THREE GROUPS ARE INCLUDED HERE- BORUCA, BRIBRI AND CABECAS. THEY ARE ON THE SLOPES OF THE BRUNQUENA MOUNTAIN RANGE AND THE TALAMANCA MOUNTAINS.
IN 1945 THE BORUCA - TERRABA RESERVATIONS WAS FOUNDED. THE BRIBRI HAVE FOUR RESERVATIONS. THE CABECAR HAVE 6 RESERVATIONS. ALL THREE TRIBES HAVE INTERMARRIED AND SOME NON INDIANS LIVE ON THE RESERVATION. BY 1994 ALL THREE GROUPS HAD 19,000 FOLKS. THEY ALL SPEAK CHIBCHAN. THE EARLIEST DATE THEY MET THE SPANISH WAS IN 1502 WITH COLUMBUS. AT THESE TIMES THE COSTA RICANS WERE ORGANIZED INTO CHIEFDOMS. THE VILLAGES OF THE BOUCA AND NEIGHBORS WERE DESTROYED IN 1563. THE INDIANS WERE REASSIGNED INTO COLONIAL SOCIAL UNITS. MISSIONS AND ECONIENDA. ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLE RETAINED THEIR ANCESTRAL CULTURE. THE BORUCA WERE PACIFIED BY 1608. BY 1629 A VILLAGE OF BORUCA WAS BUILT. IT WAS A MULE STOP AS THEY WENT FROM THE CAPITAL OF CARTAGO TO PANAMA. DURING LATE 1600'S . BORUCA WAS ORGANIZED FOR COLONIAL FUNCTIONS - A TOWN HALL , COMMUNITY CENTER, SHELTER FOR TRAVELERS AND 12 HUTS.
BETWEEN 1848 - 1875 THE AREA REMAINED SPARSELY POPULATED. BY BUILDING THE PAN AMERICAN HIGHWAY THEY OPENED UP THE REGION TO MASSIVE IMMIGRATION OF NON INDIANS. THE FIRST NO INDIANS ARRIVED IN 1848 FROM COSTA RICA. ETHNIC CONFLICT AROSE BECAUSE OF THE COMPETITION BETWEEN LAND AND OTHER RESOURCES. THE FIRST NON INDIANS ARRIVED IN 1848 FROM COSTA RICA. ETHNIC CONFLICT AROSE BECAUSE OF THE COMPETITION BETWEEN LAND AND OTHER RESOURCES.
THE EARLY SPANISH RECOGNIZED THE BRIBRI AND CABACAR AS ONE GROUP AS THEY HAD CLOSE LANGUAGE WITH AND CULTURAL TRAITS FROM EUROPEAN INFLUENCES. A MAJOR REVOLT AGAINST THE SPANISH REVOLT WAS IN 1610. AFTER 1882 THEY BUILT PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND EXPANDED THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENTS. DURING THE LATE 1880'S THE BRIBRI AND CABECAR CLANS WERE ORDERED BY A HIGH RANKING CHIEF- KPA. HE WAS SACRED AND NO ONE COULD TOUCH HIM, LOOK AT HIM, OR SPEAK TO HIM DIRECTLY! THEIR LAST KING DIED IN 1910. IN EARLY 1990'S THE ABORIGINAL CULTURE IS DISAPPEARING BUT THERE ARE FAMILIES WHO ARE USING THE OLD TRADITION.
BORUCA IS A TOWN JUST SOUTH OF SAN JOSE. THEIR HAMLETS LIVE CLOSE TO THE GRANDE DE TERRABA RIVER. THE ROADS ARE ROUGH HERE. SOME OF THEIR HOUSES HAVE STEEP PEAKS WITH THATCHED SAVANNA GRASS ROOFS. THEIR HOUSE WALLS ARE OF WOOD BOARDS. MOST OTHER BUILDINGS HAVE METAL ROOFS. MOST HOUSES HAVE RUNNING WATER , SHOWERS, SINKS AND ELECTRICITY. THE TOWN HAS TELEPHONE BOOTHS.
THE BRIBRI AND CABECARHAVE MORE DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS. THEY BUILT RECTILINEAR OR OVAL SHAPED ROOFS. THE CONICAL HOUSE REFLECTED THE CULTURAL REVITALIZATION. THIS HOUSE TYPE REFLECTS THE COSMOLOGICAL VIEWS OF THE TALAMANCA. THE THATCHED ROOF HOUSES ARE REPLACED BY PAINTED FARM HOUSES.
THESE THREE GROUPS PLANTED BEANS AND MANIOC, SWEET POTATOES, ROOT CROPS, PUMPKINS, PEACH PALMS, COCOAL, PLANTATIONS BANANAS, RICE, AND COFEE. THEY HAVE PLANTED OLD WORLD FRUIT. TREES AND HAVE IMPROVED SEEDS AND INTRODUCED NEW CROPS. SINCE THE LATE 1940'S THE CULTIVATION OF GARDEN VEGETATABLES HAS BEEN TAUGHT IN GRADE SCHOOLS. THESE TRIBES DEPEND ON COCOA, AND PLANTATIONS AS CASH CROPS, AS WELL AS CORN AND BEANS. HUNTING AND FISHING HAVE SUPPLEMENTED AGRICULTURE. THESE ACTIVITIES ARE RESTRICTED OR ABSENT BECAUSE OF THE REDUCTION OF FORESTS. WILD PLANTS ARE COLLECTED FOR MEDICINE AND MATERIALS FOR BUILDING AND CRAFTS. PEOPLE WORK AS TEACHERS, HEALTH CARE, POLICE, GUARDS, ELECTRICIANS, GOVERNMENT JOBS, ETC.
TRADE HAS ALWAYS BEEN IMPORTANT. THE BRIBRIAND CALICAR CAME TO THE VILLAGE OF BORUCA TO TRADE BOWS AND ARROWS, CORD BAGS, BASKETS, AND FOREST PRODUCTS. THE BORUCA BROUGHT DYED WOVEN MATERIALS AND SALT.
MEN CLEAR LAND TO RAISE LIVESTOCK. WOMEN PLANT , HARVEST AND TRANSPORT CROPS. WOMEN MAY CARRY LOADS WHILE MEN WALK AHEAD WITH A MACHETE. WIVES MAY HELP IN THE HUSBAND'S FIELD. BOTH MEN ABD WOMEN RAISE LIVESTOCK.
