THIS 517,000 ACRE WILDERNESS IS THE SECOND LARGEST IN CALIFORNIA AND IS ADJACENT TO THREE NATIONAL FORESTS. IT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1932. YOU CAN HIKE FOR WEEKS AND THERE ARE STILL MORE TRAILS. MY HUSBAND AND I CLIMBED AND BACKPACKED HERE WHEN WE WERE WORKING ON THE KLAMATH NATIONAL FOREST. IT WAS A HUGE AREA AND WE ENTERED IT ON THE SOUTH END AS WE HIKED UP A JEEP TRAIL. WE BROUGHT A FISHING POLE AND CAUGHT SOME FISH IN A SMALL LAKE FOR DINNER. WE STAYED THERE OVERNIGHT AND HIKED BACK THE NEXT DAY. THERE WERE ONLY TWO OTHER PEOPLE AT THE SMALL CAMPGROUND. WE DID NOT SEE ANY BEARS HOWEVER WE PUT OUR FOOD UP IN A TREE. THE HIGHEST PEAK HERE IS THOMAS PEAK AT 9000 FEET. THERE ARE THREE DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS THAT WELDED TOGETHER TO FORM THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS.
I GUESS WE HIKED IN THE GREEN MOUNTAINS ON THE WESTERN EDGE WHERE FEW HIKERS GO. THERE ARE SMALL GLACIERS ON THE HIGH PEAKS AND RUGGED VOLCANIC PEAKS. THE AREA CONTAINS TWO DESIGNATED WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS. WE DID NOT SEE ANY BEAR OR SALMON UP HERE. HOWEVER THERE WERE STILL SALMON ON THE KLAMATH RIVER IN THE 70'S. THE VEGETATION IN THESE MOUNTAINS INCLUDES DOUG FIR, WHITE ND RED FIR, PONDEROSA PINE, BLACK OAK, CANYON LIVE OAK, CALIFORNIA MADRONE, MAPLE, BUCKEYE, INCENSE CEDAR, AND JEFFREY PINE. SALMON AND STEEL HEAD TROUT ARE COMMON AS WELL AS SPOTTED OWLS, ELK, AS WELL AS BLACK BEAR. HOWEVER, CATTLE GRAZING DEPLETE THE NATURAL GRASSES.
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Thursday, January 6, 2011
OSMOSIS DAY SPA
THIS IS A HEALING SANCTUARY BUILT IN 1989 IN FREESTONE WHERE I SPENT 3 HOURS IN A CEDAR ENZYME BATH MADE OF CEDAR SHAVINGS AND SOME GRANULAR SMALL ENZYMES. THEY HAVE MANY SHRINES INSIDE THIS JAPANESE LOOKING BUILDING. THEIR SHRINES HAVE BUDDHA STATUES IN BRONZE, WOOD, OR OTHER METALS WITH LITTLE FOUNTAINS AND LITTLE STONES. YOU GO TO A DRESSING ROOM AND GET UNDRESSED FOR THE PRIVATE SPA. IN THE WAITING ROOM THEY GIVE YOU A WARM SHOULDER WRAP AND YOU SIT ON A COUCH MADE FROM POLISHED OAK WOOD AND LOOK OVER A BEAUTIFUL ZEN GARDEN AND SIP SOME CHAMOMILE AND MINT TEA. THEN YOU GO INTO THE ENZYME BATH THAT IS 120 DEGREES. THE COME IN TO GIVE YOU SOME COOL WATER AND A COUPLE OF COOL FACE WASH CLOTHES WHILE IN THERE FOR 20 MINUTES. THE LADY SAID IN JAPAN THEY HAVE A LARGE ENZYME BATH THAT IS COMMUNAL!
THE INSIDE OF THE BUILDING IS PAINTED WITH EARTH TONES. THEIR FURNITURE IS MADE OF CHAIRS MADE OF POLISHED OAK BRANCHES AND SOME OF THEM ARE ATTACHED TO THE WALLS TO GIVE A NUTURAL FLAVOR TO THE BUILDING. THEY HAVE A ZEN WITH WATERFALLS, BONSAI TREES, LARGE STONES, A SLATE WATERFALL, A CURVED WOODEN BRIDGE WHERE A SMALL STREAM FLOWS. SOME LARGE STONES HAVE MOSS TO MAKE ONE FEEL YOU ARE IN THE ORIENT. AFTER THE BATH THEY GIVE YOU ENZME WATER WHICH HAS NO PARTICULAR TASTE.
