PAPUA IS PROBABLY DERIVED FROM THE 'FUZZY HAIR. IN 1545 A SPANISH EXPLORER CALLED THE ISLAND NUEVA GUNEA. IN 1905 AUSTRALIA TOOK OVER THIS TERRITORY IN PAPUA. AFTER WORLD WAR II THE BRITISH. GERMAN FOLKS FOLKS ADMINISTERED THE BRITISH AND GERMAN FOLKS ADMINISTERED THIS COUNTRY. IN 1975 THE COUNTRY BECAME AN INDEPENDANT STATE OF NEW GUINEA. THE COUNTRY HAS 600 SMALL ISLANDS. IT HAS 178,000 SQUARE MILES.
THEY HAVE A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST IN 75%. AND THE UPLAND VALLEY HAVE SOME OF THE WORLDS LARGEST SWAMPS. IT HAS A TROPICAL MONSOON AND IS HOT AND HUMID. SAGO PALM IS A STAPLE FOOD. IN 199O THERE ARE 3 MILLION FOLKS UNDER 20 AND IT IS GROWING. MOST FOLKS LIVE IN SMALL VILLAGES. 95% OF THE POPULATION IS IN THE URBAN AREAS.
ONE THOUSAND LANGUAGES ARE SPOKEN THROUGHOUT NEW GUINEA. THERE ARE GERMAN PLANTATIONS. THE NEW GUINEAS NEED TO BRE CLOSER WITH ONE ANOTHER. THEY HAVE GERMAN PLANTATIONS, WHEN THERE ARE FOLKS WITH DIFFERENT LANGUAGE AND THEY SPEAK PIDGIN. ENGLISH IS TAUGHT IN SCHOOL. HUIR MATU IS A TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE THAT ORIGINATED IN THE SOUTH COAST. THEIR NATIONAL FLAG REFLECTS SYMBOLS OF A YELLOW BIRD OF PARADISE. THE LOWER TRIANGLE HAS A 5 WHITE STARS. BLACK , RED ,AND YELLOW ARE TROPICAL. THE LOWER ARE TRADITIONAL COLORS IN MANY PAPUA NEW GUINEA SOCIETIES. KINA SHELLS AND PIG ARE EXCHANGE ITEMS. THEY ARE COMMUNICATED TO CHRISTIANITY. MISSIONARIES SUPPRESSED TRIBAL WAREFARE.
OUTSIDERS DID NOT VISIT THE HIGHLANDS UNTIL THE 1930'S. SOME AREAS WERE NOT CONTACTED UNTIL THE 1970'S. BY THE 1960'S AUSTRALIA MOVED TO HELP PAPUA NEW GUINEA ESTABLISH SELF GOVERNMENT AND A BUILDING OF HIGHER EDUCATION. STUDENTS ARE TAUGHT TO FOCUS ON HIGHER EDUCATION. THEY WERE TAUGHT TO EXPRESS THEIR EXPERIENCES IN POETRY, MUSIC, STORIES, AND ART. THAT DEALT WITH THE BEAUTY OF VILLAGE LIFE. THEY HAVE PRIDE IN THEIR CULTURE. THERE ARE CLASS DIFFERENCES PARENTS WITH GOOD JOBS. THERE IS INTERMARRARIAGE BETWEEN PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUND,
THIS COUNTRY INDEPENDANT IN 1975. MANY MICRONATIONALISTS NOVEMENTS FELT IS WAS A COLONIAL INVASION. PAPUA BESENA EMERGED IN 1973 UNDER JOSEPHINE ABAJAH.
BY 1964 COPPER WAS DISCOVERED AND THEY CREATED A GIANT COPPER MINE. THE AUSTRALIANS OWNED THE MINE AN THE PAPUA WERE RESENTFUL OF THEM. IN 1988 A GUERILLA OPERATION THAT BEGAN THAT BECAME THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY.