MOST MARRIAGES TODAY OCCUR IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. THE TWO SETS OF PARENTS DECIDE IF THE COUPLE SHOULD GET MARRIED. THE BRIBRI AND CABECAR TEND TO FOLLOW NATIVE CUSTOM. IN TRADITIONAL TIMES GRANDMOTHERS AND MOTHERS MAY HAVE A GREAT DEAL OF INFLUENCE ON THE DECISION. THE SON IN LAW COMES TO LIVE WITH THE BRIDE'S PARENTS.
NUCLEAR FAMILIES ARE COMMON AND OLDER GENERATIONS ARE INVITED INTO THE HOUSEHOLD. THE BORUCA MEN PREFER PREFER MALE CHILDREN. THE FOUR YEAR OLD GIRL MAY TAKE CARE OF THEIR SISTERS. ALL THREE GROUPS HAVE WAYS TO PREVENT MISCARRIAGE AND PREGNANCY!
MOST BORUCA ARE CATHOLIC. MOST LEGENDS AND MYTHS ARE CONSIDERED THINGS OF THE PAST. SPIRITUAL BEINGS RELATED TO NATURE ARE IMPORTANT IN THIS COSMOLOGY.
THE BORUCA ASSIST THE CATHOLIC PRIESTS IN TENDING RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS. THE BORUCA ASSIST THE CATHOLIC PRIESTS IN TENDING RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS, TEACHING, AND LEADING PRAYERS. THE THREE GROUPS CELEBRATED THE COSTA RICAN'S NATIONAL HOLIDAYS WITH ACTIVITIES ORGANIZED BY THE SCHOOLS. THEY HAVE CATHOLIC CEREMONIES SUCH AS THOSE WHO COMMEMORATE SAINTS, XMAS , HOLY WEEK. ETC. THE BORUCA CELEBRATE THE COMING OF SPANIARDS, DI DE LOS NEGRATOS IN DECEMBER 6. DRINKS AND FLUTES ARE PLAYED AND JOKES ARE TOLD AND MERRYMAKING PREVAILS. THEY HAVE A SEVERAL OTHER CEREMONIES DURING WHICH DURING WHICH THEY DRINK BEER FROM CORN.
THEY ALL RELY ON WESTERN MEDICINE. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IS PROACTIVE IN HOMES. THE BORUCA HAVE FEMALE HEALERS . THEY HAVE HERBAL DRUGS FOR LOVE, HATE, MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, PREGNACY, AMNESIA,TO PREVENT PREGNANCY, TO CURE SNAKE BITES, AND OTHER ILLNESSES. NATIVE AND WESTERN MEDICINES ARE COMPLIMENTARY.
SHAMANS TREAT ILLNESS BY MEANS OF FASTING, HERBAL AND OTHER KINDS OF MEDICINES AND ESOTERIC CHANTS. THEY USE CRYSTALS.
IF THERE IS NO PRIEST IN THE VILLAGE WHEN A DEATH OCCURS, THE MAYOR RINGS THE CHURCH BELLS. THEY LET THE PERSON LIE IN THEIR HOME SO RELATIVES CAN VISIT. MEAT AND TOMALES AND BEVERAGES ARE SERVED. THE MAYOR RECITES A PRAYERS. PEOPLE MAY BRING MONEY TO HELP PAY FOR FUNERAL EXPENSES AND BRING FOOD. THEY PRAY FOR 9 DAYS. THEY BELIEVE THE SOUL GOES TO THE UNDERWORLD.
NATIVE LANGUAGES.COM
Monday, April 30, 2012
Friday, April 27, 2012
PAYA INDIAN IN HONDURAS
THEY NUMBER ABOUT 1800 FOLKS. THEY LIVE IN 11 VILLAGES. THEY HAVE PINE AND COVERED VALLEYS. THEY HAVE PINE AND SAVANNAH COVERED VALLEYS. THEIR POPULATION HAS BEEN DRASTICALLY REDUCED DUE TO ASSIMILATION AND COLONIAL PRESSURES. IN 1982 THERE WERE ONLY 7 RACIALLY PURE PAYA INDIANS.
BEFORE CONQUEST THERE WERE 1000'S ON 26,000 SQ. KM. THEY WERE SEMI NOMADIC PEOPLE THAT INHABITED THIS LAND AND GREW CROPS. ON HIS THIRD TRIP TO AMERICA IN 1498 CHRIS COLOMBUS MET THE PAYA AND CALLED THEM TAIYA. THEY WERE ATTACKED BY EUROPEAN DISEASES.
IN 1864 THE PAYAN WERE AWARDED LEGAL TITLE TO THE COMMUNAL LANDS. THE HONDURUS FRONTIER MOVED EASTWARD AND DEVELOPED THE PAYAN. BY THE 1920'S ONLY 600 PAYAN WERE LEFT! LOGGERS AND IMMIGRANTS PUT PRESSURE ON THE LANDS AND ERASED THIS CULTURE. THERE AREA FEW GROUPS LEFT. THEY GROW CORN, BEANS, AND CASSAVA WITH HOES AND DIGGING STICKS, AND MACHETES.
THEY RAISE OPUTIA, A CACTUS. THEY HUNT DEER, MONKEYS, PIGS, TURKEYS, IGUANA, AND TAPIR. MOSTLY PEOPLE HAVE LITTLE KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR TRADITIONS OF THEIR ANCESTORS.
THE YUCCA ROOT IS PREPARED INTO TORTILLAS, TOMALE, AND THE PASTE IS BOILED LIKE CORN TOMALES. YUCCA ARE THEIR MAIN FOOD ITEM. KUNI IS A BEVERAGE OF A ROOT.
CORN IS USED AS A TOMALE IN ALCOHOLIC DRINKS, AND WITH BEANS RICE, EGGS, PORK, CHICKEN, AND MEAT. CHICHA IS A FERMENTED DRINK FROM THE YUCCA ROOT. CORN IS USED AS FRESH OR DRIED KERNALS AND THESE OR DRIED KERNALS AND THEY ADD SUGAR TO HELP WITH FERMENTATION. THEIR TRADITIONAL HOUSE WAS COMMUNAL FOR THREE FAMILIES. SOME SINGLE ROOM HOUSES WERE BUILT FOR ONE FAMILY WITH ONE BEDROOM. MORE RECENTLY THEY HAD WOODEN HOUSES OF TWO ROOMS, ONE ROOM FOR ACTIVITIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
BEFORE CONQUEST THERE WERE 1000'S ON 26,000 SQ. KM. THEY WERE SEMI NOMADIC PEOPLE THAT INHABITED THIS LAND AND GREW CROPS. ON HIS THIRD TRIP TO AMERICA IN 1498 CHRIS COLOMBUS MET THE PAYA AND CALLED THEM TAIYA. THEY WERE ATTACKED BY EUROPEAN DISEASES.
