MY HISBAND AND I VISITED THIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE WHEN WE WERE IN OUR 30'S. IT IS AT THE MOUTH OF WELL OF ITZA, A PRE-COLUMBIAN CITY OF THE MAYA. IT IS IN YUCATAN.
IT IS SOME STEPPED PYRAMIDS DATING FROM 600 - 900 A.D. IT HAS MANY STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE. THEY MAY HAVE MOVED TO THESE LOWLANDS FROM CENTRAL MEXICO.
CHICHEN ITZA WAS ONE OF THE LARGEST MAYAN CITIES. IT MAY HAVE HAD THE MOST DIVERSE POPULATION IN THE MAYAN WORLD. TODAY THE SITE IS MANAGED BY BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 1.2 MILLION TOURISTS VISIT THE SITE TODAY THE NAME OF THE SITE MEANS AT THE MOUTH OF THE WELL. OF THE ITZA.
IT'S SPANISH NAME AN ETHNIC GROUP THAT GAINED ECONOMIC AND ETHNIC LINEAGE. ANOTHER NAME MEANS ENCHANTER OF THE WATER.
THEY HAVE RECORDED HIEROGLYPHIC HIEROGLYPHIC TEXTS IN THE RUINS. THE SITE IS LOCATED IN YUCATAN STATE WHERE IT IS ARID AND THE RIVERS IN THE INTERIOR ALL RUN UNDERGROUND. CENOTES ARE THE NATURAL SINK HOLES. THAT PROVIDED PLENTY OF WATER YEAR ROUND. .ONE WAS CALLED SACRED WELL. IN PRECOLUMBIA, THE MAYA SACRIFICED OBJECTS SUCH AS HUMANS INTO THE CENOTE AS A FORM OF WORSHIP TO MAYAN RAIN GOD CHAC. FOR 6 YEARS 1 SCIENTIST STUDIED WHAT WAS IN THE THIS CENOTE AND FOUND ARTIFACTS, GOLD, JADE, POTTERY, AND INCENSE. AND HUMAN BONES.
CHICHEN ITZA MAY HAVE HAD LEADERS OF VARIOUS ELITE - CALLED MULTIPLE SYSTEMS. IT WAS A MAJOR ECONOMIC POWER.IN MAYAN LOWLANDS. THEY HAVE A TRADE ROUTE ON THE NORTH COAST. THEY TRADED OBSIDIAN FROM CENTRAL MEXICO AND GOLD FROM CENTRAL AMERICA. BY 900 -1050 A.D. IT EXPANDED AND BECAME A POWERFUL REGIONAL CAPITAL, CONTROLLING YUCATAN. IT CONTROLLED THE AREA FROM CENTRAL YUCATAN. TO THE NORTHERN COAST. ONE OF THE EARLIEST HIEROGLYPHIC DATES HERE WAS 830 A.D. ATTHE END OF THE LATE CLASSIC PERIOD THE SITE WAS A REGIONAL CAPITOL DOMINATING POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND IDEOLOGICAL LIFE IN NORTHERN MAYA LOWLAND. OTHER CENTERS WERE DECLINING.
IN THE 13TH CENTURY A RULER OF MAYAPAN CONQUERED CHICHEN ITZA. HE PHROPHISIZED HIS RISE TO POWER. DURING A CEREMONY THERE WERE NO SURVIVORS. ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY THE SITE WAS LOOTED BEFORE THE RISE OF MAYAPAN. BY 1250 IT DECLINED BEFORE THE RISE OF MAYAPAN. THE HIGH POPULATION WAS A FACTOR THAT AFFECTED SPANISH CONQUERORS TO LOCATE A CAPITOL THERE.IN 1526 SPANISH CONQUISTADORS CONQUERED MUCH OF THE PENINSULA 1530'S HE SENT HIS SON TO CONQUER THE INTERIOR. YUCATAN. THEY ESTABLISHED A CAPITAL TO AT CHICHEN ITZA. BY 1535 ALL SPANISH HAD BEEN DRIVEN OUT OF YUCATAN. THEY RECRUITED INDIO - SPANISH ARMY CONQUERED THE PENINSULA. THE SPANISH CROWN LATER ISSUED A LAND GRANT TO INCLUDE CHICHEN ITZA BY 1588 IT WAS A CATTLE RANCH.
IN 1875 A COUPLE VISITED AND EXCAVATED A STATUE OF A FIGURE. IN THE BOOK WITH A PLATE ON ITS STOMACH. THEY CALLED CHAC MOOL AND IT IS ALL TYPES OF STATUARY FOUN HERE.
BY 1894 THE U.S. CONSUL TO YUCATAN PURCHASED HACIENDA CHICHEN ITZA CHICHEN, INCLUDING THE RUINS. FOR 30 YEARS THOMPSON EXPLORED THIS ANCIENT CITY.