THESE FOLKS WERE ALL CONNECTED BY NATURAL PATHS. BUSH DISSOLVED MATERIAL HOUSES AND WERE AND WERE TEMPORARY AS PEOPLE MOVED WITH THEIR NEW GARDEN . MEN AND WOMENSPENT THEIR LIVES INTO SEPARATE HOUSES. MOST VILLAGERS WERE HOME TO MORE THAN ONE KIN GROUP. DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS WERE COMBINED INTO LARGER VILLAGES FOR EASIER ADMINISTRATION. THEIR MEN WORKED IN NEARBY VILLAGES.TO UNCOVER TO WHICH THEY WERE EXPECTED HOME AT NIGHT. AFTER W W II THERE WAS AN EXPANSION OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND COLONIZERS AND LOCAL PEOPLES.
IN PREPARING FOR INDEPENDENCE FOR COLONIAL AND PAPUA OFFICIAL THEY BUILT DIFFERENT BUILDINGS SUCH AS THE NATIONAL ARTS SCHOOL.
THIS IS WHERE THE ARTISTS AND OTHERS DESIGNED BUILDINGS FOR THEIR CAPITAL.
THEIR TRADITION IS THAT MEN LIVE WITH MALES AND WOMEN LIVE WITH FEMALES! THEIR STAPLES INCLUDE VEGETABLES, SAGO AND BREADFRUITS. THEY DOMESTICATED ANIMALS AND HUNTING TO PROVIDE FOWL. THEY HAD PORK , BIRDS AND TURTLES. THEY ALSO EAT FISH AND SHELLFISH. VILLAGES TOOK TWO MEALS A DAY AND BOIL OR ROAST THEY DRINK A TEA ALL THE TIME. FAST FOOD BARS ARE POPULAR. FOOD TABOOS VARY. THEY HAVE MANY.
DURING THE CEREMONIES THEY CAUGHT HUNDREDS OF PIGS, THEY HAVE COMPETITIVE FEASTS LIVE FEASTING AND DRUMMING FOR DAYS. THEY EXCHANGED ITEMS. SPECIAL DRINKS WERE RARELY PART OF SUCH CEREMONIES IN THE PAST. TODAY BEER AND ALCOHOL ARE MAJOR EXCHANGES THEIR TRADITIONAL FEASTS ARE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN PAUPUA CHRISTMAS OR EASTER.
MANY PEOPLE PLANT GASRDENS AND RELY ON OPEN AIR MARKETS. THE SUPERMARKETS IMPORT FOOD AS RICE, SUGAR AND TEA AND TINNED FISH. AND SOAP BLANKETS, LANTERNS AND MATCHES.
MOST OF THEIR LAND IS VESTED IN KIN GROUPS AND ALLOCATED ACCORDINGTO NEED SOME FOLKS MAY OWN A GROVE OF BANANA TREES BUT NOT THE MOST LAND THEY GROW ON. LAND IS PASSED ON FROM MOMS AND DADS TO CHILDREN AND NIECES. THEY GIVE THEM GIFTS TO THE OWNER BEFORE LAND PASSES TO THEIR CARE. MIGRANTS WHO DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN EXCHANGE OF RISK BEING DISPOSED.
BY 1980S COMMERCE DEVELOPED ITS OWN TV STATION IN THE LATE 1980'S. THEY HAD A RADIO THEY HAD A RADIO SHOW AND ENTERTAINMENT THAT THE VILLAGES. TOURISM BRINGS IN 40,000 VISITORS PER YEAR.
COMMERCE IS CENTERED IN THE TOURS. RAPAPUAL HAS MANY UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS. THEY HAVE GOLD MINING, OIL DRILLING, COFFEE, , CACAO, PALM TIMBER, AND WOOD CHIP MILLS, AND TUNA. CANNERIES.
THEY TRADE ARTIFACTS AND CARVINGS THAT ARE SOLD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD THAT ARE SOLD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD FOR INCOME. THEY EXPORT COFFEE, COPPER, GOLD, COCOA, OIL AND TIMBER, FOOD, LIVE ANIMALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS.
