SPRING LAKE HIKE

YESTERDAY I WALKED AROUND SPRING LAKE AND THERE WERE NOT THAT MANY PEOPLE THERE EVEN THOUGH IT WAS A NICE DAY WITH TEMPERATURES OF 65 DEGREES. THERE WAS AN OLDER COUPLE WHO HAD SPOTTED A GREAT HORNED OWL MOM WITH 2 BABIES IN AN EUCALYPTUS TREE WITH A NEST BY THE SMALL LAKE. THERE WERE OF COURSE GEESE SWIMMING IN THE MAIN LAKE WITH THEIR GOSLINGS AND MALLARDS. I SPOKE TO SEVERAL PEOPLE WHO WERE OLDER AN CAME THERE TO WALK MANY TIMES. THE LAKE WAS VERY FULL AND MUDDY FROM RECENT RAINS THAT WE HAVE HAD. THEIR WERE SOME CORMORANTS AND I NOTICED SEVERAL BOATS WHO HAD NO LUCK IN CATCHING FISH. I MET A YOUNG COUPLE WHO WAS WALKING A DOG SIMILAR TO OUR OLD DOG ROSY. THERE WERE A NUMBER OF SPEED BIKERS WITH MOUNTAIN BIKES WHO PROBABLY WENT OFF TRAIL.

FLATHEAD INDIAN RESERVATION

THIS RESERVATION SUPPORTS THREE TRIBES - THE SALISH, THE PEND D'ORIELLE AND THE KOOTENAI. THEY ORIGINALLY HAD 1.2 MILLION ACRES BY THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. THE FLATHEAD RIVER RUNS THROUGH THIS RESERVATION AS WELL AS THE FLATHEAD LAKE. THE SALISH PEND D' OREILLE AND KOOTENAI TRIBES LIVE HERE. SELIN IS ALSO CALLED SALISH - OR THE PEOPLE. THE ABORIGINAL NAME FOR THE KOOTENAI TRIBE IS KUTANAXA (LICKS THE BLOOD). TODAY THEY ARE KNOWN AS THE CONFEDERATED SALISH AND KOOTENAI TRIBES. AFTER THE RESERVATION PERIOD, SOME OF THESE LANDS WERE OPENED TO HOMESTEADING IN 1910. MANY NON-INDIANS LIVED ON THE RESERVATION AFTER THIS PERIOD. THEIR STORY BEGINS WHEN THE CREATOR PUT THE ANIMAL PEOPLE ON EARTH. HE SENT COYOTE AHEAD AS THIS WORLD WAS FULL OF EVILS AND NOT YET FIT FOR MANKIND. COYOTE CAME WITH HIS BROTHER FOX TO THIS BIG ISLAND. COYOTE LEFT MANY FAULTS SUCH AS GREED, JEALOUSY, AND HUNGER, AND ENVY. ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE FOUND AND DATED SITES HERE TO 12,000 - 14,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS THE END OF THE ICE AGE. FROM THE BEGINNING AS THEY KNOW IT , THE SALISH AND PEND D' ORIELLE HAD A SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY THAT WAS COMPLEX. ELDERS SAY LIFE WAS HARD BUT GOOD. THEY ATE BITTEROOT, CAMAS BULBS, WILD ROSE, BUFFALO IN OLD TIMES, FRUITS AND VARIOUS BERRIES. THEY GATHERED HUNDREDS OF PLANTS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS. THE MEN HUNTED AND THE WOMEN TANNED HIDES. FISHING WAS VERY IMPORTANT DURING WINTERS. WHEN THEY HAD THE FIRST SNOW, THIS WAS SACRED TIME AND CEREMONIAL DANCES WERE HELD. THEY SPLIT UP INTO SMALLER BANDS AND ELDERS SAT THAT TRIBES BROKE UP INTO SMALLER GROUPS TO MORE EASILY BE SUPPORTED. THESE TRIBES INTERMARRIED. THEY BANDED TOGETHER TO HUNT AS WELL. THE SALISH LANGUAGE PLACE NAMES ARE STILL REMEMBERED . ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE RESERVATION THE SALISH HAD CONFLICTS WITH THE BLACKFEET. BEFORE GUNS, WARFARE, WAS SETTLED BY CEREMONIES. IT HONORED MEN'S BRAVERY. DURING THE 1600'S THE INDIANS WERE IMPACTED BY SMALLPOX AND MEASLES, ETC. TRAPPERS PUSHED THEM WESTWARD. BUFFALO HUNTING ENDED IN 1883. THE SUN AND MOON WERE BROTHERS IN THEIR MYTHS AND TRANSFORMED ALL BEINGS. THE KOOTANAI BUILT CANOES AND WERE EXPERTS AT FISHING AND TRAPPING. OPI.MT.GOV/PDF

