINT R REYES AND ELEM AND ANDERSON MARSH. I MET A 22 YEAR OLD AZTEC GAL FROM COLLEGE WHO WANTED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE BATIVES HERE SHE SAID SHE KNEW JUST A LITTLE AND IT SEEMED AS THOUGH THEIR MUST BE SO MUCH TO LEARN. I TOLD HER OUR ENTIRE HOUSE HAD BEEN SOLD AND PART OF MY STORY.
I DESCRIBED HOW THE POMO COSTUMES WERE MADE OF TURKEY FEATHERS AT THE BOTTOM FOR A SHORT SKIRT AND THEIR HEADRESSES WERE MADE OF RED FLICKER FEATHER WITH SOME TURKEY FEATHERS. THE MEN AND WOMEN WORE ABALONE JEWELRY THEY HAD OBTAINED FROM THE COAST OR TRADED WITH COAST MIWOK. THE MEN LEADING THE DANCERS DRUMMED AND BEAT ELDERBERRY CLAPPERS FOR SEVERAL HOURS, SWITCHING DANCE GROUPS FROM MIDDLETOWN TO ELEM.
THEY DANCED IN BARE FEET AND AS THE DAY GREW ON IT GOT A LITTLE WARMER.
I LEARNED FROM SOME WAPPO THAT THERE WERE ONLY 300 WAPPO MIXED BLOOD NATIVES LEFT. THEY HAVE A COUNCIL IN SANTA ROSA. THE CAMPUS HAD MANY POLICE AND WHO KNOWS WHY. ONE WAPPO ARTIST HAD EXPLAINED THAT HE DREW PENCIL PORTRAITS OF NATIVES VERY SIMILAR TO THE PHOTOS OF EDWARD CURTIS, WHOSE PHOTOS HE USED. HE ALSO TOLD ME THAT HE MAKES ELDERBERRY STICL CLAPPERS. THESE STIICKS MAK A RIVETING SOUND AND HAVE BEEN TRADITIONALLY USED FOR CENTURIES IF NOT PREHIOTORICALLY. HE MAKES THEM BY CUTTING THE TREE SECTION ABOUT 1 FOOT LONG AND LETTING THEM DRY FOR ABOUT A YEAR. THE USES A KNIFE TO FLAKE OFFTHE BARK. HE CUTS THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE STICK TO MAKE IT SPLIT IT OPEN AND CLOSED. HE USES A WOOD BURNING TOOL TO CUT DESIGNS. I REMET AN OLD ACQUAINTANCE OF MINE. I GUESS I SAW HER ABOUT 13 YEARS AGO. HER BABY WAS NOW 25 AND SHE WAS PART WAPPO. SHE HAD ASSISTED ME AT ANOTHER LOCATION WHERE I LEAD OUTDOOR HIKES FOR ADULT ED AT THE SRJC. SHE SAID SHE STILL WASN'T WORKING!I TOLD HWER I WAS A NATIVE POMO CHEROKEE SHAMAN.. SHE WAS A RELATIVE OF THE LAST WAPPO ELDER WHO KNEW THEIR LANGUAGE. HER DAUGHTER WAS THEIR SELLING HIP HOP CD'S AND MAGAZINES ABOUT THEIR CULTURE. SHE SHOWED MY GROUP HOW TO MAKE ROPE FROM A RARE FIBER.
SHE TOLD ME TO GET A TASTE OF THE ACORN SOUP THAT BEING MADE LIKE THE PREHISTORIC INDIANS MADE IT. LUCY PARKER FROM YOSEMITE WAS WEAVING BASKETS AND HELPED MAKE A BASKET FULL OF BLACK OAK ACORN SOUP. I GOT THE LAST SPOONFUL. IT REALLY HA NO SPECIFIC TASTE. IT REMINDED ME OF A MUSHROOM TYPE OF FLAVOR WITHOUT GRIT. CHRISTI, MY FRIEND, SAID SHE PUTS BERRIES IN IT. ACORNS ARE BELIEVED TO BE SPIRITUAL TO MOST CALIFORNIA NATIVES.
THE NEXT GROUP TO DANCE WERE AZTEC INDIANS WHO WERE BAREFOOT AND THEY HAD LARGE DEER FOOT NAILS AROUND THEIR ANKLES. THE WOMEN WORE SKIRTS AND THE MEN HAD SHORTS ON. THEY WERE MUCH MORE MUSCULAR THAN THE POMO. AFTER THE HOUR LONG DANCE THEY EXPLAINED SOME OF THEM WERE RUNNERS. THEIR HEADRESSES WERE MADE FROM BRIGHT COLORED PHASEANT FEATHERS. .THEY INVITED US TO DANCE ALONG WITH THEM. THAT WAS FUN AS WE TWISTED AND WENT IN VARIOUS DIRECTIONS. . THEY MENTIONED THAT COYOTE IS OUT THERE. I ASKED THESE FOLKS ABOUT THE STICKS THEY WERE BURNING DURING THERE DANCE WHICH THEY DEDICATE TO THEIR ANCESTORS. SHE SAID IT WAS FROM A CERTAIN TYPE OF TREE LIKE A PINE, AND THEY COLLECTED THE SAP. IT IS CALLED COPAL.
ONE OF THE BASKETMAKERS WAS SUSAN BILLY WHO I HAD MET BEFORE IN UKIAH. SHE DIDN'T REMEMBER ME AND SHE SAID SHE ONLY HALF POMO. SHE WAS WEARING LIPSTICK AND HAD TOURQUISE AN A HOPI BRACELET ON. SHE SAID SHE LIKED THE SOUTHWEST. HER BOOTH WAS EXHIBITING SOME OF HER BASKETS. WE TALKED ABOUT THE RESTAURANT AT THE NATIVE MUSEUM IN WASHIGTON D.C. SHE SAID IT DIDN'T SEEM TO HAVE NATIVE AMERICAN FOODS EITHER.
THE DANCERS DO DANCING AS PART OF HEALING RITUALS HERE IN CALIFORNIA AND IN MOST OF THE TRIBES ACROSS THE COUNTRY.
THESE 8 DANCERS ARE BASED IN SAN FRANCISCO AND ENJOY WHAT THEY ARE DOING.
IN THE AIR. IT FELT COMPLETELY DIFFERENT THAN THE PREVIOUS HOT DAY.
I USED MY CELL PHONE TO TAKE MANY PICTURESOF THE MANY POMO DANCERS. THE DANCERS INCLUDED SOME PART WAPPO AND MIXED POMO FOLKS. MANY HAD VARIOUS TYPES OF TATTOES. I HAD MET MANY OF THEM AT VARIOUS PLACES SUCH AS AT POINT R REYES AND ELEM AND ANDERSON MARSH. I MET A 22 YEAR OLD AZTEC GAL FROM COLLEGE WHO WANTED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE BATIVES HERE SHE SAID SHE KNEW JUST A LITTLE AND IT SEEMED AS THOUGH THEIR MUST BE SO MUCH TO LEARN. I TOLD HER OUR ENTIRE HOUSE HAD BEEN SOLD AND PART OF MY STORY.
I DESCRIBED HOW THE POMO COSTUMES WERE MADE OF TURKEY FEATHERS AT THE BOTTOM FOR A SHORT SKIRT AND THEIR HEADRESSES WERE MADE OF RED FLICKER FEATHER WITH SOME TURKEY FEATHERS. THE MEN AND WOMEN WORE ABALONE JEWELRY THEY HAD OBTAINED FROM THE COAST OR TRADED WITH COAST MIWOK. THE MEN LEADING THE DANCERS DRUMMED AND BEAT ELDERBERRY CLAPPERS FOR SEVERAL HOURS, SWITCHING DANCE GROUPS FROM MIDDLETOWN TO ELEM.
THEY DANCED IN BARE FEET AND AS THE DAY GREW ON IT GOT A LITTLE WARMER.
