CHUJ INDIANS SPEAK MAYAN AND THEY HAVE ABOUT 40,000 IN GUATEMALA AND MEXICO. BOTH NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CHUJ CAN UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER. THEY HAVE OCCUPIED THEIR TERRITORY FOR MILLENIA. THEY HAVE LIVED IN GUATEMALA SINCE PROTO MAYA. IT BEGAN IT'S DIFFERENTIATION INTO MODERN MAYA LANGUAGES 4000 YEARS AGO.
CHUG WAS APPLIED TO THE GROUP BY THE SPANISH, MEANING "LOOSE WOOL OVER GARMENT BY MEN". TZELTAL, CHUJ REFERS TO PRINTED COTTON CLOTH. THE CHUJ KNOW THE WORD IS SWEAT BATH. THEY LIVE IN THE CHUMATAN MOUNTAINS. THEY PLANT COFFEE. POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN GUATAMALA IN THE 80'S FORCED THEM TI LIVE IN TOWN CENTERS AND BUILD VILLAGES IN ISOLATED MOUNTAINS. SOME HAVE MOVED TO L.A.
THEY HAVE ABOUT 16,000 IN SANMATEO AND ABOUT 9000 IN SAN SEBASTIAN COATAN. THEY ARE CORN AGRICULTURALISTS. THERE LANDS ARE IN 3 CXLIMATES - COLD, TEMPERATE AND HOT. IN COLD COUNTRY THEY PASTURE CATTLE PLUS OTHER FARM ANIMALS, AND COLLECT PLANTS AND WOOD. IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE THEY PLANT CORN, BEANS, SQUASH AND CHILIS. IN HOT COUNTRY THEY PLANT SUGARE CANE, HENEQUIN, REEDS AND BANANAS. HUNTING IS LESS IMPORTANT AS GAME HAS BECOME SCARCE. IN SPRING TIME THEY HAVE MIGRATIONS OF BIRDS. AT MOUNTAIN TOPS AT NIGHT THEY ATTRACT THE FLOCKS OF BIRDS WHICH THEY CLUB, ROAST, AND EAT. HOMES KEEP CHICKENS AND OTHER AND OTHER FARM ANIMALS. RED MEAT MUST BE EATEN TO PREVENT SOUL LOSS DURING 5 DAYS AT THE END OF YEARAFTER 18 MONTHS. ALL FAMILIES PROCURE ANIMALS AT THAT TIME.
ORIGINALLY THEY RELIED ON THE TRADE OF THE SALT. AFTER 1960 WHEN THE ROAD WAS BUILT COMMERCIAL SALT BECAME AVAILABLE. SAN MATENOS REVERTED TO SUBSISTENCE MAIZE FARMING. THEIR INCOME WENT FROM HIGHEST TO LOWEST. MANY CHUJ LEFT THE TOWN AND LIVE IN LOWLAND VILLAGES. THE EMIGRANTS LIVE LIVE IN HOT COUNTRY AND GROW THE TRILOGY OF CROPS.
CHUJ WOMEN DO NOT WEAVE, BUT THEY EMBROIDER ON COTTON BROADCLOTH. IN A WOMEN'S COOPERATIVE SHE HAS MARKED THEIR EMBROIDERIES AND BLOUSES AND TOURIST ITEMS IN THE CAPITAL CITY.
EVERY FIVE DAYS THEY HELD MARKETS. SANMATEO HAS A MARKET EVERY WEEK. MANY TRAVELTO SAN ANTONIO HUISTA FOR TRADE.
CHUJ MEN WORK OUTSIDE THE HOME IN AGRICULTURE. CHILDREN SCARE OFF THE BIRDS. ALL OF THE FAMILY HARVESTS THE CROPS. WOMEN MAINTAIN THE HOUSE AND HAVE RITUALS. MEN WORKED ON THE COAST ALSO. THEY OWN SMALL PLOTS OF LAND.