CARNEGIE ACCEPTED A PROPOSAL TO HAVE LONG TERM ARCHAEOLOGISTS FROM U.S. COME HERE AND WRITE UP HIS RESEARCH. HE WROTE A BOOK CALED
' PEOPLE OF THE SERPENT'.
CHICHEN ITZA WAS SOLD TO A TOURISM PIONEER IN THE 30'S. THIS 5 KM SITE HAS MANY FEATURES AND ARCHITECTURE THAT IS CLUSTERED WITH PYRAMIDS AND THEIR ARE COMPLEXES THAT HAVE MANY STYLES OF PYRAMIDS AND VARIOUS STRUCTURES WITH OR WITHOUT MANY STYLES OF PYRAMIDS AND VARIOUS STRUCTURES WITH OR WITHOUT DEW. SOME OF THE PYRAMIDS AND VARIOUS STRUCTURES WITH OR WITHOUT DEW. SOME OF THE PYRAMIDS ARE BUILT BASED ON POSSIBLE INTENTIONAL DESIGN OF SPRING AND AUTUMN EQINOXES. THE SITE HAS MANY BALLCOURTS.
THEY EVEN HAD STEAM BATHS. THE TEMPLE OF THE WARRIORS HAS A CHAC MOOL AND ENTOMBS ANOTHER TEMPLE. IN 1928 IT WAS RESTORED. THIS SITE PRESUMABLY EVEN HAS AN OBSERVATORY HERE ALIGNED TO THE PATH OF HEAVEN. ABOUT 2 MILES AWAY FROM THE SITE ARE SACRED CAVES THAT HAVE ANCIENT POTTERY. IDOLS
FROM PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
Friday, May 31, 2013
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
SPIDER ROCK
CANYON DE CHELLY NATIONAL MONUMENT IS IN THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF ARIZONA AND IS LESSER KNOWN DESTINATION AND IT IS ONE OF IT'S MOST DRAMATIZED INSPIRING PLACES. IT IS SMALLER THAN THE GRAND CANYON., BUT HAS MANY BEAUTIFUL VISTAS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. THIS LAND IS OWNED BY THE NAVAJO NATION WHO FARM HERE. ONE MAY TAKE A HIKE INTO THE CANYON ON A PATH TO A SITE. BUT ALL OTHER AREAS MUST BE VISITED PNLY WITH A GUIDE. MANY SITES ARE SACRED TO THIS TRIBE.
SPIDER ROCK IS A RED SANDSTONE , 900' TALL SPIRE WITH A SMALLER 600' SPIRE. MY FAMILY VISITED THIS SITE WHEN MY SON WAS ABOUT 12 OR SO. ACCORDING TO THEIR MYTH SPIDER WOMAN USED THE SPIRE AS HER HOME. SHE IS AN IMPORTANT DIETY IN THE NAVAJO CULTURE. WHEN THE NAVAJO PEOPLE FOUND THEIR WAY HOME FROM THE UNDERWORLD SHE GAVE POWER TO THOSE WHO HERE DESTROYED EVIL CREATURES THAT ROAMED THIS WORLD. SHE PROTECTED PEACEFUL MEN WHO FOUND THEMSELVES IN DANGER. ONE STORY IS THAT A YOUNG NAVAJO WAS HUNTING IN THE CANYON WHEN AN ENEMY WARRIOR PURSUED HIM. HE KEPT CHASING HIM AND THE HUNTER SAW A SILK CORD DOWN THE SIDE OF SPIDER ROCK. HE TIED IT TO HIS WAIST AND WITH THE HELP OF SIDER WOMAN HE ESCAPED TO THE TOP, WHERE HE WAS ALLOWED TO STAY UNTIL SAFE.
THERE IS A DARKER SIDE TO SPIDER WOMAN. ON THE LOWER PEAK IS SPEAKING ROCK. SPIDER WOMAN SEEKS OUT MISCHIEVIOUS CHILDREN WHO ARE NOT BEHAVING AND SNATCHES THEM AND CARRIES THEM TO THIS ROCK. THE CHALKY COLOR OF THE CAPS ARE THE BONES OF CILDREN SHE HAS EATEN.
ANCIENT CANYONS WERE IDEAL FOR ANCIENT PUEBLOANS WHO BUILT HOMES HERE. DESCENDANTS OF THE PUEBLOANS , THE HOPI, MIGRATED INTO THE CANYONS TO PLANT FIELDS OF CORN AND OTHER FRUITS. THEY ALSO COLLECTED NATURAL PLANTS. THEY ALSO COLLECTED NATURAL PLANTS. THEY HAD THEIR NATURAL HOMES ON MESA TOPS. THEY STILL HAVE MANY TRADITIONS IN THEIR HOME AND KIVAS. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES DATE ABOUT 4,000 YEARS OF HUMAN OCCUPATION.
I VISITED THIS PARK WHEN I WAS ABOUT 18 WITH A NAVAJO TEACHER.