IN 1864 THE PAYAN WERE AWARDED LEGAL TITLE TO THE COMMUNAL LANDS. THE HONDURUS FRONTIER MOVED EASTWARD AND DEVELOPED THE PAYAN. BY THE 1920'S ONLY 600 PAYAN WERE LEFT! LOGGERS AND IMMIGRANTS PUT PRESSURE ON THE LANDS AND ERASED THIS CULTURE. THERE AREA FEW GROUPS LEFT. THEY GROW CORN, BEANS, AND CASSAVA WITH HOES AND DIGGING STICKS, AND MACHETES.
THEY RAISE OPUTIA, A CACTUS. THEY HUNT DEER, MONKEYS, PIGS, TURKEYS, IGUANA, AND TAPIR. MOSTLY PEOPLE HAVE LITTLE KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR TRADITIONS OF THEIR ANCESTORS.
THE YUCCA ROOT IS PREPARED INTO TORTILLAS, TOMALE, AND THE PASTE IS BOILED LIKE CORN TOMALES. YUCCA ARE THEIR MAIN FOOD ITEM. KUNI IS A BEVERAGE OF A ROOT.
CORN IS USED AS A TOMALE IN ALCOHOLIC DRINKS, AND WITH BEANS RICE, EGGS, PORK, CHICKEN, AND MEAT. CHICHA IS A FERMENTED DRINK FROM THE YUCCA ROOT. CORN IS USED AS FRESH OR DRIED KERNALS AND THESE OR DRIED KERNALS AND THEY ADD SUGAR TO HELP WITH FERMENTATION. THEIR TRADITIONAL HOUSE WAS COMMUNAL FOR THREE FAMILIES. SOME SINGLE ROOM HOUSES WERE BUILT FOR ONE FAMILY WITH ONE BEDROOM. MORE RECENTLY THEY HAD WOODEN HOUSES OF TWO ROOMS, ONE ROOM FOR ACTIVITIES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
WEEKEND AT APPLE FESTIVAL AND LUTHER BURBANK FARM
I WENT TO THE APPLE FESTIVAL THIS SATURDAY AND IT WAS VERY HOT. IT WAS A SMALLER FAIR THAN I REMEMBER IN THE LAST TEN YEARS.. I APPRECIATED THE MUSIC THAT WAS LIVE AND BROUGHT MY OWN LUNCH. I CHATTED WITH SOME OF THE VENDORS . IT WAS HELD AT IVES PARK WHERE MOST PEOPLE WERE DRINKING ALL KINDS OF DRINKS TO KEEP COOL. I REALLY ENJOYED LISTENING TO A PERUVIAQN FLUTIST WHO I HAD SEEN AT ANOTHER FAIR. I BOUGHT ONE OF HIS CD'S BEFORE.. HE MADE HIS FLUTES AND THEY WERE AMPLIFIED- HE DID NOT SPEAK ENGLISH. I TOLD HIM I ENJOYED THE MUSIC. THEN I NOTICED THE GUIDE AT THE FAIR INDICATED THAT ANOTHER ATTRACTION IN THE AREA WAS LUTHER BURBANK'S EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
SO AFTER EXITING THIS FAIR I DROVE TO VIEW THIS FARM NEARBY. THIS FARM IS NOW 3 ACRES OF THE ORIGINAL PURCHASED IN 1885 BY THIS FAMOUS PLANT TRADER BORN IN 1849. HE ADDED 5 ACRES IN 1904, BUT HAD FAILING HEALTH AND SOLD 3 ACRES IN 1923 WITH OVER 60,000 PLANTS, LUTHER WAS A FRIEND WITH HENRY FORD AND ALBERT EINSTEIN. HE HAD NO CHILDREN. BURBANK WAS A SCIENTIST WHO DID NOT WANT TO DO FIELDWORK. HE HIRED MEXICANS AND INDIANS TO DO THE MAINTENANCE OF THIS RANCH AND FARM. HE LIVED IN SANTA ROSA AND IN 1885. HE CONDUCTED HIS PLANT BREEDING. HE SENT MAIL TO EUROPE TO GET SOME HYBRID SEEDLINGS DFOR THE RANCH. SOME CAMER BY MAIL ND WERE DEAD. SO HE HAD TO RESEND FOR THEM. HE COLLECTED MISTLETOE WHICH HAS BEEN USED FOR CURING CANCER. HIS GOAL WAS TO INCREASE THE THE WORLD'S FOO SUPPLY. HE CUT DOWN THE OAKS IN ORDER TO PLANT HIS HYBRIDERS.HE COLLECTED A VARIETY OF WALNUTS AND CHESTNUTS. HE DIED IN 1926 AND HIS WIFE DONATED THE FAMED 15 ACRES TO SEBASTOPOL AREA HOUSING CORPORATION TO BUILD LOW INCOME SENIOR AND DISABLED HOUSING UNITS. THE FARM IS ADMINISTERED BY THE SONOMA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY VOLUNTEERS. THEY BUILT A NICE FOOTPATH WITH A NUMBER OF TREES. THEY ACTUALLY CUT DOWN THE OAKS SO HE COULD HAVE MORE ROOM TO PLANT HIS HYBRIDS. VISITORS CAN ALSO BUY SOME GRASSES AND SOME OTHER SMALL PLANTS.
SO AFTER EXITING THIS FAIR I DROVE TO VIEW THIS FARM NEARBY. THIS FARM IS NOW 3 ACRES OF THE ORIGINAL PURCHASED IN 1885 BY THIS FAMOUS PLANT TRADER BORN IN 1849. HE ADDED 5 ACRES IN 1904, BUT HAD FAILING HEALTH AND SOLD 3 ACRES IN 1923 WITH OVER 60,000 PLANTS, LUTHER WAS A FRIEND WITH HENRY FORD AND ALBERT EINSTEIN. HE HAD NO CHILDREN. BURBANK WAS A SCIENTIST WHO DID NOT WANT TO DO FIELDWORK. HE HIRED MEXICANS AND INDIANS TO DO THE MAINTENANCE OF THIS RANCH AND FARM. HE LIVED IN SANTA ROSA AND IN 1885. HE CONDUCTED HIS PLANT BREEDING. HE SENT MAIL TO EUROPE TO GET SOME HYBRID SEEDLINGS DFOR THE RANCH. SOME CAMER BY MAIL ND WERE DEAD. SO HE HAD TO RESEND FOR THEM. HE COLLECTED MISTLETOE WHICH HAS BEEN USED FOR CURING CANCER. HIS GOAL WAS TO INCREASE THE THE WORLD'S FOO SUPPLY. HE CUT DOWN THE OAKS IN ORDER TO PLANT HIS HYBRIDERS.HE COLLECTED A VARIETY OF WALNUTS AND CHESTNUTS. HE DIED IN 1926 AND HIS WIFE DONATED THE FAMED 15 ACRES TO SEBASTOPOL AREA HOUSING CORPORATION TO BUILD LOW INCOME SENIOR AND DISABLED HOUSING UNITS. THE FARM IS ADMINISTERED BY THE SONOMA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY VOLUNTEERS. THEY BUILT A NICE FOOTPATH WITH A NUMBER OF TREES. THEY ACTUALLY CUT DOWN THE OAKS SO HE COULD HAVE MORE ROOM TO PLANT HIS HYBRIDS. VISITORS CAN ALSO BUY SOME GRASSES AND SOME OTHER SMALL PLANTS.
