THE CARIB PEOPLE SPEAK CARIBAN AND ABOUT 10,000 FOLKS SPEAK THIS LANGUAGE . THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS ARE NAMED AFTER THEM. THEY ORIGINATED IN THE WEST INDIES AND THE NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. THEY RAIDED OTHER GROUPS THAT RESULTED IN FEMALE ARAWAK CAPTIVES. THEY LIVED IN THREE SEPARATE VILLAGES.
THE CARIBS ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE MIGRATED FROM THE SAME PLACE TO SETTLE IN THE CARRIBEAN ISLANDS ABOUT 1200 A.D. AFTER 1492 WHEN COLUMBUS DISPLACED THE MAIPUREAN FOLKS BY WARFARE. THE CARIB TRIBE TRADED WITH THE TAINO FROM THESE ISLANDS.NONE OF THEM MINED FOR GOLD FROM THE MAINLAND. THEY WERE GOOD AT BOAT BUILDING AND SAILING. THE CARIBS WERE DISPLAYED BY THE EUROPEANS WITH A GREAT LOSS OF LIFE. OTHERS WERE ASSIMILATED DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD. THEY CONTRACTED DISEASES ALSO. BLACK ENSLAVED AFRICANS INTERMARRIED WITH CRIB SURVIVORS. IN 1795 THE BRITISH TRANSPORTED THE BLACK CARIBS TO HONDURAS. THESE FOLKS REMAINED IN DOMINICAN IN A DEGREE OF AUTONOMY. THEY HAVE 300 CARIBS REMAINING AND IN 2003 THEY ELECTED THEIR OWN CHIEF AND CELEBRATED 100 YEARS OF TERRITORY.
THE DESCENDANTS FROM THE CARIBE AND WEST AFRICA IS DIFFERENT FROM THE MUSIC CREATED. THEY ALSO DANCE AND MAKE THEIR OWN INSTRUMENTS AND GUITARS. THEIR RELIGION OF THE CARIBES IS POLYTHEISTS. THEY PRACTICED KALINGO SIMILAR TO ANCESTOR WORSHIP. THEY BELIEVED IN AN EVIL SPIRIT. THE CHIEF FUNCTION OF THE SHAMANS WAS TO HEAL THE SICK WITH HERBS AND TO CAST SPELLS. THEIR CEREMONIES HAD SACRIFICES. THEY SMOKED TOBACCO. THEIR EARLY CULTURE WAS PATRIARCHCHAL. WOMEN REARED THE YOUNG CHILDREN, AND PRODUCEDFOOD AND CLOTHING AND CULTIVATED LAND FOR FARMING.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
Friday, December 30, 2011
Thursday, December 29, 2011
BANIWA CULTURE IN BRAZIL
THE BANIWA SPEAK ARAWAKAN WHICH IS SPOKEN BY 6000 FOLKS. THEY ARE RELATED TO CURRIPACO LANGUAGE. THEY INCLUDE THE NORTHWEST AMAZON. THEY BELIEVE IN THE BEGINNING ONLY NAPIRULI THEIR CREATOR FIRST MADE HIS YOUNGER BROTHER. THEN HE CREATED MEN AND WOMAN, FOLLOWED BY THE WORLD, LIGHT, LAND WATER PLANTS AND ANIMALS. HE MADE SEEDS OF EACH PLANT..YUCCA, PINEAPPLE, SUGAR CANE, PLAINTAIN. HE TAUGHT THE WOMEN TO PLANT AND HARVEST AND TO WEAVE BASKETS FOR TRANSPORTING FOOD.
THEY SUFFERED GREATLY FROM THE EXPLOITATION BY THE RUBBER COMPANIES. THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED BY CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION. THE REGION'S HISTORY OF VIOLENCE MADE THE BANIWA MIGRATE TOWARD OTHER REGIONS. THEY ABANDONED THEIR ANCESTRAL WAYS. THEY ARE ONE OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. THEY BUY FOODS LIKE MANIOC AND CASSAVA. THEY MARKET FOODS THAT ARE MOST OF THEIR DIET BUT THEY HUNT, GATHER, AND FISH DEPENDING UPON THE RAINS FOR HUNTING MONKEYS, AND BIRDS. THEY MAKE BLOWPIPES AND BOWS AND ARROWS. POTTERY AND BASKET MAKING HAVE NOT BEEN PASSED ONTO NEW GENERATIONS. THEY MAKE SMALL BROOMS TO SELL. THEY SEW CLOTHING IN COTTON, THEY MAKE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND WALKING STICKS.
THEY HAVE NOT LOST THEIR ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY COMPLETELY. THEY BELIEVE THE CLIMATE CHANGES BY MAGICAL FORCES. THEIR CREATOR IS CALLED NAPIRULI AND IS A DIETY ALSO HONORED BY OTHER ARIWAK GROUPS OF SOUTHERN VENEZUELA, AND BARE PEOPLE. THE APARO ARE SHORT MEN WHO CARRY THUNDER AND LIGHTENING OVER THEIR BACKS AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WEATHER. THEY CAN BRING MALIGNANT SPIRITS. THEY SOAR OVER RIVERS DURING THE RAINY SEASON, AND THEY SINK FISHING TOOLS TO THE BOTTOM OF THE RIVER. DESPITE THEIR FEAR THAT THE APARO CAN EVOKE, THE BANIWA STILL CANOE IN RIVERS LIKE THEIR ANCESTORS DID FOR YEARS.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
THEY SUFFERED GREATLY FROM THE EXPLOITATION BY THE RUBBER COMPANIES. THEIR POPULATION WAS REDUCED BY CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION. THE REGION'S HISTORY OF VIOLENCE MADE THE BANIWA MIGRATE TOWARD OTHER REGIONS. THEY ABANDONED THEIR ANCESTRAL WAYS. THEY ARE ONE OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. THEY BUY FOODS LIKE MANIOC AND CASSAVA. THEY MARKET FOODS THAT ARE MOST OF THEIR DIET BUT THEY HUNT, GATHER, AND FISH DEPENDING UPON THE RAINS FOR HUNTING MONKEYS, AND BIRDS. THEY MAKE BLOWPIPES AND BOWS AND ARROWS. POTTERY AND BASKET MAKING HAVE NOT BEEN PASSED ONTO NEW GENERATIONS. THEY MAKE SMALL BROOMS TO SELL. THEY SEW CLOTHING IN COTTON, THEY MAKE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND WALKING STICKS.
THEY HAVE NOT LOST THEIR ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY COMPLETELY. THEY BELIEVE THE CLIMATE CHANGES BY MAGICAL FORCES. THEIR CREATOR IS CALLED NAPIRULI AND IS A DIETY ALSO HONORED BY OTHER ARIWAK GROUPS OF SOUTHERN VENEZUELA, AND BARE PEOPLE. THE APARO ARE SHORT MEN WHO CARRY THUNDER AND LIGHTENING OVER THEIR BACKS AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WEATHER. THEY CAN BRING MALIGNANT SPIRITS. THEY SOAR OVER RIVERS DURING THE RAINY SEASON, AND THEY SINK FISHING TOOLS TO THE BOTTOM OF THE RIVER. DESPITE THEIR FEAR THAT THE APARO CAN EVOKE, THE BANIWA STILL CANOE IN RIVERS LIKE THEIR ANCESTORS DID FOR YEARS.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
BAKAIRI INDIANS IN BRAZIL
THE BAKAIRI IN BRAZIL SPEAK CARRIBAN LANGUAGE. AND ABOUT 500 PEOPLE LIVE THERE. THEY LIVE ON A RESERVATION AND CONSIDER THEMSELVES INDIANS WITH SEPARATE CULTURAL TRADITIONS THEY DISTINGUISH BETWEEN KARAIWA AND NONINDIANS AND BAKAKARI. THE LATER PREFER PORTUGUESE AND MARRY NONINDIANS. THEY DEVIATE FROM THEIR TRADITIONS. THEY LIVE IN CENTRAL BRAZIL IN PARATINGA ON A RESERVATION WHICH IS ISOLATED. THEIR ROADS ARE POOR AND IT TAKES A LONG TIME TO TRAVEL. THE RIVERS PROVIDE WATER FOR WASHING CLOTHES, DRINKING, AND BATHING. THEIR GARDENS ARE CULTIVATED. ABOUT 5% OF THEIR lANDS ARE A DRY PRAIRIE. THEIR CLIMATE IS HOT AND HUMID.
THEY HAVE 259 PEOPLE IN THE VILLAGE.. THE STRUCTURE OF THE PEOPLE IS GROWING SLOWLY. THEY HAVE RANCHES. LARGE AGRRICULTURAL BUSINESSES HAVE PENETRATED THE REGION.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.COM
THEY HAVE 259 PEOPLE IN THE VILLAGE.. THE STRUCTURE OF THE PEOPLE IS GROWING SLOWLY. THEY HAVE RANCHES. LARGE AGRRICULTURAL BUSINESSES HAVE PENETRATED THE REGION.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.COM
Wednesday, December 28, 2011
ASHANINKA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
ASHANINKA IS AN ARAWAKEN LANGUAGE . THERE ARE MORE THAN 50,000 PEOPLE WHO SPEAK THIS LANGUAGE. THEIR ANCESTRAL LANDS ARE IN THE FOREST IN PERU AND BRAZIL. THEIR NAME MEANS KINSMEN. THEY REPRESENT THE LARGEST INDIGENOUS GROUP IN BRAZIL AND AMAZON AREA AND AMAZON AREA. THEY HAVE SEVEN DIFFERENT GROUPS WHO LIVE SCATTERED LIVES IN MORE THAN 200 COMMUNITIES.
THEY DEPEND ON SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE. THEY USE SLASH AND BURN TECHNIQUES. THEY PLANT YUCCA, CORN,SWEET POTATOES, BANANAS, RICE , COFFEE, CACAO, AND SUGAR CANE. THEY ALSO HUNT AND FISH USING BOWS AND ARROWS AND SPEARS. THEY ALSO COLLECT FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN THE JUNGLE. THEY HAVE A FIERCE AND INDEPENDANT PERSONALITY.
THE WOMEN WEAR A ROBE FROM COTTON THAT IS COLLECTED AND SPUN DYED. WOMEN WEAVE THEM ON LOOMS. THEY PUT SEEDS ON THEM. IT TAKES THREE MONTHS TO MAKE. THEY WEAR THEIR HAIR LONG. THE MEN WEAR THEIR HAIR SHORT. THEY WEAR NECKLACES AND BRACELETS FROM SEEDS AND FEATHERS. ALL OF THEIR TRIBE PAINT THERE FACES. THEY INCREASINGLY WEAR CAST OFF WESTERN CLOTHES.
SINCE THE 1950'S ASHININKA TERRITORY HAS BEEN REDUCED AND THEIR SETTLEMENTS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED. THEY HAVE BUILT A RETREAT BY THE ASHANINKA PEOPLE IN THE JUNGLE. A SMALL COMMUNITY OF 600 HAVE LAND RIGHTS.
DURING THE 1900'S THEIR INTERNAL CONFLICT IN PERU DISPLACEMENT AND DEATH IN THEIR COMMUNITY. THEIR DISPLACEMENT AND DEATHS IN THEIR COMMUNITY. THEIR GARDENS WERE BURNED. THEIR LEGAL PAPERS WERE DESTROYED. SOME WERE ENSLAVED AND MANY FLED TO OTHER AREAS. THEY COULD NOT HUNT OR FISH BECAUSE OF THE DANGERS FROM ARMED FORCES. MALNUTRITION WAS A PROBLEM TOO. ACCORDING TO ONE COMMISSION, 10,000 ASHANINKA WERE DISPLACED, 6000 DIED, AND 15,000 WERE TAKEN CAPTIVE DURING THIS TIME. ABOUT 40 OF THEIR COMMUNITIES DISAPPEARED. MALARIA IS ON THE RISE DUE TO CLEARING OF TRACTS OF LANDS BY LOGGERS AND COLONISTS, AS ARE OTHER DISEASES BROUGHT IN. IN THE EARLY 2000 THEY GAINED LEGAL TITLE TO A PORTION OF THEIR LANDS. THEY MAPPED THEM USING GPS TECHNOLOGY. THESE LANDS ARE NOW A NATIONAL PARK. THEY ARE INVOLVED IN STRENGTHENING THEIR CULTURE. MOST ASHANINKA HAVE PROJECTS THAT SUPPORT THEIR COMMUNITY AND MANY HAVE RETURNED TO THEIR ANCESTRAL LANDS.
THEY CURRENTLY HAVE THREATS FROM OIL COMPANIES, DRUG TRAFFIC, COLONISTS, ILLEGAL LUMBERERS, ILLEGAL ROADS, CONSERVATION FROM DISEASES FROM OUTSIDERS AND CONSERVATION GROUPS. ROADS HAVE BEEN BUILT INTO THE FOREST TO EXTRACT MAHOGANY AND CEDAR TREES FOR EXPORT.
MISSIONARY GROUPS ARE INTENT ON CHANGING ASHININKA CULTURE AND BELIEF SYSTEM. AND SOME OTHER GROUPS WHO ARE EXPLOITING PROBLEMS WITHIN BECAME WORSE AS A DIRECT OF THE VIOLENT UPHEAVAL OVER A DECADE AGO. THEY HAVE SOME PROGRAMS TO DEVELOP AN ECOLOGICALLY DIVERSE AREA. OTHER ASHANINKA HAVE MOVED FURTHER INTO THE JUNGLE, CHOOSING ISOLATION.
NATIVE-LANGUAGESES.ORG
THEY DEPEND ON SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE. THEY USE SLASH AND BURN TECHNIQUES. THEY PLANT YUCCA, CORN,SWEET POTATOES, BANANAS, RICE , COFFEE, CACAO, AND SUGAR CANE. THEY ALSO HUNT AND FISH USING BOWS AND ARROWS AND SPEARS. THEY ALSO COLLECT FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN THE JUNGLE. THEY HAVE A FIERCE AND INDEPENDANT PERSONALITY.
THE WOMEN WEAR A ROBE FROM COTTON THAT IS COLLECTED AND SPUN DYED. WOMEN WEAVE THEM ON LOOMS. THEY PUT SEEDS ON THEM. IT TAKES THREE MONTHS TO MAKE. THEY WEAR THEIR HAIR LONG. THE MEN WEAR THEIR HAIR SHORT. THEY WEAR NECKLACES AND BRACELETS FROM SEEDS AND FEATHERS. ALL OF THEIR TRIBE PAINT THERE FACES. THEY INCREASINGLY WEAR CAST OFF WESTERN CLOTHES.
SINCE THE 1950'S ASHININKA TERRITORY HAS BEEN REDUCED AND THEIR SETTLEMENTS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED. THEY HAVE BUILT A RETREAT BY THE ASHANINKA PEOPLE IN THE JUNGLE. A SMALL COMMUNITY OF 600 HAVE LAND RIGHTS.
DURING THE 1900'S THEIR INTERNAL CONFLICT IN PERU DISPLACEMENT AND DEATH IN THEIR COMMUNITY. THEIR DISPLACEMENT AND DEATHS IN THEIR COMMUNITY. THEIR GARDENS WERE BURNED. THEIR LEGAL PAPERS WERE DESTROYED. SOME WERE ENSLAVED AND MANY FLED TO OTHER AREAS. THEY COULD NOT HUNT OR FISH BECAUSE OF THE DANGERS FROM ARMED FORCES. MALNUTRITION WAS A PROBLEM TOO. ACCORDING TO ONE COMMISSION, 10,000 ASHANINKA WERE DISPLACED, 6000 DIED, AND 15,000 WERE TAKEN CAPTIVE DURING THIS TIME. ABOUT 40 OF THEIR COMMUNITIES DISAPPEARED. MALARIA IS ON THE RISE DUE TO CLEARING OF TRACTS OF LANDS BY LOGGERS AND COLONISTS, AS ARE OTHER DISEASES BROUGHT IN. IN THE EARLY 2000 THEY GAINED LEGAL TITLE TO A PORTION OF THEIR LANDS. THEY MAPPED THEM USING GPS TECHNOLOGY. THESE LANDS ARE NOW A NATIONAL PARK. THEY ARE INVOLVED IN STRENGTHENING THEIR CULTURE. MOST ASHANINKA HAVE PROJECTS THAT SUPPORT THEIR COMMUNITY AND MANY HAVE RETURNED TO THEIR ANCESTRAL LANDS.
THEY CURRENTLY HAVE THREATS FROM OIL COMPANIES, DRUG TRAFFIC, COLONISTS, ILLEGAL LUMBERERS, ILLEGAL ROADS, CONSERVATION FROM DISEASES FROM OUTSIDERS AND CONSERVATION GROUPS. ROADS HAVE BEEN BUILT INTO THE FOREST TO EXTRACT MAHOGANY AND CEDAR TREES FOR EXPORT.
MISSIONARY GROUPS ARE INTENT ON CHANGING ASHININKA CULTURE AND BELIEF SYSTEM. AND SOME OTHER GROUPS WHO ARE EXPLOITING PROBLEMS WITHIN BECAME WORSE AS A DIRECT OF THE VIOLENT UPHEAVAL OVER A DECADE AGO. THEY HAVE SOME PROGRAMS TO DEVELOP AN ECOLOGICALLY DIVERSE AREA. OTHER ASHANINKA HAVE MOVED FURTHER INTO THE JUNGLE, CHOOSING ISOLATION.
NATIVE-LANGUAGESES.ORG
APURINA INDIANS IN BRAZIL
APURINA INDIANS SPEAK AN ARAWAKEN LANGUAGE OF SOUTH AMERICA. SPOKEN BY 1000 PEOPLE.1000 PEOPLE.. THESE FOLKS LIVE ALONEG THE PUIRUS RIVER. THE CALL THEMSELVES THE KANGITE. THEY ARE SPREAD OVER 23 INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES. SOME APURINA MIGRATE TO SUBURBS OF BOCADO ACRE FOR NEW OPPORTUNITIES. THEY WERE LOOKING FOR IMPROVED LIVING CONDITIONS FOR THEIR FAMILIES AND THAT OF THE FUTURE GENERATIONS.
ONE OF THEIR ACTIVITIES IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PLANT SPECIES FOR THEIR HANDICRAFTS. THEY ARE DEVELOPING A PLANFOR PRODUCING CRAFT COMMERCIALIZATION. JEWELRY FROM THE RAINFOREST SEEDS WAS STARTED IN 1999. THEY RECEIVE SUPPORT FROM THE BRAZILIAN FUND FOR THEIR NATIONAL FUND FOR THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
ONE OF THEIR ACTIVITIES IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PLANT SPECIES FOR THEIR HANDICRAFTS. THEY ARE DEVELOPING A PLANFOR PRODUCING CRAFT COMMERCIALIZATION. JEWELRY FROM THE RAINFOREST SEEDS WAS STARTED IN 1999. THEY RECEIVE SUPPORT FROM THE BRAZILIAN FUND FOR THEIR NATIONAL FUND FOR THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
YINE TRIBE IN PERU
THE YINE SPEAK AN ARAWAKAN LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY 4000 PEOPLE. THIS TRIBE LIVES DEEP IN A PERUVIAN JUNGLE THAT HAS NOT BEEN CONTACTED YET BY THE OUTSIDERS. THEY COOK THEIR FOOD WITH FIRE AND LIKE TURTLE EGGS. THEY HAVE A GROUP OF 150 NOMADS WHO LIVE NEAR THE PIEDRA WHO HAVE MEMBER IN THE WORLD WILDLIFE FUND OF PERU. THEY FOUND REMAINS OF 38 PALM HUTS, TURTLE SHELLS AND EGGSHELL, AND ANIMAL REMAINS AT A BEACH.
THEY MAKE THEIR ARROWS OF VEGETABLE MATTER AND THIS HELPS TO UNDERSTAND THEIR WAY OF LIFE. SINCE SOME OF THEIR HUTS OR HOUSES ARE MORE HIGHLY FINISHED THAN OTHERS. THEY HAVE SOME KIND OF ORGANIZATION. THEY ARE CONSTANTLY ON THE MOVE BASED ON THE RAINS. THEY MAKE BASKETS. FOR CARRYING FOOD FROM PALM AND ANNATTO. THEY USE ANNATTO AS A SUN PROTECTION. THEY HAVE THEIR CAMPFIRES IN FRONT OF THEIR HUTS. SOME OF THEIR FOODS THEY EAT HAVE BEEN COOKED AND THEY USE TURTLE SHELLS TO CARRY FIRE CAMP TO ANOTHER. THEY COVER THEIR PRIVATE PARTS, HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THIS GROUP. THESE FOLKS ARE ANCESTRAL KNOWLEDGE AND ARE GUARDIANS OF BIODIVERSITY.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
THEY MAKE THEIR ARROWS OF VEGETABLE MATTER AND THIS HELPS TO UNDERSTAND THEIR WAY OF LIFE. SINCE SOME OF THEIR HUTS OR HOUSES ARE MORE HIGHLY FINISHED THAN OTHERS. THEY HAVE SOME KIND OF ORGANIZATION. THEY ARE CONSTANTLY ON THE MOVE BASED ON THE RAINS. THEY MAKE BASKETS. FOR CARRYING FOOD FROM PALM AND ANNATTO. THEY USE ANNATTO AS A SUN PROTECTION. THEY HAVE THEIR CAMPFIRES IN FRONT OF THEIR HUTS. SOME OF THEIR FOODS THEY EAT HAVE BEEN COOKED AND THEY USE TURTLE SHELLS TO CARRY FIRE CAMP TO ANOTHER. THEY COVER THEIR PRIVATE PARTS, HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THIS GROUP. THESE FOLKS ARE ANCESTRAL KNOWLEDGE AND ARE GUARDIANS OF BIODIVERSITY.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
Tuesday, December 27, 2011
WITOTO INDIANS IN PERU
THEY SPEAK WITOTOAN LANGUAGE AND ABOUT 4000 PEOPLE LIVE IN THIS TRIBE. TODAY THERE ARE ABOUT 8500 FOLKS WHO LIVE ALONG THE PUTAMAYO RIVERS AND THE AMAZON REGION IN COLUMBIA.
OTHER ARITOTOANS ARE BORA AND MARANA. THERE ARE OTHER SUBGROUPS. DURING EARLY
1900'S THEY HAD 15,000 FOLKS HERE. OBSERVERS REPORTED THAT THEY WERE SEPARATED INTO 100 VILLAGES. DURING THE RUBBER BOOM IN THE 1950'S, DISEASES FORCED LABOR AND MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION RAPIDLY FELL TO 7000 TO 8000. THE SURVEYORS FLED TO MARGINAL AREAS. SOME HAVE LOST THEIR ETHNIC IDENTITY.
ALL THE WITOTO HAVE SIMILAR SUBSISTENCE PRACTICES. THEY MOVE EVERY FEW YEARS TO FIND AREAS IN WHICH TO MAKE SWIDDEN GARDENS. THEIR STAPLES ARE SWEET AND BITTER MANIOC, OF WHICH THEY THEY GROW OVER TWENTY VARIETIES. THEY GROW FRUIT TREES, AND PINEAPPLES. THEY PLANT BANANAS, PLANTAINS, YAMS, PAPAYAS, SWEET POTATOES. MANGOS, PEACH PALMS, PEANUTS, CACAO, SUGARCANE, MAIZE, TOBACCO, AND COCA. MEN CLEAR THE FIELDS AND WOMEN PLANT. THEY CONSIDER TWO REPLANTINGS OF MANIOC THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE FRUIT FROM OTHER TREES ARE HARVESTED. A FAMILY MAY HAVE SIX HARVESTED DIFFERENT CROPS. A PLOT IS FALLOWED FOR TEN TO TWENTY YEARS BEFORE IT IS REUSED. ETHNOBOTANISTS HAVE BEEN STUDYING THE MANAGED FALLOWS OF A GROUP OF BORA LIVING IN PERU AS AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM FOR THE TROPICS. THEY PROCESS MANIOC USING TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF MANIOC PRESSES. THEY MAKE A TAPIOCA AS WELL AS MANIOC CAKES. THE MEN HUNT SMALL GAME. THEY MAKE TRAPS AND PITFALLS. THEY CATCH PECCARIES, TAPIR, CAPYBARAS, ANTEATERS, DEER, TURTLES, AND MONKEYS.
THE CENTER OF THE WITOTO FAMILY IS THERE CEREMONIAL LIFE. THEIR COMMUNAL LIFE ARE OCTAGONAL WITH A CONICAL ROOF. THEY HAVE SMALLER HOUSES WITHIN THEIR COMPLEX. THE WITOTO HOUSES ARE OF MASCULINE TYPE WITH AN OPENING IN THE ROOF. THEY ARE SYMBOLICALLY LIKE THE EARTH, SKY, MAN AND WOMAN. SOME HOUSES HAVE XYLOPHONES MADE OF LOGS OF VARIOUS SIZES THAT ARE SUSPENDED FROM A WOODEN FRAME. THEY ARE BEATEN TO ANNOUNCE THE BEGINNING OF A CEREMONY. OTHERS SPECIALIZE IN THE PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO OR CACAO AND OTHER RITUALS.
THE WITOTO ORGANIZE THEIR UNITS AND FAMILIES BASED ON PATRILINEAGES. TOGETHER THESE UNITS MAKE UP A VILLAGE WHICH TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF A SINGLE MULTIFAMILY DWELLING. THEY MAY HAVE SEVERAL LARGE COMMUNAL HOUSES. EACH VILLAGE MAY 25 PEOPLE AND OTHERS 500. SEVEN VILLAGE TERRITORY RANGES FROM 80 TO 1600 SQUARE KILOMETERS. SOMETIMES THEY FIGHT WITH A ANGLOS INVADERS. THE HEADMAN INHERITS HIS OFFICE FROM HIS FATHER OR BROTHER. THE WITOTO GROUPS AND EVEN VILLAGES HAVE BEEN AT WAR WITH EACH OTHER TO TAKE PRISONERS. ANOTHER REASON OF WARFARE WAS TO REVENGE SHAMANS WHO CAUSED ILLNESS.
THESE FOLKS WERE ONCE A COMPLEX AND HIERARCHICALLY STRUCTURED SOCIETY. EACH GROUP IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CERTAIN CERTAIN COLOR, ANIMAL AND PLANT. THEY CARE FOR THEIR TOTEM AND THEY TAKE CARE OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT. PEOPLE OF LOW SOCIAL STATUS ARE ASSIGNED ARDUOUS AND TASKS OF COLLECTING FIREWOOD, POUNDING COCOA LEAVES AND THEY LIVE IN SMALL HOUSE IN THE CENTRAL DWELLING.
A WITOT0 ORIGIN MYTH TELLS HOW THE TALKING POLE OF THE PRIMAL TREE WAS INVADED BY WORMS SENT BY THE
"PEOPLE OF THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER" THE WORMS SENT THEM SICKNESS UNTIL THEY BECAME ANGRY. A GREAT WAR ENSUED.
AS LIGHTENING AND THUNDER AIDED THESE PEOPLE THEY WON THE WAR AND ESTABLISHED THE PATTERN THE WITOTO WORE VERY LITTLE CLOTHING. THE MEN WORE A BREECHCLOTH OF BARK CLOTH. WOMEN PUT ON BODY PAINT. TODAY THEY WEAR OUR CLOTHING. THEIR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ARE CLOSE TO CEREMONIAL EVENTS. THEY HAVE DOZENS OF RITUALS TO REGULATE THE RELATIONSHIP OF PEOPLE TO THE EARTH. THEY HAVE RITUAL DANCING TO PROMOTE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION AND WARD OFF A DECEMBER DANCE TO PROVIDE SICKNESS AND DEATH. THEY HAVE A DECEMBER DANCE TO PROVIDE GOOD FISHING AND BOUNTY. IT REAFFIRMS ALLIANCES AND EXCHANGES INFORMATION. IN THE 1990'S MANY WITOTO ARE THREATENED WITH THE LOSS OF THEIR CULTURE AND THEIR ECONOMIC BASE AS MORE ANGLOS ENTERED. THEY RAISE CATTLE AND THEIR AGRICULTURE HAS RESULTED IN DEFORESTATION, LOSS OF SOIL, FERTILITY, AND POLLUTION OF RIVERS. THE WITOTO HAVE BEGUN TO REORGANIZE TO REAFFIRM THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY AND RECLAIM THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORY. THE COLOMBIAN AGENCY HAS SET ASIDE SEVERAL RESERVATIONS FOR THE WITOTO.
NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
OTHER ARITOTOANS ARE BORA AND MARANA. THERE ARE OTHER SUBGROUPS. DURING EARLY
1900'S THEY HAD 15,000 FOLKS HERE. OBSERVERS REPORTED THAT THEY WERE SEPARATED INTO 100 VILLAGES. DURING THE RUBBER BOOM IN THE 1950'S, DISEASES FORCED LABOR AND MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION RAPIDLY FELL TO 7000 TO 8000. THE SURVEYORS FLED TO MARGINAL AREAS. SOME HAVE LOST THEIR ETHNIC IDENTITY.
ALL THE WITOTO HAVE SIMILAR SUBSISTENCE PRACTICES. THEY MOVE EVERY FEW YEARS TO FIND AREAS IN WHICH TO MAKE SWIDDEN GARDENS. THEIR STAPLES ARE SWEET AND BITTER MANIOC, OF WHICH THEY THEY GROW OVER TWENTY VARIETIES. THEY GROW FRUIT TREES, AND PINEAPPLES. THEY PLANT BANANAS, PLANTAINS, YAMS, PAPAYAS, SWEET POTATOES. MANGOS, PEACH PALMS, PEANUTS, CACAO, SUGARCANE, MAIZE, TOBACCO, AND COCA. MEN CLEAR THE FIELDS AND WOMEN PLANT. THEY CONSIDER TWO REPLANTINGS OF MANIOC THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE FRUIT FROM OTHER TREES ARE HARVESTED. A FAMILY MAY HAVE SIX HARVESTED DIFFERENT CROPS. A PLOT IS FALLOWED FOR TEN TO TWENTY YEARS BEFORE IT IS REUSED. ETHNOBOTANISTS HAVE BEEN STUDYING THE MANAGED FALLOWS OF A GROUP OF BORA LIVING IN PERU AS AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM FOR THE TROPICS. THEY PROCESS MANIOC USING TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF MANIOC PRESSES. THEY MAKE A TAPIOCA AS WELL AS MANIOC CAKES. THE MEN HUNT SMALL GAME. THEY MAKE TRAPS AND PITFALLS. THEY CATCH PECCARIES, TAPIR, CAPYBARAS, ANTEATERS, DEER, TURTLES, AND MONKEYS.
THE CENTER OF THE WITOTO FAMILY IS THERE CEREMONIAL LIFE. THEIR COMMUNAL LIFE ARE OCTAGONAL WITH A CONICAL ROOF. THEY HAVE SMALLER HOUSES WITHIN THEIR COMPLEX. THE WITOTO HOUSES ARE OF MASCULINE TYPE WITH AN OPENING IN THE ROOF. THEY ARE SYMBOLICALLY LIKE THE EARTH, SKY, MAN AND WOMAN. SOME HOUSES HAVE XYLOPHONES MADE OF LOGS OF VARIOUS SIZES THAT ARE SUSPENDED FROM A WOODEN FRAME. THEY ARE BEATEN TO ANNOUNCE THE BEGINNING OF A CEREMONY. OTHERS SPECIALIZE IN THE PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO OR CACAO AND OTHER RITUALS.
THE WITOTO ORGANIZE THEIR UNITS AND FAMILIES BASED ON PATRILINEAGES. TOGETHER THESE UNITS MAKE UP A VILLAGE WHICH TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF A SINGLE MULTIFAMILY DWELLING. THEY MAY HAVE SEVERAL LARGE COMMUNAL HOUSES. EACH VILLAGE MAY 25 PEOPLE AND OTHERS 500. SEVEN VILLAGE TERRITORY RANGES FROM 80 TO 1600 SQUARE KILOMETERS. SOMETIMES THEY FIGHT WITH A ANGLOS INVADERS. THE HEADMAN INHERITS HIS OFFICE FROM HIS FATHER OR BROTHER. THE WITOTO GROUPS AND EVEN VILLAGES HAVE BEEN AT WAR WITH EACH OTHER TO TAKE PRISONERS. ANOTHER REASON OF WARFARE WAS TO REVENGE SHAMANS WHO CAUSED ILLNESS.
THESE FOLKS WERE ONCE A COMPLEX AND HIERARCHICALLY STRUCTURED SOCIETY. EACH GROUP IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CERTAIN CERTAIN COLOR, ANIMAL AND PLANT. THEY CARE FOR THEIR TOTEM AND THEY TAKE CARE OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT. PEOPLE OF LOW SOCIAL STATUS ARE ASSIGNED ARDUOUS AND TASKS OF COLLECTING FIREWOOD, POUNDING COCOA LEAVES AND THEY LIVE IN SMALL HOUSE IN THE CENTRAL DWELLING.
A WITOT0 ORIGIN MYTH TELLS HOW THE TALKING POLE OF THE PRIMAL TREE WAS INVADED BY WORMS SENT BY THE
"PEOPLE OF THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER" THE WORMS SENT THEM SICKNESS UNTIL THEY BECAME ANGRY. A GREAT WAR ENSUED.
AS LIGHTENING AND THUNDER AIDED THESE PEOPLE THEY WON THE WAR AND ESTABLISHED THE PATTERN THE WITOTO WORE VERY LITTLE CLOTHING. THE MEN WORE A BREECHCLOTH OF BARK CLOTH. WOMEN PUT ON BODY PAINT. TODAY THEY WEAR OUR CLOTHING. THEIR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ARE CLOSE TO CEREMONIAL EVENTS. THEY HAVE DOZENS OF RITUALS TO REGULATE THE RELATIONSHIP OF PEOPLE TO THE EARTH. THEY HAVE RITUAL DANCING TO PROMOTE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION AND WARD OFF A DECEMBER DANCE TO PROVIDE SICKNESS AND DEATH. THEY HAVE A DECEMBER DANCE TO PROVIDE GOOD FISHING AND BOUNTY. IT REAFFIRMS ALLIANCES AND EXCHANGES INFORMATION. IN THE 1990'S MANY WITOTO ARE THREATENED WITH THE LOSS OF THEIR CULTURE AND THEIR ECONOMIC BASE AS MORE ANGLOS ENTERED. THEY RAISE CATTLE AND THEIR AGRICULTURE HAS RESULTED IN DEFORESTATION, LOSS OF SOIL, FERTILITY, AND POLLUTION OF RIVERS. THE WITOTO HAVE BEGUN TO REORGANIZE TO REAFFIRM THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY AND RECLAIM THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORY. THE COLOMBIAN AGENCY HAS SET ASIDE SEVERAL RESERVATIONS FOR THE WITOTO.
NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
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