NPS.GOV
WEIRDUS.COM
SPIDER ROCK IS A RED SANDSTONE , 900' TALL SPIRE WITH A SMALLER 600' SPIRE. MY FAMILY VISITED THIS SITE WHEN MY SON WAS ABOUT 12 OR SO. ACCORDING TO THEIR MYTH SPIDER WOMAN USED THE SPIRE AS HER HOME. SHE IS AN IMPORTANT DIETY IN THE NAVAJO CULTURE. WHEN THE NAVAJO PEOPLE FOUND THEIR WAY HOME FROM THE UNDERWORLD SHE GAVE POWER TO THOSE WHO HERE DESTROYED EVIL CREATURES THAT ROAMED THIS WORLD. SHE PROTECTED PEACEFUL MEN WHO FOUND THEMSELVES IN DANGER. ONE STORY IS THAT A YOUNG NAVAJO WAS HUNTING IN THE CANYON WHEN AN ENEMY WARRIOR PURSUED HIM. HE KEPT CHASING HIM AND THE HUNTER SAW A SILK CORD DOWN THE SIDE OF SPIDER ROCK. HE TIED IT TO HIS WAIST AND WITH THE HELP OF SIDER WOMAN HE ESCAPED TO THE TOP, WHERE HE WAS ALLOWED TO STAY UNTIL SAFE.
THERE IS A DARKER SIDE TO SPIDER WOMAN. ON THE LOWER PEAK IS SPEAKING ROCK. SPIDER WOMAN SEEKS OUT MISCHIEVIOUS CHILDREN WHO ARE NOT BEHAVING AND SNATCHES THEM AND CARRIES THEM TO THIS ROCK. THE CHALKY COLOR OF THE CAPS ARE THE BONES OF CILDREN SHE HAS EATEN.
ANCIENT CANYONS WERE IDEAL FOR ANCIENT PUEBLOANS WHO BUILT HOMES HERE. DESCENDANTS OF THE PUEBLOANS , THE HOPI, MIGRATED INTO THE CANYONS TO PLANT FIELDS OF CORN AND OTHER FRUITS. THEY ALSO COLLECTED NATURAL PLANTS. THEY ALSO COLLECTED NATURAL PLANTS. THEY HAD THEIR NATURAL HOMES ON MESA TOPS. THEY STILL HAVE MANY TRADITIONS IN THEIR HOME AND KIVAS. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES DATE ABOUT 4,000 YEARS OF HUMAN OCCUPATION.
I VISITED THIS PARK WHEN I WAS ABOUT 18 WITH A NAVAJO TEACHER.
NPS.GOV
WEIRDUS.COM
STATUE OF ZEUS AT OLYMPIA
ONE OF THE GREEKS MOST IMPORTANT FESTIVALS IN HONOR OF THE KING THEIT GODS, ZEUS. LIKE OUR MODERN OLYMPICS FOLKS CAME HERE TO COMPETE FROM MANY OTHER COUNTRIES. THE OLYMPICS CAME HERE TO COMPETE.COUNTRIES. THE OLYMPICS STARTED IN 776 B.C. AND WERE HELD AT A SHRINE TO ZEUS. IT WAS ON THE COAST OF GREECE.
THE STATUS OF ZEUS IN THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIA STOOD MORE THAN 40 FEET HIGH! THE GAMES INCREASED IN IMPORTANCE AT A LARGER TEMPLE WORTHY OF THE KING OF GODS WAS NEEDED. BETWEEN 470 AND 460 B.C. THEY BUILT A NEW TEMPLE. THEY BUILT TEMPLES ON 13 LARGE COLUMNS. ON THE INTERIOR THEY BUILT A STATUE OF ZEUS- ONE OF 7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD. THE ARTIST TOOK 12 YEARS TO COMPLETE THIS PROJECT. WHEN FINISHED THE STATUE WAS AT THE WESTERN END OF THE TEMPLE. IT WAS 40 TALL AND 22' WIDE.
IN 97 A.D. ANOTHER SAID THE STATUE WAS SO POWERFUL THAT "IF SOMEONE HAD A HEAVY HEART FROM SORROW, HE WILL FORGET ALL THESE." ZEUS'S RIGHT HAND HELD A SCEPTOR WITH MANYKINDS OF METAL AND WAS TOPPED WITH AN EAGLE. HIS THROWN WAS MADE OUT OF GOLD EBONY, AND IVORY. THE STATUE HAD A BEARD , HAIR AND ROBE OF GOLD. CONSTRUCTION OF THIS STATUE WAS GOLD PLATED BRONZE AND IVORY SECTIONS. THEY NEEDED TO PUT OLIVE OIL ON THE IVORY SOIL SO IT WOULD NOT CRACK. IT WAS KEPT IN A SPECIAL RESERVOIR WITH A REFLECTING POOL. TODAY THE STADIUM HAS BEEN RESTORED, BUT LITTLE IS LEFT OF THE TEMPLE. ALL OF THE ZEUS STATUE IS NOW GONE.