I LEARNED FROM SOME WAPPO THAT THERE WERE ONLY 300 WAPPO MIXED BLOOD NATIVES LEFT. THEY HAVE A COUNCIL IN SANTA ROSA. THE CAMPUS HAD MANY POLICE AND WHO KNOWS WHY. ONE WAPPO ARTIST HAD EXPLAINED THAT HE DREW PENCIL PORTRAITS OF NATIVES VERY SIMILAR TO THE PHOTOS OF EDWARD CURTIS, WHOSE PHOTOS HE USED. HE ALSO TOLD ME THAT HE MAKES ELDERBERRY STICL CLAPPERS. THESE STIICKS MAK A RIVETING SOUND AND HAVE BEEN TRADITIONALLY USED FOR CENTURIES IF NOT PREHIOTORICALLY. HE MAKES THEM BY CUTTING THE TREE SECTION ABOUT 1 FOOT LONG AND LETTING THEM DRY FOR ABOUT A YEAR. THE USES A KNIFE TO FLAKE OFFTHE BARK. HE CUTS THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE STICK TO MAKE IT SPLIT IT OPEN AND CLOSED. HE USES A WOOD BURNING TOOL TO CUT DESIGNS. I REMET AN OLD ACQUAINTANCE OF MINE. I GUESS I SAW HER ABOUT 13 YEARS AGO. HER BABY WAS NOW 25 AND SHE WAS PART WAPPO. SHE HAD ASSISTED ME AT ANOTHER LOCATION WHERE I LEAD OUTDOOR HIKES FOR ADULT ED AT THE SRJC. SHE SAID SHE STILL WASN'T WORKING!I TOLD HWER I WAS A NATIVE POMO CHEROKEE SHAMAN.. SHE WAS A RELATIVE OF THE LAST WAPPO ELDER WHO KNEW THEIR LANGUAGE. HER DAUGHTER WAS THEIR SELLING HIP HOP CD'S AND MAGAZINES ABOUT THEIR CULTURE. SHE SHOWED MY GROUP HOW TO MAKE ROPE FROM A RARE FIBER.
SHE TOLD ME TO GET A TASTE OF THE ACORN SOUP THAT BEING MADE LIKE THE PREHISTORIC INDIANS MADE IT. LUCY PARKER FROM YOSEMITE WAS WEAVING BASKETS AND HELPED MAKE A BASKET FULL OF BLACK OAK ACORN SOUP. I GOT THE LAST SPOONFUL. IT REALLY HA NO SPECIFIC TASTE. IT REMINDED ME OF A MUSHROOM TYPE OF FLAVOR WITHOUT GRIT. CHRISTI, MY FRIEND, SAID SHE PUTS BERRIES IN IT. ACORNS ARE BELIEVED TO BE SPIRITUAL TO MOST CALIFORNIA NATIVES.
THE NEXT GROUP TO DANCE WERE AZTEC INDIANS WHO WERE BAREFOOT AND THEY HAD LARGE DEER FOOT NAILS AROUND THEIR ANKLES. THE WOMEN WORE SKIRTS AND THE MEN HAD SHORTS ON. THEY WERE MUCH MORE MUSCULAR THAN THE POMO. AFTER THE HOUR LONG DANCE THEY EXPLAINED SOME OF THEM WERE RUNNERS. THEIR HEADRESSES WERE MADE FROM BRIGHT COLORED PHASEANT FEATHERS. .THEY INVITED US TO DANCE ALONG WITH THEM. THAT WAS FUN AS WE TWISTED AND WENT IN VARIOUS DIRECTIONS. . THEY MENTIONED THAT COYOTE IS OUT THERE. I ASKED THESE FOLKS ABOUT THE STICKS THEY WERE BURNING DURING THERE DANCE WHICH THEY DEDICATE TO THEIR ANCESTORS. SHE SAID IT WAS FROM A CERTAIN TYPE OF TREE LIKE A PINE, AND THEY COLLECTED THE SAP. IT IS CALLED COPAL.
ONE OF THE BASKETMAKERS WAS SUSAN BILLY WHO I HAD MET BEFORE IN UKIAH. SHE DIDN'T REMEMBER ME AND SHE SAID SHE ONLY HALF POMO. SHE WAS WEARING LIPSTICK AND HAD TOURQUISE AN A HOPI BRACELET ON. SHE SAID SHE LIKED THE SOUTHWEST. HER BOOTH WAS EXHIBITING SOME OF HER BASKETS. WE TALKED ABOUT THE RESTAURANT AT THE NATIVE MUSEUM IN WASHIGTON D.C. SHE SAID IT DIDN'T SEEM TO HAVE NATIVE AMERICAN FOODS EITHER.
THE DANCERS DO DANCING AS PART OF HEALING RITUALS HERE IN CALIFORNIA AND IN MOST OF THE TRIBES ACROSS THE COUNTRY.
THESE 8 DANCERS ARE BASED IN SAN FRANCISCO AND ENJOY WHAT THEY ARE DOING.
Friday, May 3, 2013
THE MEANING OF NATIVE AMERICAN TOTEMS
A TOTEM IS A BELIEF, BEING, OBJECT OR SYMBOL REPRESENTING AN ANIMAL OR PLANT THAT SERVES AS AN EMBLEM OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE OR A CLAN REMINDING THEM OF THEIR ANCESTRY. IN KINSHIP AND DESCENT OF THE TOTEM IS NONHUMAN. IT IS PART OF THEIR MYTH. MY TOTEM IS A DRAGONFLY. I MADE A LARGE CRAFTED DRAGONFLY OUT OF PAPER MACHE IN 6TH GRADE. I HAVE SEEN MANY IN 6TH GRADE. I HAVE SEEN MANY IN OHIO. AT A MUSEUM WE USE USED TO STUDY MANY BUTTERFLIES/DRAGONFLIES. THERE WERE MANY AT A POND
THE WORD TOTEM IS OBJIBWE IN ORIGIN AND ABORIGINAL IN CANADA HAVE SIMILAR BELIEFS. IT IS REFERRED TO SOMETHING RELATED. ACTUALLY THROUGHOUT THEWORLD MANY COUNTRIES HAVE THESE BELIEFS. SOME FOLKS HAVE ADOPTEDA PERSONAL SPIRIT HELPER THAT HAS SPECIAL MEANING TO THEM. THIS IS A NEW AGE MEANING. A TOTEM IS A NEW AGE MEANING. A TOTEM IS KINSHIP RELATED AND IS A RELIGIOUS BELIEF ASSOCIATED WITH SHAMANISM. IN THE 19TH CENTURY TOTEMISM WAS STUDIED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF RELIGION PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES. EMILE DURKHEIM STUDIED AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. AND THEIR SOCIAL GROUP WITH A SPIRITUAL TOTEM. SHE BELIEVED ALL HUMAN RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION IS FOUND IN IN RELATIONSHIP TO A GROUP. ANOTHER SCHOLAR FOUND THAT THOSE BELONGING TO THE SAME TOTEM REGARDED ONE ANOTHER AS BROTHERS AND SISTERS WITH OBLIGATIONS TO EACH OTHER. THE TOTEMIC CULTURES ARE BELIEVED TO BE OVER 10,000 YEARS OLD. THE TOTEM POLES MADE BY ABORIGINALS IN CANADA IN THE NORTHWEST AND CANADA ARE NOT TOTEMIC IN NATURE. THEY RECOUNT FAMILIES OR COMMEMORATE SPECIAL OCASSIONS.
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THE WORD TOTEM IS OBJIBWE IN ORIGIN AND ABORIGINAL IN CANADA HAVE SIMILAR BELIEFS. IT IS REFERRED TO SOMETHING RELATED. ACTUALLY THROUGHOUT THEWORLD MANY COUNTRIES HAVE THESE BELIEFS. SOME FOLKS HAVE ADOPTEDA PERSONAL SPIRIT HELPER THAT HAS SPECIAL MEANING TO THEM. THIS IS A NEW AGE MEANING. A TOTEM IS A NEW AGE MEANING. A TOTEM IS KINSHIP RELATED AND IS A RELIGIOUS BELIEF ASSOCIATED WITH SHAMANISM. IN THE 19TH CENTURY TOTEMISM WAS STUDIED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF RELIGION PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES. EMILE DURKHEIM STUDIED AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES. AND THEIR SOCIAL GROUP WITH A SPIRITUAL TOTEM. SHE BELIEVED ALL HUMAN RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION IS FOUND IN IN RELATIONSHIP TO A GROUP. ANOTHER SCHOLAR FOUND THAT THOSE BELONGING TO THE SAME TOTEM REGARDED ONE ANOTHER AS BROTHERS AND SISTERS WITH OBLIGATIONS TO EACH OTHER. THE TOTEMIC CULTURES ARE BELIEVED TO BE OVER 10,000 YEARS OLD. THE TOTEM POLES MADE BY ABORIGINALS IN CANADA IN THE NORTHWEST AND CANADA ARE NOT TOTEMIC IN NATURE. THEY RECOUNT FAMILIES OR COMMEMORATE SPECIAL OCASSIONS.