OUTSIDE THE CITIES, MEN AND WOMEN COOPERATE TO FEED THEIR FAMILIES FROM GARDENING. OLDER FOLKS ASSIST IN MANY WAYS. CASH CROPS ARE OWNED BY MEN AND WOMEN WHO HARVEST THEM. THEIR COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO ELITES AND GRASSROOTS. SOCIAL INTERACTION IS IMPORTANT TO ELITES.
THERE IS EVIDENCE OF GRASSROOTS OF THE CLASS DISPARITIES WITH ELITES.AND MIDDLE CLASS. HIGHER INCOME FAMILIES ARE INVESTING IN PRODUCTIVE BUSINESSES. THEY BUILD CANOES FROM SAGO PALM WITH TRADITIONAL TOOLS. THEY HAVE NO SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM AND FEW PLACES TO HELP THE HANDICAPPED OR FUNDING FOR SCHOOLS.
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS HELP FOLKS CONFRONT THEIR CULTURE AND ECONOMIC CHANGES. THE RED CROSSS AND THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS TARGETS WOMEN AS BENEFICIARIES OF FINANCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT WITH TEACHING BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING. THEY ENCOURAGE FAMILY PLANNING. IT HAS TRAINED OVER 2000 MEN AND WOMEN AS VILLAGE LITERACY TEACHERS AND AN AIDS COUNSELOR.
THE MEN CLEAR FORESTS SO THAT WOMEN CAN PLANT GARDENS AND RAISE PIGS. THEY PLANT CASH CROPS OF COFFEE, COCOA, AND BANANAS. THE WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPS AND THE INCOME GOES TO THE MEN. MEN BUILD HOUSES AND FENCES AND WOMEN MAKE GRASS SKIRTS AND NET BAGS. WOMEN DO THE DAILY COOKING AND MEN BUTCHER PIGS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN CARE FOR CHILDREN WITH A FATHER. A MOM MAY WEED THE GARDEN. MOST WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPS OF COFFEE, COCOA, AND BANANAS. THE WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPSAND THE INCOME GOES TO THE MEN. MEN BUILD =HOUSES AND FENCES AND WOMEN MAKE GRASS SKIRTS. AND NET BAGS. WOMEN DO THE DAILY COOKING, AND MEN BUTCHER PIGS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN CARE FOR CHILDREN. A MOM MAY WEED THE GARDEN. MOST WOMEN DO DOMESTIC CHORES AND CHILD CARE WHILE MEN CARE AT WORK. WOMEN WITH JOBS EMPLOYKIN TO DO CHORES.
IN BOTH TOWNS AND VILLAGES MEN AND WOMEN WORK. WOMEN MAY HAVE SEXUAL HARRASSMENT IF THEY ARE TOO ASSERTIVE. THEY HAVE YAM FESTIVALS AND A CHIEF MAY HAVE MANY WIVES AND EXPECT COMMONERS TO BOW TO HIM! WITHOUT FEMALE RELATIVES TO PARTICIPATE IN EXCHANGE EVENTS AND REDEEM MATRILINEAGE LANDS THOSE MEN'S POWER WOULD EVAPORATE. BIG MEN MOST IN FEASTS, BRIDE PRICES AND OTHER EXCHANGES TO ACHIEVEPOSITION. TO DO THIS THEY NEED MANY WIVES AND FEMALE HELPERS TO RAISE FOOD AND PIGS. HARDWORKING WOMEN ARE A MAN'S MOST VALUABLE ASSET. HUSBANDS WHO DO NOT CONSIDER THEIR WIVES INTERESTS RISK LOSING THEM TO OTHER MEN.
WOMEN SUFFER PHYSICAL ABUSES OF MEN AND INFIDELITIES OF MEN WHO FEEL BURDENED BY FAMILY LIFE. WOMEN HELP PAY BACK THEIR OWN BRIDEPRICE AND RAISE CROPS. SOME SELL VEGETABLES IN CASH CROPS. SOME SELL VEGETABLES IN URBAN MARKETS.