UNMUSEUM.ORG
THE STATUS OF ZEUS IN THE TEMPLE OF OLYMPIA STOOD MORE THAN 40 FEET HIGH! THE GAMES INCREASED IN IMPORTANCE AT A LARGER TEMPLE WORTHY OF THE KING OF GODS WAS NEEDED. BETWEEN 470 AND 460 B.C. THEY BUILT A NEW TEMPLE. THEY BUILT TEMPLES ON 13 LARGE COLUMNS. ON THE INTERIOR THEY BUILT A STATUE OF ZEUS- ONE OF 7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD. THE ARTIST TOOK 12 YEARS TO COMPLETE THIS PROJECT. WHEN FINISHED THE STATUE WAS AT THE WESTERN END OF THE TEMPLE. IT WAS 40 TALL AND 22' WIDE.
IN 97 A.D. ANOTHER SAID THE STATUE WAS SO POWERFUL THAT "IF SOMEONE HAD A HEAVY HEART FROM SORROW, HE WILL FORGET ALL THESE." ZEUS'S RIGHT HAND HELD A SCEPTOR WITH MANYKINDS OF METAL AND WAS TOPPED WITH AN EAGLE. HIS THROWN WAS MADE OUT OF GOLD EBONY, AND IVORY. THE STATUE HAD A BEARD , HAIR AND ROBE OF GOLD. CONSTRUCTION OF THIS STATUE WAS GOLD PLATED BRONZE AND IVORY SECTIONS. THEY NEEDED TO PUT OLIVE OIL ON THE IVORY SOIL SO IT WOULD NOT CRACK. IT WAS KEPT IN A SPECIAL RESERVOIR WITH A REFLECTING POOL. TODAY THE STADIUM HAS BEEN RESTORED, BUT LITTLE IS LEFT OF THE TEMPLE. ALL OF THE ZEUS STATUE IS NOW GONE.
UNMUSEUM.ORG
Thursday, May 23, 2013
WEDNESDAY NIGHT MARKET
ST NIGHT I WENT TO THE FIRST MARKET THIS YEAR. IT WAS VERY CROUWED. IT WAS VERY CROWDED WITH LOTS OF PEOPLE. AA LOUD BLACK BAND WAS SINGING SOME POPULAR SONGS. IT GOT COLD EARLY SAW SOME ACQUAINTANCES MY FAMILY KNEW. SOME FOLKS WERE RED BLOOD NATIVES. THE VENDORS HAD ALL KINDS OF FRUITS AND SOME ETHIOPIAN HAD NON GLUTEN BREAD I MOVED BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE 4 BLOCKS AND IT GOT VERY WINDY. I LISTENED TO A JAZZ BAND AND ONE GUY THERE LOOKED LIKE MY HUSBAND BUT IT WAS NOT.. I TOLD MY FRIENDS ABOUT MY WEBSITE AND THAT I'D SEE MY SON SOON. I FINALLY BOUGHT SOME PIZZA. IT WAS SO WINDY I BOUGHT SOME FOOD AND CAME TO MY RENTAL. THERE WERE MANY PEOPLE THERE WITH TATTOOS AND PEOPLE PUTTING ON HENNA TATTOOS. I TOUCHED A STRANGE LIZARD FROM SOUTH AMERICA. THE MARKET IS A STRANGE PLACE.
GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE
THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE IS A SUSPENSION BRIDGE SPANNING THE GOLDEN GATE THAT OPENS THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY TO THE OCEAN. IT HAS BEEN DECLARED WONDER OF THE WORLD. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED SYMBOLS OF SAN FRANCISCO. IT IS THE MOST PHOTOGRAPHED BRIDGE IN THE WORLD.
BEFORE 1933 THE ONLY WAY ACROSS THE BAY WAS BY BOAT. FERRIES CARRIED FOLKS AS EARLY AS 1820 FOR CARRYING WATER. BY THE 1920'S THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC FERRIES WERE VERY PROFITABLE AND REPORT TO THE ECONOMY. THE FERRIES AUTOS FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO SAUSALITO AND TO HYDE ST. PIER. EXPERTS SAID THE BRIDGE COULD NOT CONNECT THESE LAND MASSES BECAUSE OF WIND AND FOG.
THE IDEA OF A BRIDGE SPANNING THE GOLDEN GATE THE GOLDEN GATE WAS OFTEN THOUGHT ABOUT . THIS PROPOSAL DREW ATTENTION AND WAS MADE BY AN ENGINEERING STUDENT JAMES WILKINS. IN 1916. THE COST OF THE STRUCTURE WAS ESTIMATED ABOUT $100 MILLION. JOSEPH STRAUS WAS AN AMBITIOUS POET AND ENGINEER WHO WROTE A GRADUATE THESIS AND DESIGNED 55 RAILROAD BRIDGES ACROSS BERING STRAIT.
THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR WAS CONCERNED THAT THE BRIDGE WOULD INTERFERE WITH SHIP TRAFFIC. THE FERRY SERVICE OPPOSED THE BRIDGE AS IT WOULD END THEIR BUSINESS. THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY SUPPORTED THE BRIDGE. BY 1924 THEY HAD AN ASSOCIATION CALLED BRIDGING THE GOLDEN GATE ASOCIATION. DISCUSSION TO BUILD THE BRIDGE WERE HELD IN SANTA ROSA. THE CHAMBER HERE SUPPORTED THE PROJECT.
STRAUS WAS THE CHIEF ENGINEER, BUT MANY OTHER ENGINEERS HELPED TOO. THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE HAS PROVED SOUND WITH THE HELP OF MANY ENGINEERS. AFTER 70 YEARS PASSED CHARLES ELLIS WAS GIVEN MAJOR CREDIT IN THE DESIGN OF THE BRIDGE.
THE BRIDGE AND HIGHWAY DISTRICT AUTHORIZED IN 1928 TO DESIGN CONSTRUCT AND FINANCE THE BRIDGER. A LOCAL BANK HELPED TO REFINANCE THE BRIDGE. IN 1933 CONSTRUCTION BEGAN WITH $35 MILLION DOLLARS. STRAUSS WAS HEAD OF THE PROJECT WITH MANY OTHER ENGINEERS HELPING. HE INNOVATED THE THE USE OF MOVABLE SAFETY NETTING BENEATH THE CONSTRUCTION AREA SAVING THE USE OF MOVABLE SAFETY NETTING BENEATH THE CONSTRUCTION AREA SAVING MANY LIVES. BY 1937 THE PROJECT COMPLETED. THEY EVEN PUT IN A SMALL DINER BY A TOURIST PLAZA. IT WAS BUILT IN ART DECO DESIGN. A BRIDGE OPENING CELEBRATION WAS IN 1937 AND LASTED FOR A WEEK BEFORE TRAFFIC CAME HERE, 200,00 PEOPLE CROSSED BY FOOT. PRESIDENT ROSEVELT PUSHED A BUTTON TO CELEBRATE ITS OPENING. UNTIL 1964 IT HAD THE LONGEST SPAN OF SUSPENSION IN THE WORLD- 4200'. THE BRIDGE HAS 80,000 MILES WIRE IN THE CABLES. THEY MADE SIDEWALKS FOR PEDESTRIAN AND BYCYCLES. IT HAS SOME UNIQUE LIGHTING AT NIGHT. IT IS A TOLL BRIDGE AND HAS BEEN CLOSED ONLY 3 TIMES FOR BAD WEATHER. IT IS FEATURED IN SOME MOVIES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
BEFORE 1933 THE ONLY WAY ACROSS THE BAY WAS BY BOAT. FERRIES CARRIED FOLKS AS EARLY AS 1820 FOR CARRYING WATER. BY THE 1920'S THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC FERRIES WERE VERY PROFITABLE AND REPORT TO THE ECONOMY. THE FERRIES AUTOS FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO SAUSALITO AND TO HYDE ST. PIER. EXPERTS SAID THE BRIDGE COULD NOT CONNECT THESE LAND MASSES BECAUSE OF WIND AND FOG.
THE IDEA OF A BRIDGE SPANNING THE GOLDEN GATE THE GOLDEN GATE WAS OFTEN THOUGHT ABOUT . THIS PROPOSAL DREW ATTENTION AND WAS MADE BY AN ENGINEERING STUDENT JAMES WILKINS. IN 1916. THE COST OF THE STRUCTURE WAS ESTIMATED ABOUT $100 MILLION. JOSEPH STRAUS WAS AN AMBITIOUS POET AND ENGINEER WHO WROTE A GRADUATE THESIS AND DESIGNED 55 RAILROAD BRIDGES ACROSS BERING STRAIT.
THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR WAS CONCERNED THAT THE BRIDGE WOULD INTERFERE WITH SHIP TRAFFIC. THE FERRY SERVICE OPPOSED THE BRIDGE AS IT WOULD END THEIR BUSINESS. THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY SUPPORTED THE BRIDGE. BY 1924 THEY HAD AN ASSOCIATION CALLED BRIDGING THE GOLDEN GATE ASOCIATION. DISCUSSION TO BUILD THE BRIDGE WERE HELD IN SANTA ROSA. THE CHAMBER HERE SUPPORTED THE PROJECT.
STRAUS WAS THE CHIEF ENGINEER, BUT MANY OTHER ENGINEERS HELPED TOO. THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE HAS PROVED SOUND WITH THE HELP OF MANY ENGINEERS. AFTER 70 YEARS PASSED CHARLES ELLIS WAS GIVEN MAJOR CREDIT IN THE DESIGN OF THE BRIDGE.