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SWEDEN CULTURE
SWEDEN HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS LUTHERAN AND SELF RELIANT. BY THE 14TH CENTURY SWEDEN FINALLY ABOLISHED SLAVERY.PEASANTS WERE ABOUT 40% OF THE POPULATION. DENMARK AND NORWAY AND ENGLAND WERE THE GREATEST INFLUENCES HERE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. THERE ARE 25 PROVINCES IN SWEDEN EACH WITH VARIOUS CULTURES. THEY HAVE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES, THEY DIFFERENT DIALECTSAND ABOUT 9 MILLION FOLKS.HAVE DIFFERENT DIALECTS. SWEDISH FOOD IS PRACTICAL AND SUSTAINING. THEIR TYPICAL MEAL IS MEAT AND POTATOES AND VEGIS. THEY DRINK LOTS OF COFFEE! FISH IS A BIG DEAL HERE. BEER AND CIDER ARE ENJOYED. THEY HAVE A STATE MONOPOLY ON ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. THEY HAVE MANY SWEDISH FILMS AND THIS COUNTRY HAS MANY POPULAR MUSICIANS. THE OLDEST BUILDINGS ARE MADE OF STONE. THE EARLIST BUILDINGS DATE FROM THE 13TH CENTURY. WEOOD WAS USED IN PREHISTORIC TIMES.. A SET OF SYMBOLS IS LINKED TO SWEDEN'S AGRARIAN PAST. THEY HVE MAYPOLES, DANCES, PAINTED HORSES, AND CHRISTMAS FEASTS.THEY HAD DESIGNED SUBURBS AND IN CORPORATIONSPROJECTS OF GREAT ACCURACY. BY THE 1960'S SWEDEN LED FOREIGNERS TO NEW SWEDEN AS A FORERUNNER OF THE FUTURE.
IN SWEDEN PREHISTORIC SITES DATE TO 12 TO 10,000 YEARS B.C THEY HUNTED REINDEER AND DEVELOPED STONE AND IRON TOOLS. VIKINGS PLUNDERED AND TRAVELED BY SHIP UP THE RUSSIAN RIVER INTO WEST EUROPE BETWEEN 800 AND 1050 AD. BY THEN THE PROVINCES BEGAN TO BE UNITED INTO A SINGLE FEDERATED KINGDOM. THEY HAD A KING ELECTED IN 1523. HE PROMOTED LUTHERAN REFORMATION AND BULT A GERMAN SDMINISTRATION. THEIR ECONOMY WAS PRIMARILY AGRICULTURAL WITH IRON AND COPPER MINING.IN THE NEXT 250 YEARS SWEDEN HAD TRADE WITH DENMARK, RUSSIA, POLAND, AND NORWAY.
THE 19TH CENTURY BROUGHT PEACE AND MASS EMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA. BY 1940'S THEIR ECONOMY ATTRACTED WORKED FROM EUROPE. THEY GAINED CITIZENSHIP. MANY PEOPLE WHO WANTED TO ESCAPED FROM WARS CAME HERE - FOLKS FROM HUNGARY, CHILE, VIETNAM AND OTHER PLACES WERE GRANTED A SAFE HAVEN. SOME OF THE THE 'NEW SWEDES' ARE CALLED IMMIGRANTS. SOCIAL CONCERNED CITIZENS AVOID DISTINCTION. THEY DESIGNED VIBRANT NEIGHBORHOODS, PARKS, HEALTH CLINICS, AND SHOPS. THEY HAVE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING.
MOST PEOPLE BY 1965 LIVE IN APARTMENTS IN CITIES, WHILE ONLY A MINORITY OWN THEIR OWN HOUSE. MANY HAVE SUMMER COTTAGES. THEIR FURNITURE DESIGN FEATURES SIMPLICITY PRACTICALITY. AND USE OF WOOD AND NATURAL FIBERS.
IN PUBLIC SPACES THEY RESPECT PEOPLES PUBLIC SPACES . THEY LIKE TO REMOVE SHOES BEFORE ENTERING A HOME . THEY HAVE A WIDE ARRAY OF CULINARY CHOICES AS PARTICULARLY SWEDISH. HOMELY FARE REFERS TOBASIC DIET OF POTATOES, MEAT OR FISH WITH SAUCE. THEY CAN ALSO USEA SMORGASBOARD. THEY HAVE BUFFETS OF HERRING, MEATS CHEESES AND VEGIS. HOT OR COLD LUNCHES ARE FOLLOWED BY EVENING SUPPER. DURING CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS THEY ALCOHOL.
LESS THAN 1/10TH OF THE LAND IS DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE. THEY HAVE A LAW THAT ANYONE CAN CAMP ON PRIVATE PROPERTY. OWNERS CANNOT BARRACADE THEIR ESTATES. NATURAL RESOURCES REMAIN IMPORTANT. THEY HAVE A HIGHLY SKILLED WORKFORCE. THEIR GREATEST STRENGHTH IS IN HIGH TECH AND ENGINEERING. MANUEL LABOR IS HIGHLY PAID AND EDUCATION HAS SMALL MONEY OVER THAT.
THEY HAVE AN OMBUDSMEN WHO HEARS COMPLAINTS AND ENSURES THE LAW OF CITIZENS IS FOLLOWED. EVEN CHILDREN HAVE SPECIAL RIGHTS. VIOLENCE IS CONDEMNED AND GUNS ARE CAREFULLY REGULATED. THEY DO HAVE A WEAPONS INDUSTRY. 1000'S ENGAGE IN PEACEMAKING EFFORTS. THIS COUNTRY HAS THE LOWEST RATE OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION. THEY HAVE A STRONG MEANS TO RESPOND TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS. THEY HAVE A BIOG FEMALE MOVEMENT.
MARIAGE S BASED ON INDIVIDUAL CHOICE. MANY PARTNERS DON'T MARRY. PRTNERS RECEIVE PAIS LEAVE FROM WORK DURING PREGNANCY.
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IN SWEDEN PREHISTORIC SITES DATE TO 12 TO 10,000 YEARS B.C THEY HUNTED REINDEER AND DEVELOPED STONE AND IRON TOOLS. VIKINGS PLUNDERED AND TRAVELED BY SHIP UP THE RUSSIAN RIVER INTO WEST EUROPE BETWEEN 800 AND 1050 AD. BY THEN THE PROVINCES BEGAN TO BE UNITED INTO A SINGLE FEDERATED KINGDOM. THEY HAD A KING ELECTED IN 1523. HE PROMOTED LUTHERAN REFORMATION AND BULT A GERMAN SDMINISTRATION. THEIR ECONOMY WAS PRIMARILY AGRICULTURAL WITH IRON AND COPPER MINING.IN THE NEXT 250 YEARS SWEDEN HAD TRADE WITH DENMARK, RUSSIA, POLAND, AND NORWAY.
THE 19TH CENTURY BROUGHT PEACE AND MASS EMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA. BY 1940'S THEIR ECONOMY ATTRACTED WORKED FROM EUROPE. THEY GAINED CITIZENSHIP. MANY PEOPLE WHO WANTED TO ESCAPED FROM WARS CAME HERE - FOLKS FROM HUNGARY, CHILE, VIETNAM AND OTHER PLACES WERE GRANTED A SAFE HAVEN. SOME OF THE THE 'NEW SWEDES' ARE CALLED IMMIGRANTS. SOCIAL CONCERNED CITIZENS AVOID DISTINCTION. THEY DESIGNED VIBRANT NEIGHBORHOODS, PARKS, HEALTH CLINICS, AND SHOPS. THEY HAVE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING.
MOST PEOPLE BY 1965 LIVE IN APARTMENTS IN CITIES, WHILE ONLY A MINORITY OWN THEIR OWN HOUSE. MANY HAVE SUMMER COTTAGES. THEIR FURNITURE DESIGN FEATURES SIMPLICITY PRACTICALITY. AND USE OF WOOD AND NATURAL FIBERS.
IN PUBLIC SPACES THEY RESPECT PEOPLES PUBLIC SPACES . THEY LIKE TO REMOVE SHOES BEFORE ENTERING A HOME . THEY HAVE A WIDE ARRAY OF CULINARY CHOICES AS PARTICULARLY SWEDISH. HOMELY FARE REFERS TOBASIC DIET OF POTATOES, MEAT OR FISH WITH SAUCE. THEY CAN ALSO USEA SMORGASBOARD. THEY HAVE BUFFETS OF HERRING, MEATS CHEESES AND VEGIS. HOT OR COLD LUNCHES ARE FOLLOWED BY EVENING SUPPER. DURING CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS THEY ALCOHOL.
LESS THAN 1/10TH OF THE LAND IS DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE. THEY HAVE A LAW THAT ANYONE CAN CAMP ON PRIVATE PROPERTY. OWNERS CANNOT BARRACADE THEIR ESTATES. NATURAL RESOURCES REMAIN IMPORTANT. THEY HAVE A HIGHLY SKILLED WORKFORCE. THEIR GREATEST STRENGHTH IS IN HIGH TECH AND ENGINEERING. MANUEL LABOR IS HIGHLY PAID AND EDUCATION HAS SMALL MONEY OVER THAT.
THEY HAVE AN OMBUDSMEN WHO HEARS COMPLAINTS AND ENSURES THE LAW OF CITIZENS IS FOLLOWED. EVEN CHILDREN HAVE SPECIAL RIGHTS. VIOLENCE IS CONDEMNED AND GUNS ARE CAREFULLY REGULATED. THEY DO HAVE A WEAPONS INDUSTRY. 1000'S ENGAGE IN PEACEMAKING EFFORTS. THIS COUNTRY HAS THE LOWEST RATE OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION. THEY HAVE A STRONG MEANS TO RESPOND TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS. THEY HAVE A BIOG FEMALE MOVEMENT.
