ARIKARA INDIANS

ARIKARA REFERS TO FORMER CUSTOM OF WEARING THE HAIR WITH TWO PIECES OF BONE STANDING ON HORNS. THIS IS A TRIBE THAT SPEAKS CADDOAN. THEY LEFT THE BODY OF THEIR KINDRED IN THE SOUTHWEST. THEY WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKIDI, ONE TRIBE OF THE PAWNEE. THE ARIKARA TRADITION AND HISTORY INDICATES THAT AT SOME POINT THE ARIKARA AND SKIDI PARTED. THE SIOUX SAID THE ANCIENTS HAD BEEN OCCUPIED BY THE ARIKARA. IN 1770 THE FRENCH TRADERS MET ALLIANCES BELOW THE CHEYENNE RIVER. BY 1810 LEWIS AND CLARK MET THIS TRIBE WHO WERE SEMI SEDENTARY. ALMOST CONTINUOUS AGGRESSIVENESS WITH NEIGHBORING TRIBES AND DISEASE NEARLY EXTERMINATED THESE TRIBES. FRENCH TRADERS ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE ARIKARA. THEY HAD REDUCED THE NUMBERS AND LIVED ON THE GRAND AND CANNONBALL RIVERS. THERE WERE INTERTRIBAL WARS. IN 1823 THEY ATTACKED AN AMERICAN TRADER'S BOAT KILLING 13 ANGLOS. THIS LED TO CONFLICT WITH THE U.S., BUT PEACE WAS FINALLY CONCLUDED. THE ANGLOS REQUESTED THEM TO GO BACK TO MISSOURI AND THEY DID. THEY HAVE BEEN THERE EVER SINCE.

IN A TREATY OF 1825 THE ARIKARA ACKNOWLEDGED ACKNOWLEDGED THE GOVERNMENT TO THE GOVERNMENT TO HAVE SUPREMACY OVER LAND AND PEOPLE , AND REFER ALL DIFFICULTIES FOR FINAL SETTLEMENT TO THE U.S. IN 1851 ANOTHER TREATY AT FORT LARAMIE WAS MADE WITH THE HIDATSA, ARIKARA, AND MANDAN TO HAVE THESE TRIBAL LANDS OUTLINED DISTINCTLY.

ARIKARA MEANS CORN EATERS IN NORTH DAKOTA, AS THEY PLANTED SMALL EARRED CORN. THEY HUNTED BUFFALO IN WINTER. THEY THEY USED BASKETS TO TO CATCH FISH. THEY WERE EXPERT SWIMMERS AND CAPTURED BUFFALOES DISABLED IN RIVERS. THEY MADE POTTERY. THEY EMBROIDERED CLOTHING WITH DENTALLIUM SHELLS THAT CAME FROM THE PACIFIC. IN THEIR CEREMONIES CORN WAS REFERRED TO AS MOTHER. THEY HAD RITES WHEN PLANTING CORN. THEY ALSO HAD SKINS OF CERTAIN BIRDS OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE. LEWIS AND CLARK SPEAK OF THIS ARIKARA AS THE REMNANT OF 10 POWERFUL PAWNEE TRIBES DURING 1800.

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