CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE (AESCULUS) IS NATIVE HERE. THE TREE GROWS UP TO BROWN 12 METERS HIGH. THEY EAT THE ORANGE SEED THAT HAS TO BE LEACHED. THERE ARE VARIOUS WAYS TO PREPARE THIS NUT. THE TREE GROWS 12 M HIGH. IT IS A DORMANT SEED IN THE SUMMER AND READY TO PICK IN THE WINTER. THIS GROWS IN MANY CONDITIONS. THEY MASHED THE NUTS TO STUPIFY FISH! - AS WELL AS SOAPROOT. THE BARK , LEAVES AND FRUITS HAVE A NEUROTOXIN. THE MEAL IS COOKED AND EATEN.
THE POMO BREAK THE NUTS OPEN AND THEN REMOVE THE HUSK AND LEACH THEM FOR SEVERAL DAYS. THE TREE LIVES OVER 200 YEARS.
POMO CUT BARK FROM THE TREE BASE AND MADE A POULTICE FOR SNAKE BITES. THERE ARE MANY WAYS FOR COOKING THESE SEEDS.
WIKIPEDIA, USDA
Monday, October 29, 2012
PINOLE - A TRADITIONAL POMO FOOD.
THERE ARE A VARIETY OF SEEDS THAT ARE INCLUDED IN MAKING PINOLE. PINOLE IS SPANISH WORD THAT REFERENCED WILDFLOWER AND GRASS SEEDS MEALS AND ARE INCLUDED IN PINOLE. ALL FLOURS AND IN THE INDIAN DIET MADE BY POUNDING OR ROASTING THE SEEDS OF GRASSES. THEY USED BUTTERCUP SEEDS RED MAIDS 30 KINDS OF SEEDS. OTHER SEEDS USED IN IN PINOLE WERE: CALENANDRINA ELGENS, RANUNCULUS ESSENENIA. CEONOLUS, INTERSOMA. TRIFOLIUM VESCENS. MADA DISSITFLORA, MADIA DISSTIFLORA, AVENA BUTERUA, NEMIZONA BIZULAEFAUNA, WYETHIA LONGICAULIS, AND BOISED WALIA. DENSIFLORA SEEDS.
THEY PERCHED THE SEEDS IN A TIGHTLY COILED BASKET WITH HOT STONES TO REMOVE THE CHAFF. THEN THE SEEDS WERE GROUND INTO A MEAL. THEY MAY SHAPE INTO A BALL OR USE IT LIKE OUR GRANOLA BAR OR TEHUL ( ELYMUS TERITICIDES) IS THE GRASS THAT YUKIS USE IN PINOLE.
V.K. CHESTNUT AND KAT ANDERSON
THEY PERCHED THE SEEDS IN A TIGHTLY COILED BASKET WITH HOT STONES TO REMOVE THE CHAFF. THEN THE SEEDS WERE GROUND INTO A MEAL. THEY MAY SHAPE INTO A BALL OR USE IT LIKE OUR GRANOLA BAR OR TEHUL ( ELYMUS TERITICIDES) IS THE GRASS THAT YUKIS USE IN PINOLE.
V.K. CHESTNUT AND KAT ANDERSON
Friday, October 26, 2012
YUCATAN IS A PLACE OF RUINS
MY HUSBAND, I AND MY MOM, MY BROTHER, HIS WIFE, AND HER PARENTS ALL WENT TO YUCATAN IN 1987 OR SO. WE HAD A CRAZY PLANE TRIP FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO CANCUN. THE PLANE HAD PROBLEMS AND WE LANDED IN GUADALAJARA AIRPORT. WE SLEPT ON THE FLOOR OF THE AIRPORT. THE FLOOR WAS ISOLATED FROM THE CITY. THERE WERE FEW AMERICANS. FINALLY WE ARRIVED IN CANCUN AND RENTED A CAR. TO REACH A HOTEL. MY BROTHER'S RENTAL VAN TOOK ALL OF US TO VARIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. WE ALSO WENT SWIMMING AT A NICE BEACH AND AT ISLA DE MUJERAS. WE WERE FAIRLY YOUNG AND MY MOM GOT SICK PROBABLY FROM THE WATER. LORI'S FATHER WAS NOT FEELING WELL EITHER.