THE HOUSEHOLD CONSISTS A HUSBAND, WIFE, CHILDREN AND SOME GRANDPARENTS. YOUNG MEN MAY LIVE TOGETHER, BUT THEY NO LONGER HAVE MEN'S HOUSES. HOUSEHOLD DECISIONS CONSENSUS OF ABLE FOLKS.
THEY PAINT THEIR FACES AND HAVE SOME CELEBRATIONS. WOMEN ARE IN POOR MARRIAGESMAY CONSIDER SUICIDE. WOMEN DO NOT USE CLAN OR LINEAGE. THEY RETAIN THE OPTION TO SO BY CONTRIBUTING TO GROUP EXCHANGE. THEY MARRY OUT AND MANY MOVE FAR FROM ANCESTRYTERRITORIESTERRITORIES TO FINDWAGE EMPLOYMENT. CLANS CAN SHRINK OR DISAPPEAR THROUGH DEATH AND INDIFFERENCE. SOME CHILDREN CAN JOIN OTHER CLANS. LAND IS AWAY OF LIFE AND VALUABLE. IT IS A FORM OF SOCIAL SECURITY FOR PERSONS LIVING IN TOWNS.
AFTER AND DURING BIRTH A MOM STAYS IN A BIRTH HUT OR GARDEN HOUSE FOR A FEW DAYS OR A WEEK. FOR TWO YEARS MOM'S NURSE THEIR BABIES. AND ARE CARRIED EVERYWHERE AND PLAY WITH NEARBY RELATIVES. THEY HOLD A FEAST AFTER A YEAR OLD
CHILD REARING IS INDULGENT UNTIL AGE 5 OR 6 FOR GIRLS AND BOYS. CHILDREN EXPLORE THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND RUN FREE. THEY RARELY HIT A CHILD. PAPUA GIRLS FOLLOW THEIR MOMS AND BOYS SPEND A A LONGER TIME PLAYING WITH OTHER BOYS. MANY SON'S DECIDE TO GO FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. PARENTS KNOW THAT HIGHER EDUCATION IS NOT A VALUE OR GUARENTEE FOR GETTING A JOB HERE.
IN 1871 LONDON SOCIETY SET UP AN EMMISION TEACHERS IN EASTERN IN EASTERN NEW GUINEA. CARGO CULTS AIMED AT ACQUIRING THE WEALTH AND POWER OF OUTSIDERS THROUGH CHRISTIAN RITUALS. TODAY CHRISTIANITY CONTROLS THE HUMAN CONDITION OF CHANGE.
THIS SOCIETY EXCHANGES STORY TELLING OF HOW SUPERNATURAL BEINGS CREATED THE NATURAL WORLD AND SOCIETY. SOME DIETIES ARE IMPORTANT AND ARE PAINTER ON TAPE CLOTH. THEY BELIEVE THAT EXCEPT FOR INFANTS, DEATH IS NOT NATURAL AND RESULTS FROM WRONGDOING OR OVERSIGHTS. ALL ADULTS WILL ACQUIRE MAGIC SPELLS. THESE ARE USED IN GARDENING, HEALING, PREVENTING MINOR ILLNESSES, AND QUIET MINOR ILLNESSES, AND LEAVE MAGIC. SOME FOLKS ARE SORCERERS, WITCHES, AND DEVIANS.
THEY HAVE MANY RITUALS THAT FOCUS ON INITIATION RITUALS, FUNERAL, AND EXCHANGING ITEMS. PEOPLE USE BOTH TRADITIONAL AND WESTERN MEDICINE IN DEALING WITH SYMPTOMS. THEY HAVE FEW DOCTORS THAT IN RURAL AREAS. IN CITIES THEY HVE THEY HAVE HOSPITALS AND NURSES AND CLINICS. BY 1965 THERE WAS ONLY ONE DOCTOR FOR 6000 PERSONS. IN RURAL AREAS.. HEALTH CARE FOCUSES ON FIRST AID AND REATING CHRONIC DISEASES. THEY HAVE MANY MEDICAL PROBLEMS AND ILLNESSES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment