ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

THESE CREOLE FOLKS ARE A MIX OF CARIB AND ARAWAK. THEY MERGED FROM CARIB AND AND ARAWAK AND WEST AFRICA, AS WELL AS EUROPEAN CULTURAL TRADITIONS. THEY WERE EVIDENCED FROM OTHER CARIBBEAN ISLANDS AND ARE STILL EVOLVING.

THESE 2 ISLANDS ARE IN A CHAIN WITH AN AREA OF 108 SQ. MILES FOR ANTIQUA, AND BARBUDA IS 62 SQ. MILES. ANTIQUA IS AN ISLAND OF BOTH VOLCANIC AND SEDEMENTARY ROCK. IT HAS WHITE SAND BEACHES. BARBUNDA IS OF LIMESTONE AND VERY FLAT.

THEIR POPULATION IN 1991 WAS 64,000. 93% ARE AFRO-AMERICANS. THEIR POPULATION IS INCREASING TO 70,0000 IN 1997. THIS IS DUE TO INCREASES FROM MIGRANTS OF NEARBY ISLANDS AND SMALL SPANISH THINKING. THEY HAD 50 YEARS OF NEAR CONTINUOUS BRITISH RULE. ANTIGUA IS A HYBRID PRODUCT OF WEST AFRICA.

THEIR LANGUAGE IS CREOLE, OR ANTIGUA CREOLE. THEY ARE BILINGUAL AS THEY ALSO SPEAK ENGLISH. THE BRITISH RULED FOR 350 YEARS. AS ONE MOVES UP THE HIERARCHY THERE IS A SHIFT FROM CREOLE TO ENGLISH. THE CULTURAL SYMBOLS THAT EMBODY THE NATION WAS LIBERATION FROM OPRESSIVE CONDITIONS AND PERIODS IN THE HISTORY. SLAVERY FINALLY ENDED IN 18IN 1834. BY TE 1930'S THERE WAS A RISE IN THE LABOR MOVEMENT. GOOD EXAMPLES ARE THE AMERICAN FLAG AND NATIONAL ANTHEM. THEY HAVE A CARNIVAL WITH SUN, A PINEAPLLE AND THE FLOWERS AND SEAS OF THE STATE.

THE EMERGENCE OF INDIGENOUS INDEPENDENT NATION WITH AN EVENT DURING THEIR STRUGGLE WITH THE PEASANTS AND WORKERS IN 1935 TO 1939. THEY FORMED A UNION WHICH BECAME VERY POLITICAL, THERE 0WAS A RACE AND ETHNIC HIERARCHY THAT GAVE THEM MAXIMUM RECOGNITION TO ANGLICIZED PERSONS AND CULT PRACTICES. 2500 PORTUGUESE MIGRATED HERE AS THEY HAD A SEVERE FAMINE IN 1840'S. MANY BEGAN SMALL BISENESSES AND GAINED EMPLOYMENT IN RETAIL SALES. MIDDLE EASTERN- ERS BEGAN MIGRATING TO ANTIGUA AND IN EARLY 1900'S THEY BECAME TRADERS. THEY SOON WORKED INTO THE MIDDLE SOCIETY AS A GROUP OF SYRIANS. BLACKS CAME HERE THEY WERE WAGE LABORERS.

MUCH OF THEIR FOOD HAS BEEN IMPORTED AND MANY DISHES ARE CREOLE OR REFLECT THE VARIOUS CUISINE OF THE FOLKS HERE. MANY EAT FAST FOOD. SOME CREATE SPECIALTIES OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ARE RICE PUDDING, SALT FISH, EGGPLANT, GOAT WATER, SALTED COD, AND CONCH.

THEIR MAIN ECONOMY OF SUGAR ENTERED ABOOM PERIOD IN 1700-1775! THIS ISLAND IMPORTED MANY FOODS FROM THE U.S. AFTER THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. THERE TRADE FROM U.S. INCREASED FOOD COSTS. A DECLINE IN THE SUGAR NEVER REALLY RECOVERED, ALONG WITH THE NEED FOR A NEW LEADING SECTOR. THEY HAVE HISTORIC WINDMILLS WEALTHY AMERICANS COME HERE TO SPEND THEIR MONEY. TOURISM WAS A BIG MARKET. BY 1958 13,000 TOURISTS ARRIVED HERE AND BY 1998 204,000TOURISTS FLOCKED HERE. BY LATE 1980 THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON TOURISM WAS A BIG POLITICAL IMPACT.

MARRIAGES AND GENDER ROLES ARE LIKE THOSE IN THE WEST. AMONG THE BLACK THEY HAVE LOST BRIDE WEALTH OR MARRIAGE PAYMENTS. MANY WOMEN WORK OUTSIDE THE HOME. THEY ARE PREDOMINANTLY CHRISTIAN. IN 1991, 32% OF THE POPULATION WAS ANGELICAN, SOME MORAVIAN AND 9% METHODIST. THE CHURCH IN ANTIGUA WERE COLONIAL WITH PASTORS IN CONTROL. CHURCH MUSIC IS A MIX OF CREOLE AND CALYPSO AND GOSPEL MUSIC.

THEY HAVE STREET THEATRE, STEEL BANDS, POETRY READING AND LESS FORMS PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND CARVING. A LOT OF WRITERS ARE POETS AND WRITE FICTION. CALYPSO ARE SONGS THAT RANGE FROM TRAGIC TO COMIC.

STEELE BANDS WERE INVENTED IN THE 1900'S, WITH PANS THAT WE'VE USED TO CARRY OIL. SCIENCES ARE NOT WELL DEVELOPED HERE AS WELL AS THE CARIBBEAN. THE PRACTICE OF SCIENCE IN THE REGION IN THE REGION IS LOCATED PRIMARILY IN THE JAMAICA AREA WITH SOCIAL SCIENCES BEING PRIMARY.

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