WE VISITED VARIOUS SITES SUCH AS TULUM, COBA, AND UXMAL. I ENJOYED TULUM THE MOST AS IT WAS SITUATED ON THE PACIFIC OCEAN. MY MOM WAS IN HER 70'S AND WE ENCOURAGED HER TO GO TO COBA TO SEE SOME STELLA. AND THE PYRAMIDS AS WELL. THE OCEAN WAS BEAUTIFUL AND WE SAW MANY SEA TURTLES IN THE OCEAN .
MY HUSBAND WAS WITH ME WHEN I GOT SICK AT UXMAL WHERE SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTSWERE EXCAVATING. I HAD TO GETA SHOTAT A PHARMACY FOR MOCTOZUMA'S REVENGE. AFTER A FEW DAYS I WAS BETTER. WE LEARNED NOT TO DRINK THE TAP WATER.
ONCE WE LEFT OUR FAMILY, MY HUSBAND, AND I TOOK ANOTHER PLANE TO CHICHEN ITZA AND STAYED AT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CABINS. IT WAS SUCH A HUGE RUINS THAT IT TOOK US SEVERAL DAYS TO CHECK OUT ALL THAT WAS THERE. I WAS SURE THAT THERE WERE NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOURS IN THE AREA. WE ALL HAD A GOOD TIME.
WE VISITED VARIOUS SITES SUCH AS TULUM, COBA, AND UXMAL. I ENJOYED TULUM THE MOST AS IT WAS SITUATED ON THE PACIFIC OCEAN. MY MOM WAS IN HER 70'S AND WE ENCOURAGED HER TO GO TO COBA TO SEE SOME STELLA. AND THE PYRAMIDS AS WELL. THE OCEAN WAS BEAUTIFUL AND WE SAW MANY SEA TURTLES IN THE OCEAN .
MY HUSBAND WAS WITH ME WHEN I GOT SICK AT UXMAL WHERE SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTSWERE EXCAVATING. I HAD TO GETA SHOTAT A PHARMACY FOR MOCTOZUMA'S REVENGE. AFTER A FEW DAYS I WAS BETTER. WE LEARNED NOT TO DRINK THE TAP WATER.
ONCE WE LEFT OUR FAMILY, MY HUSBAND, AND I TOOK ANOTHER PLANE TO CHICHEN ITZA AND STAYED AT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CABINS. IT WAS SUCH A HUGE RUINS THAT IT TOOK US SEVERAL DAYS TO CHECK OUT ALL THAT WAS THERE. I WAS SURE THAT THERE WERE NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOURS IN THE AREA. WE ALL HAD A GOOD TIME.
BLUEBERRIES A NATIVE FOOD
NATIVE AMERICANS LIKED BLUE BERRIES. A SINGLE BUSH CAN PRODUCE UP TO 6,000 BERRIES PER YEAR! THE NATIVE AMERICANS USED THE FRUIT, LEAVES AND ROOTS OF THE PLANT FOR COUGHS, FLAVOR SOUPS, AND DYE CLOTH AND EAT. THE U.S. SHIPS 500 TONS OF BLUEBERRIES TO JAPAN PER YEAR.
JULY IS NATIONAL BLUEBERRY MONTH.
FROM REAL SIMPLE MAGAZINE.
JULY IS NATIONAL BLUEBERRY MONTH.
FROM REAL SIMPLE MAGAZINE.