THE BRIDGE AND HIGHWAY DISTRICT AUTHORIZED IN 1928 TO DESIGN CONSTRUCT AND FINANCE THE BRIDGER. A LOCAL BANK HELPED TO REFINANCE THE BRIDGE. IN 1933 CONSTRUCTION BEGAN WITH $35 MILLION DOLLARS. STRAUSS WAS HEAD OF THE PROJECT WITH MANY OTHER ENGINEERS HELPING. HE INNOVATED THE THE USE OF MOVABLE SAFETY NETTING BENEATH THE CONSTRUCTION AREA SAVING THE USE OF MOVABLE SAFETY NETTING BENEATH THE CONSTRUCTION AREA SAVING MANY LIVES. BY 1937 THE PROJECT COMPLETED. THEY EVEN PUT IN A SMALL DINER BY A TOURIST PLAZA. IT WAS BUILT IN ART DECO DESIGN. A BRIDGE OPENING CELEBRATION WAS IN 1937 AND LASTED FOR A WEEK BEFORE TRAFFIC CAME HERE, 200,00 PEOPLE CROSSED BY FOOT. PRESIDENT ROSEVELT PUSHED A BUTTON TO CELEBRATE ITS OPENING. UNTIL 1964 IT HAD THE LONGEST SPAN OF SUSPENSION IN THE WORLD- 4200'. THE BRIDGE HAS 80,000 MILES WIRE IN THE CABLES. THEY MADE SIDEWALKS FOR PEDESTRIAN AND BYCYCLES. IT HAS SOME UNIQUE LIGHTING AT NIGHT. IT IS A TOLL BRIDGE AND HAS BEEN CLOSED ONLY 3 TIMES FOR BAD WEATHER. IT IS FEATURED IN SOME MOVIES.
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
NORTHERN LIGHTS OR AURORA
AN AURORA COMES COMES FROM LATIN AS A NATURAL LIGHT DISPLAY IN THE SKY THAT IS COMMON IN THE ARCTIC. IT IS A COLLISON OF ENERGETICLLY CHARGED PARTICLES WITH ATOMS IN THE HIGH ALTITUDE. THE CHARGED PARTICLES WITH ATOMS THAT ORIGINATE IN THE WIND, ON EARTH AND IN A MAGNETIC FIELD INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. MOST AURORAS OCCUR IN A BAND KNOWN AS THE AURORAL ZONE. DURING A STORM THE AURORAL ZONE EXPANDS TO THE LOWER ALTITUDES
AURORA ARE CLASSIFIED AS DIFFUSE. IT IS A FEATURELESS GLOW IN THE SKY MIGHT BE VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE, EVEN ON DARK NIGHTS. THE LIGHTS VARY IN COLOR AND BRIGHTNESS. AURORAS ARE ARCES GENERALLY INVISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE.
THE AURORA BOREALIS IS NAMED AFTER A ROMAN GODDESS OF DAWN, AURORA, AND GREEK NAME FOR THE NORTHERN WIND. THE LIGHTS CAN CHANGE WITHIN SECONDS. OR GLOW GLOW FOR HOURS IN FLOURESCENT GREEN. THE CREE INDIANS CALL IT THE DANCE OF THE SPIRITS. SOME CULTURES THOUGHT THEY WERE A SIGN OF GOD
THE SOUTHERN LIGHTS IN SOUTH AMERICA ARE SIMILAR TO THESE AURORAS OCCUR ON OTHER PLANETS CLOSE TO THE POLES AS WELL. THEY RESULT FROM PHOTOS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AABOVE 8 KM, AND OXYGEN AND NITROGEN RETUEN FROM AN EXCITED STATE TO GROUND. THEY ARE EXCITED IONIZED OR COLLIDE WITH SOLAR WIND AND ACCELERATE BY COLLISION. AT HIGH ALTITUDE OXYGEN , RED DOMINATES AND OXYGEN GREEN AND BLUE PREVENT ANY OTHER OTHER COLOR. GREEN IS THE MOST COMMON AURORA.
AURORAS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SOLAR WIND FLOWING FROM THE SUN. AURORAS ARE MORE FREQUENT DURING HIGH WINDS AND WHEN THE SOLAR CYCLE HAS MASS INJECTIONS. AN AURORA HAS A DIFFUSE GLOW OR CURTAIN THAT GOES EAST TO WEST. SATELLITES SHOW THE ELECTRONS ARE GUIDED BY MAGNETIC FIELDS SPIRALING AROUND THE EARTH. THE AURORA MAY BE A DIVERGING RAY.
SOME SPECTACULAR AURORAS RESULTED WITH GEOMAGNETIC STORMS ON AUGUST 28 AND SEPTEMBER, 1859. IT WAS SEEN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD - THE U.S., EUROPE, JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA. SOME SCIENTISTS HAVE REPORTED SOUND ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. THESE INCLUDE CLAPPING AND CRACKLING.