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Monday, September 5, 2011
JACALTECO INDIANS IN MEXICO
JACULTECO SPEAK MAYAN AND HAVE ABOUT TWO TRIBES, EASTERN AND WESTERN WHO CAN UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER. THEY LIVED IN THE MOUNTAINS SINCE PRECOLOMBIAN TIMES AT 1400 M HIGH. IT IS A MARKET CENTER. IT IS "THE PLACE OF THE BIG WHITE ROCK SLABS". IT WAS PHYSICALLY THE MOST REMOTE FROM SPANISH CENTERS. ELECTRICITY CAME IN 1979. THEY STILL HAVE MANY CUSTOMS THATHAVE BEEN LOST ELSEWHERE. THEY USE A BLOW GUN FOR HUNTING.
MUCH OF THEIR LAND WAS TAKEN IN BY GUATEMALA'S FEDERAL GOVERMENT LAND PROGRAMLAND PROGRAM. THEY BECAME MIGRANT LABORERS. IN THE 80'S MANY JAKATEKO RELOCATED TO U.S. TO ESCAPE THIS LOW ECONOMIC SITUATION.
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MUCH OF THEIR LAND WAS TAKEN IN BY GUATEMALA'S FEDERAL GOVERMENT LAND PROGRAMLAND PROGRAM. THEY BECAME MIGRANT LABORERS. IN THE 80'S MANY JAKATEKO RELOCATED TO U.S. TO ESCAPE THIS LOW ECONOMIC SITUATION.
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POINT REYES HIKE
YESTERDAY I WENT TO POINT REYES TO HIKE THE BEAR VALLEY TRAIL. IT TOOK ABOUT FOUR HOURS TO HIKE. I PAUSED AT MANY TIMES TO VIEW THE VEGETATION AND TO TALK TO SOME PEOPLE. THERE WERE SOME CHINESE STUDENTS, HISPANICS, PEOPLE FROM SACRAMENTO AND NAPA. IT WAS SO COOL IN TEMPERATURE THAT IT WAS SO INVIGORATING. I MET A LADY WHO HAS PEOPLE ANALYZE THEIR DREAMS. WE CHATTED AND HIKED. WE NOTICED A RACCOON BY AN OLD BAY TREE. THERE WERE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF SAGEBRUSH. THE EIGHT MILE HIKE HAS NO WATER FOR DRINKING. A NUMBER OF PEOPLE HAD BACKPACKED AND WENT CAMPING OVER NIGHT. APPARENTLY THEY HAVE WATER AT THE CAMPGROUNDS. IT REALLY WAS NOT THAT CROWDED. I NOTICED THE OAK TREES THERE HAD ACORNS, AND OURS IN SONOMA COUNTY DON'T! THEIR WERE HORSE DROPPING. I ALSO SAW A GREY EGRET..
ONCE I GOT TO THE ARCHES ROCK IT WAS A PARTIALLY CLEAR VIEW TO POINT REYES LIGHTHOUSE. I FELT THE MOVEMENT OF THE TIDES COMING INTO AND UNDERNEATH THIS ROCK WHICH IS AN ARCH. I SAW MUCH MIDDEN SOIL. THE LAST TIME I WAS HERE WAS ABOUT EIGHT YEARS AGO, AND MY FAMILY BIKED HERE, THEN HIKED TO THE ARCH ROCK AND WENT UNDERNEATH THE ROCK. THIS WEEKEND THE TIDES WERE VERY STRONG. I HAD A GOOD TIME MEETING NEW PEOPLE AND SEEING A COOL HIKE.
ONCE I GOT TO THE ARCHES ROCK IT WAS A PARTIALLY CLEAR VIEW TO POINT REYES LIGHTHOUSE. I FELT THE MOVEMENT OF THE TIDES COMING INTO AND UNDERNEATH THIS ROCK WHICH IS AN ARCH. I SAW MUCH MIDDEN SOIL. THE LAST TIME I WAS HERE WAS ABOUT EIGHT YEARS AGO, AND MY FAMILY BIKED HERE, THEN HIKED TO THE ARCH ROCK AND WENT UNDERNEATH THE ROCK. THIS WEEKEND THE TIDES WERE VERY STRONG. I HAD A GOOD TIME MEETING NEW PEOPLE AND SEEING A COOL HIKE.