Thursday, October 25, 2012
OUR FIRST BUSINESS AND ADVENTURES IN SOUTH DAKOTA
WHEN I OPERATED AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BUSINESS IN SOUTH DAKOTA AND NEBRASKA. MY HUSBAND AND I LIVED IN SEVERAL LOCATIONS FOR 3 YEARS. WE ALSO WORKED AND LIVED IN A WINNEBAGO. IN RAPID CITY WE HAD QUITE A GOOD GARDEN. THE SOIL WAS GREAT. I REMEMBER SEVERAL NIGHTS THAT THE WIND BLEW SO MUCH THAT WE HID UNDER TABLES IN CASE THERE WAS A HURRICANE! THE WINDS WERE INCREDIBLE IN THE PLAINS. WE LIVED IN HOT SPRINGS, AND RAPID CITY. HOT SPRINGS WAS A REAL FUN TOWN. AND WHEN IT WAS JUST PLAIN FREEZING THERE WAS A WIND CHILL AND I WORE A SKI OUTFIT TO KEEP WARM.
AS THEY HAD REINTRODUCED AND BREEDED BUFFALO ON RANCHOS, WE BOUGHT SOME OF THIS MEAT. IT WAS QUITE EXPENSIVE BUT WAS VERY GOOD TO EAT. IT TASTED A LITTLE WILDER THAN CHICKEN. WE HAD NO BBQ. IT DIDN'T RAIN THERE AS MUCH AS IN SONOMA COUNTY AND THE HOUSES WERE VERY MUCH LESS. THIS WAS COMPARED TO ARIZONA.
WE OF COURSE VISITED THE GRANITE CRAZY HORSE MOUNTAIN THAT WAS BEING CHISELED BY A FAMILY. CRAZY HORSE WAS A LAKOTA WAR LEADER IN 1840 TO 1877. HE FOUGT AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT TO HAVE THE NATIVES OWN SOME OF THEIR LAND . AND WAY OF LIFE. HE WAS KILLED BY TROOPS IN 1977. WHILE RESISTING IMPRISONMENT.
MOUNT RUSHMORE MATIONAL MONUMENT IS CARVED ON THE FACE THE GRANITE FACE OF A LARGE MOUNTAIN NEAR KEYSTONE. DANISH-AMERICANGUTZON- BORGLUM MADE SOME 60 FOOT SCULPTURES OF THE PRESIDENTS WASHINGTONM LINCOLN, JEFFERSON AND ROOSEVELT. HISTORIAN DIANE ROBINSON HAD AN IDEA OF CARVING THESE FOLKS TO PROMOTE TOURISM. BORGLUM GOT FEDERAL FUNDING TO BEGIN CARVING. IT TOOK 12 YEARS AND HE DIED IN 1941. THREE MILLION PEOPLE VISIT THIS SITE ANNUALLY. THE SIOUX CALL IT 6 GRANDFATHERS, SOME OF THE ROCK WAS UNSUITABLE AND THEY DYNAMITED IT! BY 1933 THEY BUILT A TRAM TO REACH THE HEADS, HIS SON CONTINUED THE PROJECT. THE PROJECT COST OVER 1 BILLION DOLLARS TO MAKE. NO ONE DIED DURING THIS WORK. SINCE THE U.S. TOOK THIS ROCK FROM THE LAKOTA SIOUX IT IS STILL CONTROVERSIAL.
WE PLAYED INDOOR VOLLEYBALL WITH LIVE ACTIONS. THEY WERE HELD EVERY WEEK. WE GOT CONTRACTS WITH THE FOREST SERVICE, VARIOUS OIL AND GAS COMPANIES. WE ALSO SURVEYED FOR SITES WIT INDIVIDUALS WHO WANTED TO MINE GOLD. WE HAD AN EXCAVATION WITH ONE COMPANY. WE ALSO DID SURVEYS WITH OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPANIES.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
AS THEY HAD REINTRODUCED AND BREEDED BUFFALO ON RANCHOS, WE BOUGHT SOME OF THIS MEAT. IT WAS QUITE EXPENSIVE BUT WAS VERY GOOD TO EAT. IT TASTED A LITTLE WILDER THAN CHICKEN. WE HAD NO BBQ. IT DIDN'T RAIN THERE AS MUCH AS IN SONOMA COUNTY AND THE HOUSES WERE VERY MUCH LESS. THIS WAS COMPARED TO ARIZONA.