THE SOURCE OF ENERGY OF AURORA IS THE SOLAR WIND FLOWING PAST THE EARTH. THE SOLAR WIND IS PLASMA OR IONIZED GAS THAT CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY. SINCE 1830 THEY FOUND THAT WHEN AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR IS PLACED WITHIN A MAGNETIC FIELD AND AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IS INDUCED. IN PARTICULAR THE SOLAR WIND CONDUCTS FLUIDS WITH RELATIVE MOTION. THE DYNAMO ACTION OF THE WIND PRODUCES QUIET AUROAS. SINCE WE HAVE DIGITAL CAMERAS THAT HAVE HIGH SENSITIVITIES, IMAGES OF THE NORTHERN LIGHTS ARE MORE COMMON TODAY.
WIKIP[EDIA.ORG
AURORA ARE CLASSIFIED AS DIFFUSE. IT IS A FEATURELESS GLOW IN THE SKY MIGHT BE VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE, EVEN ON DARK NIGHTS. THE LIGHTS VARY IN COLOR AND BRIGHTNESS. AURORAS ARE ARCES GENERALLY INVISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE.
THE AURORA BOREALIS IS NAMED AFTER A ROMAN GODDESS OF DAWN, AURORA, AND GREEK NAME FOR THE NORTHERN WIND. THE LIGHTS CAN CHANGE WITHIN SECONDS. OR GLOW GLOW FOR HOURS IN FLOURESCENT GREEN. THE CREE INDIANS CALL IT THE DANCE OF THE SPIRITS. SOME CULTURES THOUGHT THEY WERE A SIGN OF GOD
THE SOUTHERN LIGHTS IN SOUTH AMERICA ARE SIMILAR TO THESE AURORAS OCCUR ON OTHER PLANETS CLOSE TO THE POLES AS WELL. THEY RESULT FROM PHOTOS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AABOVE 8 KM, AND OXYGEN AND NITROGEN RETUEN FROM AN EXCITED STATE TO GROUND. THEY ARE EXCITED IONIZED OR COLLIDE WITH SOLAR WIND AND ACCELERATE BY COLLISION. AT HIGH ALTITUDE OXYGEN , RED DOMINATES AND OXYGEN GREEN AND BLUE PREVENT ANY OTHER OTHER COLOR. GREEN IS THE MOST COMMON AURORA.
AURORAS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SOLAR WIND FLOWING FROM THE SUN. AURORAS ARE MORE FREQUENT DURING HIGH WINDS AND WHEN THE SOLAR CYCLE HAS MASS INJECTIONS. AN AURORA HAS A DIFFUSE GLOW OR CURTAIN THAT GOES EAST TO WEST. SATELLITES SHOW THE ELECTRONS ARE GUIDED BY MAGNETIC FIELDS SPIRALING AROUND THE EARTH. THE AURORA MAY BE A DIVERGING RAY.
SOME SPECTACULAR AURORAS RESULTED WITH GEOMAGNETIC STORMS ON AUGUST 28 AND SEPTEMBER, 1859. IT WAS SEEN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD - THE U.S., EUROPE, JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA. SOME SCIENTISTS HAVE REPORTED SOUND ASSOCIATED WITH THEM. THESE INCLUDE CLAPPING AND CRACKLING.
THE SOURCE OF ENERGY OF AURORA IS THE SOLAR WIND FLOWING PAST THE EARTH. THE SOLAR WIND IS PLASMA OR IONIZED GAS THAT CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY. SINCE 1830 THEY FOUND THAT WHEN AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR IS PLACED WITHIN A MAGNETIC FIELD AND AN ELECTRIC CURRENT IS INDUCED. IN PARTICULAR THE SOLAR WIND CONDUCTS FLUIDS WITH RELATIVE MOTION. THE DYNAMO ACTION OF THE WIND PRODUCES QUIET AUROAS. SINCE WE HAVE DIGITAL CAMERAS THAT HAVE HIGH SENSITIVITIES, IMAGES OF THE NORTHERN LIGHTS ARE MORE COMMON TODAY.
WIKIP[EDIA.ORG
Wednesday, May 22, 2013
LEANING TOWER OF PISA
THE LARGE FREESTANDING TOWER IN ITALY IS A BELL TOWER IN ITALY OF THE CATHEDRAL OF THE ITALIAN CITY OF PISA. IT HAS A UNINTENDED TILT TO ONE SIDE.THE TILT BEGAN DURING DURING CONSTRUCTION ASA THE FOUNDATION WAS ON TOO SOFT OF GROUND TO SUPPORT THE STRUCTURETOO SOFT GROUND TO SUPPORT STRUCTURE. THE TILT INCRESED IN THE DECADES BEFORE THE STRUCTURE WAS RESTORED. THE TOWER WAS STABILIZED IN THE 20TH CENTURY.
THE HEIGHT OF THE TOWER WAS 55 METERS, AND 4 METERS WIDE AT THE BASE. IT HAS 296 STEPS AND LEANS ABOUR 4 DEGREES,...
IT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 40 YEARS. IN 1174 THE FIRST FLOOR WAS BUILT WITH MARBLE. BECAUSE OF UNSTABLE SOIL CONSTRUCTION FOR 100YEARS. THEY HAD BATTLES TO FIGHT.