HONDURAS INDIANS
MISKITO INDIANS HAVE ABOUT 300,00 FOLKS IN THEIR TRIBE . THEY ARE POSSIBLY GOING TO LOSE ACCESS TO THE ARCHIPELAGO THEY HAVE RELIED ON FOR CENTURIES BECAUSE A U.S. DEVELOPER IS SELLING OR LEASING WHAT HE ASSERTS AS HIS RIGHTS .
A HUMAN RIGHTS LAWYER MARIA ACOSTA, DIRECTS THE CENTER FOR LEGAL ASSISTANTS FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLE TO TAKE ON THE FIGHT FOR MISKITO PEOPLE . DURING HER DISPUTE HER HUSBAND AT 45 (A CHAMBER PRESIDENT) WAS MURDERED IN THEIR HOME IN 2002. ACOSTA BELIEVE THE ASSASSINS INTENDED TO KILL HER BECAUSE OF HER INVOLVEMENT. IN AN INTERVIEW "I'M SAID NOT ANGRY. AND I FEEL THE NEED TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT. SHE'S WORKING THROUGH HER GRIEF BY RAISING THE PROFILE OF THE MURDER CASE AS WELL AS THE PLIGHT OF THESE PEOPLE (75,000 MISKITOS, 9,000 SUMAS, AND 1750 GARIFUNAS).
LEGISLATURE OF NICARAGUA IN 1987 SAID THE INDIGENOUS FOLKS SHOULD HAVE NRIGHTS TO THEIR LANDS THEY HISTORICALLY LAND THEY HISTORICALLY WERE FROM. SHE EXPLAINED THEY SHOULD NOT BE BOUGHT OR SOLD/
CALPI FOUND THE DEVELOPER PAID $35,000 FOR THEIR LAND AND THEY ARE SELLING IT FOR $2.6 MILLION! THE SELLER SAID SHE DID NOT HAVE TITLE TO THE LAND.
THREE YEARS AGO SHE HAD THE MIKITO PEOPLE COME TO HER OFFICE IN ORDER TO TRY TO FISH AND GATHER COCONUTS ON THEIR LAND. THEIR WERE GUARD DOGS ON THE ISLAND AND THE NATIONAL POLICE OFFICERS WERE PAID TO KEEP THE MISKITOS OFF OF THEIR LAND! ACCORDING TO THE ORGANIZATION CALLED DEFEND THE ISLAND PART OF THE NICARAGUA NETWORK HAS BLOCKED A FRESH WATER SPRING THAT WAS USED FOR CENTURIES AND ECOLODGE RESORTS ARE PLANNED FOR THEIR LANDS.
LAST YEAR THE DEVELOPER ACQUIRED ANOTHER PIECE OF LAND ON THE ATLANTIC COAST . HE BOUGHT SOME LAND FOR $10,000 AND IS ASKING $695,000 for these lands! ACOSTA HAS ABANDONED HER HOUSE AND IS LIVING IN NICARAGUA WITH HER GIRLS. SHE STILL WORKS FOR CALPIT AND HAS HAD 1 PERSON ARRESTED AND HOPES TO REOPEN HER CASE. SHE CONTINUES TO FIGHT FOR THE MIKISITO.
A MIKASITO MYTH IS ABOUT A MAN NAMED NAKILI WHO LOST HIS WIFE HE LOVED VERY MUSH. HE FOUND HER SOUL ONCE WHEN HE VISITED HER GRAVE. HER SOUL WAS ABOUT 2 ' HIGH AND WAS PREPARING FOR HER JOURNEY TO THE AFTERLIFE. THE HUSBAND WANTED TO GO WITH HER BUT SHE ANSWERED IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE SINCE HE WAS ALIVE. THE HUSBAND INSISTED THAT THEY BEGIN THE JOURNEY TOGETHER. SOME LED THEM ON NARROW FOOT PATH WHERE MANY BIRDS OF PREY WERE FLYING.SHE JUMPED BACK IN FEAR . THEY PASSED BETWEEN 2 PINES ON THE TRAIL THAT WERE CLOSE TO EACH OTHER, THE LADY WENT THROUGH WITHOUT A PROBLEM. THE HUSBAND WAS TOO LARGE AND WENT AROUND THE TREES
THEY CONTINUED AND ARRIVED AT A BRIDGE THE WIDTH OF A HUMAN HAIR. BENEATH THE WALL WAS A GIANT POT OF BOILING WATER. THE WIFE WAS SO SMALL SHE BALANCED ACROSS THE BRIDGE , WHILE NAKILI CROSSED THE BRIDGE WITH A JUMP.
THEY ARRIVED AT A RIVER WITH SARDINES. THE TWO SAW ACROSS THE RIVER AND THE WORLD OF THE AFTERLIFE WHERE EVERYONE SEEMED HAPPY. WHEN THE SOULS OF PEOPLE WHO DIDN'T LEAD VIRTUOUS LIVES JUMPED IN THE CANOE AND THE GUIDE TIPPED THEM INTO THE LAKE AND THE SARDINES ATE THEM.THE TOAD FERRIED THE WIFE ACROSS WHEN HER HUSBAND SWAM.
THERE THEY WERE GREETED BY A ROBUST WOMAN WHO TOLD NAKILI HE MUST RETURN RETURN TO EARTH HE BEGGED HER . FINALLY SHE SAID HE COULD REMAIN HERE. NOBODY HAD TO WORK AND THERE WAS ABUNDANT FOOD. AFTER STAYING HERE HE SAID I NEED TO RETURN TO MY CHILDREN IN EARTH.THE ROBUST WOMAN GAVE HIM PERMISSION TO RETURN. SHE PLACED HIM ON A STALK OF BAMBOO AND DROPPED IT IN THE RIVER AFTER A WHILE HE WAS IN THE OCEAN AND A GREAT WAVE LEFT HIM RIGHT IN FRONT OF HIS HOUSE.
NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
A HUMAN RIGHTS LAWYER MARIA ACOSTA, DIRECTS THE CENTER FOR LEGAL ASSISTANTS FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLE TO TAKE ON THE FIGHT FOR MISKITO PEOPLE . DURING HER DISPUTE HER HUSBAND AT 45 (A CHAMBER PRESIDENT) WAS MURDERED IN THEIR HOME IN 2002. ACOSTA BELIEVE THE ASSASSINS INTENDED TO KILL HER BECAUSE OF HER INVOLVEMENT. IN AN INTERVIEW "I'M SAID NOT ANGRY. AND I FEEL THE NEED TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT. SHE'S WORKING THROUGH HER GRIEF BY RAISING THE PROFILE OF THE MURDER CASE AS WELL AS THE PLIGHT OF THESE PEOPLE (75,000 MISKITOS, 9,000 SUMAS, AND 1750 GARIFUNAS).
LEGISLATURE OF NICARAGUA IN 1987 SAID THE INDIGENOUS FOLKS SHOULD HAVE NRIGHTS TO THEIR LANDS THEY HISTORICALLY LAND THEY HISTORICALLY WERE FROM. SHE EXPLAINED THEY SHOULD NOT BE BOUGHT OR SOLD/
CALPI FOUND THE DEVELOPER PAID $35,000 FOR THEIR LAND AND THEY ARE SELLING IT FOR $2.6 MILLION! THE SELLER SAID SHE DID NOT HAVE TITLE TO THE LAND.
THREE YEARS AGO SHE HAD THE MIKITO PEOPLE COME TO HER OFFICE IN ORDER TO TRY TO FISH AND GATHER COCONUTS ON THEIR LAND. THEIR WERE GUARD DOGS ON THE ISLAND AND THE NATIONAL POLICE OFFICERS WERE PAID TO KEEP THE MISKITOS OFF OF THEIR LAND! ACCORDING TO THE ORGANIZATION CALLED DEFEND THE ISLAND PART OF THE NICARAGUA NETWORK HAS BLOCKED A FRESH WATER SPRING THAT WAS USED FOR CENTURIES AND ECOLODGE RESORTS ARE PLANNED FOR THEIR LANDS.
LAST YEAR THE DEVELOPER ACQUIRED ANOTHER PIECE OF LAND ON THE ATLANTIC COAST . HE BOUGHT SOME LAND FOR $10,000 AND IS ASKING $695,000 for these lands! ACOSTA HAS ABANDONED HER HOUSE AND IS LIVING IN NICARAGUA WITH HER GIRLS. SHE STILL WORKS FOR CALPIT AND HAS HAD 1 PERSON ARRESTED AND HOPES TO REOPEN HER CASE. SHE CONTINUES TO FIGHT FOR THE MIKISITO.
A MIKASITO MYTH IS ABOUT A MAN NAMED NAKILI WHO LOST HIS WIFE HE LOVED VERY MUSH. HE FOUND HER SOUL ONCE WHEN HE VISITED HER GRAVE. HER SOUL WAS ABOUT 2 ' HIGH AND WAS PREPARING FOR HER JOURNEY TO THE AFTERLIFE. THE HUSBAND WANTED TO GO WITH HER BUT SHE ANSWERED IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE SINCE HE WAS ALIVE. THE HUSBAND INSISTED THAT THEY BEGIN THE JOURNEY TOGETHER. SOME LED THEM ON NARROW FOOT PATH WHERE MANY BIRDS OF PREY WERE FLYING.SHE JUMPED BACK IN FEAR . THEY PASSED BETWEEN 2 PINES ON THE TRAIL THAT WERE CLOSE TO EACH OTHER, THE LADY WENT THROUGH WITHOUT A PROBLEM. THE HUSBAND WAS TOO LARGE AND WENT AROUND THE TREES
THEY CONTINUED AND ARRIVED AT A BRIDGE THE WIDTH OF A HUMAN HAIR. BENEATH THE WALL WAS A GIANT POT OF BOILING WATER. THE WIFE WAS SO SMALL SHE BALANCED ACROSS THE BRIDGE , WHILE NAKILI CROSSED THE BRIDGE WITH A JUMP.
THEY ARRIVED AT A RIVER WITH SARDINES. THE TWO SAW ACROSS THE RIVER AND THE WORLD OF THE AFTERLIFE WHERE EVERYONE SEEMED HAPPY. WHEN THE SOULS OF PEOPLE WHO DIDN'T LEAD VIRTUOUS LIVES JUMPED IN THE CANOE AND THE GUIDE TIPPED THEM INTO THE LAKE AND THE SARDINES ATE THEM.THE TOAD FERRIED THE WIFE ACROSS WHEN HER HUSBAND SWAM.
THERE THEY WERE GREETED BY A ROBUST WOMAN WHO TOLD NAKILI HE MUST RETURN RETURN TO EARTH HE BEGGED HER . FINALLY SHE SAID HE COULD REMAIN HERE. NOBODY HAD TO WORK AND THERE WAS ABUNDANT FOOD. AFTER STAYING HERE HE SAID I NEED TO RETURN TO MY CHILDREN IN EARTH.THE ROBUST WOMAN GAVE HIM PERMISSION TO RETURN. SHE PLACED HIM ON A STALK OF BAMBOO AND DROPPED IT IN THE RIVER AFTER A WHILE HE WAS IN THE OCEAN AND A GREAT WAVE LEFT HIM RIGHT IN FRONT OF HIS HOUSE.
NATIVE LANGUAGES.ORG
Wednesday, April 25, 2012
GARIFUNA INDIANS IN BELIZE
THE GARIFUNA ARE AN ARAWAKEN SPEAKING TRIBE. THEY ARE MIXED RACE. BY 1600'S THE CARIB TRIBES ATTACKED SPANISH SHIPS AND FREED AFRICAN SLAVES. THE GARIFUNA ARE ONE OF THE FEW PEOPLE TO SURVIVE AND THRIVE. WITH A DISTINCT LANGUAGE. THESE FOLKS HAD STRONG BODIES AND MONGOLOID FEATURES. THEIR MEN WORE SKIRTS.
THE FORMATION OF THEIR SOCIETIES WAS IT RECORDED IN 1635 WHEN THEY RANK TWO SPANISH SHIPS LOADED WITH BLACK SLAVES. THEY KEPT THE SUPPLIES OF GOLD, WINE, AND SLAVES AND KILLED THE CREW! THE BLACKS ADOPTED THEIR LANGUAGE AND MARRIED CALIPONAN WOMEN. THE NEW SOCIETY (GARIFUNA) CENTERED THEIR FAMILY LIFE IN A SEXUAL DIVISION OF WORK.
BY THE 17TH CENTURY A DRASTIC CHANGE OCCURRED IN THE VICENTINIAN SOCIETY. THE BLACK SOCIETY HAD BECOME THE DOMINANT GROUP BECAUSE OF THE IMMIGRATION OF REFUGEES. FINALLY THE GARIFUNA FORCED THE CALIPONAN TO MOVE TO THE WESTERN PART OF THE ISLAND. BOTH GROUPS TRIED TO RESOLVE THEIR DIFFERENCES BECAUSE THEY WERE AWARE OF INTERNAL DIVISION.
THE NEWS ABOUT THEIR DIFFERENCES REACHED FRANCE. THE FRENCH SUPPORTED THE CHIPONAN. THE FRENCH HAD TO MAINTAIN PEACE LINKS WITH GARIFUNAS. THE GARIFUNAS ACQUIRED FRENCH TASTES AND CUSTOMS, AND WINE.
SOME INDIANS LIVE IN THE CARIBBEAN,AS WELL AS IN L.A. AND NEW YORK CITY. ACCORDING TO ORAL HISTORY THE ENGLISH GOVERNOR, WILLIAM YOUNG, IN 1785 THE CARIB SPEAKING PEOPLE CAME TO SAINT VICENT BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE EUROPEANS TO THE NEW WORLD.
THE AFRICANS AND OTHER RUNAWAY TOOK REFUGEES ARE IN THE MOUNTAINS. THEY RAIDED THE CARIBS UNTIL THEY GREATLY REDUCED THEM IN NUMBERS. VISITORS WERE RARE.
IN RECENT HISTORY THE RARE GARIFUNA POPULATION IS ABOUT 600,000. MANY HAVE MOVED TO THE
U.S. SOME OF THE NICARAGUAN GARIFUNA HAVE MIGRATED TO THE U.S. ONE INTERESTING THING ABOUT THERE VOCABULARY IS THAT THERE IS A SPLIT BETWEEN THE TERMS USED BY MEN AND THOSE USED BY WOMEN! THE MEN USE TERMS FROM THE CARRIB WHILE THE WOMEN USE WORDS FROM ARAWAK.
THEIR RELIGION TODAY IS MOSTLY CATHOLIC. THEIR BELIEFS ARE MERGED WITH TRADITIONAL PRACTICES. THEIR SHAMAN KNOWN AS A BUYER IS THE HEAD OF THEIR TRADITIONAL PRACTICES. THEIR RELIGION HAS SIMILAR QUALITIES TO THE VOODOO RITUALS. THEY HAVE MYSTICAL PRACTICES. THERE IS A RASTAFARIAN MINORITY.
IN 2001 UNESCO PROCLAIMED THEIR LANGUAGE, MUSIC AND DANCES ARE MASTERPIECES OF THE ORAL TRADITION AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE.
THEY COOK A WIDE VARIETY OF DISHES IN A AREA - CASAVA BREAD WITH GARLIC AND YUCCA. THIS HAS BEEN DONE SINCE ANCIENT TIMES AND IS A TIME CONSUMING PRACTICING. THEY BAKE PANCAKES ON A GRIDDLE. IT IS EATEN WITH FISH AND PLAINTAINS WITH GRAVY. THEY ALSO MAKE MAZAPAN.
THEIR MUSIC IS QUITE DIFFERENT FROM CALIFORNIA. THE MOST FAMOUS IS PUNTA, A MUSICAL STYLE OF HIP SWINGING. THEY HAVE A MUSICAL STYLE OF HIP SWINGING. THEY HAD MANY FORMS OF MUSICAL DANCE.WOMEN COMPOSE THEIR LYRICS. MEN SING DIFFERENT WORK SONGS. DRUMS PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN MUSIC. THEY MAKE THEIR DRUMS IN FROM HARDWOOD (MAHOGANY) AND USE SHAKERS OF DRIED FRUIT. THEY MAKE GOURDS FILLED WITH SEEDS. BY THE 199O'S THEIR MUSIC BEGAN TO BE RECORDED.
THEY DANCE THE DUGUU, A RITUAL DONE FOR A DEATH IN THE FAMILY TO PAY THEIR RESPECT TO THEIR LOVED ONES.
THESE FOLKS RELY ON FARMING FOR MOST OF THE YEARS INCOME. BUT MUCH OF THEIR LAND WAS TAKEN FROM THEM BY FRUIT COMPANIES. THE COMPANIES WERE WELCOMED TO BRING AN INCOME, BUT AS BUSINESS DECLINED THESE LARGE COMPANIES SOLD THE LAND AND IT WAS INHABITED BY MESTIZO FARMERS. THE GARIFUNA WOMEN ARE FORCED TO RELY ON MEN FOR STEADY INCOME IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES. THEY ARE RELYING ON EXPORT COMPANIES. THE WOMEN ARE HIGHLY DISCRIMINATED AGAINST AND ARE UNABLE TO GET A JOB. SOME SELL HOMEMADE GOODS AND DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO RELY ON. THE WOMEN BELIEVE IN MAGIC TO CONTROL THE MEN IN THEIR LIVES.
THE MEN HAVE MULTIPLE GIRLFRIENDS IN ADDITION TO MARRIAGE. THE WOMEN BELIEVE MAGIC HELPS THEM TO KEEP THE HUSBANDS IN LOVE WITH THEM. THEY BELIEVE THEIR IS A STRONG CONNECTION BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.. IT IS IMPORTANT TO WORK TO SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES. THE GARIFUNA CULTURE IS GREATLY AFFECTED BY THE ECONOMIC ATMOSPHERE AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO OUTSIDE INFUENCE. SOME THINK IT WILL BECOME COMMERCIALIZED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
THE FORMATION OF THEIR SOCIETIES WAS IT RECORDED IN 1635 WHEN THEY RANK TWO SPANISH SHIPS LOADED WITH BLACK SLAVES. THEY KEPT THE SUPPLIES OF GOLD, WINE, AND SLAVES AND KILLED THE CREW! THE BLACKS ADOPTED THEIR LANGUAGE AND MARRIED CALIPONAN WOMEN. THE NEW SOCIETY (GARIFUNA) CENTERED THEIR FAMILY LIFE IN A SEXUAL DIVISION OF WORK.
BY THE 17TH CENTURY A DRASTIC CHANGE OCCURRED IN THE VICENTINIAN SOCIETY. THE BLACK SOCIETY HAD BECOME THE DOMINANT GROUP BECAUSE OF THE IMMIGRATION OF REFUGEES. FINALLY THE GARIFUNA FORCED THE CALIPONAN TO MOVE TO THE WESTERN PART OF THE ISLAND. BOTH GROUPS TRIED TO RESOLVE THEIR DIFFERENCES BECAUSE THEY WERE AWARE OF INTERNAL DIVISION.