WE OF COURSE VISITED THE GRANITE CRAZY HORSE MOUNTAIN THAT WAS BEING CHISELED BY A FAMILY. CRAZY HORSE WAS A LAKOTA WAR LEADER IN 1840 TO 1877. HE FOUGT AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT TO HAVE THE NATIVES OWN SOME OF THEIR LAND . AND WAY OF LIFE. HE WAS KILLED BY TROOPS IN 1977. WHILE RESISTING IMPRISONMENT.
MOUNT RUSHMORE MATIONAL MONUMENT IS CARVED ON THE FACE THE GRANITE FACE OF A LARGE MOUNTAIN NEAR KEYSTONE. DANISH-AMERICANGUTZON- BORGLUM MADE SOME 60 FOOT SCULPTURES OF THE PRESIDENTS WASHINGTONM LINCOLN, JEFFERSON AND ROOSEVELT. HISTORIAN DIANE ROBINSON HAD AN IDEA OF CARVING THESE FOLKS TO PROMOTE TOURISM. BORGLUM GOT FEDERAL FUNDING TO BEGIN CARVING. IT TOOK 12 YEARS AND HE DIED IN 1941. THREE MILLION PEOPLE VISIT THIS SITE ANNUALLY. THE SIOUX CALL IT 6 GRANDFATHERS, SOME OF THE ROCK WAS UNSUITABLE AND THEY DYNAMITED IT! BY 1933 THEY BUILT A TRAM TO REACH THE HEADS, HIS SON CONTINUED THE PROJECT. THE PROJECT COST OVER 1 BILLION DOLLARS TO MAKE. NO ONE DIED DURING THIS WORK. SINCE THE U.S. TOOK THIS ROCK FROM THE LAKOTA SIOUX IT IS STILL CONTROVERSIAL.
WE PLAYED INDOOR VOLLEYBALL WITH LIVE ACTIONS. THEY WERE HELD EVERY WEEK. WE GOT CONTRACTS WITH THE FOREST SERVICE, VARIOUS OIL AND GAS COMPANIES. WE ALSO SURVEYED FOR SITES WIT INDIVIDUALS WHO WANTED TO MINE GOLD. WE HAD AN EXCAVATION WITH ONE COMPANY. WE ALSO DID SURVEYS WITH OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPANIES.
WIKIPEDIA.COM
GREEK CULTURE
GREECE IS NAMED FROM AN ANCIENT WORD "HELLENIC" TO REFER TO THEMSELVES WHILE ROMEIC COMES FROM THE MEDIEVAL TIMES. THE ROMEIC IN THE 19TH CENTURY BUT HAS DECLINED. GREEK PEOPLE HAVE BECOME MORE USED TO USING HELLENIC.
GREECE HAS 50,000 SQUARE MILES WITH 80 % MOUNTAINS. MT. OLYMPUS IS THE HIGHEST. ONLY 25% OF LAND IS ARABLE. THEY HAVE A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE. BETWEEN1836 AND 1900 THE POPULATION ROSE TO OVER TO OVER 10 MILLION. DURING THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES TURKS AND BULGARNEES LEFT THE COUNTY THAT WAS OCCURRING BY TREATIES THAT ENDED ENDED W W II. THIS IMIGRATION WAS INITIALLY AIMMED AT THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. THERE HAS BEEN A CONTINUING IMMIGRATION OF MIGRATION OF BEEN A CONTINUING EMIGRATION OF ETHNIC GREEKS SEEKING EMPLOYMENT. THIS COUNTRY HAS A HIGH RATE OF ELDERLY FOLKS WHO SPEAK GREEK SINCE THE 2ND MILLENIA.