BY 1272 CONSTRUCTION RESTARTED BY ANOTHER ARCHITECT. THEY BUILT UPPER FKLOORS. WITH A TILT TO COMPENSATEFOR THE LEAN THAT BEGAN. ANOTHER BATTLE BY GENOAN'S HALTED BUILDING IN 1280. THE 7TH FLOOR WAS WAS COMPLETED IN 1319. THERE ARE 7 BELLS ONE FOR EACH NOTE. IT IS STILL BEING RESTORED. IN1172 DONNA BERTA HAD 60 SOLDIERS TO THE OPERA CAMPANIELLIS. THE MONEY WAS USED TO BY THE PURCHASE OF A STONES AT THE HEAD BASE. AFTER 4 CENTURIES A SCULPTOR LAID FOUNDATIONS OF THE BELL TOWER OF THE CATHEDRAL. THE MASTER BUIDER WAS PERHAPS GERARDO. WHO KNOWS? BY 1260 THE BELL TOWER WAS BEGUN.
GALILEO DROPPED 2 CANON BALLS OF DIFERENT MASSES FROM THE TOWER TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR SPEED OF DESCENT WAS INDEPERNDENT OF MASS.
IN WORLD WAR II GERMANS USED THE TOWER AS A POST. A U.S. ARMY SERGENT SENT TO CONFIRM PRESENCE OF GERMAN TROOPS HERE WERE SO IMPRESSED BY BEAUTY HE REFRAINED FROM AN ARTILLERY STRIKE. IN 1964 THE GOVERNMENT PREVENTED THE TOWER FROM TOPPING OVER.
A MULTINATIONAL GROUP STUDIED SITE AND DECLARED IT A WORLD HERITAGE SITE. ANOTHER TOWER IN PAVIA COLLAPSED IN 1989. SO IN 1990 THE TOWER WAS CLOSED. THE FINAL SOLUTION TO PREVENT ITS COLLAPSE WAS TO REMOVE 38 CUBIC METERS OF SOIL UNDER THE RAISED END OF THE TOWER. THIS RETURNED IT TO THE 1838 POSITION. BY 2001 THE PUBLIC ABLE TO COME HERE. AGAIN IN 2008 THEY REMOVED MORE GROUND TO PREVENT COLLAPSE!
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
THE HEIGHT OF THE TOWER WAS 55 METERS, AND 4 METERS WIDE AT THE BASE. IT HAS 296 STEPS AND LEANS ABOUR 4 DEGREES,...
IT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 40 YEARS. IN 1174 THE FIRST FLOOR WAS BUILT WITH MARBLE. BECAUSE OF UNSTABLE SOIL CONSTRUCTION FOR 100YEARS. THEY HAD BATTLES TO FIGHT.
BY 1272 CONSTRUCTION RESTARTED BY ANOTHER ARCHITECT. THEY BUILT UPPER FKLOORS. WITH A TILT TO COMPENSATEFOR THE LEAN THAT BEGAN. ANOTHER BATTLE BY GENOAN'S HALTED BUILDING IN 1280. THE 7TH FLOOR WAS WAS COMPLETED IN 1319. THERE ARE 7 BELLS ONE FOR EACH NOTE. IT IS STILL BEING RESTORED. IN1172 DONNA BERTA HAD 60 SOLDIERS TO THE OPERA CAMPANIELLIS. THE MONEY WAS USED TO BY THE PURCHASE OF A STONES AT THE HEAD BASE. AFTER 4 CENTURIES A SCULPTOR LAID FOUNDATIONS OF THE BELL TOWER OF THE CATHEDRAL. THE MASTER BUIDER WAS PERHAPS GERARDO. WHO KNOWS? BY 1260 THE BELL TOWER WAS BEGUN.
GALILEO DROPPED 2 CANON BALLS OF DIFERENT MASSES FROM THE TOWER TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR SPEED OF DESCENT WAS INDEPERNDENT OF MASS.
IN WORLD WAR II GERMANS USED THE TOWER AS A POST. A U.S. ARMY SERGENT SENT TO CONFIRM PRESENCE OF GERMAN TROOPS HERE WERE SO IMPRESSED BY BEAUTY HE REFRAINED FROM AN ARTILLERY STRIKE. IN 1964 THE GOVERNMENT PREVENTED THE TOWER FROM TOPPING OVER.
A MULTINATIONAL GROUP STUDIED SITE AND DECLARED IT A WORLD HERITAGE SITE. ANOTHER TOWER IN PAVIA COLLAPSED IN 1989. SO IN 1990 THE TOWER WAS CLOSED. THE FINAL SOLUTION TO PREVENT ITS COLLAPSE WAS TO REMOVE 38 CUBIC METERS OF SOIL UNDER THE RAISED END OF THE TOWER. THIS RETURNED IT TO THE 1838 POSITION. BY 2001 THE PUBLIC ABLE TO COME HERE. AGAIN IN 2008 THEY REMOVED MORE GROUND TO PREVENT COLLAPSE!
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
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