THERE ARE THREE GROUPS LOCATED IN COSTA RICA ON THE BRUNQUENA MOUNTAIN RANGE. ESTABLISHED IN 1945. THERE IS MUCH INTERMARRIAGE. SOME NON INDIANS LIVED ON THE RESERVATION. THE BORUCA LIVED ON RESERVED LAND AND POPULATION OF 6700. THE CABECAR HAD 8300 FOLKS. THEY ALL SPEAK CHIBCHAN LANGUAGE. THE BRIBRI AND CABECAR ARE MOSTLY BILINGUAL. IN THE 1980S THE BRUNKEN LANGUAGE WAS SPOKEN BY ELEVEN PEOPLE AND 40 UNDERSTOOD IT..
THE SPANISH ENTERED IN 1502 AND THEY ENTERED IN 1502, AND THEY HAD EXPEDITIONS IN 1519 TO 1560. MORE INFORMATION STEMS FROM CONQUISTADOR JUAN VASQUEZ DE CORONADO, WHO MET WITH OFFICIALS IN 1564. THESE AND OTHER COSTA RICANS WERE ORGANIZED INTO A CHIEFDOM'S. THE INDIANS BEGAN TO BE REASSIGNED TO COLONIAL SOCIAL UNITS, AS MISSIONS. THE TALAMANCA ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN RANGE MANAGED TO RETAIN TRAITS OF CHIEFDOMS. THE BORUCA WERE CONSIDERED PACIFIED IN 1608. THEY BUILT A VILLAGE BY 1629. IT WAS A MILE STOP. DURING 1600'S BORUCA WAS THE ONLY VILLAGE IN THE SOUTH. BY THE END OF THE CENTURY THE COMMUNITY HAD 12 HUTS. BY 1801 THEY HAD 250 PEOPLE. NON INDIAN SETTLEMENTS WERE PROHIBITED UNTIL THE 1882. IN MATTERS CONCERNING SCHOOLS, COMMUNITY THREATS, AND ESPECIALLY AND CROP FAILURE, THE BRIBRI AND CABECAR AND OTHER CLANS OBSERVED PERIODS OF FASTING AND ABSTINENCE. THE HIGHEST RANKING CHIEF WAS THE KPA. IT COULD NOT BE LOOKED AT OR EVEN TOUCHED DIRECTLY. THEY HAD AN EXECUTIVE CHIEF WHO CONDUCTED WAR. THEIR LAST KING DIED IN 1910. IN THE EARLY 1990'S THE ABORIGINAL STYLE OF LIFE WAS DISAPPEARING. THEY CAN STILL FIND INDIVIDUALS. SOME FAMILIES HAVE MAINTAINED TRADITIONS.
THEY MARRY IN A CATHOLIC CHURCH. THE BRIBRI-CAHECUR FOLLOW NATIVE CUSTOMS. AND THE TWO SETS OF PARENTS DECIDE IF THE COUPLE IS ALRIGHT.
NUCLEAR FAMILIES ARE COMMON AS WELL AS BROTHER SISTER HOUSEHOLDS. SOME PEOPLE RELATED THROUGH THE FEMALE LINE AND ARE COMMON. OLDER ELDERS COME INTO FAMILY GROUPS IF THEY CANNOT SUPPORT THEMSELVES. THE BORUCA OFTEN PREFER MALES INSTEAD OF GIRL BABIES. OLDER GIRLS AND BOYS TAKE CARE OF THEIR YOUNGER SIBLINGS. THE KIDS ARE BAPTIZED WHEN THEY ARE ABOUT ABOUT 6 BY A PRIEST. THE BRIBRI TRADITION IS TO WELCOME CHILDREN. THE BORUCA ARE NOMINALLY CATHOLIC. THEY HAVE MASS AND TELL LEGENDS AND AND MYTHS OF THINGS OF THE PAST. SOME FOLKS BELONG BAHAI FAITH. THEY HAVE REVITALIZED A NEW BELIEF SYSTEM - A SINGLE CREATOR WHO INCLUDES WHO RELATED THROUGH PEOPLE WHO RELATE THROUGH SHAMANS. SPIRITUAL BEINGS ARE RELATED TO NATURE AND ARE IMPORTANT IN THIS NEW TRADITION.
THE 3 GROUPS CELEBRATE NATIONAL HOLIDAYS WITH ACTIVITIES BY THE SCHOOLS . PUBLIC CEREMONIES SUCH AS THOSE CELEBRATING PATRON SAINTS AND CHRISTMAS AND MORE EVENTS. THEY PLAY A GAME WITH A A CARVED HORSE HEAD THAT SYMBOLIZES SPANISH AND IT IS SYMBOLICALLY BURNED. DRUMS AND FLUTES ARE PLAYED. JOKES ARE TOLD THERE IS MERRY MAKING. AT THE END OF DECEMBER DIA DE LOS DIABLITOS IS CELEBRATED. PEOPLE CARVE MASKS OF WOOD AND THEIR LANGUAGE IS DISGUISED. A DRUM AND FLUTE IS PLAYED A CONQUISTADOR CARRIED A CARVED BULL FACE. SOME PEOPLE STEAL LITTLE THINGS FROM PEOPLE'S HOUSES. THE STOLEN THINGS ARE GIVEN TO PLAYERS ON THE LAST DAY. THE BULL KILLS THE DEVIL. WOMEN, REPRESENTED BY EN ARE KILLED. THE BULL HIDES AND THE DEAD ARE REVIVED. THE BULL IS IS DRAGGED TO THE CENTER AND BURNED. THE THREE GROUPS PRACTICE A CHICHADA OR A DRINKING OCCASION OF BEER FROM CORN. THEY DANCE AND TELL STORIES.