MY MASSAGE WAS SWEDISH AND IT WAS JUST WHAT I NEEDED TO RELAX ME . IT LASTED 75 MINUTES AND SHE MASSAGED MY HEAD NECK AND EVERY PART OF MY BODY. I ESPECIALLY LIKED THE WAY SHE DID SOMETHING TO MOVE MY HEAD BACK AND FORTH TO STRETCH IT IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS. SHE THOROUGHLY OPENED ALL MY STIFF JOINTS. SHE SAID TO VIEW THE MEDITATIVE GARDENS IN THE BACK. SO I MET THE GARDENER AND WENT THROUGH GATE AND SAW A ROCK PATH THROUGH MANY BAMBOO SMALL TREES. THE WORKERS WERE BUILDING A FENCE THERE. THEY HAD BUILT SOME OUTDOOR MASSAGE BOOTHS. THERE WAS A BENCH WITH A PEACEFUL SETTING. THIS SPA IS WORKING WITH OTHER SPAS TO HELP WITH THE GREEN EFFORT.
THE FOUNDER MICHAEL STUSSER OPENED THIS SPA AFTER STUDYING ZEN LANDSCAPE GARDENING IN JAPAN. THE CEDAR BATH IS A CENTURIES OLD TRADITION THERE. THEY PLAY SOME VERY TRANQUIL MUSIC IN THE SPA AS WELL TO SOOTH THEIR GUESTS.
THE INSIDE OF THE BUILDING IS PAINTED WITH EARTH TONES. THEIR FURNITURE IS MADE OF CHAIRS MADE OF POLISHED OAK BRANCHES AND SOME OF THEM ARE ATTACHED TO THE WALLS TO GIVE A NUTURAL FLAVOR TO THE BUILDING. THEY HAVE A ZEN WITH WATERFALLS, BONSAI TREES, LARGE STONES, A SLATE WATERFALL, A CURVED WOODEN BRIDGE WHERE A SMALL STREAM FLOWS. SOME LARGE STONES HAVE MOSS TO MAKE ONE FEEL YOU ARE IN THE ORIENT. AFTER THE BATH THEY GIVE YOU ENZME WATER WHICH HAS NO PARTICULAR TASTE.
MY MASSAGE WAS SWEDISH AND IT WAS JUST WHAT I NEEDED TO RELAX ME . IT LASTED 75 MINUTES AND SHE MASSAGED MY HEAD NECK AND EVERY PART OF MY BODY. I ESPECIALLY LIKED THE WAY SHE DID SOMETHING TO MOVE MY HEAD BACK AND FORTH TO STRETCH IT IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS. SHE THOROUGHLY OPENED ALL MY STIFF JOINTS. SHE SAID TO VIEW THE MEDITATIVE GARDENS IN THE BACK. SO I MET THE GARDENER AND WENT THROUGH GATE AND SAW A ROCK PATH THROUGH MANY BAMBOO SMALL TREES. THE WORKERS WERE BUILDING A FENCE THERE. THEY HAD BUILT SOME OUTDOOR MASSAGE BOOTHS. THERE WAS A BENCH WITH A PEACEFUL SETTING. THIS SPA IS WORKING WITH OTHER SPAS TO HELP WITH THE GREEN EFFORT.
THE FOUNDER MICHAEL STUSSER OPENED THIS SPA AFTER STUDYING ZEN LANDSCAPE GARDENING IN JAPAN. THE CEDAR BATH IS A CENTURIES OLD TRADITION THERE. THEY PLAY SOME VERY TRANQUIL MUSIC IN THE SPA AS WELL TO SOOTH THEIR GUESTS.
ANO NUEVO STATE PARK
MY FAMILY HAS TRAVELED TO AND HIKED AT THIS STATE PARK FOR MANY TIMES AS WE HAVE VISITED HEARST CASTLE OVER THE CHRISTMAS SEASON. THIS PARK HAS A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELEPHANT SEALS. SOME OF THE MALES FIGHT. IT IS HERE WHERE THEY MATE AND GIVE BIRTH TO THOUSANDS OF BABY SEALS. YOU CAN ALSO SEE SEALS AND OTTERS FROM THE TRAILS THERE. THEY HAVE INTERPRETERS NEAR THE BEACH WHO LET YOU KNOW TO STAY CLEAR OF THE SEALS AS NOT TO FRIGHTEN THEM - THEY CAN ATTACK ANY ANIMAL!
THEY HAVE A NICE VISITOR CENTER THERE AND THE SEAL'S SKIN SHEDS DURING THE YEAR. THEIR STRONG FLIPPERS SPEW SAND ON THEIR BACKS AND THEY WALLOW INTO THE SEA TO COOL OFF. THE MALES HAVE TUSKS THAT ARE VERY SHARP AND WE HAVE SEEN A NUMBER OF FIGHTS WITH THE MALES BLOODY SKINS ON THEIR HEADS AND NECK. SOME OF THEIR FIGHTS ARE OVER FEMALE MATING. AND OTHERS ARE JUST THEIR BEHAVIOR.