COMANCHE INDIANS

THESE FOLKS ARE THE INDIAN STOCK AND THEY LIVE ENTIRELY ON THE PLAINS. THEIR LANGUAGE AND TRADITIONS INDICATE THEY ARE SIMILAR TO THE SHOSHONI OF WYOMING. THEY LIVED TOGETHER IN WYOMING. IN 1719 THE COMANCHE ARE MENTIONED UNDER A SIOUAN MAP AS LIVING IN IN WEST KANSAS. BY 1805 THEY LIVED IN WEST KANSAS . BY 1805 THEY LIVED ALONG THE PLATTE RIVER THEY WENT TO WAR WITH THE SPANIARDS FOR TWO CENTURIES AND RAIDED DOWN TO DURANGO. THEY BECAME BITTER ENEMIES OF THE TEXANS. THEY WARRED WITH THEM FOR NEARLY 40 YEARS. THEY WERE NOT A LARGE TRIBE. THEY HUNTED THE BUFFALO AND LIVED IN SKIN TIPIS. ONCE THEY RAIDED HORSES THEY BECAME FINE HORSEMEN. THEY HAVE 12 BANDS. ALL BUT 5 ARE EXTINCT. THE DOTAME TRIBE - 120 FOLKS WITH 30 WARRIORS. THEY WERE HOSTILE TO THE SIOUX. THEY WERE FRIENDLY WITH THE MANDANE. WITHIN THE LAST 50 YEARS THEY HAVE BEEN TERRIBLY DEVASTATED BY WAR AND DISEASES. ACCESSGENEOLOGY

KIOWA INDIANS

THIS TRIBE WAS CENTERED IN THE UPPER ARKANSAS AND CANADIANS IN COLORADO. THEY HAVE A DISTINCT LINGUISTIC STOCK. THE SPANISH NOTICED THEM AT 1732. THEY MOVED DOWN FROM THE MOUNTAINS AND FORMED AN ALLIANCE FROM THE CROWS. THE SIOUX CLAIMED TO HAVE DRIVEN THEM FROM THE BLACK HILLS. IN 1805 THEY WERE ON THE NORTH PLATTE RIVER AS LEWIS AND CLARK REPORTED. WHEN THE KIOWA REACHED THE ARKANSAS RIVER THEY FOUND THEIR PASSAGEWAY OPPOSED BY COMANCHE. THEY HAD CONSTANT WARS BUT PEACE FINALLY CAME WHEN THEY CROSSED TO THE ARKANSAS RIVER AND FORMED A CONFEDERATION TO THE PRESENT DAY. WITH THE COMANCHE THEY CARRIED ON A CONSTANT WAR WITH THE FRONTIERS OF MEXICO AND TEXAS. THEIR LAST OUTBREAK WAS IN 1874 - 1875. THEIR NUMBERS WERE GREATLY REDUCED BY WAR AND DISEASE. IN 1892 300 DIED FROM MEASLES AND FEVER. TODAY THEIR HEADQUARTERS ARE IN CARNEGIE, OKLAHOMA. THEIR ANCIENT NAMES WERE 'KWI-DA' AND 'TEPDA' THAT RELATES TO A MYTH OF COMING OUT OF A HOLLOW LOG UNTIL A PREGNANT WOMAN GOT STUCK! THEY WERE HUNTERS AND GATHERERS AND TRADED WITH SEDENTARY GROUPS WHO GREW CROPS. THEY MIGRATED WITH THE BISON AS IT WAS THEIR MAIN FOOD ALONG WITH BERRIES AND WILD FRUITS. THE HORSE REVOLUTIONIZED THEIR ECONOMY, AND THEY BECAME A WARRIOR NATION. THEY HAD ANNUAL SUNDANCE GATHERINGS. YOUNG WOMEN GAINED PRESTIGE THROUGH HUSBANDS. THE WOMEN GAINED PRESTIGE THROUGH THROUGH HUSBANDS. THE WOMEN TANNED SKINS, SEWED, AND QUILTED, AND MADE BEADED AND PAINTED HIDES. IN 1867 THE ARMY MOVED THEM TO A IN THE SOUTHWEST OKLAHOMA. THIS LASTED TILL 1906. THIS RESTRICTION WAS DIFFICULT FOR SOME MEMBERS. IN 1877 THE GOVERNMENT BUILT THE FIRST HOMES FOR THEIR CHIEFS AND EMPLOYED 30 KIOWA TO FORM Q POLICE FORCE. BY 2000 4,000 OF THE 12,000 KIOWA LIVED THROUGHOUT THE U.S. ACCESS-GENEOLOGY WIKIPEDIA.ORG

SPOKANE INDIANS

THE SPOKANE ARE OF THE SALISH GROUP LANGUAGE AND LIVED IN NORTHEAST WASHINGTON AND WESTERN MONTGOMERY FOR MANY CENTURIES. WHEN LEWIS AND CLARK WERE THERE IN 1800 THEY HAD 600 FOLKS. THEY NOW LIVE ON 154,000 ACRES IN WASHINGTON AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE LARGER COMMUNITY. THEY ARE PROUD CHILDREN OF THE SUN. ORIGINALLY THEY LIVED ON 3 MILLION ACRES THAT WERE PROTECTED AND RESPECTED BY THE SPOKANE INDIANS. THEY FISHED AT SPOKANE FALLS, A GATHERING PLACE FOR FAMILY AND FRIENDS. THE SPOKANE LIVED ALONG THE RIVER IN THREE BANDS. THEY LIVED IN TRADITIONAL CAMPSITES DURING DIFFERENT CAMPSITES DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS. THERE RESERVATION WAS CREATED IN 1881 WHICH IS NOW KNOWN AS COURE D' ALENE RESERVATION. IT HAS ABOUT 160000ACRES AND HAS 2400 NATIVES. THEY PROTECT THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES. THEY ALSO WANT VISITORS TO PROTECT THEIR CULTURAL RESOURCES INCLUDING PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITES. TODAY THEY HAVE 2000 FOLKS. FOR 1000'S OF YEARS THEY LIVED NEAR THE RIVER AND FISHED, HUNTED, AND GATHERED. OVER THREE MILLION ACRES. THEY BUILT PERMANENT VILLAGES FOR THE WINTER BY THE RIVER FOR FISHING AND HUTS FOR MOUNTAIN HUNTING AND GATHERING. THEIR NEIGHBORS INTRODUCED THEM TO PLANK HOUSES AND HORSES. A TRADING POST IN SPOKANE WAS BUILT IN 1810. THE ANGLO INTRODUCED INTRODUCED ALL KINDS OF DISEASES - SMALLPOX, SYPHILLIS, AND INFLUENZA. BY 1860S HOMESTEADERS WERE PUSHING THEM FURTHER SOUTH AND THEN THEY ALSO RAPED THE INDIAN WOMEN. THEY DESTROYED THEIR ANCIENT VILLAGES. ONLY 200 PEOPLE SPEAK THEIR LANGUAGE. WIKIPEDIA.COM SPOKANETRIBE.COM

CHEYENNE INDIANS

THESE NATIVES BELONG TO THE ALGONQUIN FAMILY. THE CHEYENNE NATION HAS TWO TRIBES, THE SUTAIOT AND THE TSITSISTAS. AROUND 1500, THEY BRANCHED OFF OTHER TRIBES NEAR THE GREAT LAKES. IN EARLY1800'S THEY MOVED WEST MIGRATING TO NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. DURING THE EARLY 1800'S THE CHEYENNE FORMED A UNIFIED TRIBE WITH MORE CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY THROUGH RITUAL CEREMONIES CONTACT. THEY WERE ALLIED WITH SIOUX BANDS. IN THE 18TH CENTURY THEY MIGRATED WEST AWAY FROM LAKOTA WARRIORS. IN THE 1900'S THEY MIGRATED WEST AWAY FROM THE LAKOTA WARRIORS. BY THE MID 1800'S THEY ALLIED WITH OTHER PLAINS. THEY ARE ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN PLAINS TRIBES. THE CHEYENNE FORMED INTO THE 10 BANDS AND SPREAD ACROSS THE GREAT PLAINS. ONE OF THEIR RITUAL CEREMONIES WAS THE SUN DANCE - A LAKOTA TYPE CEREMONY.\\THEY USUALLY HAD QUARRELS WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS. THE CHEYENNE WERE PIRATES AND CAPTURED HORSES ON THE PRAIRIE OR FROM NEIGHBORING TRIBES. THE HORSE WAS VALUABLE FOR HUNTING AND TRAVELING. THE CHEYENNE NEVER WENT ON WAR PARTIES LIKE WE SEE ON OLD WESTERN MOVIES. AFTER 1850 THEY WENT BY FOOT TO LEAD A WAR PARTY FOR REVENGE FOR THE DEATH OF A FRIEND OR RELATIVE. WIKIPEDIA.COM MR-SEDIVY.TRIPOD

JICARILLA INDIANS

THESE FOLKS WERE KNOWN AS 'LITTLE BASKET MAKERS'. THEY MIGRATED OUT OF CANADA IN 1300 TO 1500. THEY ROAMED CENTRAL AND EASTERN COLORADO INTO OKLAHOMA. IN 1845 THEY HAD 800 FOLKS AND TODAY THEY HAVE 1800. THEY HAD HOSTILITIES WITH THE SPANIARDS ALMOST AS SOON AS THEY HAD CONTACT WITH THE SPANIARDS. IN 1853 200 JICARILLA SETTLED ON THE PUERCO RIVER IN NEWMEXICO AND WAR BROKE OUT . BY 1854 THE US ARMY DEFEATED THEM . THEY SPEAK A SOUTHERN ATHABASKAN LANGUAGE. BEFORE COMMANCHES THIS TRIBE OCCUPIED MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN COLORADO AND NORTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO. THEY WERE SEMI-NOMADIC AND PRACTICED SEASONAL AGRICULTURE. THEY HUNTED DEER ANTELOPE AND BUFFALOS. IN 1724 WHEN THE COMMANCHE PUSHED INTO THE PLAINS, THE JICARILLA SOUGHT REFUGE IN THE MOUNTAINS. THERE THEY HAD ALLIANCE WITH THE PUEBLOAN PEOPLE. FROM THIS TIME ONWARD THEIR TERRITORY WAS BOUNDED BY 43 SACRED RIVERS, THE ARKANSAS, CANADIAN, RIO GRANDE AND PECOS. THEY ARE TRADITIONALLY MATRILOCAL AND ORGANIZED INTO MATRILOCAL CLANS. SOME OF THE PUEBLO PRACTICES WERE INCORPORATED INTO THEIR TRADITIONS THEY ARE EXPERT BASKET MAKERS. THE JICARRILLA BAND OF APACHE ARE THE SINGLE BAND THAT REFUSED TO COOPERATE WITH THE U.S. MILITARY TO LOCATE GERONIMO. THEY SOLD MICACIOUS CLAY POTTERY AND BASKETS TO INCREASE INCOME. THE PUEBLOS TAUGHT THEM FARMING. GREAT DREAMS.COM