THE BORUCA HAVE ASSISTANTS OR RELIGIOUS PRACTITIONERS FOR THEIR PRIESTS. THEY TEACH THE FAITH AND LEAD PRAYERS. THESE CULTURES HAVE VERY ELABORATE CEREMONIES AND PATTERNS FOR DEALING WITH DISEASE, BIRTH AND DEATH.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.COM
Thursday, April 12, 2012
Wednesday, April 11, 2012
ACATECO INDIAANS IN CENTRAL AMERICA
THE ACATECO HAVE A POPULATION OF 20,000 AND ARE MAYAN SPEAKERS AND THEY LIVE IN SAN RAFAEL AND SAN MIGUEL. AS OF 1998 THERE WERE 58,000 SPEAKERS OF ANATEK. THIS LANGUAGE IS CLOSE TO TO MAYAN. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THEY SPLIT INTO SEVERAL GROUPS OF 500 TO 1500 YEARS AGO. THIS LANGUAGE IS CLOSE TO MAYAN. ALQUAKET WAS A DIALECT OF THE QANJOBAL LANGUAGE UNTIL 1970'S.
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NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
Tuesday, April 10, 2012
ARHUACO IN COLUMBIA
THE ARHUACO WISH TO PROTECT THEIR SACRED IN COLUMBIA. IF THEY DO SO, THEY WILL KEEP THEIR ENTIRE PLANET IN BALANCE. THESE FOLKS WERE DESCENDANTS OF AN ANCIENT SOUTH AMERICAN TRIBE CALLED TAYRONA WHO NUMBER 45,000 TODAY. FOUR CENTURIES AQGO THEY AGE FLED DEATH AND PESTILENCE TO SEE A MOUNTAIN PARADICE. TO THIS DAY THEY REMAIN TRUE TO THEIR ANCIENT LAWS AND SPIRITUAL DICTATES OF THEIR CREATOR. THEIR INITIATION CAN TAKE UP TO 18 YEARS. THEY BELIEVE IN THEIR WORK ALONE , MAINTAINS THE COSMIC BALANCE. THEY HAVE A NINE LAYERED UNIVERSE WHERE THEY GATHER, , 9 MONTHS A CHILD TAKES TO DEVELOP BEFORE BIRTH, AND EACH REALM REFLECTS AND INFORMS THE OTHER.
THE ARHUACO TEND PLANTS ON THEIR TERRAIN OF A PREVIOUS INDIAN CITY IN THE SIERRA NEVADA FOREST. THEY WERE FREIGHTENED BY 6 MONTHS OF VIOLENCE SO THEY STAYED AWAY. THEIR CULTURE IS CENTERED AROUND LEADERSHIP. THEIR CULTURE IS CENETRED BY LEADERSHIP OF PRIESTS. THE SPANISH ATTACKED THEM FOUR CENTURIES AGO AND TODAY THEY AGAIN ARE BEING THREATENED.
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THE ARHUACO TEND PLANTS ON THEIR TERRAIN OF A PREVIOUS INDIAN CITY IN THE SIERRA NEVADA FOREST. THEY WERE FREIGHTENED BY 6 MONTHS OF VIOLENCE SO THEY STAYED AWAY. THEIR CULTURE IS CENTERED AROUND LEADERSHIP. THEIR CULTURE IS CENETRED BY LEADERSHIP OF PRIESTS. THE SPANISH ATTACKED THEM FOUR CENTURIES AGO AND TODAY THEY AGAIN ARE BEING THREATENED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.COM
YEUANA TRIBE IN VENEZUALA
ABOUT 3000 YEKUANA LIVE IN THE GUANA HIGHLANDS. THEIR TERRITORY HAS FIVE RIVERS AND IS MOSTLY A TROPICAL FOREST. THEIR 3 SUBGROUPS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR LOCATIONS AND DIALECTS OF THE CARIBBEAN LANGUAGE.
BY 1750 THEY THEY MET THEY MET THE SPANIARDS AND ARE IN AN INACCESSIBLE TERRITORY. THEY PREFER TO BUILD SETTLEMENTS ALONG RIVERS IN LOWER. THEY REBELLED AGAINST EXPLOITATIONS BY CHRISTIAN WHITES AND ONLY HAD SPORADIC TRADE WITH THEM. THEY BUILD A LARGE COMMUNAL ROUND HOUSE FOR ALL RESIDENTS. THEY HAVE WORKSHEETS WITH ROOFS OF PALM THATCH WHERE VISITORS CAN WATCH HOW THEY MAKE THEIR CRAFTS. THE INTERIOR IS OF THE COMMUNAL HOUSE HAS A CENTER ROOM FOR CEREMONIAL AND RITUAL OCCASIONS. MEN TALK, EAT, AND WORK HERE AND SHAMANS SIT ON THE BENCHES. WOMEN DON'T ENTER IT.
THE YEKUANA BUILD THE EXTERIOR WITH WATTLE AND DAUB. BARK PANELS SEPARATE AN EXTENDED FAMILY.
THEIR SUBSISTENCE IS BASED ON SHIFTING AGRICULTURE. MANIOC IS THE STAPLE CROP, TARO, YAMS, MAIZE, BANANAS, SQUASH, SWEET POTATOES, PEPPERS, , SUGAR CANE, PINEAPPLES, PAPAYAS AND TOBACCO. THEY ALSO GROW COTTON AND CALABASH. TREES. HUNTING IS A COMMUNAL DRIVE AND IS IMPORTANT. THEY HUNT TAPIR , DEER, PECCARIES, ANTEATERS, ALLIGATORS, ARMADILLOS, AND TURTLES. FISHING IS LESS SIGNIFICANT. MEN AND WOMEN FISH. FOOD GATHERING OF NATIVE PLANTS IS OF LITTLE IMPORTANCE.
IN EARLY TIMES THESE FOLKS WORE LOIN CLOTHES. WOMEN WEAR SMALL APRONS WITH GLASS BEADS. MEN INSERT ARROW REEDS WITH FEATHERS IN THEIR EAR LOBES. THEY COULD THEIR HAIR HAIR SHORT AND PAINT THEIR BODIES BLUE. THEY ALSO HUNT AND WEAVE BASKETRY AND MAKE HAMMOCKS AND DUGOUT CANOES, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS . WOMEN SPIN COTTON, HARVEST, GARDEN, BEADED GLASS APRONS. THEY SPEND TIME IN PROCESSING FOOD. OLD WOMEN MAY BE SEEN MAKING POTTERY. THEIR SOCIETY IS BASED ON VILLAGES OF EXTENDED FAMILY.
THEIR SOCIETY IS SIMILAR TO HAWAIIANS AND IROQUOIS SYSTEMS. MARRIAGE BETWEEN CROSS COUSINS IS PREFERRED. BOTH SEXES WENT THROUGH INITIATION CEREMONIES. THE YIKUANA COSMOLOGY IS COMPLEX . THEY HAVE 3 LEVELS OF HEAVEN , EARTH, AND THE UNDERWORLD. EACH STRATUM REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT COSMOLOGICAL STATION. THE UPPER MOST REGION IS INHABITED BY WANADI, THEIR SUPREME BEING IS THE SON OF THE SUN.
SHAMANS RECEIVED THEIR CURING ITEMS FROM HIM AND CONFRONTILLNESSES CAUSED BY SPIRIT INTRUSION . THEY CHANT, RATTLE AND SMOKE TOBACCO, MASSAGE AND BLOW AND SUCK ILLNESS OUT OF THE PATIENT. THEIR DEAD ARE BURIED IN A CANOE AWAY FROM THE VILLAGE. IF THEY DIE FROM AN EPIDEMIC THEY ARE BURIED INSIDE A HOUSE THAT IS BURNED. IN RECENT TIMES THEIR CULTURE IS BEING INFLUENCED BY THE MISSIONARIES.
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BY 1750 THEY THEY MET THEY MET THE SPANIARDS AND ARE IN AN INACCESSIBLE TERRITORY. THEY PREFER TO BUILD SETTLEMENTS ALONG RIVERS IN LOWER. THEY REBELLED AGAINST EXPLOITATIONS BY CHRISTIAN WHITES AND ONLY HAD SPORADIC TRADE WITH THEM. THEY BUILD A LARGE COMMUNAL ROUND HOUSE FOR ALL RESIDENTS. THEY HAVE WORKSHEETS WITH ROOFS OF PALM THATCH WHERE VISITORS CAN WATCH HOW THEY MAKE THEIR CRAFTS. THE INTERIOR IS OF THE COMMUNAL HOUSE HAS A CENTER ROOM FOR CEREMONIAL AND RITUAL OCCASIONS. MEN TALK, EAT, AND WORK HERE AND SHAMANS SIT ON THE BENCHES. WOMEN DON'T ENTER IT.
THE YEKUANA BUILD THE EXTERIOR WITH WATTLE AND DAUB. BARK PANELS SEPARATE AN EXTENDED FAMILY.
THEIR SUBSISTENCE IS BASED ON SHIFTING AGRICULTURE. MANIOC IS THE STAPLE CROP, TARO, YAMS, MAIZE, BANANAS, SQUASH, SWEET POTATOES, PEPPERS, , SUGAR CANE, PINEAPPLES, PAPAYAS AND TOBACCO. THEY ALSO GROW COTTON AND CALABASH. TREES. HUNTING IS A COMMUNAL DRIVE AND IS IMPORTANT. THEY HUNT TAPIR , DEER, PECCARIES, ANTEATERS, ALLIGATORS, ARMADILLOS, AND TURTLES. FISHING IS LESS SIGNIFICANT. MEN AND WOMEN FISH. FOOD GATHERING OF NATIVE PLANTS IS OF LITTLE IMPORTANCE.
IN EARLY TIMES THESE FOLKS WORE LOIN CLOTHES. WOMEN WEAR SMALL APRONS WITH GLASS BEADS. MEN INSERT ARROW REEDS WITH FEATHERS IN THEIR EAR LOBES. THEY COULD THEIR HAIR HAIR SHORT AND PAINT THEIR BODIES BLUE. THEY ALSO HUNT AND WEAVE BASKETRY AND MAKE HAMMOCKS AND DUGOUT CANOES, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS . WOMEN SPIN COTTON, HARVEST, GARDEN, BEADED GLASS APRONS. THEY SPEND TIME IN PROCESSING FOOD. OLD WOMEN MAY BE SEEN MAKING POTTERY. THEIR SOCIETY IS BASED ON VILLAGES OF EXTENDED FAMILY.
THEIR SOCIETY IS SIMILAR TO HAWAIIANS AND IROQUOIS SYSTEMS. MARRIAGE BETWEEN CROSS COUSINS IS PREFERRED. BOTH SEXES WENT THROUGH INITIATION CEREMONIES. THE YIKUANA COSMOLOGY IS COMPLEX . THEY HAVE 3 LEVELS OF HEAVEN , EARTH, AND THE UNDERWORLD. EACH STRATUM REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT COSMOLOGICAL STATION. THE UPPER MOST REGION IS INHABITED BY WANADI, THEIR SUPREME BEING IS THE SON OF THE SUN.
SHAMANS RECEIVED THEIR CURING ITEMS FROM HIM AND CONFRONTILLNESSES CAUSED BY SPIRIT INTRUSION . THEY CHANT, RATTLE AND SMOKE TOBACCO, MASSAGE AND BLOW AND SUCK ILLNESS OUT OF THE PATIENT. THEIR DEAD ARE BURIED IN A CANOE AWAY FROM THE VILLAGE. IF THEY DIE FROM AN EPIDEMIC THEY ARE BURIED INSIDE A HOUSE THAT IS BURNED. IN RECENT TIMES THEIR CULTURE IS BEING INFLUENCED BY THE MISSIONARIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Monday, April 9, 2012
GUAJURO INDIANS IN COLUMBIA
THE GUARJARO LIVE IN COLUMBIA AND VENEZUELA. THEIR NAME IS SPANISH. THEY HAVE 16,000 SQ KM OF AREAS ON A PENNISULA. THEY HAVE ABOUT 1/2 OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THE VENEZUELAN SIDE. THE REGION HAS BRUSH SAVANNAH AND DESERT ZONES. NO ONE HAS TAKEN A CENSUS BUT THEY HAVE ABOUT @100,000 FOLKS. THE SPANIARDS REACHED THEIR COAST OF THEIR LAND IN 1500 A.D. THERE WERE SEVERAL GROUPS COEXISTING IN GUAJUROLAND.
THEIR HOUSES WERE SEPARATED BY 10 M. THEY HAD NUCLEAR FAMILIES . THEY BUILT A SMALL HOUSE WHERE HAMMOCKS ARE HUNG AT NIGHT AND A KITCHEN OF OF WALLS AND CACTUSES. THEY ARE MICHIPALA AND HAVE SEVERAL 100 PEOPLE. THEY LIVE SEVERAL KM FROM EACH OTHER. THEY ENTERTAIN THESE VISITORS ON THEIR PORCHES THAT ARE COVERED.
IN THE PAST THE GUAJURO WAS A HUNTING, GATHERING, AND FISHING COMMUNITY AND GREW SOME CROPS. TODAY IT IS A STRONG HIERARCHICAL COMMUNITY. THEY HAVE LIVESTOCK FROM THE SPANISH IN 16TH CENTURY. THEY HAVE CATTLE AND HORSES. THE MISSIONARIES SPREAD THIS TYPE OF LIFE. BLACK SLAVES BY FORCE SETTLED AMONG THE GUAJURO. THEY STILL KEEP CATTLE, SHEEP, AND GOATS AS A SOURCE OF SOURCE OF OF NOURISHMENT. HUNTING, FARMING, AND FISHING HAVE BECOME MARGINAL FOR WAGE LABOR.THEIR LIVESTOCK GO TO MARKET AND ARE A PRESTIGE ITEM. MULES AND HORSES ARE VALUED. THEY HAVE PRACTICALLY DISAPPEARED NOW. THE WEALTHY GUAJURO BUY PICKUPS. IN THE LATE 1980'S 8 OF 10 SHAMANS WERE WOMEN.
THE GUAJURO ARE INCLINED TO RELIGIOUS PRACTICES. CHRISTIAN RELIGION HAS MADE LITTLE IMPACT ON THEM. THEIR CONCEPT OF THE WORLD IS DUALISTIC. SHAMANS STILL CONTINUE TO CORROBORATE, THEY USE TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS AND BELIEFS, BY CURING SICKNESS OR DISEASE OR FORETELLING THE SITE OF A NEW HOUSE. PREVIOUSLY COLLECTIVE HORTICULTURE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A CEREMONY THAT HAS DISAPPEARED. IT IS A GOAT DANCE WITH COURSES OF HORSE MEAT. TODAY A COUPLE OF DANCES TO THE BEAT OF A DRUM. IT IS ORGANIZED TO CELEBRATE AN ECONOMIC SUCCESS, THE VISIT OF AN IMPORTANT PERSON, THE END OF SECLUSION OF SOMEONE AND OTHER EVENTS. IT IS PRESCRIBED BY A SHAMAN AT THE END OF A CURE.
SONGS CAN LAST FOR 8 HOURS AND ARE A TRUE TEST OF ENDURANCE. THEY HAVE TWO TYPES OF ENDURANCE. THEY HAVE TWO TWO TYPES OF SICKNESS. BEYOND A CERTAIN THRESHOLD OF PAIN THE DOMESTIC TREATMENTS BY PLANTS ARE USED. IF THE CONDITION IS NOT HEALED THEN IT'S CAUSE IS BELIEVED TO BE SUPERNATURAL. SHAMANS ARE USED TO HEAL PEOPLE. IF THIS DOESN'T WORK THEY GO TO A DOCTOR.
ACCORDING TO THIS TRIBE , WHEN PEOPLE DIE THEY CROSS THE MILKY WAY AND GO TO A PENISULA OF THE DEAD. THUS THEY ARE LOST. THEN AFTER MANY YEARS THEY COME BACK TO EARTH AS RAIN, ASSURING REJUVENATION OF LIFE AND VEGETATION.
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THEIR HOUSES WERE SEPARATED BY 10 M. THEY HAD NUCLEAR FAMILIES . THEY BUILT A SMALL HOUSE WHERE HAMMOCKS ARE HUNG AT NIGHT AND A KITCHEN OF OF WALLS AND CACTUSES. THEY ARE MICHIPALA AND HAVE SEVERAL 100 PEOPLE. THEY LIVE SEVERAL KM FROM EACH OTHER. THEY ENTERTAIN THESE VISITORS ON THEIR PORCHES THAT ARE COVERED.
IN THE PAST THE GUAJURO WAS A HUNTING, GATHERING, AND FISHING COMMUNITY AND GREW SOME CROPS. TODAY IT IS A STRONG HIERARCHICAL COMMUNITY. THEY HAVE LIVESTOCK FROM THE SPANISH IN 16TH CENTURY. THEY HAVE CATTLE AND HORSES. THE MISSIONARIES SPREAD THIS TYPE OF LIFE. BLACK SLAVES BY FORCE SETTLED AMONG THE GUAJURO. THEY STILL KEEP CATTLE, SHEEP, AND GOATS AS A SOURCE OF SOURCE OF OF NOURISHMENT. HUNTING, FARMING, AND FISHING HAVE BECOME MARGINAL FOR WAGE LABOR.THEIR LIVESTOCK GO TO MARKET AND ARE A PRESTIGE ITEM. MULES AND HORSES ARE VALUED. THEY HAVE PRACTICALLY DISAPPEARED NOW. THE WEALTHY GUAJURO BUY PICKUPS. IN THE LATE 1980'S 8 OF 10 SHAMANS WERE WOMEN.