Friday, September 2, 2011
MAM INDIANS IN MEXICO
THE MAM LIVE IN HIGHLANDAS CHIAPA AND GUATEMALA. IN 2000 THEY HAD 480,000 SPEAKERS. THEY LIKE LITERACY SKILLS. THEY HAVE MANY DIALECTS. MAM ARE RELATED TO THE TEKITAK LANGUAGE. 617,000 LIVE IN GUATEMALA. IN PRECOLUMBIAN TIME. THEY WERE PART OF MAYAN CULTURE. THEIR CAPITAL WAS ZACULEU. MANY LIVE IN SMALL HAMLETS AND HAVE NATIVE TRADITIONS. MANY SPEAK SPANISH AND MAM.
DURING PREHISPANIC TIMES MAM VIED FOR CONTROL OF THEIR LANDS WITH MORE POWERFUL KICHE LORDS TO THE EAST. IN 1524 SPANISH MILITIA PASSED THROUGH THE AREA. THEY SUBDUED THE NORTHERN MAM IN THE LATE 1525. THE SOUTHERN MAM ESCAPED THE CONQUEST. FOLLOWING THIS TIME THE UNACCESSABILITY OF THEIR AREA ATTRACTED FEW SPANISH. LATER THE MISSIONARIES CONVERTED MAM TO CATHOLICISM. THEY WERE RAVAGED BY ANGLO DISEASES. THEY REMAINED ISOLATED. BY THE 1800'S THEY WERE INCORPORATED INTO THE COFFEEE COMMERCIAL ECONOMY OF GUATEMAL. THE HIGHLAND MAM WERE FORCED INTO MIGRATORY WAGE LABOR TO HARVEST THE CROP.
GROWING POLITICAL VIOLENCE WITH THE GUATEMALA GOVERNOR SUBJECTED THEM TO BRUTAL VIOLENCE. IN 1980. THEY REMAINED 2ND CLASS CITIZENS OR SUBSISTENCE FARMERS. THEY ARE STILL SEEKING A BETTER LIFE FOR THEMSELVES.
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DURING PREHISPANIC TIMES MAM VIED FOR CONTROL OF THEIR LANDS WITH MORE POWERFUL KICHE LORDS TO THE EAST. IN 1524 SPANISH MILITIA PASSED THROUGH THE AREA. THEY SUBDUED THE NORTHERN MAM IN THE LATE 1525. THE SOUTHERN MAM ESCAPED THE CONQUEST. FOLLOWING THIS TIME THE UNACCESSABILITY OF THEIR AREA ATTRACTED FEW SPANISH. LATER THE MISSIONARIES CONVERTED MAM TO CATHOLICISM. THEY WERE RAVAGED BY ANGLO DISEASES. THEY REMAINED ISOLATED. BY THE 1800'S THEY WERE INCORPORATED INTO THE COFFEEE COMMERCIAL ECONOMY OF GUATEMAL. THE HIGHLAND MAM WERE FORCED INTO MIGRATORY WAGE LABOR TO HARVEST THE CROP.
GROWING POLITICAL VIOLENCE WITH THE GUATEMALA GOVERNOR SUBJECTED THEM TO BRUTAL VIOLENCE. IN 1980. THEY REMAINED 2ND CLASS CITIZENS OR SUBSISTENCE FARMERS. THEY ARE STILL SEEKING A BETTER LIFE FOR THEMSELVES.
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MIXTEC INDIANS IN MEXICO
MIXTEC IS AN OTO-MANGUEAN SPEAKING TRIBE. THEY HAVE 12-60 DIFFERENT MIXTEC LANGUAGES. THERE ARE 400,000 SPEAKERS. THERE ARE 400,000 SPEAKERS OF MIXTEC LANGUAGES TODAY. THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THESE LANGUAGES BEGUN BY 4400 B.C. THE MIXTEC AND ZAPOTECOS WERE ACTUALLY KINDRED PEOPLE SEVERAL 1000 YEARS AGO. BY 1521 THE ZAPOTEC AND MIXTEC INHABIT. THE MIXTEC SPLIT INTO 100'S OF INDEPENDENT VILLAGE SITES. THE MIXTEC GROUP HAS 57 DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. 400 YEARS AFTER CONQUEST THE OAXACAN INDIANS WERE SEEKING NATIVE LANGUAGE.
AFTER THE 8TH CENTURY A.D. THE ZAPOTEC CULTURE PEAKED. THEN SOON AFTER THE MIXTECS BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE REGION, DISPLACING ZAPOTECS. THERE WAS MINIMAL LIFE AT MONTE ALBON, EXCEPT THAT THE MIXTECS ARRIVED IN THE VALLEY BETWEEN 1100 AND 1350, THEY REUSED OLD TOMBS AT THE SITE TO BURY DIGNITARIES. THEY LIVED IN THE SOUTHERN PORTIONS OF THE STATES OF GUERRORO AND PUEBLA. HERE THEY BECAME BUILDERS AND ENCROACHED INTO THE ZAPOTECS. BUT THE MIXTECS PROMINENCE WAS SHORT.
THE AZTECS GAINED CONTROL OF OAXACA FOR A FEW DECADES. AZTECS ESTABLISHED A FORT ON THE HILL OF HUAXYCICAC OVERLOOKING OAXACA. IT LASTED A FEW DECADES. MIXTECS WORKED THE FIELDS AND PAID TRIBUTE TO THEIR RULERS. TODAY THE MIXTEC INDIANS ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LINGUISTIC GROUPS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO OCCUPYING AN IMPORTANT LINGUISTIC GROUPS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO. OCCUPYING AN IMPORTANT TERRITORY OF 40,000 SQ. KM.
THE MIXTEC ALTA OR HIGHLAND MIXTEC OCCUPY APPROXIMATELY 38 CITIES WEST OF OAXACA. IN 2000 MIXTECO INDIANS IN OAXACO NUMBERED 241,000. BOTH THE ZAPOTECS AND MIXTECS IN FACT ARE GAINING EMPLOYMENT IN BAJA, CA.
IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT BY 2010 MIXTECS AND ZAPOTECS WILL COMPRISE 20% OF THE AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCES IN CALIFORNIA. THE MIXTECS BUILT SUCCESSFUL CIVILIZATIONS LONG BEFORE THE AZTECS WERE HERE.
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AFTER THE 8TH CENTURY A.D. THE ZAPOTEC CULTURE PEAKED. THEN SOON AFTER THE MIXTECS BEGAN TO DOMINATE THE REGION, DISPLACING ZAPOTECS. THERE WAS MINIMAL LIFE AT MONTE ALBON, EXCEPT THAT THE MIXTECS ARRIVED IN THE VALLEY BETWEEN 1100 AND 1350, THEY REUSED OLD TOMBS AT THE SITE TO BURY DIGNITARIES. THEY LIVED IN THE SOUTHERN PORTIONS OF THE STATES OF GUERRORO AND PUEBLA. HERE THEY BECAME BUILDERS AND ENCROACHED INTO THE ZAPOTECS. BUT THE MIXTECS PROMINENCE WAS SHORT.
THE AZTECS GAINED CONTROL OF OAXACA FOR A FEW DECADES. AZTECS ESTABLISHED A FORT ON THE HILL OF HUAXYCICAC OVERLOOKING OAXACA. IT LASTED A FEW DECADES. MIXTECS WORKED THE FIELDS AND PAID TRIBUTE TO THEIR RULERS. TODAY THE MIXTEC INDIANS ARE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LINGUISTIC GROUPS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO OCCUPYING AN IMPORTANT LINGUISTIC GROUPS OF SOUTHERN MEXICO. OCCUPYING AN IMPORTANT TERRITORY OF 40,000 SQ. KM.
THE MIXTEC ALTA OR HIGHLAND MIXTEC OCCUPY APPROXIMATELY 38 CITIES WEST OF OAXACA. IN 2000 MIXTECO INDIANS IN OAXACO NUMBERED 241,000. BOTH THE ZAPOTECS AND MIXTECS IN FACT ARE GAINING EMPLOYMENT IN BAJA, CA.
IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT BY 2010 MIXTECS AND ZAPOTECS WILL COMPRISE 20% OF THE AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCES IN CALIFORNIA. THE MIXTECS BUILT SUCCESSFUL CIVILIZATIONS LONG BEFORE THE AZTECS WERE HERE.
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OTOMI INDIANS IN MEXICO
OTOMI LIVE IN MEXICO IN THE CENTRAL PLATEAU REGION. THERE ARE ABOUT 250,000 OTOMI. THEY SPEAK AT LEAST FOUR RELATED LANGUAGES. A LARGE NUMBER OF MODERN OTONOMI NO LONGER SPEAK THE LANGUAGE. THERE ARE FIVE TO TWELVE OTONOMI LANGUAGE.
THEY ARE FARMERS AND RAISE LIVESTOCK. THEY EAT CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH. THEIR WORK IS DONE WITH A SORT OF COMBINATION OF A HOE AND DIGGING STICK. THEY PLANTED WHEAT WHEAT BARBEQUE USING PLOUGH AND OXEN.!THE MAGUEY IS ALSO CULTIVATED USING A VARIETY OF ISSUES. THEY RAISE SHEEP, GOATS, CHICKENS, TURKEYS, AND HOGS. THEIR CRAFTS INCLUDE SPINNING, WEAVING, POTTERY, BASKETRY, AND ROPE MAKING. DRESSES VARY FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN. THEY USUALLY HAVE WHITE COTTON SHIRTS AND PANTS, A SERAPE AND SANDALS AND HAT FOR MEN. THE WOMEN WEAR EMBRIODERED COTTON BLOUSE AND REBOSO FOR WOMEN.
RITUAL KINSHIP REQUIRED A GODPARENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADULTS OF A FAMILY AND A CHILD OF ANOTHER. THEIR MAJOR RITUALS AND MYTHS ARE BASICALLY CHRISTIAN. THE OTAMI, MIXTEC, NAHUA, AND TARASCO EMPHASIZE INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. MOST MUSIC IS TRADITIONAL WITH SINGING. SOME OF THEIR DANCES INCLUDE FLYING ACROBATS. THE FLYERS DANCE AROUND A POLE WITH THEIR MUSICIAN AND ACROBATS. THEIR ARE FOUR DANCERS, AND THE OTOMI HAVE SIX. THEY CLIMB UP A ROPE LADDER AND SEAT THEMSELVES ON A FRAMEWORK. UNDER SPANISH CENTRAL. EACH DANCES ON A TWO FOOT PLATFORM.
QUERETARA WAS FOUNDED BY OTAMI INDIANS IN 1446. BY 1531 THE SPANISH CONTROLLED IT. IT IS NOTED FOR ITS MULTI-ETHNIC BLEND.
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THEY ARE FARMERS AND RAISE LIVESTOCK. THEY EAT CORN, BEANS AND SQUASH. THEIR WORK IS DONE WITH A SORT OF COMBINATION OF A HOE AND DIGGING STICK. THEY PLANTED WHEAT WHEAT BARBEQUE USING PLOUGH AND OXEN.!THE MAGUEY IS ALSO CULTIVATED USING A VARIETY OF ISSUES. THEY RAISE SHEEP, GOATS, CHICKENS, TURKEYS, AND HOGS. THEIR CRAFTS INCLUDE SPINNING, WEAVING, POTTERY, BASKETRY, AND ROPE MAKING. DRESSES VARY FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN. THEY USUALLY HAVE WHITE COTTON SHIRTS AND PANTS, A SERAPE AND SANDALS AND HAT FOR MEN. THE WOMEN WEAR EMBRIODERED COTTON BLOUSE AND REBOSO FOR WOMEN.
RITUAL KINSHIP REQUIRED A GODPARENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADULTS OF A FAMILY AND A CHILD OF ANOTHER. THEIR MAJOR RITUALS AND MYTHS ARE BASICALLY CHRISTIAN. THE OTAMI, MIXTEC, NAHUA, AND TARASCO EMPHASIZE INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. MOST MUSIC IS TRADITIONAL WITH SINGING. SOME OF THEIR DANCES INCLUDE FLYING ACROBATS. THE FLYERS DANCE AROUND A POLE WITH THEIR MUSICIAN AND ACROBATS. THEIR ARE FOUR DANCERS, AND THE OTOMI HAVE SIX. THEY CLIMB UP A ROPE LADDER AND SEAT THEMSELVES ON A FRAMEWORK. UNDER SPANISH CENTRAL. EACH DANCES ON A TWO FOOT PLATFORM.
QUERETARA WAS FOUNDED BY OTAMI INDIANS IN 1446. BY 1531 THE SPANISH CONTROLLED IT. IT IS NOTED FOR ITS MULTI-ETHNIC BLEND.
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POPOLUCA INDIAN IN MEXICO
POPOLUCA IS A NAHUALE TERM FOR PEOPLES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN VERA CRUZ AND OAXACA. 30,000 PEOPLE SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF MIXE ZOQUE. OTHERS SPEAK MAZATECAN WHICH IS POPOLOCAN.
THEY LIVE IN TWO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. THE SIERRA GROUP LIVES AT 100 - 800 M WITH MUCH RAIN FORESTS. THE OLIVITA ARE NEAR SEA LEVEL AND IT IS VERY DRY AND DUSTY, LIKE A SAVANAH. DESPITE EARLY CONQUESTS BY NAHUA AND SPANISH THEY HAD LITTLE OTHER CONTACT. WHEN THE SOCIAL AGITATION CAUSED BY THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION, THEY WERE FORCED TO GROUP WITH OTHER FOLKS.
THEY HAVE BEEN FARMERS OF CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH, TOMATOES, PINEAPPLES, CHAYOTES, YAMS, MANIOC, AND OTHER FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES. THEY ALSO GROW COFFEE TO SELL FOR CASH. THEY USE SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE. THEY ALSO GROW COFFEE TO SELL FOR CASH. THEY USE SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE AND TWO CROPS ARE PLANTED PLANTED ANNUALLY. FIELDS ARE USUALLY PLANTED WITH DIGGING STICKS, AND A FEW PLOWS. THEY HAVE PIGS, POULTRY. SOME MEN HUNT WITH ARROWS TAKING DEER, BOARS, RABBITTS. SOME MEN HUNT WITH ARROWS TAKING DEER, BOARS, RABBITS, AND FISH. FISH ARE CAUGHT. THEY HAVE NO MARKETS BUT BUY AND SELL TO ITINERANT TRADERS FROM OUTSIDE THEIR SOCIETY. SOME TOWNS HAVE ZAPOTEC TRADERS THAT SELL ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. THERE IS USUALLY VERY LITTLE WEALTH LEFT WHEN THE EXPENSES OF LIVING HAVE BEEN MET, SO LITTLE IS SPENT ON FIESTAS.