MARIAGE S BASED ON INDIVIDUAL CHOICE. MANY PARTNERS DON'T MARRY. PRTNERS RECEIVE PAIS LEAVE FROM WORK DURING PREGNANCY.
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NORWAY CULTURE
NORGE ORIGONALLY PERTAINED TO A REGION OF A COUNTRY BEFORE POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION. THEY HAD TWO INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN THE NORTH HAD A SEPARATE LANGUAGE. SOME PRACTICE REINDEER NOMADISM AND RANGE TO FINLAND. A SMALLER GYPSY POPULATION WAS PART OF THE THE OTHER WISE HOMOGENOUS POPULATION.
IN 1900'S THE WELCOMED IMMIGRANTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES.
THEY HAVE AN ACUTE SENSE OF IDENTITY! THE NORWAY POPULATION HAS ABOUT 4 MILLION AND PROMOTES CULTURAL SHARING.. THE LENGTH OF NORWAY IS OVER 1000 MILES. IT IS A RUGGED MOUNTAINOUS LANDSCAPE. OPEN VALLEY HAVE BEEN PLANTED WITH GRAINS AND ROOT CROPS. FARMING AND FISHING HAS BEEN THE MAJOR OCCUPATION IN THIS REGION. THERE ARE REFUGEE TODAY CONCENTRATED IN AND AROUND LARGE CITIES TODAY.
THE MAJOR LANGUAGES SAMISK, BUKMEL, AND NYNORSK, GERMAN LANGUAGES. MYNORSK IS TO CREATE FROM PEASANT DIALECTS. THE FLAG , FOLK COSTUMES, THE LAND AND HOMES ARE SYMBOLS OF THEIR NATIONAL UNITY. ON THEIR CONSTITUTION DAY THEY CARRY SMALL FLAGS WITH 13 OFFICIAL FLAGS.
IN 1999 THE POPULATION GREW BY 7%. THE NATIONAL AFFIRMS A LOVE OF FOR THE LAND AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HOME. ENTERTAINING IS DONE AT HOME, FAMILY MEMBERS LIVE IN THE LOCAL AREA. EVERYONE ENGAGES IN OUTDOOR PURSUITS - SKIING, HIKING. AND BOATING. NORWEGIANS PRESERVE RATHER THAN TRANSFORM THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE. TO PRESERVE THE CULTURAL TRADITIONS OF THE LOCALITY THROUGH NUMEROUS FOLK MUSEUM. NORWAY CLAIMS THE HERITAGE OF EARLY NORSE SEAFARERS, EXPLORERS AND MERCHANTS FOR THE VIKINGMERCHANTS FOR THE VIKING AGE NORSE SEAFARERS, EXPLORERS AND MERCHANTS FOR THE VIKING AGE 793 TO 1050 A.D. IN THE 17TH CENTURY NORWAY WAS MOSTLY RURAL. SOME RELIGIOUS AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS COLLECT TOPOGRAPHICAL AND NATIONAL HISTORY INCLUDING INFORMATION OF FOLK TALES, CUSTOMS, MYTHOLOGY, MUSIC, AND PEASANT CULTURES.
THE IDEA OF A NORWEGIAN CULTURE PIQUED THE IDEA OFWRITERS, PAINTERS, DRAMATISTS, MUSICIANS, AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS. THE CULTURE OF THE PEASANTS VARIED VARIED FROM THE ELITE. THE U.N. ASKED THE NORWAY TO EXPLAIN THE DELAY IN GIVING THE POPULATION TO DELAY IN GIVING THE POPULATION SELF DETERMINATION. THEY TRY TO KEEP RURAL PEOPLE FROM MOVING TO URBAN CENTERS BY PROVIDING MANY SERVICES TO THEM.
THEIR FOOD IS TYPICALLY A BROWN CHEESE THAT IS TH8INLY SLICED WITH BREAD. THEIR BREAKFAST INCLUDES LARGE MEATS, BREAD, FISH, COLD MEATS, EGGS, CHEES, YOGURT OR MILK.
LUNCH IS A SANDICH WITH FRUIT. THEIR DINNER IS A LARGE MEAL WITH BEEF, LAMB, CHICKEN OR WHALE AND POTATOES WITH ROOT VEGETABLES. BEER OR WINE IS DRUNK IN EVENINGS.
PIZZA AND HAMBURGERS ARE POPULAR . THEIR CONSUMPTION OF FATS HAS GONE DOWN IN THE LST 20 YEARS, AND THEY LIKE FISH BUT EAT IT LESS. THEY EATMORE PASTA AND RICE THAN USUAL NORWAY HAS HUNTED MINKE WHALES ALONG THE COAST.
THEY DEPEND ON TRADE FOR MANY GOODS. THEY HAVE HIGHLY SPECIALIZED SERVICE WITH ONLYA SMALL GROUP IN THE FARMING AND FISHING INDUSTRY.
CONFLICTS OVER FARM BOUNDRIES ARE PART OF FOLKLORE. HIKERS WALK IMPLANTED FARMLANDS.
THEY HAVE BUILT MANY SHIPS AND THEY ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING SHIP BUILDERS. THEY WERE EXPORT GOODS TO PARTNERS IN SWEDEN, GERMANY , ENGLANDNETHERLANDS, FRANCE AND THE U.S. MANUFACTURED GOODS COME FROM TRADE PARTNERS. THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS HAVE5 WEEKS OF VACATIONS PAY.
EACH DISTRICT IN DENMARK HAS A TRADITIONAL COSTUME. AFTER 1945 THEY DEVELOPED A SYSTEM FOR HEALTHCARE AND OLD AGE AND SINGLE PARENTS. 62% OF THE FOLKS ARE PART OF THE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION. VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BEEB BASED ON UNPAID PARTICIPATION . RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DECLINED. THEY HAVE DEVOTED MORE TIME TO RECREATIONAL SPORTS.
WOMEN ENTERED THE WORKFORCE IN LARGE NUMBERS DURING THE 70'S AND WERE INVOLVED IN UNPAID WORK. EDUCATION HERE IS GENDER NEUTRAL WITH THE GO OF GIVING EVERYONE AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR SELK REALIZATION. IN THE 1980'S WOMEN ENTERED HIGHER EDUCATION IN LARGE NUMBERS.
MARRIAGES ARE MATCHED BECAUSE OF LOVE. ONLY 38% OF THE FOLKS ARE MARRIED AND DIVORCE HAS DEDOUBL;ED IN 20 YEARS. SO MANY WOMEN ARE WORKING OUTSIDE THE HOME. THE RURAL FARM FOCUSES ON MAINTAINING A HARMONIOUS UNIT. THREE GENERATION FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS ARE MORE COMMON IN RURAL AREAS. THE PARENTS OF BOTH FAMILIES COME TOGETHER FOR LIFE CRISIS CEREMONIES -BAPTISM, MARRIAGE DEATH.
PARENTS CAN LEAVE THEIR EMPLOYMENT FOR INFANT CARE. BABIES CAN SLEEP OUTDOORS IN A PRAM. SOME MOMS CARRY INFANTS CLOSE TO THEIR BREAST IN SLINGS. MANY PLACE INFANTS IN DAY CARE. THIS IS STILL CONTROVERSAL. THE CULTURE IS CHILD CENTERED. MANY CHILDREN ARE SOCIALIZED IN THESE FACILITIES.
BY BECOMING A MEMBER OF A CHURCH IT IS A RITE OF PASSAGE. GIRLS ARE GIVEN A FOLK COSTUME. AFTER 10 YEARS OF AGE THEY MAY GO TO UNIVERSITIES.
THREE GENERATIONS OF FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS ARE MORE COMMON IN RURAL AREAS. THE PARENTS OF BOTH FAMILIES COME HERE TOGETHER FOR LIFE CRISES CEREMONIES- BAPTISM, MARRIAGE AND DEATH.
PARENTS CAN LEAVE THEIR EMPLOYMENT FOR INFANT CARE. BABIES CAN SLEEP OUTDOORS IN A PRAM. SOME MOMS CARRY INFANTS CLOSE TO IN SLINGS.MANY PLACE INFANTS IN DAY CARE. THIS STILL CONTROVERSAL. THE CULTURE IN NORWAY IS CHILD CENTERED. MANY CHILDREN ARE SOCIALIZED IN THESE FACILITIES.
CONFIRMATION AS A MEMBER OF A CHURCH IS A RITE OF PASSAGE, GIRLS ARE GIVEN A FOLK COSTUME. AFTER 10 YEARS OF SCHOOLING CHILDREN MAY GO ON TO UNIVERSITIES,
PEOPLE MAY BE RESERVED AMONG STRANGERS BUT WARM ONCE RELATIONSHIPS ARE ESTABLISHEED. COMPETITION IS DOWNPLAYED.