THE GUAJURO ARE INCLINED TO RELIGIOUS PRACTICES. CHRISTIAN RELIGION HAS MADE LITTLE IMPACT ON THEM. THEIR CONCEPT OF THE WORLD IS DUALISTIC. SHAMANS STILL CONTINUE TO CORROBORATE, THEY USE TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS AND BELIEFS, BY CURING SICKNESS OR DISEASE OR FORETELLING THE SITE OF A NEW HOUSE. PREVIOUSLY COLLECTIVE HORTICULTURE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A CEREMONY THAT HAS DISAPPEARED. IT IS A GOAT DANCE WITH COURSES OF HORSE MEAT. TODAY A COUPLE OF DANCES TO THE BEAT OF A DRUM. IT IS ORGANIZED TO CELEBRATE AN ECONOMIC SUCCESS, THE VISIT OF AN IMPORTANT PERSON, THE END OF SECLUSION OF SOMEONE AND OTHER EVENTS. IT IS PRESCRIBED BY A SHAMAN AT THE END OF A CURE.
SONGS CAN LAST FOR 8 HOURS AND ARE A TRUE TEST OF ENDURANCE. THEY HAVE TWO TYPES OF ENDURANCE. THEY HAVE TWO TWO TYPES OF SICKNESS. BEYOND A CERTAIN THRESHOLD OF PAIN THE DOMESTIC TREATMENTS BY PLANTS ARE USED. IF THE CONDITION IS NOT HEALED THEN IT'S CAUSE IS BELIEVED TO BE SUPERNATURAL. SHAMANS ARE USED TO HEAL PEOPLE. IF THIS DOESN'T WORK THEY GO TO A DOCTOR.
ACCORDING TO THIS TRIBE , WHEN PEOPLE DIE THEY CROSS THE MILKY WAY AND GO TO A PENISULA OF THE DEAD. THUS THEY ARE LOST. THEN AFTER MANY YEARS THEY COME BACK TO EARTH AS RAIN, ASSURING REJUVENATION OF LIFE AND VEGETATION.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Friday, April 6, 2012
WAIWAI INDIANS IN GUYANA
WAIWAI MEANS TAPIOCA. THEY MAKE AND EAT MUCH TAPIOCA. THEY INTERMARRY WITH OTHER GROUPS. THEY LIVE ALONG A RIVER. MISSIONARIERIES MET THEM IN THE 1950'S. THEY ASSIMILATED MANY SMALL TRIBES WHO WERE IN THEIR VILLAGES.
THEY LIVE IN REMOTE VILLAGES IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF GUYANA. THEY EXPANDED TRADE AND MARRIAGE CONTACTS. WHEN THE MISSIONARIES SETTLED HERE IN 1949 THE WAIWAI SETTLED HERE NEAR THE MISSION. IN THE 1970'S MOST MEMBERS RETURNED TO BRAZIL. IN 1989 THERE WAS ONE VILLAGE IN THE GUYANA AND THREE IN BRAZIL. THEY HAD A POPULATION OF ABOUT 1200 IN THE 50'S AND BY 1989 ABOUT 1200 FOLKS BECAUSE THEY INCLUDED SMALLER TRIBES. THEY SPEAK CARIB.
BY 1837 THEY HAD EXCHANGED BETWEEN TRIBES. THEY HEARD THE RUMOR THAT IF THEY DID NOT CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY THEY WOULD BE DESTROYED BY A WORLDWIDE FIRE. IN THE 1970'S THE NEW INDEPENDENT GUYANESE GOVERNMENT WAS HOSTILE IN THE 1970'S THE NEW INDEPENDENT GUYANESE GOVERNMENT WAS HOSTILE TO U S MISSIONARIES. MOST MOVED BACK TO FORMER SITS IN BRAZIL. THEIR VILLAGES HAD 15 TO 50 PEOPLE AND WERE IN A SINGLE HOUSE CALLED A MUMO. SETTLEMENTS WERE DISPERSED OVER A LARGE AREA EVERY 5 TO 7 YEARS WHEN THE HOUSE BECAME OLD OR THE RESOURCES WERE EXHAUSTED. THEIR MULTIFAMILY SETTLEMENTS WERE REPLACED WITH NUCLEAR FAMILY HOUSES. THEY TRAVELED FURTHER TO NEW GARDENS OR HUNTING GROUNDS. THEIR VILLAGES ARE OF NEIGHBORHOODS.
IN OLD TIMES THEIR SUBSISTENCE WAS BASED ON HUNTING, FISHING, GATHERING AND HORTICULTURE. THEIR CYCLE ALTERNATES BETWEEN DRY DRY AND RAINY SEASONS. SOMETIMES THEY HAD PLENTY OF FOOD AND OTHER TIMES THEY SCARCITY.. THEY ALSO GROW SMALLL GARDENS AND USE THEM FOR ONLY THREE YEARS. THE MAIN CROP IS MANIOC, A POISONOUS TUBER THAT IS PROCESSED TO MAKE BEAD , FARINA, AND TAPIOCA. THEY GROW MANY FRUITS AND OTHER TUBERS AND COTTON. THE FOREST PROVIDES PALM FRUITS AND NUTS AND OTHER MATERIALS. THEY HUNT WITH BOWS AND AND ARROWS MANY SMALL TO MEDIUM ANIMALS AND FISH. CANOES ARE SOLD TO COLONISTS.
THEY STILL MAKE MOST OF THEIR TOOLS. FOR TWO CENTURIES THE WAIWAI HAVE TAKEN PART IN A VAST INTERTRIBAL NETWORK THAT STRETCHES FROM GUYANA TO NORTHERN BRAZIL. THE WAIWAI TRAIN HUNTING DOGS AND PARROTS AND TRADE THEM FOR FLASHLIGHTS, MOSQUITO NETS AND FISHHOOKS. MEN PROVIDE MEAT AND WAND WEAVE BASKETS. WOMEN DO MOST COOKING, GARDENING, AND RAISE CHILDREN AND PREPARE FOOD. THE VILLAGE BELONGS TO THE CHIEF. GARDENS BELONG TO PEOPLE WHO HELP WITH THEM.
THEY BELIEVE THE UNIVERSE IS SAID TO HAVE 5 TIERS - AN UNDER WORLD, THE EARTH, AND THREE HEAVENS. THEY HAVE MANY MYTHS PRACTICES THAT RECOUNT THE ORIGINAL PRACTICES AND NATURAL PRACTICES. THEY HAVE SOME GOOD AND EVIL SPIRITA. THE MISSIONARIES PUT SHAME ON THEM.
THEIR SHAMANS HELPED AS TEACHERS TO SUMMON GAME AND USE CURING RITUALS TO HEAL. SOME PEOPLE DISREGARD THE CHRISTIANITY OF BELIEFS. TRANSITIONS WERE MAKED BY SECLUSION AND RITUALS. THEY HAVE SHODEWIKA OR INTER VILLAGE DANCES. THEY COMBINE DANCING AND FEASTING WITH CHRISTIAN FEATURES.
THEY MAKE BASKETS, BEADWORK, FEATHERWORK, AND BODY ORNAMENTATION. BEFORE THE MISSIONS THE SHAMANS CURED ILLNESS THROUGH CONTACT WITH SPIRITS BY USING TOBACCO SMOKE, AND SPIRIT STONES. THEY DO NOT HAVE AN EXTENSIVE PLANT LORE. THEY USE WESTERN MEDICINES WHEN INTRODUCED BY MISSIONARIES. THEY HAVE TRAINED HEALTH ATTENDANTS.
DEATH IS EXPLAINED AS SOUL LOSS CAUSED BY SPIRITS. THEIR PETS, POSSESSIONS AND HOUSE ARE DESTROYED BY THEIR RELATIVES. AT DEATH A PERSON TAKES ON SOME ANIMAL FORMS THAT CAN BECOME MENACING SPIRITS.
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THEY LIVE IN REMOTE VILLAGES IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF GUYANA. THEY EXPANDED TRADE AND MARRIAGE CONTACTS. WHEN THE MISSIONARIES SETTLED HERE IN 1949 THE WAIWAI SETTLED HERE NEAR THE MISSION. IN THE 1970'S MOST MEMBERS RETURNED TO BRAZIL. IN 1989 THERE WAS ONE VILLAGE IN THE GUYANA AND THREE IN BRAZIL. THEY HAD A POPULATION OF ABOUT 1200 IN THE 50'S AND BY 1989 ABOUT 1200 FOLKS BECAUSE THEY INCLUDED SMALLER TRIBES. THEY SPEAK CARIB.
BY 1837 THEY HAD EXCHANGED BETWEEN TRIBES. THEY HEARD THE RUMOR THAT IF THEY DID NOT CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY THEY WOULD BE DESTROYED BY A WORLDWIDE FIRE. IN THE 1970'S THE NEW INDEPENDENT GUYANESE GOVERNMENT WAS HOSTILE IN THE 1970'S THE NEW INDEPENDENT GUYANESE GOVERNMENT WAS HOSTILE TO U S MISSIONARIES. MOST MOVED BACK TO FORMER SITS IN BRAZIL. THEIR VILLAGES HAD 15 TO 50 PEOPLE AND WERE IN A SINGLE HOUSE CALLED A MUMO. SETTLEMENTS WERE DISPERSED OVER A LARGE AREA EVERY 5 TO 7 YEARS WHEN THE HOUSE BECAME OLD OR THE RESOURCES WERE EXHAUSTED. THEIR MULTIFAMILY SETTLEMENTS WERE REPLACED WITH NUCLEAR FAMILY HOUSES. THEY TRAVELED FURTHER TO NEW GARDENS OR HUNTING GROUNDS. THEIR VILLAGES ARE OF NEIGHBORHOODS.
IN OLD TIMES THEIR SUBSISTENCE WAS BASED ON HUNTING, FISHING, GATHERING AND HORTICULTURE. THEIR CYCLE ALTERNATES BETWEEN DRY DRY AND RAINY SEASONS. SOMETIMES THEY HAD PLENTY OF FOOD AND OTHER TIMES THEY SCARCITY.. THEY ALSO GROW SMALLL GARDENS AND USE THEM FOR ONLY THREE YEARS. THE MAIN CROP IS MANIOC, A POISONOUS TUBER THAT IS PROCESSED TO MAKE BEAD , FARINA, AND TAPIOCA. THEY GROW MANY FRUITS AND OTHER TUBERS AND COTTON. THE FOREST PROVIDES PALM FRUITS AND NUTS AND OTHER MATERIALS. THEY HUNT WITH BOWS AND AND ARROWS MANY SMALL TO MEDIUM ANIMALS AND FISH. CANOES ARE SOLD TO COLONISTS.
THEY STILL MAKE MOST OF THEIR TOOLS. FOR TWO CENTURIES THE WAIWAI HAVE TAKEN PART IN A VAST INTERTRIBAL NETWORK THAT STRETCHES FROM GUYANA TO NORTHERN BRAZIL. THE WAIWAI TRAIN HUNTING DOGS AND PARROTS AND TRADE THEM FOR FLASHLIGHTS, MOSQUITO NETS AND FISHHOOKS. MEN PROVIDE MEAT AND WAND WEAVE BASKETS. WOMEN DO MOST COOKING, GARDENING, AND RAISE CHILDREN AND PREPARE FOOD. THE VILLAGE BELONGS TO THE CHIEF. GARDENS BELONG TO PEOPLE WHO HELP WITH THEM.
THEY BELIEVE THE UNIVERSE IS SAID TO HAVE 5 TIERS - AN UNDER WORLD, THE EARTH, AND THREE HEAVENS. THEY HAVE MANY MYTHS PRACTICES THAT RECOUNT THE ORIGINAL PRACTICES AND NATURAL PRACTICES. THEY HAVE SOME GOOD AND EVIL SPIRITA. THE MISSIONARIES PUT SHAME ON THEM.
THEIR SHAMANS HELPED AS TEACHERS TO SUMMON GAME AND USE CURING RITUALS TO HEAL. SOME PEOPLE DISREGARD THE CHRISTIANITY OF BELIEFS. TRANSITIONS WERE MAKED BY SECLUSION AND RITUALS. THEY HAVE SHODEWIKA OR INTER VILLAGE DANCES. THEY COMBINE DANCING AND FEASTING WITH CHRISTIAN FEATURES.
THEY MAKE BASKETS, BEADWORK, FEATHERWORK, AND BODY ORNAMENTATION. BEFORE THE MISSIONS THE SHAMANS CURED ILLNESS THROUGH CONTACT WITH SPIRITS BY USING TOBACCO SMOKE, AND SPIRIT STONES. THEY DO NOT HAVE AN EXTENSIVE PLANT LORE. THEY USE WESTERN MEDICINES WHEN INTRODUCED BY MISSIONARIES. THEY HAVE TRAINED HEALTH ATTENDANTS.
DEATH IS EXPLAINED AS SOUL LOSS CAUSED BY SPIRITS. THEIR PETS, POSSESSIONS AND HOUSE ARE DESTROYED BY THEIR RELATIVES. AT DEATH A PERSON TAKES ON SOME ANIMAL FORMS THAT CAN BECOME MENACING SPIRITS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
YUKPA INDIAN IN VENEZUALA
YUKPA MEANS TAME PEOPLE. THEY HAVE MANY PEOPLE IN SUBGROUPS. THEY LIVE IN THE MOUNTAINS OF COLUMBIA AND VENEZUELA. THEIR POPULATION IS ABOUT 3400 FOLKS. FORTY NINE COMMUNITIES ARE IN THEIR REGION. THEY SPEAK A CARRIBEAN LANGUAGE.
SINCE PREHISTORIC TIMES THE YUKPA HAVE INHIBITED THE SIERRAS DE PERU. ANCESTORS OF THE YUKPA SIERRA FORMED A CARIB MIGRATION NORTH OF SOUTH AMERICA AND THIS DATE MAY HAVE BEEN ABOUT 4500 B.P. SOME RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT THE YUKPA DO NOT EXCEED. THEY REACHED HOMELAND BY 1000 B.P.
THEY HAVE FOLK TALES ABOUT HOW THEY ENCOUNTERED AND DEFEATED THE WANAPAS, THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF THE MOUNTAINS. IN EARLY 1500'S WESTERNERS CONTACTED THEM. THEY WERE LOOKING FOR THE FABLED CITY OF GOOD. THE YUKPA MOVED INTO THE MOUNTAINS. MISSIONARY EFFORTS WERE NOT VERY SUCCESSFUL. BY THE 1900'S THEY WERE IN A CONTINUOUS CONTACT WITH SETTLERS. UNDER THE MISSIONARY'S INFLUENCE THEY MOVED SETTLEMENTS CLOSER TO ROLLING HILLS AND MOUNTAINS.. IN THE LAST THIRTY OR FORTY YEARS THEY HAVE HAD SIGNIFICANT CHANGES TO THEIR SETTLEMENT PATTERN. SOME HAVE MOVED TO THE HAMLETS OF 2 TO 3 HOUSES AND LARGER COMM UNITES OF 20 HOUSES. MANY MEN AND WOMEN WORK OUTSIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS ON LARGE DAIRY RANCHES. HERE THEY STAY FOR WEEKS BEFORE RETURNING TO THEIR FAMILIES. MANY MEN AND WOMEN WORK OUTSIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS.
THEY WERE AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE ATTENDANTS AND PLANTED MAIZE AND BEANS AND SQUASHES THAT ADDED TO THE EXISTING CROPS. THEY USE SLASH AND BURN AND BURN AND HAVE ADDED COFFEE FOR SALE IN LOCAL MARKETS. TODAY THEY RELY ON HUNTING, GATHERING AND FISHING. BECAUSE RESOURCES ARE DEPLETING. TRADITIONALLY THEY DID LITTLE TRADING.
BOTH MEN AND WOMEN DO AGRICULTURE MEN DO HEAVIER LABOR AND WOMEN DO AGRICULTURE. THE MEN DO HEAVIER LABOR AND WOMEN DO MORE FOOD PREPARATION. WOMEN WORK IN HARVESTING AND WEEDING. SOME WOMEN ARE DOMESTIC SERVANTS. THE MEN BECOME CATTLE HERDERS AND MILK FOR LOCAL DAIRY FARMERS.
THE PATTERN OF LAND TENURE IS BASED ON THE RESULT OF GENERATIONS OF PASSING OWNERSHIP. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN MAT OWN LAND. THEY HAVE ZONA INDIGENA THAT IS RESERVED FOR THE SOLE USE OF
INHABITANTS. MUCH OF THE REMAINDER OF THE SIERRA IS A NATIONAL PARK. ELDERS PLAY A LARGE ROLE IN CHILD RAISING AND STORY TELLING.
THEIR RELIGION WAS ANIMISTIC IN NATURE. SUPERNATURAL POWERS WERE IN PLANTS AND THE ANIMAL WORLD. THEIR CREATOR HELPED ANIMALS TO CREATE THE FIRST COUPLE. ALL YUKPA ARE FROM THIS COUPLE. MYTHIC ANIMALS ARE RESPONSIBLE FROM THIS FOR THEY THOUGHT THE WORLD WAS 2 FLAT DISKS THAT CIRCLED TWO SUNS.
THEY BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE DWARFS IN THE UNDERGROUND, BY 1950 CATHOLICISM BEGAN TO INTEGRATE INTO THEIR RELIGION . BY 1990 ALMOST ALL YUKPA ARE OUTSIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS, BUT THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND THE RELIGION.
IN A FEW TRADITIONAL YUKPA SETTLEMENTS THERE ARE SHAMANS WHO GUIDE COMMUNITIES THROUGH IMPORTANT RITUALS. THEIR CEREMONIES MARK LIFE CHANGES - BIRTH, PUBERTY, MARRIAGE AND DEATH. DURING THEIR CEREMONIES THEY SING SPECIFIC SONGS AND LEAD DANCES. THEIR RELIGION IS IMPORTANT TO THEM. THEIR SONGS ARE IMPORTANT AND COMPLEX. THEY HAVE TATTOOS ON FACE AND ARM. THEY WEAVE SIMPLE DESIGNS INTO THEIR BASKETS.
SICKNESS IS EXPLAINED BY REFERENCE TO THE SUPERNATURAL. PEOPLE WITH MEDICINAL PLANTS ARE KNOWN AS TUANOS. THESE SHAMANS HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL PLANT REMEDIES. AND THROUGH METAPHYSICAL CONTROLS SHAMANS CAN EFFECT REMEDIES.
AFTER DEATH THEY BURY PEOPLE IN A BURIAL HUT ALONG WITH SOME POSSESSIONS. THEY REACH THE AFTERWORLD AND ARE GUIDED BY KOPECHO, THE MYTHICAL FROG.
EVERYCLTURE.COM
SINCE PREHISTORIC TIMES THE YUKPA HAVE INHIBITED THE SIERRAS DE PERU. ANCESTORS OF THE YUKPA SIERRA FORMED A CARIB MIGRATION NORTH OF SOUTH AMERICA AND THIS DATE MAY HAVE BEEN ABOUT 4500 B.P. SOME RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT THE YUKPA DO NOT EXCEED. THEY REACHED HOMELAND BY 1000 B.P.
THEY HAVE FOLK TALES ABOUT HOW THEY ENCOUNTERED AND DEFEATED THE WANAPAS, THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF THE MOUNTAINS. IN EARLY 1500'S WESTERNERS CONTACTED THEM. THEY WERE LOOKING FOR THE FABLED CITY OF GOOD. THE YUKPA MOVED INTO THE MOUNTAINS. MISSIONARY EFFORTS WERE NOT VERY SUCCESSFUL. BY THE 1900'S THEY WERE IN A CONTINUOUS CONTACT WITH SETTLERS. UNDER THE MISSIONARY'S INFLUENCE THEY MOVED SETTLEMENTS CLOSER TO ROLLING HILLS AND MOUNTAINS.. IN THE LAST THIRTY OR FORTY YEARS THEY HAVE HAD SIGNIFICANT CHANGES TO THEIR SETTLEMENT PATTERN. SOME HAVE MOVED TO THE HAMLETS OF 2 TO 3 HOUSES AND LARGER COMM UNITES OF 20 HOUSES. MANY MEN AND WOMEN WORK OUTSIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS ON LARGE DAIRY RANCHES. HERE THEY STAY FOR WEEKS BEFORE RETURNING TO THEIR FAMILIES. MANY MEN AND WOMEN WORK OUTSIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS.
THEY WERE AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE ATTENDANTS AND PLANTED MAIZE AND BEANS AND SQUASHES THAT ADDED TO THE EXISTING CROPS. THEY USE SLASH AND BURN AND BURN AND HAVE ADDED COFFEE FOR SALE IN LOCAL MARKETS. TODAY THEY RELY ON HUNTING, GATHERING AND FISHING. BECAUSE RESOURCES ARE DEPLETING. TRADITIONALLY THEY DID LITTLE TRADING.
BOTH MEN AND WOMEN DO AGRICULTURE MEN DO HEAVIER LABOR AND WOMEN DO AGRICULTURE. THE MEN DO HEAVIER LABOR AND WOMEN DO MORE FOOD PREPARATION. WOMEN WORK IN HARVESTING AND WEEDING. SOME WOMEN ARE DOMESTIC SERVANTS. THE MEN BECOME CATTLE HERDERS AND MILK FOR LOCAL DAIRY FARMERS.
THE PATTERN OF LAND TENURE IS BASED ON THE RESULT OF GENERATIONS OF PASSING OWNERSHIP. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN MAT OWN LAND. THEY HAVE ZONA INDIGENA THAT IS RESERVED FOR THE SOLE USE OF
INHABITANTS. MUCH OF THE REMAINDER OF THE SIERRA IS A NATIONAL PARK. ELDERS PLAY A LARGE ROLE IN CHILD RAISING AND STORY TELLING.
THEIR RELIGION WAS ANIMISTIC IN NATURE. SUPERNATURAL POWERS WERE IN PLANTS AND THE ANIMAL WORLD. THEIR CREATOR HELPED ANIMALS TO CREATE THE FIRST COUPLE. ALL YUKPA ARE FROM THIS COUPLE. MYTHIC ANIMALS ARE RESPONSIBLE FROM THIS FOR THEY THOUGHT THE WORLD WAS 2 FLAT DISKS THAT CIRCLED TWO SUNS.
THEY BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE DWARFS IN THE UNDERGROUND, BY 1950 CATHOLICISM BEGAN TO INTEGRATE INTO THEIR RELIGION . BY 1990 ALMOST ALL YUKPA ARE OUTSIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS, BUT THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND THE RELIGION.
IN A FEW TRADITIONAL YUKPA SETTLEMENTS THERE ARE SHAMANS WHO GUIDE COMMUNITIES THROUGH IMPORTANT RITUALS. THEIR CEREMONIES MARK LIFE CHANGES - BIRTH, PUBERTY, MARRIAGE AND DEATH. DURING THEIR CEREMONIES THEY SING SPECIFIC SONGS AND LEAD DANCES. THEIR RELIGION IS IMPORTANT TO THEM. THEIR SONGS ARE IMPORTANT AND COMPLEX. THEY HAVE TATTOOS ON FACE AND ARM. THEY WEAVE SIMPLE DESIGNS INTO THEIR BASKETS.
SICKNESS IS EXPLAINED BY REFERENCE TO THE SUPERNATURAL. PEOPLE WITH MEDICINAL PLANTS ARE KNOWN AS TUANOS. THESE SHAMANS HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICINAL PLANT REMEDIES. AND THROUGH METAPHYSICAL CONTROLS SHAMANS CAN EFFECT REMEDIES.
AFTER DEATH THEY BURY PEOPLE IN A BURIAL HUT ALONG WITH SOME POSSESSIONS. THEY REACH THE AFTERWORLD AND ARE GUIDED BY KOPECHO, THE MYTHICAL FROG.
EVERYCLTURE.COM
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