WHEN I WAS A TEENAGER I WENT INTO SEVERAL CAVES, AND DID VISIT OTHERS AS AN ADULT. A CAVE I EXPLORED WITH COWORKERS IN OHIO WHEN I WORKED AT THE DAYTON MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY WAS A WET CAVE. WE CAME PREPARED WITH LAYERED CLOTHING, HARDHAT, GLOVES AND HEADLAMPS IN THE SUMMER. I REMEMBER SCALING DOWN A KNOTTED ROPE ABOUT 40 FEET. ONE MAN KNEW THE LAYOUT OF THE CAVE WE WERE EXPLORING. WE WORE OLD CLOTHES, HEADLAMPS AND HEAVY GLOVES. THE CAVES IN OHIO HAD UNDERGROUND RIVERS. THE STALAGTITES AND STALAGMITES WERE BEAUTIFUL. WE HAD TO MAKE SURE EVERYONE WAS SAFER. AT THE SAME PLACES THERE WERE DEEP CREVICES WHERE OUR TRAIL WAS AND I LOST A GLOVE ON ONE TRIP. I THINK WE BROUGHT OUR LUNCHES AND WATER AND EXTRA BATTERIES.
WHEN I WAS A COUPLE OF YEARS OLDER I WORKED AS AN ARCHAEOLOGIST IN NEW MEXICO AND AFTER EXCAVATING A PUEBLO WE WENT ONE WEEKEND INTO A DRY CAVE THAT HAD A LARGE ENTRANCE AND A GENTLE DOWNWARD SLOPE. THE CAVE WAS A LITTLE BIT LIKE A TUNNEL WITH FEWER STALAGTITES THAN IN OHIO CAVES, AND THERE WERE NO STREAMS. IT WAS QUITE AN ADVENTURESAS THE TRAIL WOUND AROUND MANY BENDS AND TIGHT SMALL OPENINGS. WE FOUND SOME GUANO FROM BATS. IT WAS VERY DRY AND I THINK SOME OTHER ANIMAL BONES WERE THERE. I BELIEVE WE SPENT ABOUT 5 HOURS IN THE CAVE WITH HELMETS AND GLOVES.
ANOTHER CAVE I EXPLORED WAS IN SOUTH DAKOTA CALLED WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK. MY HUSBANDE AND I BOTH WENT TO THIS CAVE WHERE THE NATURALIST DRESSES. IN HISTORIC GEAR AND HE DESCRIBES HOW THE CAVE WAS DISCOVED AND HE HAS ALL THE VISITORS CARRY CANDLES AS THEY DID IN HISTORIC TIMES. THE TRIP LASTS ONLY A FEW HOURS AND KIDS ARE AMAZED AT THE BEAUTY AT THE BEAUTY OF BEING UNDERGROUND AND SEEING STALAGTITES AND STALAGMITES. AT ONE POINT5 THE NATURALIST TELL ALL TO BLOW OUT THEIR CANDLES. IT IS SO QUIET AND PEACXEFUL AND BLACK! WE TOOK OUR SON HERE ON ONE TRIP AS WELL.
ANOTHER PARK WE EXPLORED AS A FAMILY WAS OREGON STATE CAVES ? IN SOUTHERN OREGON. THERE WE STAYED AT THE INN ACROSS FROM THE CAVE'S ENTRANCE. WE HAVE VISITED THERE A COUPLE OF TIMES. THE CAVE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED WITH LIGHTS AND WOODEN OR STEEL STAIRS AND HAND HOLDS. IT IS AN INTERESTING CAVE WITH SOME TRICKING CREEK AND SOME INTERESTING FISH, A SKELETON OF A MAMMOTH AND SOME FUN STALAGMITES AND STALAGTITES. THE NAATURALISTS SAYS SOME OF THESE LOOK LIKE DIFFERENT ANIMALS. THEY DO NOT WANT ANYONE TO TOUCH THESE AS THEY ARE FRAGILE AND ANCIENT.THIS TRIP LASTS ABOUT 3 HOURS AND WE ALL HAVE NO HEADLAMPS AS THE CAVE IS WELL LIGHTED THE ENTIRE WAY, BUT IT IS A COOL 50 DEGREES. IT IS FUN BECAUSE THE WAY THE FORMATIONS LOOK ARE DIFFERENT FROM OTHER CAVES IN THE AREA. EACH NATURALIST HAS A LITTLE DIFFERENT STORY ABOUT THE FORMATIONS AND WHO HELPED TO MAP THE CAVE.
Friday, November 25, 2011
Wednesday, November 23, 2011
KASHINAWA INDIANS IN PERU
KASHINAWA PROBABLY HAVE LIVED IN THE GENERAL AREA WHERE THEY ARE SINCE NO LATER THAN A.D. 1200. BUT OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR PRESENCE IN THE REGION DATES FROM REPORTS BY WILLIAM CHANDLESS IN 1860'S. BEGINNING AT THAT TIME, BRAZILIANS FROM THE STATE BEGIN TO MAKE EXPEDITIONS DURING THE DRY SEASON TO EXPLOIT RUBBER, SARSAPARILLO, CACAO, AND COPAIBA OIL. LATER THE COLONISTS FROM NORTH EASTERN BRAZIL. THESE EARLY CONTACTS SEEM TO HAVE BEEN PEACEFUL. THESE EARLY CONTAQCTS SEEM TO HAVE BEEN PEACEFUL. BY 1900 SOME RUBBER WORKERS STAGED PLANNED MASACRES AND ANGLOS. BROUGHT DISEASES BOTH OF WHICH DESTROYED , AND ANGLOS BROUGHT DESTROYED MANY KASHINAWA. BY 1910 SOME OF THESE INDIANS WORKED FOR RUBBER COMPANIES FOR BRAZILIAN BOSSES, AS THEY STILL DO. BY 1910 SOME OF THE INDIANS WORKED FOR RUBBER COMPANIES FOR RUBBER COMPANIES FOR BRAZILIAN BOSSES A THEY STILL DO. OTHERS MOVED TO RIO CARANJA IN RELATIVE ISOLATION UNTIL THE 1940'S WHEN THEY LIVED WITH BRAZILIAN SETLLERS. THEY BECAME CATHOLICS.
BY THE 1970'S THE STATE OPENED UP THE HWY WHICH BROUGHT MORE CATTLE AND A CONTINUAL LAND OF EXPECTATION. THIS BROUGHT STRUGGLES FOR LAND ISUES BETWEEN RANCERS, THE KACHINAWA, AND RUBBER TAPPERS. THEY HAD A MOVEMENT TO EASTABLISH INDIGENOUS AREAS AS THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT DIRECTED. IN 1955 THE US MISSIONARIES BEGAN WORK WITH THE KASHINAWA IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH BILINGUAL SCHOOLS AND CONVERT THEM TO CHRISTIANS. THE KACHINAWA CAN'T MAINTAIN MUCH OF THEIR INDIGENOUS CULTURE.
THE KASHINAWA BELIEVE ALL OF NATURE INCLUDING HUMANS HAVE AN INVISIBLE COMPONENT CALLED "YUSHIN". HUMANS HAVE THE RIGHT TO USE THE VISIBLE PART OF THE WORLD. SPIRITS USE INVISIBLE PARTS. SPIRITS CAN BE PLAYFUL, MEAN, OR SPITEFUL. SPIRITS CAN BE SEEN DURING DREAMS WHILE UNCONSCIOUS AND UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HALLUCINOGEN, BREW MADE FROM A VINE. CATHOLICISM MISSIONARIES HAVE INTRODUCED NEW RELIGIOUS IDEAS BUT HAVE NOT ELIMINATED THESE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. RELIGIOUS PRACTIONERS ACTED AS MEDIATORS BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE SPIRITUAL WORLD.
THEY HAVE THREE PRIMARY CEREMONIES AND INITIATION RITES.AFTER CHILDREN ARE INITIATED BETWEEN 9 AND 12, THEY BEGIN TO TAKE ON AND ADULT RESPONSIBILITIES. THE HEADMAN RITUAL IS HELD WHENEVER TENSIONS WITHIN THE VILLAGE ARE THREATENED. IT HELPS BRING UNITY TO THE MEN.
SOME MEN HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF HERBAL TREATMENT WHEN ASKED IF ILLNESS IS NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBAL REMEDIES. SOME MEN HAVE HERBAL TREATMENT WHEN ASKED. IF ILLNESS IS NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBAL TREATMENT, THEY MAY BE TREATED BY A SHAMAN. THEY BELIEVE DEATH ENDS. SOME OF THE PEOPLE'S SPIRITS JOIN THE SPIRITS OF THE ANCESTORS AND SOME RETURN TO THE VILLAGE.
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BY THE 1970'S THE STATE OPENED UP THE HWY WHICH BROUGHT MORE CATTLE AND A CONTINUAL LAND OF EXPECTATION. THIS BROUGHT STRUGGLES FOR LAND ISUES BETWEEN RANCERS, THE KACHINAWA, AND RUBBER TAPPERS. THEY HAD A MOVEMENT TO EASTABLISH INDIGENOUS AREAS AS THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT DIRECTED. IN 1955 THE US MISSIONARIES BEGAN WORK WITH THE KASHINAWA IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH BILINGUAL SCHOOLS AND CONVERT THEM TO CHRISTIANS. THE KACHINAWA CAN'T MAINTAIN MUCH OF THEIR INDIGENOUS CULTURE.
THE KASHINAWA BELIEVE ALL OF NATURE INCLUDING HUMANS HAVE AN INVISIBLE COMPONENT CALLED "YUSHIN". HUMANS HAVE THE RIGHT TO USE THE VISIBLE PART OF THE WORLD. SPIRITS USE INVISIBLE PARTS. SPIRITS CAN BE PLAYFUL, MEAN, OR SPITEFUL. SPIRITS CAN BE SEEN DURING DREAMS WHILE UNCONSCIOUS AND UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HALLUCINOGEN, BREW MADE FROM A VINE. CATHOLICISM MISSIONARIES HAVE INTRODUCED NEW RELIGIOUS IDEAS BUT HAVE NOT ELIMINATED THESE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS. RELIGIOUS PRACTIONERS ACTED AS MEDIATORS BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE SPIRITUAL WORLD.
THEY HAVE THREE PRIMARY CEREMONIES AND INITIATION RITES.AFTER CHILDREN ARE INITIATED BETWEEN 9 AND 12, THEY BEGIN TO TAKE ON AND ADULT RESPONSIBILITIES. THE HEADMAN RITUAL IS HELD WHENEVER TENSIONS WITHIN THE VILLAGE ARE THREATENED. IT HELPS BRING UNITY TO THE MEN.
SOME MEN HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF HERBAL TREATMENT WHEN ASKED IF ILLNESS IS NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBAL REMEDIES. SOME MEN HAVE HERBAL TREATMENT WHEN ASKED. IF ILLNESS IS NOT RESPONSIVE TO HERBAL TREATMENT, THEY MAY BE TREATED BY A SHAMAN. THEY BELIEVE DEATH ENDS. SOME OF THE PEOPLE'S SPIRITS JOIN THE SPIRITS OF THE ANCESTORS AND SOME RETURN TO THE VILLAGE.
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CASHIBO INDIANS IN PERU
THE CASHIBO LIVE IN EASTERN PERU ALONG THE AGUAYTIA RIVER IN EASTERN PERU ALONG THE AGUAYTIA RIVER. THEIR POPULATION IS OF THE PANOAN FAMILY. HISTORICALLY THEY HAVE BEEN HOSTILE TO THEIR NEIGHBORS AND THE MISSIONARIES WHO ATTEMPTED TO WORK AMONG THEM . WHEN THE FIRST IN THE CASHIBO KILLED ONE OF THEM AND FORCED THE REST TO LEAVE. BY 1829 THEY RETREATED TO THE HEADWATER OF PACHITA. IN 1870 WHEN THEY RETURNED DOWN RIVER THEY WERE VICTIMS OF RAIDS BY THE SHETELBO AND COJUBO. IT HAS ONLY BEEN IN THE ONLY PAST 20TH CENTURIES THAT THE CASHIBO ARE IN CONTACT WITH THE PERUVIAN NATIONAL SOCIETY. IN THE PAST WHEN SETTLERS APPROACHED THE CASHIBO THE INDIANS SIMPLY MOVED FURTHER INTO THE FOREST TO AVOID THEM. BETWEEN THE 30'S AND 40'S MANY EPIDEMICS OCCURRED. BECAUSE ACCULTURATION WAS RAPID MANY CASHIBO DIED AS A 0RESULT OF CULTURE SHOCK AND DISEASE. BY 1940 THEY REFUSED TO BE ON A RESERVATION AND STAYED ON THEIR LAND. THE MAJORITY LIVE IN FIVE COMMUNITIES EACH OF WHICH IS HALF BILINGUAL DIRECTED BY THE SUMMER INSTITUTE, A MISSIONARY GROUP.
BOTH CASHIBO AND SHIPIBO INTERMARRY. THE TRADITIONAL CASHIBO SUBSISTENCE WAS BASED ON HUNTING, FISHING, CROPS RAISED IN SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE . FOLKS ALONG THE RIVER SELL BANANAS, SALTED MEAT, FISH AND CHICKEN TO TRUCK DRIVERS. BUT THOSE ON THE NON NAVIGABLE PACHITAS, WHO HAVE NO TRANSPORTATION, HAVE LESS OPPORTUNITY TO SELL THEIR PRODUCE. SOME CASHIBO HAVE SOME CCASHIBO HAVE LEFT FARMING TO WORK FOR CASH AS LUMBERERS AND OTHER JOBS. THEY ARE FARM AND OTHER WORKERS.
IN THEIR GARDENS THE CASHIBO RAISED MAIZE AND SWEET MANIOC AS STAPLES, PUMPKINS, PEANUTS, GOUYRDS, PAPAYA, PEPPERS SWEET POTATOES. NON FOOD CROPS INCLUDE COTTON, GENIPAPO, ANNATO, REEDS, FOR ARROWS, TWO TYPES OF FISH POISON PLANTS AND TOBACCO. EVERY THREE YEARS MEN CLEAR NEW FIELDS. CASHIBO DEPEND UPON FISH THAT THEY CATCH WITH BOW AND ARROW AND HARPOONS. THEY ALSO SALT AND SELL FISH. THE MOST IMPORTANT ANIMALS ARE DEER, CAPYBARAS AND MONKEYS, SQUIRRELS, TAPIR AND WATERFOWL. THEY KEEP THE DOMES,PIGS, AND PARROTS AND MONKEYS.
THEY ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR BEAUTIFUL POTTERY, BASKETS, AND MATS. MEN DO WOODWORKING. TYPICALLY THEY HAVE ONE OR TWO FAMILIES IN EACH HOUSE. THEIR COMMUNITY WAS SELF SUFFICIENT AND INDEPENDANT. THEIR WAS LITTLE TRADE WITH THE OTHER GROUPS. THEIR COMMUNITY WAS LEAD BY A FAMILY OWNED THIER GARDEN.
THE EMMISSIONARIES CONVINCED THEM TO WEAR CLOTHES. THE CHASHIBO DEFORMED THE HEQADS OF THEIR INFANTS BY USING A PAD AROUND THEIR HEADS TIED TO THEIR CRADLEBOARDS. IT TOOK ONLY FOUR DAYS. THEY HAD MANY OTHER RITES AND SOME WEIRD PRACTICES.
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BOTH CASHIBO AND SHIPIBO INTERMARRY. THE TRADITIONAL CASHIBO SUBSISTENCE WAS BASED ON HUNTING, FISHING, CROPS RAISED IN SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE . FOLKS ALONG THE RIVER SELL BANANAS, SALTED MEAT, FISH AND CHICKEN TO TRUCK DRIVERS. BUT THOSE ON THE NON NAVIGABLE PACHITAS, WHO HAVE NO TRANSPORTATION, HAVE LESS OPPORTUNITY TO SELL THEIR PRODUCE. SOME CASHIBO HAVE SOME CCASHIBO HAVE LEFT FARMING TO WORK FOR CASH AS LUMBERERS AND OTHER JOBS. THEY ARE FARM AND OTHER WORKERS.
IN THEIR GARDENS THE CASHIBO RAISED MAIZE AND SWEET MANIOC AS STAPLES, PUMPKINS, PEANUTS, GOUYRDS, PAPAYA, PEPPERS SWEET POTATOES. NON FOOD CROPS INCLUDE COTTON, GENIPAPO, ANNATO, REEDS, FOR ARROWS, TWO TYPES OF FISH POISON PLANTS AND TOBACCO. EVERY THREE YEARS MEN CLEAR NEW FIELDS. CASHIBO DEPEND UPON FISH THAT THEY CATCH WITH BOW AND ARROW AND HARPOONS. THEY ALSO SALT AND SELL FISH. THE MOST IMPORTANT ANIMALS ARE DEER, CAPYBARAS AND MONKEYS, SQUIRRELS, TAPIR AND WATERFOWL. THEY KEEP THE DOMES,PIGS, AND PARROTS AND MONKEYS.
THEY ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR BEAUTIFUL POTTERY, BASKETS, AND MATS. MEN DO WOODWORKING. TYPICALLY THEY HAVE ONE OR TWO FAMILIES IN EACH HOUSE. THEIR COMMUNITY WAS SELF SUFFICIENT AND INDEPENDANT. THEIR WAS LITTLE TRADE WITH THE OTHER GROUPS. THEIR COMMUNITY WAS LEAD BY A FAMILY OWNED THIER GARDEN.
THE EMMISSIONARIES CONVINCED THEM TO WEAR CLOTHES. THE CHASHIBO DEFORMED THE HEQADS OF THEIR INFANTS BY USING A PAD AROUND THEIR HEADS TIED TO THEIR CRADLEBOARDS. IT TOOK ONLY FOUR DAYS. THEY HAD MANY OTHER RITES AND SOME WEIRD PRACTICES.
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CAMPA INDIANS IN PERU
THE CAMPA INDIANS LIVE PRIMARILY IN THE EASTERN POPULATION OF THE PERUVIAN ANDES. JUST OVER 200 OF THEM LIVE IN BRAZIL. THEIR POPULATION RANGES FROM 14000 TO MORE THAN 40,000 FOLKS. THEY SPEAK LIKE ARAWAK. THEY HAVE SEVEN MAJOR CAMPAS GROUPS. THEY DID NOT GET ALONG WITH THE EUROPEANS. IN THE EARLY 17TH CENTURY THEY REBELLED AGAINST THE FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES.
BY 1735 THEY BUILT 38 MISSIONS WHERE 8000 INDIANS LIVED. IN 1742 THE CAMPA REBELLION AROSE. THIS HOSTILITY CONTINUED FOR OVER 100 YEARS. ANGLOS CAME IN THE RUBBER BOOM OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE CAMPA WERE FORCED TO WORK WITH THEM. THEY GOT MASSIVE EPIDEMICS AND MANY DIED. THE PERUVIAN CORPORATION DECIDED TO HAVE THEM WORK FOR THEIR LIVING.
A SUBGROUP OF THE CAMPO ARE CALLED ASHANNINCA WHO LIVE IN THE JUNGLE AT AN ELEVATION OF 300 TO 1800 METERS. THE ESTIMATED POPULATION WAS IN 1975 15 TO 18,000. THEY ARE TRADITIONALLY AGAINST THE FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES. BY 1735 THEY BUILT MISSIONS AGAINST THE FRANCISCANS MISSIONARIES.
BY 1735 THEY BUILT 38 MISSIONS WHERE 8000 LIVED. IN 1742 THE CAMPO REBELLION AROSE. THIS HOSTILITY CONTINUED FOR OVER 100 YEARS. ANGLOS CAME IN THE RUBBER BOOM OF THE
20TH CENTURY AND THE CAMPA WERE FORCED TO WORK WITH THEM. THEY GOT MASSIVE EPIDEMICS AND MANY DIED.
A SUBGROUP OF THE THE CAMPO ARE CALLED ASHANINEA WHO LIVE IN THE JUNGLES. SMALL GROUPS. MANY NOW USE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE. THEY HAVE INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP. IN CULTIVATING MAIZE, RICE,BEANS, COFFEE, AND CITRUS FRUITS, THEY WORK IN LUMBER ING AND HUNT ANIMAL SKINS. AN INTEGRAL OF THEIR ECONOMY IS THEIR SYSTEM OF TRADING PARTNERS. THEY HAVE 30 BILIGUAL SCHOOLS AND SOME MECHNICS.
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BY 1735 THEY BUILT 38 MISSIONS WHERE 8000 INDIANS LIVED. IN 1742 THE CAMPA REBELLION AROSE. THIS HOSTILITY CONTINUED FOR OVER 100 YEARS. ANGLOS CAME IN THE RUBBER BOOM OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE CAMPA WERE FORCED TO WORK WITH THEM. THEY GOT MASSIVE EPIDEMICS AND MANY DIED. THE PERUVIAN CORPORATION DECIDED TO HAVE THEM WORK FOR THEIR LIVING.
A SUBGROUP OF THE CAMPO ARE CALLED ASHANNINCA WHO LIVE IN THE JUNGLE AT AN ELEVATION OF 300 TO 1800 METERS. THE ESTIMATED POPULATION WAS IN 1975 15 TO 18,000. THEY ARE TRADITIONALLY AGAINST THE FRANCISCAN MISSIONARIES. BY 1735 THEY BUILT MISSIONS AGAINST THE FRANCISCANS MISSIONARIES.
BY 1735 THEY BUILT 38 MISSIONS WHERE 8000 LIVED. IN 1742 THE CAMPO REBELLION AROSE. THIS HOSTILITY CONTINUED FOR OVER 100 YEARS. ANGLOS CAME IN THE RUBBER BOOM OF THE
20TH CENTURY AND THE CAMPA WERE FORCED TO WORK WITH THEM. THEY GOT MASSIVE EPIDEMICS AND MANY DIED.
A SUBGROUP OF THE THE CAMPO ARE CALLED ASHANINEA WHO LIVE IN THE JUNGLES. SMALL GROUPS. MANY NOW USE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE. THEY HAVE INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP. IN CULTIVATING MAIZE, RICE,BEANS, COFFEE, AND CITRUS FRUITS, THEY WORK IN LUMBER ING AND HUNT ANIMAL SKINS. AN INTEGRAL OF THEIR ECONOMY IS THEIR SYSTEM OF TRADING PARTNERS. THEY HAVE 30 BILIGUAL SCHOOLS AND SOME MECHNICS.
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Tuesday, November 22, 2011
CANDOSHO INDIANS IN PERU
THE CANDOSHI SLOWLY MIGRATED TO NORTHERN CAJAMARCAS. LINGUISTICALLY AND ARCHAEOLOGICALLY THEY ARE AN ANOMALY IN THEIR PRESENT LOCATION. THEIR ORAL TRADITION INCLUDES NO ACCOUNT OF SUCH A MIGRATION. THEY HAD EARLY CONTACT WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.. THE CANDOSHI SAY THE ASHUER TAUGHT THEM HOW TO OBTAIN SPIRITUAL POWERS AND TO SHRINK HEADS. THEY HAD INTERFAMILY BLOOD FEUDS IN WAREFARE.
IN THE EARLY 1900'S PEOPLE STILL USED STONE AXES TO CLEAR GARDENS AND MAKE FOOD PRODUCTION. ONCE STEEL AXES AND MACHETES WERE INTRODUCED LARGE GARDENS WERE QUICKLY CLEARED AND MEN HAD TIME FOR WAREFARE?
BY THE 1930'S THE AMAZON RUBBER COMPANIES MADE THE CANDOSHI FIGHT AMONG EACH OTHER AND THEIR NEIGHBORS. IN THE EARLY 1930'S MANY OF THE CHAPARA YOUTH OF THE RIO STICHIN WERE ABDUCTED AND THEY REVOLTED AGAINST THE RUBBER COMPANIES. THIS PROVOKED A TWO YEAR WAR BETWEEN THE CHAPARA AND THE ARMY.
DURING THE 1940S A MEASLES EPIDEMIC REDUCED THEIR POPULATION TO 100 FOLKS. THE SURVIVORS SETTLED ON RIO PUSHAGA. AS TIME WENT BY MORE PEOPLE SOUGHT PEACE AND THEY DECIDED TO OBEY CHRISTIAN TEACHINGS, THE WAR RAIDS STOPPED. BILINGUAL SCHOOLS OPENED IN THE LATE 1500'S AND THEY BEGAN TO HAVE LITERACY AMONG PEOPLE.THEY BROUGHT IN TEACHERS FROM ENEMY GROUPS.
TODAY THEY LIVE IN EXTENDED FAMILY SETTLEMENTS OF ABOUT 150 PEOPLE. IDEALLY THE HOUSES SHOULD BE AT LEAST A 5 MINUTE WALK APART. EACH COMMUNITY WAS ABOUT ALONG STRUCTURE WITH A PALM LEAFED ROOF WITHOUT WALLS. THE AVERAGE HOME IS ABOUT 30 SQUARE METERS. THEIR MODERN HOMES HAVE A BARK WALL AROUND THE SLEEPING AREA.
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IN THE EARLY 1900'S PEOPLE STILL USED STONE AXES TO CLEAR GARDENS AND MAKE FOOD PRODUCTION. ONCE STEEL AXES AND MACHETES WERE INTRODUCED LARGE GARDENS WERE QUICKLY CLEARED AND MEN HAD TIME FOR WAREFARE?
BY THE 1930'S THE AMAZON RUBBER COMPANIES MADE THE CANDOSHI FIGHT AMONG EACH OTHER AND THEIR NEIGHBORS. IN THE EARLY 1930'S MANY OF THE CHAPARA YOUTH OF THE RIO STICHIN WERE ABDUCTED AND THEY REVOLTED AGAINST THE RUBBER COMPANIES. THIS PROVOKED A TWO YEAR WAR BETWEEN THE CHAPARA AND THE ARMY.
DURING THE 1940S A MEASLES EPIDEMIC REDUCED THEIR POPULATION TO 100 FOLKS. THE SURVIVORS SETTLED ON RIO PUSHAGA. AS TIME WENT BY MORE PEOPLE SOUGHT PEACE AND THEY DECIDED TO OBEY CHRISTIAN TEACHINGS, THE WAR RAIDS STOPPED. BILINGUAL SCHOOLS OPENED IN THE LATE 1500'S AND THEY BEGAN TO HAVE LITERACY AMONG PEOPLE.THEY BROUGHT IN TEACHERS FROM ENEMY GROUPS.
TODAY THEY LIVE IN EXTENDED FAMILY SETTLEMENTS OF ABOUT 150 PEOPLE. IDEALLY THE HOUSES SHOULD BE AT LEAST A 5 MINUTE WALK APART. EACH COMMUNITY WAS ABOUT ALONG STRUCTURE WITH A PALM LEAFED ROOF WITHOUT WALLS. THE AVERAGE HOME IS ABOUT 30 SQUARE METERS. THEIR MODERN HOMES HAVE A BARK WALL AROUND THE SLEEPING AREA.
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BORA INDIANS IN PERU
BORA INDIANS LIVE IN A DEEP PERUVIAN JUNGLE ALONG THE AMAZON AND AMPIRICU RIVERS. HISTORICALLY THEY HAD ENEMIES AS WELL AS ALLIES. THEY ARE ARTISTICALLY TALENTED TRIBES, MAKING MASKS, DOLLS, RATTLES AND BLOWGUNS. MANY CRAFTS ARE FROM BARK CLOTH. THEY MAKE BARK CLOTH FROM INNER BARK OF FIG TREE AND IS BEATEN IT IS PAPER THIN. THEY THEN MAKE SHORT SKIRTS AND FOR BOTH. A PALM TREE IS USED TO MAKE TWINE FOR BAGS AND HAMMOCKS. THE HUITOTO,THEIR ENEMY, WORE NO BLOUSES. THE BORA WOMEN WERE A DRESS. BOTH SEXES WEAR NO NECKLACES,FEATHERS, BUT THEY DO PAINT THEIR BODIES WITH RED AND WHITE PAINT.
ONE OF THE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN IQUITOS IS THE BORA INDIANS WHO LIVE IN SAN ANDRE VILLAGE. THEY HAVE ABOUT 3000 NATIVE SPEAKERS ALL LIVING IN PERU AND COLUMBIA. THE BORA LANGUAGE IS SIMILAR TO THE HUITOTO. THE BORA HAVE DIFFERENT CLANS REPRESENTED BY AN ANIMAL. THEY PAINT THEIR FACES WITH DIFFERENT DESIGNS BASED ON THEIR CLAN. THEY MUST MARRY OUTSIDE OF THEIR CLAN.
THE BORAS DO NOT DANCE AS THEY DO FOR TOURISTS IN IQUITOS. INSTEAD THEY USE LARGE SIX FIX FOOT BATONS THAT THEY FOUND IN UNISON ON THE GROUND AS THEY DANCE. THE BATONS HAVE SHELLS ATTACHED TO THEM FOR MUSIC HARMONY. THEY OFTEN DANCE ALL NIGHT IN THEIR CEREMONIES. ONE AUTHENTIC ITEM YOU CAN VIEW IN THEIR VILLAGE IS THE BORA MANGUARE DRUM. THEY HAVE DIFFERENT FORMS OF DRUMS AND THEY CONSIDER THEM MALE OR FEMALE.
THEY ALSO PEEL THE BARK OF A PALM TREE AND POUND IT WITH A WOODEN HAMMER. AFTER THEY POUND IT ONLY THE INNER BARK IS LEFT. THIS FABRIC IS LIKE BURLAP AND THEY USE NATURAL DYES. THEY USE GINGER FROM PRESSED GREEN FRUIT HUITO TREE.
THEY ALSO WEAVE WITH BAGS FROM A PALM FIBER CALLED CHAMBRI. A KEY INGREDIENT IN MAINTAINING A NATIVE CULTURE IS USING THEIR TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE. IF YOU TALK TO THE CHILDREN YOU WILL SEE THEY UNDERSTAND THEIR LANGUAGE.
ANOTHER TEST OF THEIR CULTURAL INTEGRITY IS THAT THEY STILL USE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MEDICINAL USE OF BORAS. COCA LEAVES ARE USED IN THE ANDES MOUNTAINS TO PROVIDE THEM SOME NUTRIENTS IN THEIR DIET. IT ALLOWS THEM TO WORK EXTENDED HOURS WITHOUT EXHAUSTION. THEY DO NOT HAVE CHEW THE RAW LEAVES AS THEY DO IN THE MOUNTAINS -THE BORA DRY THE LEAVES OVER A FIRE AND POUND THEM IN A POWDER. THIS POWDER IS BLOWN IN THEIR NOSE!
THE BORA INDIANS ARE PRESERVING THEIR CULTURE BY A SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT IN BRILLO NUEVO. SCIENTISTS HAVE LEARNED THAT FROM OBSERVATIONS ON TRADITIONAL BORA FORESTRY. THEY ARE MAKING NEW MODELS OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE THAT WILL SUSTAIN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST RATHER THAN DESTROY IT. THE BORAS WERE A SEMINOMADIC TRIBE AND THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND WAS ON COLOMBIA. THEY LIVED IN A COMMUNAL HOUSE. THEY WERE NOMADS PRACTICING SHIFTING CULTIVATIONS AND THEY SUBSIDIZED THEIR DIET BY HUNTING AND THEY PRACTICED SHIFTING CULTIVATIONS AND FISHED.
BY 1900 THE AMAZON RUBBER BOOM CHANGED THE WAYS OF THE BORAS FOREVER. THIS PERIOD WAS DISASTROUS FOR THE BORA COMMUNITIES. THEY WERE FORCED TO HARVEST LATEX FROM STANDS OF RUBBER TREES. THE BEFORE THE BOOM THE BORA INDIGENOUS POPULATION WAS ESTIMATED AT 15,000. YEARS LATER PERU'S LOSS OF THE BORDER WAR WITH COLUMBIA IN 1930'S MADE THE M EVACUATE TO IQUITOS.
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ONE OF THE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN IQUITOS IS THE BORA INDIANS WHO LIVE IN SAN ANDRE VILLAGE. THEY HAVE ABOUT 3000 NATIVE SPEAKERS ALL LIVING IN PERU AND COLUMBIA. THE BORA LANGUAGE IS SIMILAR TO THE HUITOTO. THE BORA HAVE DIFFERENT CLANS REPRESENTED BY AN ANIMAL. THEY PAINT THEIR FACES WITH DIFFERENT DESIGNS BASED ON THEIR CLAN. THEY MUST MARRY OUTSIDE OF THEIR CLAN.
THE BORAS DO NOT DANCE AS THEY DO FOR TOURISTS IN IQUITOS. INSTEAD THEY USE LARGE SIX FIX FOOT BATONS THAT THEY FOUND IN UNISON ON THE GROUND AS THEY DANCE. THE BATONS HAVE SHELLS ATTACHED TO THEM FOR MUSIC HARMONY. THEY OFTEN DANCE ALL NIGHT IN THEIR CEREMONIES. ONE AUTHENTIC ITEM YOU CAN VIEW IN THEIR VILLAGE IS THE BORA MANGUARE DRUM. THEY HAVE DIFFERENT FORMS OF DRUMS AND THEY CONSIDER THEM MALE OR FEMALE.
THEY ALSO PEEL THE BARK OF A PALM TREE AND POUND IT WITH A WOODEN HAMMER. AFTER THEY POUND IT ONLY THE INNER BARK IS LEFT. THIS FABRIC IS LIKE BURLAP AND THEY USE NATURAL DYES. THEY USE GINGER FROM PRESSED GREEN FRUIT HUITO TREE.
THEY ALSO WEAVE WITH BAGS FROM A PALM FIBER CALLED CHAMBRI. A KEY INGREDIENT IN MAINTAINING A NATIVE CULTURE IS USING THEIR TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE. IF YOU TALK TO THE CHILDREN YOU WILL SEE THEY UNDERSTAND THEIR LANGUAGE.
ANOTHER TEST OF THEIR CULTURAL INTEGRITY IS THAT THEY STILL USE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MEDICINAL USE OF BORAS. COCA LEAVES ARE USED IN THE ANDES MOUNTAINS TO PROVIDE THEM SOME NUTRIENTS IN THEIR DIET. IT ALLOWS THEM TO WORK EXTENDED HOURS WITHOUT EXHAUSTION. THEY DO NOT HAVE CHEW THE RAW LEAVES AS THEY DO IN THE MOUNTAINS -THE BORA DRY THE LEAVES OVER A FIRE AND POUND THEM IN A POWDER. THIS POWDER IS BLOWN IN THEIR NOSE!
THE BORA INDIANS ARE PRESERVING THEIR CULTURE BY A SUSTAINABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT IN BRILLO NUEVO. SCIENTISTS HAVE LEARNED THAT FROM OBSERVATIONS ON TRADITIONAL BORA FORESTRY. THEY ARE MAKING NEW MODELS OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE THAT WILL SUSTAIN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST RATHER THAN DESTROY IT. THE BORAS WERE A SEMINOMADIC TRIBE AND THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND WAS ON COLOMBIA. THEY LIVED IN A COMMUNAL HOUSE. THEY WERE NOMADS PRACTICING SHIFTING CULTIVATIONS AND THEY SUBSIDIZED THEIR DIET BY HUNTING AND THEY PRACTICED SHIFTING CULTIVATIONS AND FISHED.
BY 1900 THE AMAZON RUBBER BOOM CHANGED THE WAYS OF THE BORAS FOREVER. THIS PERIOD WAS DISASTROUS FOR THE BORA COMMUNITIES. THEY WERE FORCED TO HARVEST LATEX FROM STANDS OF RUBBER TREES. THE BEFORE THE BOOM THE BORA INDIGENOUS POPULATION WAS ESTIMATED AT 15,000. YEARS LATER PERU'S LOSS OF THE BORDER WAR WITH COLUMBIA IN 1930'S MADE THE M EVACUATE TO IQUITOS.
INDIANCULTURES.COM
AYMARA INDIAN IN PERU
AYMARA INDIANS SPEAK ONE OF THE MAJOR LANGUAGES OF SOUTH AMERICA SPOKEN BY 3 MILLION PEOPLE. IN THE ANDEAN REGION OF BOLIVIA, PERU. THEY HAVE TWO TO EIGHT DIFFERENT AYMARAN LANGUAGES. SOME THINK IT IS RELATED TO AYMARA AND RELATED TO QUECHUA.THESE FOLKS LIVE IN BOLIVIA AND PERUVIAN PLAIN NEAR LAKE TITICACA. TWO SMALL VILLAGES OF INDIANS LIVE IN THE AREA.
SPANISH CONQUEST AFFECTED THE AYMARA TREMENDOUSLY. EPIDEMICS, WARFARE, AND COLONIAL EXPLOITATION LED TO A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION. COLONIAL EXPLOITATION LED TO A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION AS WELL. TODAY THEY HAVE ESTIMATED THAT THERE ARE BETWEEN 600,00 TO 900,000 AYMARA.
PRIOR TO THEIR CONQUEST BY THE INCA IN 1430 THEY WERE ORGANIZED INTO SUBGROUPS. THEY WERE INCLUDED WITH THE INCA THAT RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT AND LACK OF INDEPENDENCE. BY 1535 THE SPANISH CONQUEST FURTHER FURTHER CHANGED THEM FROM 1820 TO THE . THE AMARA HAVE BEEN UNDER THE RULE OF PERUVIAN AND BOLIVIAN REPUBLICS. IN THE LAST 25 YEARS25 YEARS.
THE MAJORITY OF OF AYMARA ARE DEPENDANT ON AGRICULTURE FOR THEIR SUBSISTENCE. THEY GROW MANY CROPS THEY RAISE SHEEP LLAMAS. CATTLE, ALPACAS, AND FISH, THEIR ECONOMIC STRUCTURE TOOK PLACE IN THE PAST FEW DECADES. PRIOR TO LAND REFORM PROGRAMS, THE MAJORITY OF ALTIPLANO LANDS. MANY AYMARA WERE DEPENDANTS OF THESE ESTATES, EXCHANGING LABOR FOR RIGHTS TO USE THE ARABLE LAND. THE HACIENDA SYSTEM IS WELL DOCUMENTED AND THEIR PRODUCE WAS SIPHONED OFF BY MIDDLEMEN. TODAY THE HACIENDA SYSTEM WELL DOCUMENTED AND THE SYSTEM WAS THEIR PRODUCE WAS SIPHONED OFF BY MIDDLEMEN. TODAY THE HACIENDA SYSTEM IS BREAKING UP AND LAND TENURE HAS CHANGED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
SPANISH CONQUEST AFFECTED THE AYMARA TREMENDOUSLY. EPIDEMICS, WARFARE, AND COLONIAL EXPLOITATION LED TO A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION. COLONIAL EXPLOITATION LED TO A DECLINE IN THE POPULATION AS WELL. TODAY THEY HAVE ESTIMATED THAT THERE ARE BETWEEN 600,00 TO 900,000 AYMARA.
PRIOR TO THEIR CONQUEST BY THE INCA IN 1430 THEY WERE ORGANIZED INTO SUBGROUPS. THEY WERE INCLUDED WITH THE INCA THAT RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT AND LACK OF INDEPENDENCE. BY 1535 THE SPANISH CONQUEST FURTHER FURTHER CHANGED THEM FROM 1820 TO THE . THE AMARA HAVE BEEN UNDER THE RULE OF PERUVIAN AND BOLIVIAN REPUBLICS. IN THE LAST 25 YEARS25 YEARS.
THE MAJORITY OF OF AYMARA ARE DEPENDANT ON AGRICULTURE FOR THEIR SUBSISTENCE. THEY GROW MANY CROPS THEY RAISE SHEEP LLAMAS. CATTLE, ALPACAS, AND FISH, THEIR ECONOMIC STRUCTURE TOOK PLACE IN THE PAST FEW DECADES. PRIOR TO LAND REFORM PROGRAMS, THE MAJORITY OF ALTIPLANO LANDS. MANY AYMARA WERE DEPENDANTS OF THESE ESTATES, EXCHANGING LABOR FOR RIGHTS TO USE THE ARABLE LAND. THE HACIENDA SYSTEM IS WELL DOCUMENTED AND THEIR PRODUCE WAS SIPHONED OFF BY MIDDLEMEN. TODAY THE HACIENDA SYSTEM WELL DOCUMENTED AND THE SYSTEM WAS THEIR PRODUCE WAS SIPHONED OFF BY MIDDLEMEN. TODAY THE HACIENDA SYSTEM IS BREAKING UP AND LAND TENURE HAS CHANGED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
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