THE NEWS ABOUT THEIR DIFFERENCES REACHED FRANCE. THE FRENCH SUPPORTED THE CHIPONAN. THE FRENCH HAD TO MAINTAIN PEACE LINKS WITH GARIFUNAS. THE GARIFUNAS ACQUIRED FRENCH TASTES AND CUSTOMS, AND WINE.
SOME INDIANS LIVE IN THE CARIBBEAN,AS WELL AS IN L.A. AND NEW YORK CITY. ACCORDING TO ORAL HISTORY THE ENGLISH GOVERNOR, WILLIAM YOUNG, IN 1785 THE CARIB SPEAKING PEOPLE CAME TO SAINT VICENT BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE EUROPEANS TO THE NEW WORLD.
THE AFRICANS AND OTHER RUNAWAY TOOK REFUGEES ARE IN THE MOUNTAINS. THEY RAIDED THE CARIBS UNTIL THEY GREATLY REDUCED THEM IN NUMBERS. VISITORS WERE RARE.
IN RECENT HISTORY THE RARE GARIFUNA POPULATION IS ABOUT 600,000. MANY HAVE MOVED TO THE
U.S. SOME OF THE NICARAGUAN GARIFUNA HAVE MIGRATED TO THE U.S. ONE INTERESTING THING ABOUT THERE VOCABULARY IS THAT THERE IS A SPLIT BETWEEN THE TERMS USED BY MEN AND THOSE USED BY WOMEN! THE MEN USE TERMS FROM THE CARRIB WHILE THE WOMEN USE WORDS FROM ARAWAK.
THEIR RELIGION TODAY IS MOSTLY CATHOLIC. THEIR BELIEFS ARE MERGED WITH TRADITIONAL PRACTICES. THEIR SHAMAN KNOWN AS A BUYER IS THE HEAD OF THEIR TRADITIONAL PRACTICES. THEIR RELIGION HAS SIMILAR QUALITIES TO THE VOODOO RITUALS. THEY HAVE MYSTICAL PRACTICES. THERE IS A RASTAFARIAN MINORITY.
IN 2001 UNESCO PROCLAIMED THEIR LANGUAGE, MUSIC AND DANCES ARE MASTERPIECES OF THE ORAL TRADITION AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE.
THEY COOK A WIDE VARIETY OF DISHES IN A AREA - CASAVA BREAD WITH GARLIC AND YUCCA. THIS HAS BEEN DONE SINCE ANCIENT TIMES AND IS A TIME CONSUMING PRACTICING. THEY BAKE PANCAKES ON A GRIDDLE. IT IS EATEN WITH FISH AND PLAINTAINS WITH GRAVY. THEY ALSO MAKE MAZAPAN.
THEIR MUSIC IS QUITE DIFFERENT FROM CALIFORNIA. THE MOST FAMOUS IS PUNTA, A MUSICAL STYLE OF HIP SWINGING. THEY HAVE A MUSICAL STYLE OF HIP SWINGING. THEY HAD MANY FORMS OF MUSICAL DANCE.WOMEN COMPOSE THEIR LYRICS. MEN SING DIFFERENT WORK SONGS. DRUMS PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN MUSIC. THEY MAKE THEIR DRUMS IN FROM HARDWOOD (MAHOGANY) AND USE SHAKERS OF DRIED FRUIT. THEY MAKE GOURDS FILLED WITH SEEDS. BY THE 199O'S THEIR MUSIC BEGAN TO BE RECORDED.
THEY DANCE THE DUGUU, A RITUAL DONE FOR A DEATH IN THE FAMILY TO PAY THEIR RESPECT TO THEIR LOVED ONES.
THESE FOLKS RELY ON FARMING FOR MOST OF THE YEARS INCOME. BUT MUCH OF THEIR LAND WAS TAKEN FROM THEM BY FRUIT COMPANIES. THE COMPANIES WERE WELCOMED TO BRING AN INCOME, BUT AS BUSINESS DECLINED THESE LARGE COMPANIES SOLD THE LAND AND IT WAS INHABITED BY MESTIZO FARMERS. THE GARIFUNA WOMEN ARE FORCED TO RELY ON MEN FOR STEADY INCOME IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES. THEY ARE RELYING ON EXPORT COMPANIES. THE WOMEN ARE HIGHLY DISCRIMINATED AGAINST AND ARE UNABLE TO GET A JOB. SOME SELL HOMEMADE GOODS AND DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO RELY ON. THE WOMEN BELIEVE IN MAGIC TO CONTROL THE MEN IN THEIR LIVES.
THE MEN HAVE MULTIPLE GIRLFRIENDS IN ADDITION TO MARRIAGE. THE WOMEN BELIEVE MAGIC HELPS THEM TO KEEP THE HUSBANDS IN LOVE WITH THEM. THEY BELIEVE THEIR IS A STRONG CONNECTION BETWEEN FATHER AND SON.. IT IS IMPORTANT TO WORK TO SUPPORT THEIR FAMILIES. THE GARIFUNA CULTURE IS GREATLY AFFECTED BY THE ECONOMIC ATMOSPHERE AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO OUTSIDE INFUENCE. SOME THINK IT WILL BECOME COMMERCIALIZED.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
TODOS SANTERO MAM
THERE ARE ABOUT 1/2 MILLION PEOPLE BY HUEHUETANGO IN NORTHWEST GUATEMALA. ABOUT 30,000 ARE LIVING HERE WHO SPEAK THE MAM LANGAGE. THEY LIVE IN A STEEP VALLEY OF ABOUT 2500 M IN THE CHURHUAMATAN MTNS. THE TOWN IS A 2 HOUR RIDE BY BUS FROM THE CAPITAL. THEY LIVE PARTIAL TROPICAL RAIN FOREST. THEY HAVE A RAINY SEASON. - THAT LASTS FROM MAY TO SEPTEMBER. THEY ARE HARD WORKING AND SELF RELIANT.
MANY OF THEM ARE QUITE FLUENT IN SPANISH. MANY HAVE MOVED TO THE U.S. FOR WORK. THE WOMAN ARE EXCELLENT WEAVERS AND ARTISTIC EXPRESSION IS THEIR ART. THEY MAKE BEAUTIFUL TEXTILES. FOR THE TOURISTS AND THEIR TOWN. THEY ARE ALSO DEVOTED MOTHERS AND ARE INSEPARABLE, WITH THEIR INFANTS. THEY COOK, TEND ANIMALS AND DO OTHER CHORES. MEN CHROCHET HANDBAGS. ONMARKET DAYS THE FAMILIES HIKE 5 HOURS ACROSS RUGGED LAND IN 3500M IN ELEVATION TO THEIR CAPITAL. THEY PURCHASE FRESH PRODUCE FROM THE LOWLANDS - COFFEE, BANANAS, AND POTATOES. ELEMENTS OF THE MAYAN COSMOLOGY PROVIDE EVERYDAY LIFE, BUT THEIR CEREMONIES ARE LESS OFTEN
USED.
THE CITY IS FAMOUS FOR THE CELEBRATION OF ALL SAINTS DAY IN NOVEMBER. THEY HAVE A HORSE RACE THAT IS THE DUAL POINT OF THE CEREMONIES. THE SPIRIT OF THE ANCESTORS ARE HONORED IN THE CEMETERY. THEY DANCE WITH THE MARIMBA, FEAST AND ENTERTAINMENT.
THERE ARE LEAST TWO RUINS IN THE MUNICIPALITY. THEY MAY HAVE HAD MORE HISTORY. COSTUME CEREMONIES ARE SOMETIMES HELD IN STILL HELD NEXT THE OTHER CROSSES. SOME FOLKSA ARE OK WITH HAVING THEIR PHOTOS TAKEN IN SPITE OF MODERATE BEHAVIOR OF TOURISTS, THEY ASK TOURESTS TO GET TO KNOW THEM BEFORE ASKING PERMISSION FOR THEIR PHOTO. THEY APPRECIATE BEING SENT A COPY OF THEIR PHOTO. THEY ARE WORKING TO OBTAIN IMPROVEMENTS FOR THE LIBRARY.
STESON.EDU
MANY OF THEM ARE QUITE FLUENT IN SPANISH. MANY HAVE MOVED TO THE U.S. FOR WORK. THE WOMAN ARE EXCELLENT WEAVERS AND ARTISTIC EXPRESSION IS THEIR ART. THEY MAKE BEAUTIFUL TEXTILES. FOR THE TOURISTS AND THEIR TOWN. THEY ARE ALSO DEVOTED MOTHERS AND ARE INSEPARABLE, WITH THEIR INFANTS. THEY COOK, TEND ANIMALS AND DO OTHER CHORES. MEN CHROCHET HANDBAGS. ONMARKET DAYS THE FAMILIES HIKE 5 HOURS ACROSS RUGGED LAND IN 3500M IN ELEVATION TO THEIR CAPITAL. THEY PURCHASE FRESH PRODUCE FROM THE LOWLANDS - COFFEE, BANANAS, AND POTATOES. ELEMENTS OF THE MAYAN COSMOLOGY PROVIDE EVERYDAY LIFE, BUT THEIR CEREMONIES ARE LESS OFTEN
USED.
THE CITY IS FAMOUS FOR THE CELEBRATION OF ALL SAINTS DAY IN NOVEMBER. THEY HAVE A HORSE RACE THAT IS THE DUAL POINT OF THE CEREMONIES. THE SPIRIT OF THE ANCESTORS ARE HONORED IN THE CEMETERY. THEY DANCE WITH THE MARIMBA, FEAST AND ENTERTAINMENT.
THERE ARE LEAST TWO RUINS IN THE MUNICIPALITY. THEY MAY HAVE HAD MORE HISTORY. COSTUME CEREMONIES ARE SOMETIMES HELD IN STILL HELD NEXT THE OTHER CROSSES. SOME FOLKSA ARE OK WITH HAVING THEIR PHOTOS TAKEN IN SPITE OF MODERATE BEHAVIOR OF TOURISTS, THEY ASK TOURESTS TO GET TO KNOW THEM BEFORE ASKING PERMISSION FOR THEIR PHOTO. THEY APPRECIATE BEING SENT A COPY OF THEIR PHOTO. THEY ARE WORKING TO OBTAIN IMPROVEMENTS FOR THE LIBRARY.
STESON.EDU
JAKALTECO INDIANS IN CENTRAL AMERICA
THE JAKALTECO ARE A WESTERN MAYAN INDIAN GROUP. THEIR POPULATION WAS 16000 TO 30,000. MOST LIVE IN HUEHUETENANGO. MUCH LAND HAS BEEN TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT AND THE JAKALTECO ARE MIGRANT LABORERS. IN 1980 MANY CAME TO THE U.S. TO ESCAPE GOVERNMENT PERSECUTION. THEY HAVE LIVED HERE SINCE PRECOLUMBIAN TIMES. THEY LIVED HERE SINCE PRECOLUMBIAN TIMES. THEY LIVE ABOVE 1437 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL.
THE TOWN OF JAKALTECO IS A GOVERNMENTAL, RELIGIOUS, AND MARKET CENTER OF THE REGION. IT IS CALLED PLACE OF BIG WHITE ROCK SLABS. IT WAS PHYSICALLY A REMOTE CENTER FROM SPANISH CENTERS. IT IS A TWO DAY WALK FROM THE CAPITAL. SINCE 1994 AN IMPROVE ROAD WAS BUILT IT IS A FIVE HOUR BUS RIDE FROM THE CAPITAL. BY 1979 THEY GOT ELECTRICITY. THEIR ISOLATION HAS RESULTED IN THEIR CONTINUED USE OF CUSTOMS AND CEREMONIES LOST ELSEWHERE. THE JAKALTECO STILL USE THE BLOW GUN FOR HUNTING BIRDS AND SMALL ANIMALS. THEY HAVE A BELIEF SYSTEM WHICH INVOLVES NAGUELS AND TONALS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THE TOWN OF JAKALTECO IS A GOVERNMENTAL, RELIGIOUS, AND MARKET CENTER OF THE REGION. IT IS CALLED PLACE OF BIG WHITE ROCK SLABS. IT WAS PHYSICALLY A REMOTE CENTER FROM SPANISH CENTERS. IT IS A TWO DAY WALK FROM THE CAPITAL. SINCE 1994 AN IMPROVE ROAD WAS BUILT IT IS A FIVE HOUR BUS RIDE FROM THE CAPITAL. BY 1979 THEY GOT ELECTRICITY. THEIR ISOLATION HAS RESULTED IN THEIR CONTINUED USE OF CUSTOMS AND CEREMONIES LOST ELSEWHERE. THE JAKALTECO STILL USE THE BLOW GUN FOR HUNTING BIRDS AND SMALL ANIMALS. THEY HAVE A BELIEF SYSTEM WHICH INVOLVES NAGUELS AND TONALS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
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