THE PARK HAS A NUMBER OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS WHO WHO STUDY THE SEALS AND DO SURVEYS, CHECK THEIR HEALTH, ETC. WE HAVE SEEN THEM MEASURE THEIR EIGHT AND SIZE (LENGTH AND WIDTH). THE FEMALES ARE MUCH SMALLER THAN THE MALES. THEY SWISH SAND OVER THEIR BODIES TO COOL THEMSELVES. WE HAVE SEEN THE BABY SEALS AS WELL. THEY STAY CLOSE TO THEIR MOMS TO NURSE.
THEY HAVE A NICE VISITOR CENTER THERE AND THE SEAL'S SKIN SHEDS DURING THE YEAR. THEIR STRONG FLIPPERS SPEW SAND ON THEIR BACKS AND THEY WALLOW INTO THE SEA TO COOL OFF. THE MALES HAVE TUSKS THAT ARE VERY SHARP AND WE HAVE SEEN A NUMBER OF FIGHTS WITH THE MALES BLOODY SKINS ON THEIR HEADS AND NECK. SOME OF THEIR FIGHTS ARE OVER FEMALE MATING. AND OTHERS ARE JUST THEIR BEHAVIOR.
THE PARK HAS A NUMBER OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS WHO WHO STUDY THE SEALS AND DO SURVEYS, CHECK THEIR HEALTH, ETC. WE HAVE SEEN THEM MEASURE THEIR EIGHT AND SIZE (LENGTH AND WIDTH). THE FEMALES ARE MUCH SMALLER THAN THE MALES. THEY SWISH SAND OVER THEIR BODIES TO COOL THEMSELVES. WE HAVE SEEN THE BABY SEALS AS WELL. THEY STAY CLOSE TO THEIR MOMS TO NURSE.
MY COOKING ABILITIES
I LEARNED TO COOK AS A SMALL GIRL FROM MY MOM. I ALSO EXPERIMENTED WITH DIFFERENT INGREDIENTS. AS A YOUNG GIRL I MADE SUPPER FOR MY FAMILY AS MY MOM WAS WORKING FULL TIME. I LEARNED TO COOK ITALIAN, GERMAN, AND AMERICAN MEALS IN OHIO. LATER WHEN I MOVED TO ARIZONA FOR SCHOOL I BECAME A HEALTH FOOD NUT AND LEARNED TO COOK MEXICAN MEALS AS WELL AS PUEBLOAN DISHES. I BOUGHT VARIOUS COOKBOOKS. I STILL ENJOY COKING AS BOTH AN ART AS A WAY TO HEAL OURSELVES AND FAMILIES AND KEEP THEM CLOSER TOGETHER.
I SPENT TIME IN ARIZONA LEARNING WHAT THE HISPANIC TRIBES USED FOR MAKING THEIR TORTILLAS. MY HUSBAND AND I MADE A TORTILLA PRESS AND WE JOINED A HEALTH FOOD COOP TO GET DISCOUNTED FOOD. WE LEARNED HOW TO COOK BURRITOS, MAKE OUR OWN CRACKERS, CHILI RELLENOS, AS WELL AS GREEK FOOD. ONCE WHEN I WAS OLDER I COOKED CHINESE MEALS. AFTER WE VISITED HAWAII I NOTED HOW DIFFERENT THEIR CHINESE MEALS WERE. WE LEARNED ABOUT TARO ROOT WHICH I DID NOT LIKE.
ALL THE WOMEN IN MY FAMILY AND OUR ANCESTORS WERE GREAT COOKS AND THEY MADE BIRTHDAY CAKES AND DECORATED THEM FOR THEIR KIDS. THEY LEARNED HOW TO COOK FROM THEIR MOMS AND GRANDMOTHERS. AND THEY SHARED RECIPES WITH EACH OTHER. WE LEARNED DIFFERENT TYPES OF ETHNIC COOKING TOGETHER. I GOT RECIPES THAT MY MOM USED TO MAKE AS WELL AS MY MOTHER IN LAW. I STILL ENJOY COOKING AND WILL HAVE A NATIVE AMERICAN RESTAURANT SOMEDAY.
I SPENT TIME IN ARIZONA LEARNING WHAT THE HISPANIC TRIBES USED FOR MAKING THEIR TORTILLAS. MY HUSBAND AND I MADE A TORTILLA PRESS AND WE JOINED A HEALTH FOOD COOP TO GET DISCOUNTED FOOD. WE LEARNED HOW TO COOK BURRITOS, MAKE OUR OWN CRACKERS, CHILI RELLENOS, AS WELL AS GREEK FOOD. ONCE WHEN I WAS OLDER I COOKED CHINESE MEALS. AFTER WE VISITED HAWAII I NOTED HOW DIFFERENT THEIR CHINESE MEALS WERE. WE LEARNED ABOUT TARO ROOT WHICH I DID NOT LIKE.
ALL THE WOMEN IN MY FAMILY AND OUR ANCESTORS WERE GREAT COOKS AND THEY MADE BIRTHDAY CAKES AND DECORATED THEM FOR THEIR KIDS. THEY LEARNED HOW TO COOK FROM THEIR MOMS AND GRANDMOTHERS. AND THEY SHARED RECIPES WITH EACH OTHER. WE LEARNED DIFFERENT TYPES OF ETHNIC COOKING TOGETHER. I GOT RECIPES THAT MY MOM USED TO MAKE AS WELL AS MY MOTHER IN LAW. I STILL ENJOY COOKING AND WILL HAVE A NATIVE AMERICAN RESTAURANT SOMEDAY.
Monday, January 3, 2011
TUNICA INDIANS
TUNICA LIVE IN MISSISSIPPI AND EAST CENTRAL LOUISIANA. THE MODERN TRIBE IS FROM DESCENDANTS OF TUNICA, BLOXIA, OFO, AND NATCHEZ AND CHOCTAW FOLKS. THEY SPEAK ENGLISH AND FRENCH TODAY. THEY LIVE ON TUNICA-BILOXI RESERVATION OF 415 ACRES IN MARKSVILLE, LOUISIANNA. THEY OPERATE A CASINO AND RESORT THAT OPENED IN 1994. THE CASINO CONTRIBUTES MONEY TO THEIR MEMBERS. THE 2000 CENSUS LISTS 648 PERSONS.
BY THE MID MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD THEY HAD A LIFESTYLE OF AGRICULTURE, POLITICAL STRUCTURES, MUSSEL SHELL, TEMPERED POTTERY, AND A CEREMONIAL COMPLEX. ARCHAEOLOGISTS SUGGEST THE MISSISSIPPIAN VALLEY WAS THE HOME OF SEVERAL PARAMOUNT CHIEFDOMS. THEY HAVE IDENTIFIED MANY PHASES.
IN 1541 HERNANDO DE SOTO AND HIS ARMY CAME UPON A VILLAGE OF THE TUNICA ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THERE WERE MANY RELATED GROUPS ALONG BOTH SIDES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND IN ARKANSAS. EVALUATIONS OF THE THREE SURVIVING DE SOTO NARRATIVES FOR TOPOGRAPHY, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURAL TRAITS COMBINED WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS HAVE LEFT ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND ETHNOHISTORIANS COMFORTABLE IN IDENTIFYING FOUR PHASES OF PREHISTORY. IN 1700 WHEN THE LA SOURCE EXPEDITION OCCURRED THE TUNICA NUMBERED ONLY A FEW HUNDRED WARRIORS. BY THE TIME THE FRENCH ARRIVED THE VALLEY HAD FEW TUNICA AND QUAPAW WHO WERE THEIR ALLIES.
AT 1700 THE FRENCH BUILT A MISSION ON THE YAZOO RIVER AND FATHER DAVION WAS IN CHARGE. THE TUMICA WERE TRADERS AND ENTREPRENEURS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SALT, A VALUABLE ITEM TO THE NATIVES AND THE ANGLOS. BY 1706 THE TUNICA DECIDED TO MOVE TO THE MISSISSIPPI SIDE OF THE RIVER AND RED RIVER CONFLUENCE. THEY THEN COULD KEEP CONTROL OF THEIR SALT
TRADE.
MISSISSIPPI IA AN ALGONQUIN WORD MEANING BIG RIVER IN OJIBWA. THEY LIVE IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA NOT IN MISSISSIPPI. ONLY THE CHOCTAW LIVE IN MISSISSIPPI. AND ARE THE ONLY FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE IN MISSISSIPPI. MOST OF THE ORIGINAL INDIANS WERE FORCED TO LIVE ON RESERVATIONS OF OKLAHOMA AND TEXAS.
BILOXI INDIANS ARE STILL HERE IN MISSISSIPPI. THEIR HISTORY IS INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT. THEY CALL THEMSELVES THE FIRST PEOPLE FROM CHOCTAW LANGUAGE. THEY BELONGED TO THE MUSKHOGEAN STOCK. GATSCHET VISITED THE SURVIVORS OF THE TRIBE IN LOUISIANA IN 1886 AND FOUND THEIR WORDS RESEMBLED THOSE IN THE SIOUAN LANGUAGE. ONE SETTLER FOUND THEM IN 1699 ON THE BILOXIA BAY IN MISSISSIPPI WITH TWO OTHER SMALL TRIBES IN 20 CABINS. IT SEEMS THEY ALLIED WITH THE FRENCH IN 1760. THEY MOVED AROUND TO VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN MISSISSIPPI AND TEXAS. PRIOR TO THE ANGLOS THEY WORE BREECH CLOTHS, LEGGINGS, MOCCASINS, AND WRAPPED THEMSELVES IN SKIN ROBES. THEY WORE FEATHER HEADDRESSES AND BONE NECKLACES, NOSE RINGS AND EARRINGS. TATTOOS WERE LIMITED. THEY MARRIED AND LIVED WITH THEIR WIFE'S FAMILY (MATRILOCAL SOCIETY). THEY HAD AN ELABORATE SYSTEM OF KINSHIP. THEY HAD VARIOUS CLANS.
BY THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER THE TUNICA WERE RAIDED BY THE CHICKASAW FOR THE ENGLISH SLAVE TRADE IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THEY BUILT A COLLECTION OF HAMLETS AND VILLAGES IN ANGOLA LOUISIANA. ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OF A SMALL HAMLET WAS REDISCOVERED IN 1976. IN 1729 THE CHIEFS OF THE VILLAGES SENT EMISSARIES TO POTENTIAL ALLIES. THE NATCHEZ WAR EXPANDED INTO MANY REGIONAL CONFLICTS. THE TUNICA AT FIRST REFUSED TO FIGHT. IN JUNE OF 1730 THE TUNISIA AGREED TO LET A SMALL PARTY OF NATCHEZ REFUGEES SETTLE NEAR HIS VILLAGE. THE CHIEF CAME IN AND SAID THEY HAD TO GIVE UP THEIR WEAPONS. THEY HAD A MAJOR FIGHT WITH THE NATCHEZ AND KILLED 33 OF THEIR WARRIORS AND THE NATCHEZ KILLED 20 TUNICA AND LATER THEIR CHIEF.
AFTER 1731 THEY MOVED AWAY TO TRUDEAU SITE THEY BURIED AS GRAVE GOODS EUROPEAN GOODS, BEADS, PORCELAIN, GUNS, KETTLES, AND OTHER ITEMS INCLUDING POTTERY. THESE WERE DISCOVERED IN THE 20TH CENTURY AS ARTIFACTS INDICATING THEY WERE IN THE 2OTH CENTURY AS ARTIFACTS INDICATING THEY WEALTHY. AFTER 1764 THEY MOVED TO THE SOUTH AT TRUDEAU LANDING . THE OTHER TRIBES THERE BECAME THEIR FRIENDS. IN 1800'S THEY BECAME SUBSISTENCE FARMERS WITH SOME HUNTING AND FISHING TO SUPPORT THEMSELVES. SOME STILL SPOKE THEIR ORIGINAL LANGUAGE. THEY PRACTICED THEIR TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES AND RETAINED POSSESSION OF THEIR LANDS. THEY INTERMARRIED WITH EUROPEANS AND AFRICANS AS WELL.
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NATIVE-LANGUAGES
BY THE MID MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD THEY HAD A LIFESTYLE OF AGRICULTURE, POLITICAL STRUCTURES, MUSSEL SHELL, TEMPERED POTTERY, AND A CEREMONIAL COMPLEX. ARCHAEOLOGISTS SUGGEST THE MISSISSIPPIAN VALLEY WAS THE HOME OF SEVERAL PARAMOUNT CHIEFDOMS. THEY HAVE IDENTIFIED MANY PHASES.
IN 1541 HERNANDO DE SOTO AND HIS ARMY CAME UPON A VILLAGE OF THE TUNICA ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THERE WERE MANY RELATED GROUPS ALONG BOTH SIDES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND IN ARKANSAS. EVALUATIONS OF THE THREE SURVIVING DE SOTO NARRATIVES FOR TOPOGRAPHY, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURAL TRAITS COMBINED WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS HAVE LEFT ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND ETHNOHISTORIANS COMFORTABLE IN IDENTIFYING FOUR PHASES OF PREHISTORY. IN 1700 WHEN THE LA SOURCE EXPEDITION OCCURRED THE TUNICA NUMBERED ONLY A FEW HUNDRED WARRIORS. BY THE TIME THE FRENCH ARRIVED THE VALLEY HAD FEW TUNICA AND QUAPAW WHO WERE THEIR ALLIES.
AT 1700 THE FRENCH BUILT A MISSION ON THE YAZOO RIVER AND FATHER DAVION WAS IN CHARGE. THE TUMICA WERE TRADERS AND ENTREPRENEURS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SALT, A VALUABLE ITEM TO THE NATIVES AND THE ANGLOS. BY 1706 THE TUNICA DECIDED TO MOVE TO THE MISSISSIPPI SIDE OF THE RIVER AND RED RIVER CONFLUENCE. THEY THEN COULD KEEP CONTROL OF THEIR SALT
TRADE.
MISSISSIPPI IA AN ALGONQUIN WORD MEANING BIG RIVER IN OJIBWA. THEY LIVE IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA NOT IN MISSISSIPPI. ONLY THE CHOCTAW LIVE IN MISSISSIPPI. AND ARE THE ONLY FEDERALLY RECOGNIZED TRIBE IN MISSISSIPPI. MOST OF THE ORIGINAL INDIANS WERE FORCED TO LIVE ON RESERVATIONS OF OKLAHOMA AND TEXAS.
BILOXI INDIANS ARE STILL HERE IN MISSISSIPPI. THEIR HISTORY IS INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT. THEY CALL THEMSELVES THE FIRST PEOPLE FROM CHOCTAW LANGUAGE. THEY BELONGED TO THE MUSKHOGEAN STOCK. GATSCHET VISITED THE SURVIVORS OF THE TRIBE IN LOUISIANA IN 1886 AND FOUND THEIR WORDS RESEMBLED THOSE IN THE SIOUAN LANGUAGE. ONE SETTLER FOUND THEM IN 1699 ON THE BILOXIA BAY IN MISSISSIPPI WITH TWO OTHER SMALL TRIBES IN 20 CABINS. IT SEEMS THEY ALLIED WITH THE FRENCH IN 1760. THEY MOVED AROUND TO VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN MISSISSIPPI AND TEXAS. PRIOR TO THE ANGLOS THEY WORE BREECH CLOTHS, LEGGINGS, MOCCASINS, AND WRAPPED THEMSELVES IN SKIN ROBES. THEY WORE FEATHER HEADDRESSES AND BONE NECKLACES, NOSE RINGS AND EARRINGS. TATTOOS WERE LIMITED. THEY MARRIED AND LIVED WITH THEIR WIFE'S FAMILY (MATRILOCAL SOCIETY). THEY HAD AN ELABORATE SYSTEM OF KINSHIP. THEY HAD VARIOUS CLANS.
BY THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER THE TUNICA WERE RAIDED BY THE CHICKASAW FOR THE ENGLISH SLAVE TRADE IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THEY BUILT A COLLECTION OF HAMLETS AND VILLAGES IN ANGOLA LOUISIANA. ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OF A SMALL HAMLET WAS REDISCOVERED IN 1976. IN 1729 THE CHIEFS OF THE VILLAGES SENT EMISSARIES TO POTENTIAL ALLIES. THE NATCHEZ WAR EXPANDED INTO MANY REGIONAL CONFLICTS. THE TUNICA AT FIRST REFUSED TO FIGHT. IN JUNE OF 1730 THE TUNISIA AGREED TO LET A SMALL PARTY OF NATCHEZ REFUGEES SETTLE NEAR HIS VILLAGE. THE CHIEF CAME IN AND SAID THEY HAD TO GIVE UP THEIR WEAPONS. THEY HAD A MAJOR FIGHT WITH THE NATCHEZ AND KILLED 33 OF THEIR WARRIORS AND THE NATCHEZ KILLED 20 TUNICA AND LATER THEIR CHIEF.
AFTER 1731 THEY MOVED AWAY TO TRUDEAU SITE THEY BURIED AS GRAVE GOODS EUROPEAN GOODS, BEADS, PORCELAIN, GUNS, KETTLES, AND OTHER ITEMS INCLUDING POTTERY. THESE WERE DISCOVERED IN THE 20TH CENTURY AS ARTIFACTS INDICATING THEY WERE IN THE 2OTH CENTURY AS ARTIFACTS INDICATING THEY WEALTHY. AFTER 1764 THEY MOVED TO THE SOUTH AT TRUDEAU LANDING . THE OTHER TRIBES THERE BECAME THEIR FRIENDS. IN 1800'S THEY BECAME SUBSISTENCE FARMERS WITH SOME HUNTING AND FISHING TO SUPPORT THEMSELVES. SOME STILL SPOKE THEIR ORIGINAL LANGUAGE. THEY PRACTICED THEIR TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES AND RETAINED POSSESSION OF THEIR LANDS. THEY INTERMARRIED WITH EUROPEANS AND AFRICANS AS WELL.
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WYANDOT INDIANS
WYANDOT ARE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA AND ARE OF THE INDIGENOUS, TO THE IROQUOIS FAMILY CALLED WENDAT. DURING PREHISTORIC TIMES THEY LIVED IN LAKE ONTARIO AREA BEFORE MIGRATING TO GEORGIAN BAY. THEIR TOTAL POPULATION WAS 8000 FOLKS. IN 1615 THEY ENCOUNTERED SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN. THEY EMERGED FROM THE REMNANTS OF TWO EARLIER GROUPS. HURON CONFEDERACY CALLED THE PETUN OT TOBACCO PEOPLE BY THE FRENCH. THEY WERE LOCATED IN THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF WHAT IS NOW THE PROVENCE OF ONTARIO. THEY GOT EPIDEMIC DISEASES AFTER 1634 AND WERE DISPERSED BY WAR FROM NEIGHBORING TRIBES.
TODAY THE WYANDAT HAVE A RESERVE IN QUEBEC. THEY HAVE THREE MAJOR SETTLEMENTS AND ARE INDEPENDENTLY GOVERNED. SOME OF THEM LIVE IN NORTHERN OHIO. THEY WERE FRIENDS OF THE SHAWNEES. OTHER TRIBES COULD BE OTHER FRIENDS ONE DAY AND ENEMIES THE NEXT. THEY ALLIED WITH THE FRENCH AROUND 1740 A.D. THE FRENCH PUSHED THE BRITISH OUT OF OHIO AND THEY WERE ALLIES WITH THE WYANDAT AGAIN. MANY FRENCH TRADING POSTS BECAME BRITISH POSTS AND THE OHIO, INDIANS BANDED TOGETHER TO FIGHT THE BRITISH AGAINST THE AMERICANS. THE BRITISH FINALLY SURRENDERED, THE INDIANS FOUGHT THE AMERICANS. THEY WERE FIERCE WARRIORS AND ONE OF THEIR COLONELS WAS BURNED AT THE STAKE.
IN 1794 GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE DEFEATED THE WYANDOTS AND OTHER OHIO INDIANS. THEY SURRENDERED THEIR LANDS IN OHIO WITH THE SIGNING OF A TREATY. IN 1843 THEY WERE SENT TO A RESERVATION IN KANSAS. THE HURONS HAD BUILT UP A POWERFUL TRADING ENTERPRISE AND WERE MIDDLEMEN BETWEEN THE NORTHERN TRIBES AND THE FRENCH. IT WAS DESTROYED BY THE IROQUOIS IN 1650. THEY DID PLANT CROPS OF CORN, BEANS, AND PUMPKINS. THE HURON-WYANDAT LANGUAGE IS EXTINCT. SOME OF THE WYANDATS STILL LIVE OUTSIDE URBAN QUEBEC. THEY HAVE LIVED THERE FOR OVER 300 YEARS.7
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TODAY THE WYANDAT HAVE A RESERVE IN QUEBEC. THEY HAVE THREE MAJOR SETTLEMENTS AND ARE INDEPENDENTLY GOVERNED. SOME OF THEM LIVE IN NORTHERN OHIO. THEY WERE FRIENDS OF THE SHAWNEES. OTHER TRIBES COULD BE OTHER FRIENDS ONE DAY AND ENEMIES THE NEXT. THEY ALLIED WITH THE FRENCH AROUND 1740 A.D. THE FRENCH PUSHED THE BRITISH OUT OF OHIO AND THEY WERE ALLIES WITH THE WYANDAT AGAIN. MANY FRENCH TRADING POSTS BECAME BRITISH POSTS AND THE OHIO, INDIANS BANDED TOGETHER TO FIGHT THE BRITISH AGAINST THE AMERICANS. THE BRITISH FINALLY SURRENDERED, THE INDIANS FOUGHT THE AMERICANS. THEY WERE FIERCE WARRIORS AND ONE OF THEIR COLONELS WAS BURNED AT THE STAKE.
IN 1794 GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE DEFEATED THE WYANDOTS AND OTHER OHIO INDIANS. THEY SURRENDERED THEIR LANDS IN OHIO WITH THE SIGNING OF A TREATY. IN 1843 THEY WERE SENT TO A RESERVATION IN KANSAS. THE HURONS HAD BUILT UP A POWERFUL TRADING ENTERPRISE AND WERE MIDDLEMEN BETWEEN THE NORTHERN TRIBES AND THE FRENCH. IT WAS DESTROYED BY THE IROQUOIS IN 1650. THEY DID PLANT CROPS OF CORN, BEANS, AND PUMPKINS. THE HURON-WYANDAT LANGUAGE IS EXTINCT. SOME OF THE WYANDATS STILL LIVE OUTSIDE URBAN QUEBEC. THEY HAVE LIVED THERE FOR OVER 300 YEARS.7
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CHICKSAW INDIANS
CHICKSAW LIVED IN THE SOUTHEAST, MAINLY IN OKLAHOMA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, TENNESSEE, KENTUCKY AND MISSOURI. THEY MAY HAVE BEEN THE SAME TRIBE AS CHOCTAW. THEY ABSORBED REMNANTS OF THE TRIBES THAT THEY CONQUERED AND THEY BECAME MIXED BLOOD TRIBES.
IN THE 18TH CENTURY THE CHICKASAW GOT IN A WAR BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND FRENCH. THEY TOOK SIDES WITH THE BRITISH IN THE 1830'S AND WERE REMOVED TO OKLAHOMA. THEY JOINED THE TRIBES OF CREEK, CHEROKEES, AND CHOCKTAW.
PRIOR TO THE CHICKA SAW THERE WERE CHICKASAW THERE WERE PALEOINDIAN HUNTERS AND GATHERERS WHO PURSUED THE MEGAFAUNA THAT BECAME EXTINCT IN PLEISTOCENE AGE. AFTER 1000 YEARS THE PALEO INDIANS DEVELOPED A RICH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. ARCHAEOLOGISTS CALLED THEM THE PEOPLE OF THE MISSISSIPPI CULTURE. THEIR DESCENDANTS WERE THE CHICKASAWS AND CHOCTAWS,
THE FIRST MAJOR EUROPEAN EXPEDITION INTO MISSISSIPPI WAS IN 1540 BY HERNANDO DE SOTO. THE FRENCH NAMED IT NEW FRANCES. IN 1716 THEY FOUNDED NATCHEZ AT FORT ROSALIE. THIS WAS THE MAIN TOWN AND TRADING POST. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH CREATED PIONEER PARISHES AT OLD BILOXI AND OCEAN SPRINGS.
THE FRENCH AND SPANISH COLONIAL RULE INFLUENCED SOCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE SETTLERS AND ENSLAVED THE AFRICANS. IN 1797 A LAWYER AND FORMER DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSMAN FROM TENNESSEE WAS SYMPATHETIC TO THE INDIANS. HE WORKED PATIENTLY TO IRON OUT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE VARIOUS TRIBES. HE WAS SUCCESSFUL IN ESTABLISHING THE LAW AND ORDER. HE OFFERED $2000 TO DESTROY A GANG OF OUTLAWS. A SMALL EPIDEMIC BROKE OUT IN 1802 AND CLAIBOURN DEMANDED MASS VACCINATION IN HIS TERRITORY THAT SAVED THE NATCHEZ FROM THE DISEASE.
FROM 1801 TO 1830 THE INDIANS CEDED MUCH OF THEIR LAND TO ANGLOS IN ORDER FOR THEM TO DEVELOP COTTON ECONOMY. ANGLOS BROUGHT SLAVES TO PLANT, PRODUCE, AND INCREASE COTTON AND TOBACCO INDUSTRIES. IN 1832 THEY OUTLAWED HAVING SLAVES, BUT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO ENFORCE. BY 1860, OF THE 354,000 ANGLOS, ONLY 31,000 OWNED SLAVES. THE POPULATION OF MISSISSIPPI INCREASED IN 1860 TO 790,000 ANGLOS. HOWEVER, 90% OF MISSISSIPPI DELTA LANDS WERE STILL SWAMPS.
NATIVE LANGUAGE
MNSU.ED
IN THE 18TH CENTURY THE CHICKASAW GOT IN A WAR BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND FRENCH. THEY TOOK SIDES WITH THE BRITISH IN THE 1830'S AND WERE REMOVED TO OKLAHOMA. THEY JOINED THE TRIBES OF CREEK, CHEROKEES, AND CHOCKTAW.
PRIOR TO THE CHICKA SAW THERE WERE CHICKASAW THERE WERE PALEOINDIAN HUNTERS AND GATHERERS WHO PURSUED THE MEGAFAUNA THAT BECAME EXTINCT IN PLEISTOCENE AGE. AFTER 1000 YEARS THE PALEO INDIANS DEVELOPED A RICH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. ARCHAEOLOGISTS CALLED THEM THE PEOPLE OF THE MISSISSIPPI CULTURE. THEIR DESCENDANTS WERE THE CHICKASAWS AND CHOCTAWS,
THE FIRST MAJOR EUROPEAN EXPEDITION INTO MISSISSIPPI WAS IN 1540 BY HERNANDO DE SOTO. THE FRENCH NAMED IT NEW FRANCES. IN 1716 THEY FOUNDED NATCHEZ AT FORT ROSALIE. THIS WAS THE MAIN TOWN AND TRADING POST. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH CREATED PIONEER PARISHES AT OLD BILOXI AND OCEAN SPRINGS.
THE FRENCH AND SPANISH COLONIAL RULE INFLUENCED SOCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE SETTLERS AND ENSLAVED THE AFRICANS. IN 1797 A LAWYER AND FORMER DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSMAN FROM TENNESSEE WAS SYMPATHETIC TO THE INDIANS. HE WORKED PATIENTLY TO IRON OUT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE VARIOUS TRIBES. HE WAS SUCCESSFUL IN ESTABLISHING THE LAW AND ORDER. HE OFFERED $2000 TO DESTROY A GANG OF OUTLAWS. A SMALL EPIDEMIC BROKE OUT IN 1802 AND CLAIBOURN DEMANDED MASS VACCINATION IN HIS TERRITORY THAT SAVED THE NATCHEZ FROM THE DISEASE.
FROM 1801 TO 1830 THE INDIANS CEDED MUCH OF THEIR LAND TO ANGLOS IN ORDER FOR THEM TO DEVELOP COTTON ECONOMY. ANGLOS BROUGHT SLAVES TO PLANT, PRODUCE, AND INCREASE COTTON AND TOBACCO INDUSTRIES. IN 1832 THEY OUTLAWED HAVING SLAVES, BUT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO ENFORCE. BY 1860, OF THE 354,000 ANGLOS, ONLY 31,000 OWNED SLAVES. THE POPULATION OF MISSISSIPPI INCREASED IN 1860 TO 790,000 ANGLOS. HOWEVER, 90% OF MISSISSIPPI DELTA LANDS WERE STILL SWAMPS.
NATIVE LANGUAGE
MNSU.ED
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