BY 994 AD THEIR KING BROUGHT CHRITIANITY HERE. IN 1536 THE REFORMATION BROUGHT MORE EMPLASIS HERE ON PERSONAL SPACE. BY 1814 LUTHERAN RELIGION WAS NAMED THE MAIN RELIGION. THEY HAVE OTHER OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS. NOWAY IS ONE OF THE HEALTHIEST COUNTRIES WITH AVERAGE AGE OF 74. THEY HAVE A NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCHEME. MANY OF THEIR THEIR COLLAGES FOCUS ON SCIENCES AND OIL EXTRACTION.
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IN 1900'S THE WELCOMED IMMIGRANTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES.
THEY HAVE AN ACUTE SENSE OF IDENTITY! THE NORWAY POPULATION HAS ABOUT 4 MILLION AND PROMOTES CULTURAL SHARING.. THE LENGTH OF NORWAY IS OVER 1000 MILES. IT IS A RUGGED MOUNTAINOUS LANDSCAPE. OPEN VALLEY HAVE BEEN PLANTED WITH GRAINS AND ROOT CROPS. FARMING AND FISHING HAS BEEN THE MAJOR OCCUPATION IN THIS REGION. THERE ARE REFUGEE TODAY CONCENTRATED IN AND AROUND LARGE CITIES TODAY.
THE MAJOR LANGUAGES SAMISK, BUKMEL, AND NYNORSK, GERMAN LANGUAGES. MYNORSK IS TO CREATE FROM PEASANT DIALECTS. THE FLAG , FOLK COSTUMES, THE LAND AND HOMES ARE SYMBOLS OF THEIR NATIONAL UNITY. ON THEIR CONSTITUTION DAY THEY CARRY SMALL FLAGS WITH 13 OFFICIAL FLAGS.
IN 1999 THE POPULATION GREW BY 7%. THE NATIONAL AFFIRMS A LOVE OF FOR THE LAND AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HOME. ENTERTAINING IS DONE AT HOME, FAMILY MEMBERS LIVE IN THE LOCAL AREA. EVERYONE ENGAGES IN OUTDOOR PURSUITS - SKIING, HIKING. AND BOATING. NORWEGIANS PRESERVE RATHER THAN TRANSFORM THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE. TO PRESERVE THE CULTURAL TRADITIONS OF THE LOCALITY THROUGH NUMEROUS FOLK MUSEUM. NORWAY CLAIMS THE HERITAGE OF EARLY NORSE SEAFARERS, EXPLORERS AND MERCHANTS FOR THE VIKINGMERCHANTS FOR THE VIKING AGE NORSE SEAFARERS, EXPLORERS AND MERCHANTS FOR THE VIKING AGE 793 TO 1050 A.D. IN THE 17TH CENTURY NORWAY WAS MOSTLY RURAL. SOME RELIGIOUS AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS COLLECT TOPOGRAPHICAL AND NATIONAL HISTORY INCLUDING INFORMATION OF FOLK TALES, CUSTOMS, MYTHOLOGY, MUSIC, AND PEASANT CULTURES.
THE IDEA OF A NORWEGIAN CULTURE PIQUED THE IDEA OFWRITERS, PAINTERS, DRAMATISTS, MUSICIANS, AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS. THE CULTURE OF THE PEASANTS VARIED VARIED FROM THE ELITE. THE U.N. ASKED THE NORWAY TO EXPLAIN THE DELAY IN GIVING THE POPULATION TO DELAY IN GIVING THE POPULATION SELF DETERMINATION. THEY TRY TO KEEP RURAL PEOPLE FROM MOVING TO URBAN CENTERS BY PROVIDING MANY SERVICES TO THEM.
THEIR FOOD IS TYPICALLY A BROWN CHEESE THAT IS TH8INLY SLICED WITH BREAD. THEIR BREAKFAST INCLUDES LARGE MEATS, BREAD, FISH, COLD MEATS, EGGS, CHEES, YOGURT OR MILK.
LUNCH IS A SANDICH WITH FRUIT. THEIR DINNER IS A LARGE MEAL WITH BEEF, LAMB, CHICKEN OR WHALE AND POTATOES WITH ROOT VEGETABLES. BEER OR WINE IS DRUNK IN EVENINGS.
PIZZA AND HAMBURGERS ARE POPULAR . THEIR CONSUMPTION OF FATS HAS GONE DOWN IN THE LST 20 YEARS, AND THEY LIKE FISH BUT EAT IT LESS. THEY EATMORE PASTA AND RICE THAN USUAL NORWAY HAS HUNTED MINKE WHALES ALONG THE COAST.
THEY DEPEND ON TRADE FOR MANY GOODS. THEY HAVE HIGHLY SPECIALIZED SERVICE WITH ONLYA SMALL GROUP IN THE FARMING AND FISHING INDUSTRY.
CONFLICTS OVER FARM BOUNDRIES ARE PART OF FOLKLORE. HIKERS WALK IMPLANTED FARMLANDS.
THEY HAVE BUILT MANY SHIPS AND THEY ARE THE WORLD'S LEADING SHIP BUILDERS. THEY WERE EXPORT GOODS TO PARTNERS IN SWEDEN, GERMANY , ENGLANDNETHERLANDS, FRANCE AND THE U.S. MANUFACTURED GOODS COME FROM TRADE PARTNERS. THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS HAVE5 WEEKS OF VACATIONS PAY.
EACH DISTRICT IN DENMARK HAS A TRADITIONAL COSTUME. AFTER 1945 THEY DEVELOPED A SYSTEM FOR HEALTHCARE AND OLD AGE AND SINGLE PARENTS. 62% OF THE FOLKS ARE PART OF THE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION. VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BEEB BASED ON UNPAID PARTICIPATION . RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DECLINED. THEY HAVE DEVOTED MORE TIME TO RECREATIONAL SPORTS.
WOMEN ENTERED THE WORKFORCE IN LARGE NUMBERS DURING THE 70'S AND WERE INVOLVED IN UNPAID WORK. EDUCATION HERE IS GENDER NEUTRAL WITH THE GO OF GIVING EVERYONE AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR SELK REALIZATION. IN THE 1980'S WOMEN ENTERED HIGHER EDUCATION IN LARGE NUMBERS.
MARRIAGES ARE MATCHED BECAUSE OF LOVE. ONLY 38% OF THE FOLKS ARE MARRIED AND DIVORCE HAS DEDOUBL;ED IN 20 YEARS. SO MANY WOMEN ARE WORKING OUTSIDE THE HOME. THE RURAL FARM FOCUSES ON MAINTAINING A HARMONIOUS UNIT. THREE GENERATION FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS ARE MORE COMMON IN RURAL AREAS. THE PARENTS OF BOTH FAMILIES COME TOGETHER FOR LIFE CRISIS CEREMONIES -BAPTISM, MARRIAGE DEATH.
PARENTS CAN LEAVE THEIR EMPLOYMENT FOR INFANT CARE. BABIES CAN SLEEP OUTDOORS IN A PRAM. SOME MOMS CARRY INFANTS CLOSE TO THEIR BREAST IN SLINGS. MANY PLACE INFANTS IN DAY CARE. THIS IS STILL CONTROVERSAL. THE CULTURE IS CHILD CENTERED. MANY CHILDREN ARE SOCIALIZED IN THESE FACILITIES.
BY BECOMING A MEMBER OF A CHURCH IT IS A RITE OF PASSAGE. GIRLS ARE GIVEN A FOLK COSTUME. AFTER 10 YEARS OF AGE THEY MAY GO TO UNIVERSITIES.
THREE GENERATIONS OF FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS ARE MORE COMMON IN RURAL AREAS. THE PARENTS OF BOTH FAMILIES COME HERE TOGETHER FOR LIFE CRISES CEREMONIES- BAPTISM, MARRIAGE AND DEATH.
PARENTS CAN LEAVE THEIR EMPLOYMENT FOR INFANT CARE. BABIES CAN SLEEP OUTDOORS IN A PRAM. SOME MOMS CARRY INFANTS CLOSE TO IN SLINGS.MANY PLACE INFANTS IN DAY CARE. THIS STILL CONTROVERSAL. THE CULTURE IN NORWAY IS CHILD CENTERED. MANY CHILDREN ARE SOCIALIZED IN THESE FACILITIES.
CONFIRMATION AS A MEMBER OF A CHURCH IS A RITE OF PASSAGE, GIRLS ARE GIVEN A FOLK COSTUME. AFTER 10 YEARS OF SCHOOLING CHILDREN MAY GO ON TO UNIVERSITIES,
PEOPLE MAY BE RESERVED AMONG STRANGERS BUT WARM ONCE RELATIONSHIPS ARE ESTABLISHEED. COMPETITION IS DOWNPLAYED.