THE SUPERNATURAL WORLD IS PRECOLUMBIAN AND VERY SIMILAR TO THE AZTECS, ZAPOTEC, AND MAYA. A SACRED MAYAN TEXT HAS PRESERVED THE THEIR BELIEFS. SOME INCLUDE MAIZE GODS, HURRICANE GODS, AND DANGEROUS SPIRITS WHO LIVE IN SPECIFIC PLACES. THE NAGUAL OR WITCH MAY BE SUPERNATURAL AND TRANSFORM HIMSELF INTO AN ANIMAL. THEY MAKE OFFERINGS TO SUPERNATURAL BEINGS SO THAT MAIZE WILL GROW WELL OR THEIR HUNTING AND FISHING EXPEDITIONS WILL BE SUCCESSFUL. ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY SUPERNATURAL INTRUSION OF OBJECTS INTO THE BODY AND LOS OF SOUL. WOMEN DELIVER BABIES OUTIDE OF HOSPITALS.A GROOM ASKS A PROSPECTIVE BRIDE FOR HER HUSBAND FOR HER HAND IN MARRIAGE. ONCE ACCEPTED THEY HAVE A FEAST.
THEY BURY PEOPLE WITH GRAVE GOODS FOR THE JOURNEY TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION.
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THEY LIVE IN TWO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. THE SIERRA GROUP LIVES AT 100 - 800 M WITH MUCH RAIN FORESTS. THE OLIVITA ARE NEAR SEA LEVEL AND IT IS VERY DRY AND DUSTY, LIKE A SAVANAH. DESPITE EARLY CONQUESTS BY NAHUA AND SPANISH THEY HAD LITTLE OTHER CONTACT. WHEN THE SOCIAL AGITATION CAUSED BY THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION, THEY WERE FORCED TO GROUP WITH OTHER FOLKS.
THEY HAVE BEEN FARMERS OF CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH, TOMATOES, PINEAPPLES, CHAYOTES, YAMS, MANIOC, AND OTHER FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES. THEY ALSO GROW COFFEE TO SELL FOR CASH. THEY USE SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE. THEY ALSO GROW COFFEE TO SELL FOR CASH. THEY USE SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE AND TWO CROPS ARE PLANTED PLANTED ANNUALLY. FIELDS ARE USUALLY PLANTED WITH DIGGING STICKS, AND A FEW PLOWS. THEY HAVE PIGS, POULTRY. SOME MEN HUNT WITH ARROWS TAKING DEER, BOARS, RABBITTS. SOME MEN HUNT WITH ARROWS TAKING DEER, BOARS, RABBITS, AND FISH. FISH ARE CAUGHT. THEY HAVE NO MARKETS BUT BUY AND SELL TO ITINERANT TRADERS FROM OUTSIDE THEIR SOCIETY. SOME TOWNS HAVE ZAPOTEC TRADERS THAT SELL ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. THERE IS USUALLY VERY LITTLE WEALTH LEFT WHEN THE EXPENSES OF LIVING HAVE BEEN MET, SO LITTLE IS SPENT ON FIESTAS.
THE SUPERNATURAL WORLD IS PRECOLUMBIAN AND VERY SIMILAR TO THE AZTECS, ZAPOTEC, AND MAYA. A SACRED MAYAN TEXT HAS PRESERVED THE THEIR BELIEFS. SOME INCLUDE MAIZE GODS, HURRICANE GODS, AND DANGEROUS SPIRITS WHO LIVE IN SPECIFIC PLACES. THE NAGUAL OR WITCH MAY BE SUPERNATURAL AND TRANSFORM HIMSELF INTO AN ANIMAL. THEY MAKE OFFERINGS TO SUPERNATURAL BEINGS SO THAT MAIZE WILL GROW WELL OR THEIR HUNTING AND FISHING EXPEDITIONS WILL BE SUCCESSFUL. ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY SUPERNATURAL INTRUSION OF OBJECTS INTO THE BODY AND LOS OF SOUL. WOMEN DELIVER BABIES OUTIDE OF HOSPITALS.A GROOM ASKS A PROSPECTIVE BRIDE FOR HER HUSBAND FOR HER HAND IN MARRIAGE. ONCE ACCEPTED THEY HAVE A FEAST.
THEY BURY PEOPLE WITH GRAVE GOODS FOR THE JOURNEY TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION.
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