BY 994 AD THEIR KING BROUGHT CHRITIANITY HERE. IN 1536 THE REFORMATION BROUGHT MORE EMPLASIS HERE ON PERSONAL SPACE. BY 1814 LUTHERAN RELIGION WAS NAMED THE MAIN RELIGION. THEY HAVE OTHER OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS. NOWAY IS ONE OF THE HEALTHIEST COUNTRIES WITH AVERAGE AGE OF 74. THEY HAVE A NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCHEME. MANY OF THEIR THEIR COLLAGES FOCUS ON SCIENCES AND OIL EXTRACTION.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Wednesday, May 1, 2013
AYERS ROCK, AUSTRAILIA
AYERS ROCK IS A LARGE SANDSTONE ROCK IN CENTRAL AUSTRAILIA. ULURA IS SACRED TO ANANGU. AROUND THE ROCK ARE MANY SPRINGS, ROCK CAVES, AND ANCIENT PETROGLYPHS AND PICTOGRAPHS,
THE ABORIGINESE CALL THIS PLACE ULURU. IN 1873 IT WAS NAMED BY CHIEF SECRETERY IN AUSTRAILIA. AYERS ROCK IS AUSTRALIA'S MOST RECOGNIZABLE LANDS MARKS. IT IS A 350 MAD MANY FOLKS CLIMB IT. THE ABORIGINES LEAD WALKING TOURS TO INFORM VISITORS. THIS LARGE ROCK IS NOTED FOR CHANGINGCOLORS AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE DAYS AND AT SUNSET.
THIS ROCK IS IS A STRANGE GEOLOGICFORMATION AS IT HAS LOW DESERT ALL aROUND IT. IT IS CALLED A MONOLITH, THE SANDSTONE LACKS BEDDING SURFACES THROUGH WEATHERING IRON BEARING INERALS IN THE PROICESS OF OXIDATION THE COLOR OF SANDSTONE IS REDBROWN RUSTY.
46 SPECIES OF MAMMALS LIVE NEAR THIS ROCK. AS AUSTRALIA IS KNOWN FOR THE WALLABY IT IS HERE. OTHER ANIMALS ARE POSSUM, BILBY, AND BETTONG, MOLES, AND DESERT SKINK. THEY HAVE MANY BATS AND SMALL CAVES. THEIR ARE MANY REPTILES. ABORIGINALS HUNT KANAROO, TURKEY, EMU AND LIZARDS. THEY COLLECT MANY PLANTS FOR FOOD AND CEREMONIES. MANY PLANTS ARE ASSOXIATED WITH ANCESTRAL BEINGS. THEY HAVE PUNI TREES, PUTI SEEDS BLOODWOOD IS USED TO MAKE SPEARS, PROJECTILE VOMITING, BOOMERANGS, ITS SAP IS USED FOR COLDS,
SINCE EUROPEANS CAME HEY HAVE 34 EZOTIC PLANT SPECIES HERE, TO REDUCE EROSIONTHEY USED BUFFEL GRASS WHICH WAS MISTAKE! IT HAS BECOME A THREATENING WEED. THE AREA HAS 11" OF RAIN PER YEAQR. IN SUMMER IT IS 100 DEGREES AND IN WINTER IT IS 41 DEGREES. THE ABORIGIBALS HAVE 5 SEAONS.
THE ABORIGINAL LEGENDS SAY THE WORLD WAS ONCE FEATURELESS PLACE. ONE OF THE PLACES WE KNOW EXISTED UNTIL THE CREATOR BROUGHT PEOPLE PLANTS AND ANIMALS. IN A PROCESS THEY FARMED THE LANDSCAPE WE KNOW TODAY. TODAY THIS LAND IS USED BY ANCESTRAL SPIRITS THAT THE CREATOR MADE.
ANOTHER MYTH STATES THAT DURING CREATION PERIOD W BOYS [LAYED IN THE MUD AFTER THE RAIN. THEY BEGAN FIGHTING TOGETHER WHEN TWO BOYS CAME TO MOUNT CONNER WHERE THEIR BODIES ARE PRESERVED.
IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT THOSE WHO TAKE ROCKS WILL BE CURSED AND SUFFER MISFORTUNE. SAME THING IS SAID IN HAWAII. ARCHAEOLOGISTS STATE THE AREA HAS BEEN SETTLED FOR 10,000 YEARS. EUROPEANS CAME IN 1890'S AND THEY MAPPED THE AREA AS WELL. IN THE LATE 1900'S THE AREA HAD A DROUGHT AND THIS MADE FOR FREQUENT ARGUMENTS BETWEEN ANGLOS AND ABORIGINALS. BUSH FOOD STOPRES WERE DEPLETED. THEY HAD POLICE PATROLS. IN THE 1930'S DEPRESSION THE ABORIGINALS STARTED EATING ANGLO FOODS. BY 1920 ULURU WAS AN ABORIGINAL RESERVE. BY 1936 TOURISTS CAME. BY 1948 THEY BEGANSOME ROADS. BY 1960 THEY STARTED BUILDING MOTELS. BEFORE 1985THE AUSTRALIAN GOIVERNMENT RETURNED ULURU TO THE NATIVES, BUT IT WAS JOINTLY MANAGED.
BY 2009 THEY BUILT ROADS AND 1 MILE OF WALKING TRAILS IN THE AREA. IT TAKES 1 HOUR TO HIKE UP THE MOUNTAIN. IT IS VERY WINDY ON THE TOP. BECAUSE IT IS SO SPIRITUAL THE ABORIGINALS DO NOT CLIMB IT. THEY ASK VISITORS NOT TO CLIMB AS IT PASSES A SACRED SITE. THEY ALSO FORBID TOURISTS TO NOT PHOTOGRAPH SOME AREAS OF THE MOUNTAIN.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
THE ABORIGINESE CALL THIS PLACE ULURU. IN 1873 IT WAS NAMED BY CHIEF SECRETERY IN AUSTRAILIA. AYERS ROCK IS AUSTRALIA'S MOST RECOGNIZABLE LANDS MARKS. IT IS A 350 MAD MANY FOLKS CLIMB IT. THE ABORIGINES LEAD WALKING TOURS TO INFORM VISITORS. THIS LARGE ROCK IS NOTED FOR CHANGINGCOLORS AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE DAYS AND AT SUNSET.
THIS ROCK IS IS A STRANGE GEOLOGICFORMATION AS IT HAS LOW DESERT ALL aROUND IT. IT IS CALLED A MONOLITH, THE SANDSTONE LACKS BEDDING SURFACES THROUGH WEATHERING IRON BEARING INERALS IN THE PROICESS OF OXIDATION THE COLOR OF SANDSTONE IS REDBROWN RUSTY.
46 SPECIES OF MAMMALS LIVE NEAR THIS ROCK. AS AUSTRALIA IS KNOWN FOR THE WALLABY IT IS HERE. OTHER ANIMALS ARE POSSUM, BILBY, AND BETTONG, MOLES, AND DESERT SKINK. THEY HAVE MANY BATS AND SMALL CAVES. THEIR ARE MANY REPTILES. ABORIGINALS HUNT KANAROO, TURKEY, EMU AND LIZARDS. THEY COLLECT MANY PLANTS FOR FOOD AND CEREMONIES. MANY PLANTS ARE ASSOXIATED WITH ANCESTRAL BEINGS. THEY HAVE PUNI TREES, PUTI SEEDS BLOODWOOD IS USED TO MAKE SPEARS, PROJECTILE VOMITING, BOOMERANGS, ITS SAP IS USED FOR COLDS,
SINCE EUROPEANS CAME HEY HAVE 34 EZOTIC PLANT SPECIES HERE, TO REDUCE EROSIONTHEY USED BUFFEL GRASS WHICH WAS MISTAKE! IT HAS BECOME A THREATENING WEED. THE AREA HAS 11" OF RAIN PER YEAQR. IN SUMMER IT IS 100 DEGREES AND IN WINTER IT IS 41 DEGREES. THE ABORIGIBALS HAVE 5 SEAONS.
THE ABORIGINAL LEGENDS SAY THE WORLD WAS ONCE FEATURELESS PLACE. ONE OF THE PLACES WE KNOW EXISTED UNTIL THE CREATOR BROUGHT PEOPLE PLANTS AND ANIMALS. IN A PROCESS THEY FARMED THE LANDSCAPE WE KNOW TODAY. TODAY THIS LAND IS USED BY ANCESTRAL SPIRITS THAT THE CREATOR MADE.
ANOTHER MYTH STATES THAT DURING CREATION PERIOD W BOYS [LAYED IN THE MUD AFTER THE RAIN. THEY BEGAN FIGHTING TOGETHER WHEN TWO BOYS CAME TO MOUNT CONNER WHERE THEIR BODIES ARE PRESERVED.
IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT THOSE WHO TAKE ROCKS WILL BE CURSED AND SUFFER MISFORTUNE. SAME THING IS SAID IN HAWAII. ARCHAEOLOGISTS STATE THE AREA HAS BEEN SETTLED FOR 10,000 YEARS. EUROPEANS CAME IN 1890'S AND THEY MAPPED THE AREA AS WELL. IN THE LATE 1900'S THE AREA HAD A DROUGHT AND THIS MADE FOR FREQUENT ARGUMENTS BETWEEN ANGLOS AND ABORIGINALS. BUSH FOOD STOPRES WERE DEPLETED. THEY HAD POLICE PATROLS. IN THE 1930'S DEPRESSION THE ABORIGINALS STARTED EATING ANGLO FOODS. BY 1920 ULURU WAS AN ABORIGINAL RESERVE. BY 1936 TOURISTS CAME. BY 1948 THEY BEGANSOME ROADS. BY 1960 THEY STARTED BUILDING MOTELS. BEFORE 1985THE AUSTRALIAN GOIVERNMENT RETURNED ULURU TO THE NATIVES, BUT IT WAS JOINTLY MANAGED.
BY 2009 THEY BUILT ROADS AND 1 MILE OF WALKING TRAILS IN THE AREA. IT TAKES 1 HOUR TO HIKE UP THE MOUNTAIN. IT IS VERY WINDY ON THE TOP. BECAUSE IT IS SO SPIRITUAL THE ABORIGINALS DO NOT CLIMB IT. THEY ASK VISITORS NOT TO CLIMB AS IT PASSES A SACRED SITE. THEY ALSO FORBID TOURISTS TO NOT PHOTOGRAPH SOME AREAS OF THE MOUNTAIN.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
GANGES RIVER, INDIA
20 MILLION FOLKS VISIT THIS SITE PER YEAR. IT RUN1560 MILES FROM THE HIMALAYAS TO THE BAY OF THE BENGAL. IT SYMBOLIZES LIFE PUBERT, THE HYMALAYAS TO THE BAY OF THE BEGALS. IT SYMBALIZES LIFE, PURITY, AND A GODDESS TO FOLKS IN INDIA. IT IS SO CALLED GANGA MA. SHE POURED HERSELF DOWN FROM HEAVEN UPON THE ASHES OF KING SARGAS SONS. THE WATERS RAISE THEM UP TO DWELL IN HEAVAN. ANYONE WHO TOUCHES THE WATERS TODAY IS SAID TO BE CLEANSED OF SINS.
AS THE DAY STARTS HINDUS THROW THEIR OFFERINGS OF FLOWERS OR FOOD THROWING HANDFULS OF GRAIN AND GARLANDS AMD LOTUS IN THE RIVER. SOME FOLKS FLOAT OIL LAMPS ON ITS SURFACE. ON FESTIVAL DAYS THE HINDUS FORD THE RIVERS WITH BOATS THEY MAY ENTER PRAYERS.
OF THE GANGES EVERY HINDU SPEAKS WITH 1 VOICE - IT CARRIES IMMENSE SPIRITUAL MEANING IN EVERY REGION PEOPLE PLACE THEIR DEAD RELATIVE'S ASHES HERE TO DWELL IN HEAVEN. PEOPLE COME HERE AS BARBERS TO CUT HAIR, CHILDREN TO FLY KITES, CLOTHES ARE CLEANEDAND THEY MAY WASH THEIR DOG HERE TOO.
POLLUTION IS ALSO BROUGHT HERE. IT HAS DYSENTERY, HEPATITUS AND CHOLERA
.SCHUCHICO.EDU
AS THE DAY STARTS HINDUS THROW THEIR OFFERINGS OF FLOWERS OR FOOD THROWING HANDFULS OF GRAIN AND GARLANDS AMD LOTUS IN THE RIVER. SOME FOLKS FLOAT OIL LAMPS ON ITS SURFACE. ON FESTIVAL DAYS THE HINDUS FORD THE RIVERS WITH BOATS THEY MAY ENTER PRAYERS.
OF THE GANGES EVERY HINDU SPEAKS WITH 1 VOICE - IT CARRIES IMMENSE SPIRITUAL MEANING IN EVERY REGION PEOPLE PLACE THEIR DEAD RELATIVE'S ASHES HERE TO DWELL IN HEAVEN. PEOPLE COME HERE AS BARBERS TO CUT HAIR, CHILDREN TO FLY KITES, CLOTHES ARE CLEANEDAND THEY MAY WASH THEIR DOG HERE TOO.
POLLUTION IS ALSO BROUGHT HERE. IT HAS DYSENTERY, HEPATITUS AND CHOLERA
.SCHUCHICO.EDU
MACHU PICCHU
THE WORD OF THIS SITE MEANS OLD PEAK. IT IS AN INCA SITE DATING TO 1400'S IN THE CUSCO REGION OF PERU. IT IS LOCATED 8000' ABOVE SEA LEVEL. IT IS 80 KM NW OF CUSCO WHERE A MAJOR RIVER, URUBAMBA RIVER FLOWS. MOST ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT MACHU PICHU WAS BUILT AS AN ESTATE FOR PACHACUTI! HE RULED FROM 1438 TO 1472.
THE INCAS ABANDONED THE CITY AS AN OFFICIAL SITE FOR THE INCA RULERS, A CENTURY LATER WHEN SPAIN CAME HERE TO RULE.IT HAD BEEN UNKNOWN TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD UNTIL 1911 WHERE AN AMERICAN HISTORIAN HIRAMBINGHAM BROUGHT IT TO INTERNATIONAL ATTENTTION. SINCE THEN IT IS VERY POPULAR THE SITE HAS HAD SOME RECONSTRUCTION.
BY 1976 30% OF THE SITE WAS RESTORED. SPAIN NEVER FOUND IT BY 1983 IT WAS DECLARED A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE. IN 20007 IT WAS VOTED BYONE OF THE 7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD. IT AS BUILT WITH POLISHED STONE. WALLS THAT HAD BEEN HAND CUT. I SAW A PBS SPECIAL ON IT. IT HAS SACRED DISTRICT INCLUDING THE HITCHING POST OF THE SUN, THE TEMPLE OF THE SUN, AND THE ROOM OF THE THREE WINDOWS.
THIS SITE IS BELIEVED TO BE VULNERABLE TO THREATS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. THE SITE SUFFERS FROM ACCESS BY TOO MANY TOURISTS AND POSSIBLEY EARTHQUAKES. ALSO PRESERVATION OF ITS CULTURAL FEATURES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IS ONGOING. BY EARLY 1900'S SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTREMOVED SOME ARTIFACTS THAT WAS DISPUTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PERU. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT MOST OF ITS INHABITANTS DIED FROM SMALL POX. NONE OF THE SACRED ROCKS WERE TOUCHED BY SPANISH. AN ARCHAEOLOGIST BELIEVES IT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF VIRGINS OF THE SUN. ANOTHER PERSON BELIEVES IT WAS SELECTED DUE TO ITS LANDSCAPE FEATURES AND MOUNTAINS. SOME OF ITS LANDSCAPE ARE IN ALIGNMENT WITH KEY ASTRONOMICAL FEATURES IMPORTANT TO THE INCAS. EVEN PREVIOUS TO THE INCA THE GEOGRAPHY WAS SACRED TO OLDER CULTURES. RITUAL OFFERINGS WERE UNDER THE TALL PLATFORMS. THERE ARE VARIOUS THEORIES THAT EXIST TO EXPLAIN WHY THIS CITY WAS BUILT HERE. PERHAPS IT WAS BUILT AS A PRISON.
THE PLATFORMS DEFINITELY HAD A RELIGIOUS FUNCTION AS THEY FOUND RITUAL OFFERINGS BURIED UNDERNEATH THEM. OR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROPS COULD BE TESTED IN THE MANY DIFFERENT MICROCLIMATES AFFORDED BY THE LOCATION AND THE TERRACES.
THE TERRACES MAY HAVE BEEN TEST SITES FOR CROPS TO GROW ON A LARGE SCALE. A JUNGLE OVER TOOK THIS CITY ONCE IT WAS ABANDONED. IN 1911 WHEN IT WAS STUDIED BY A YALE LECTURER, SOME QUECHAS LIVED HERE. BINGHAM FOUND LOCAL INTELLECTUALS OPPOSED HIS OPPERATION AND THE LOCALS DEMANDED PAYMENTS TO EXCAVATE HERE. IN 1913 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HAD AN ENTIRE ISSUE DEVOTED TO MACHU PICHU. THIS SITE IS THE MOST VISITED TOURIST ATTRACTION IN PERU. IT HAS CLIFFS THAT DROP TO 450 M. THIS AREA HAS MISTS FROM MISTS FROM THE RIVER. THE INCA BUILT A ROPE BRIDGE ACROSS THE URUBAMBA RIVER AS A SECRET ENTRANCE FOR THE INCA ARMY.
THE CITY LIES BETWEEN TWO MOUNTAINS AND HAS AN EXCELLENT AMOUNT OF TWO VALLEYS. THEY HAVE WATER FROM SPRINGS THERE THE FOLKS WHO WERE HERE. THE ROADS ARE STEEP. IF THEY SUSPECTED INVADERS, THEY COUL HAVE BLOCKED THEIR OLD ROADS. IT IS SRTRATEGICALLY LOCATED AND READILY DEFENDED. THE SITE HAS A RURAL AND URBAN SECTOR. THEY HAVE WAREHOUSES IN THE SOUTHERN SECTOR.
THE CITY'S ARCHITECTURE IS ADAPTED TO THE NATURAL FORM OF THE MOUNTAINS. ABOUT 200 BUILDINGS ARE ARRANGED ON TERRACES AROUND A LARGE CENTRAL SQUARE. THEY HAVE LONG TERRACES AND HAD SOPHISTICATED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO THEIR FIELDS. THEY HAD MANY STAIRWAYS. THE WESTERN SECTION WAS FOR RELIGIOUS AND CEREMONIAL PURPOSES.
THE HITCHING POST OF THE SUN WAS AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASRE THE THE SLOPE WHERE THE SUN LIESIN WINTERAND SUMMER SOLSTICE. THE INCA BELIEVED THE STONE HELD THE SUN IN ITS PLACE ALONG ITS ANNUAL PLACE IN THE SKY.
THE INCA BUILT THIS CITY WITH HANDCUT STONES AND WITHOUT MORTAR. PERU HAS SEISMIC ACTIVITY . IT IS EASY TO MOVE SOME STONES SLIGHTLY WITHOUT COLLAPSINS THE WALLS/ THEY PUT VARIOUS DESIGN DETAILS IN THEIR WALLS. THEY LACKED DRAFT ANIMALS TO HELP MOVE THE STONES. IT IS STILL A MYSTERY HOW THEY PLACED THE BLOCKS. HUNDREDS OF MEN PROBABLY PUSHED THE BLOCKS INTO PLACE.
OVER 10,000 TOURISTS VISITED VISIT THIS SITE PER YEAR. SOME SPEND DAYS HIKING FROM CUSCO TO MACHU PICCHU. THEY HAD LONG DISTANCE TRADE ROUTES AS THEY FOUND NON LOCAL ARTIFACTS AT THE SITE. THERE HAVE BEEN MANY MOVIES FILMED HERE.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
THE INCAS ABANDONED THE CITY AS AN OFFICIAL SITE FOR THE INCA RULERS, A CENTURY LATER WHEN SPAIN CAME HERE TO RULE.IT HAD BEEN UNKNOWN TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD UNTIL 1911 WHERE AN AMERICAN HISTORIAN HIRAMBINGHAM BROUGHT IT TO INTERNATIONAL ATTENTTION. SINCE THEN IT IS VERY POPULAR THE SITE HAS HAD SOME RECONSTRUCTION.
BY 1976 30% OF THE SITE WAS RESTORED. SPAIN NEVER FOUND IT BY 1983 IT WAS DECLARED A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE. IN 20007 IT WAS VOTED BYONE OF THE 7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD. IT AS BUILT WITH POLISHED STONE. WALLS THAT HAD BEEN HAND CUT. I SAW A PBS SPECIAL ON IT. IT HAS SACRED DISTRICT INCLUDING THE HITCHING POST OF THE SUN, THE TEMPLE OF THE SUN, AND THE ROOM OF THE THREE WINDOWS.
THIS SITE IS BELIEVED TO BE VULNERABLE TO THREATS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. THE SITE SUFFERS FROM ACCESS BY TOO MANY TOURISTS AND POSSIBLEY EARTHQUAKES. ALSO PRESERVATION OF ITS CULTURAL FEATURES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IS ONGOING. BY EARLY 1900'S SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTREMOVED SOME ARTIFACTS THAT WAS DISPUTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PERU. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT MOST OF ITS INHABITANTS DIED FROM SMALL POX. NONE OF THE SACRED ROCKS WERE TOUCHED BY SPANISH. AN ARCHAEOLOGIST BELIEVES IT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF VIRGINS OF THE SUN. ANOTHER PERSON BELIEVES IT WAS SELECTED DUE TO ITS LANDSCAPE FEATURES AND MOUNTAINS. SOME OF ITS LANDSCAPE ARE IN ALIGNMENT WITH KEY ASTRONOMICAL FEATURES IMPORTANT TO THE INCAS. EVEN PREVIOUS TO THE INCA THE GEOGRAPHY WAS SACRED TO OLDER CULTURES. RITUAL OFFERINGS WERE UNDER THE TALL PLATFORMS. THERE ARE VARIOUS THEORIES THAT EXIST TO EXPLAIN WHY THIS CITY WAS BUILT HERE. PERHAPS IT WAS BUILT AS A PRISON.
THE PLATFORMS DEFINITELY HAD A RELIGIOUS FUNCTION AS THEY FOUND RITUAL OFFERINGS BURIED UNDERNEATH THEM. OR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROPS COULD BE TESTED IN THE MANY DIFFERENT MICROCLIMATES AFFORDED BY THE LOCATION AND THE TERRACES.
THE TERRACES MAY HAVE BEEN TEST SITES FOR CROPS TO GROW ON A LARGE SCALE. A JUNGLE OVER TOOK THIS CITY ONCE IT WAS ABANDONED. IN 1911 WHEN IT WAS STUDIED BY A YALE LECTURER, SOME QUECHAS LIVED HERE. BINGHAM FOUND LOCAL INTELLECTUALS OPPOSED HIS OPPERATION AND THE LOCALS DEMANDED PAYMENTS TO EXCAVATE HERE. IN 1913 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HAD AN ENTIRE ISSUE DEVOTED TO MACHU PICHU. THIS SITE IS THE MOST VISITED TOURIST ATTRACTION IN PERU. IT HAS CLIFFS THAT DROP TO 450 M. THIS AREA HAS MISTS FROM MISTS FROM THE RIVER. THE INCA BUILT A ROPE BRIDGE ACROSS THE URUBAMBA RIVER AS A SECRET ENTRANCE FOR THE INCA ARMY.
THE CITY LIES BETWEEN TWO MOUNTAINS AND HAS AN EXCELLENT AMOUNT OF TWO VALLEYS. THEY HAVE WATER FROM SPRINGS THERE THE FOLKS WHO WERE HERE. THE ROADS ARE STEEP. IF THEY SUSPECTED INVADERS, THEY COUL HAVE BLOCKED THEIR OLD ROADS. IT IS SRTRATEGICALLY LOCATED AND READILY DEFENDED. THE SITE HAS A RURAL AND URBAN SECTOR. THEY HAVE WAREHOUSES IN THE SOUTHERN SECTOR.
THE CITY'S ARCHITECTURE IS ADAPTED TO THE NATURAL FORM OF THE MOUNTAINS. ABOUT 200 BUILDINGS ARE ARRANGED ON TERRACES AROUND A LARGE CENTRAL SQUARE. THEY HAVE LONG TERRACES AND HAD SOPHISTICATED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO THEIR FIELDS. THEY HAD MANY STAIRWAYS. THE WESTERN SECTION WAS FOR RELIGIOUS AND CEREMONIAL PURPOSES.
THE HITCHING POST OF THE SUN WAS AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASRE THE THE SLOPE WHERE THE SUN LIESIN WINTERAND SUMMER SOLSTICE. THE INCA BELIEVED THE STONE HELD THE SUN IN ITS PLACE ALONG ITS ANNUAL PLACE IN THE SKY.
THE INCA BUILT THIS CITY WITH HANDCUT STONES AND WITHOUT MORTAR. PERU HAS SEISMIC ACTIVITY . IT IS EASY TO MOVE SOME STONES SLIGHTLY WITHOUT COLLAPSINS THE WALLS/ THEY PUT VARIOUS DESIGN DETAILS IN THEIR WALLS. THEY LACKED DRAFT ANIMALS TO HELP MOVE THE STONES. IT IS STILL A MYSTERY HOW THEY PLACED THE BLOCKS. HUNDREDS OF MEN PROBABLY PUSHED THE BLOCKS INTO PLACE.
OVER 10,000 TOURISTS VISITED VISIT THIS SITE PER YEAR. SOME SPEND DAYS HIKING FROM CUSCO TO MACHU PICCHU. THEY HAD LONG DISTANCE TRADE ROUTES AS THEY FOUND NON LOCAL ARTIFACTS AT THE SITE. THERE HAVE BEEN MANY MOVIES FILMED HERE.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
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