THEY HAVE CHURCH SERVICES THAT ARE CONDUCTED IN KOINE OF WHICH THE NEW TESTAMENT IS WRITTEN. THEY HAVE BILINGUAL GROUPS. MANY FOLKS ARE FAMILIAR WITH THE LANGUAGE OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH.
THEIR SYMBOLS ARE ESTABLISHED A STRONG LINK WITH A STRONG LINK BETWEEN PAST AND PRESENT. THEY SING A HYME TO LIBERTY. THEIR FLAG HAS A CROSS SYMBOLIZING GREEK ORTHODOX RELIGION; AND BLUE AND WHITR STRIPES THAT DEPICT THE SUNLIT WAVES OF THE SEAS THAT SURROUND THE NATION.
THEY HAVE A CULTURAL CONTINUUM TO CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY AND A HISTORY OF STRUGGLE AGAINST DOMINATION IN THIS IMAGERY.. THEIR RURAL VILLAGES ARE SYMBOLIC OF LONG STANDING TIES TO THE REGION. THEY EAT CERTAIN FOOD, BUILD INTERESTING GREEK ARCHITECTURE. HAVE A VARIETY OF ARTS AND CRAFTS, MUSIC, DANCE AND THEATRE.
A COMMON ETHNIC ETHNIC IDENTITYGREW IN THE AEGEA AREA FOR OVER 2 MILLENEA. THE LAST OF THESE EMPIRES WAS RUN BY OTTOMAN TURKS OVER MUCH OF THE EASTERN EUROPE AFTER CONQUERING CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1450'S. THEIR WAR WAS OF INDEPENDANCE ENDED IN 1828 WHEN TURKS AGREED TO CREATE SOME LANDS FROM GREEKS.
THE DESIRE FOR A PARLIMENTARY TYPE OF GOVERNMENT WAS NOT POSSIBLEAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT WAS ASSASINATED IN 1831. THEY FINALLY NEGOTIATED A FINAL TREATY AND EASTABLISHED A MONARCHY MONITORED BY ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA. BY 1973 THE MONARCHY WAS ABOLISHED. THROUGH OUT A SERIES OF WARS THE GREEKS WOULD ALLOW SYMYRONEA TO VOTE ON UNION WITH GREECE.
THE ANATALIAN GREEKS WHO SURVIVED THE CONFLICT FLED THE AREA.
THE NATION HAS BEEN SHAPED BY EFFORTS. THE DIRECT ROLE OF THE ORIGINAL TREATY HAS BEEN GRANTED TO ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA. THEY HAD A GREEK CIVIL WAR. IN 1946. IN 1949 THEY SAW FORCES OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT BACKED BY COUNTERPARTS IN THE NATION SOON TO FACE EACH OTHER. AND THE COLD WAR. AMERICA AIDED THEM AND THEY ENTERED NATO IN 1951.
THEY HAD A STRONG SENSE OF ETHNIC SELF DETERMINATION INITIALLY FUELED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COUNTRY. THEY WERE ALSO FRUSTRATED AND CONSIGNED TO MARGINAL STATUS WITH EUROPE.
THEY HAD VALUES TO CONNECT TO THEIR PAST WITH LONG RELIGIOUS DEMOCRACY AND AN ANALYTIC WAY OF LIFE, TO TRAVEL , CLEVERNESS AND PERSONAL HONOR AS CORE VALUES THAT CONNECT TO THE PAST.
THE WAR OF INDEPENDANCE AND THE OCCUPATION FIGURED HEAVILY IN NATIONAL MEMORY. 18TH CENTURY GREEKS CALLED THEMSELVES ROMEIC AND LOOKED TO BE ORTHODOX HERITAGE. THEY STRESSED EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS OVER MEDITERRANEAN HISTORY.
DIFFERENTGROUPS OF FOLKSLIVED SIDE BY SIDE AND THESE CONSIDERABLE INTERMINGLING. ABOUT 60,000 OF THE THE COUNTRY'S THE COUNTRY'S 75,000 JEWS WERE EXILED DURING WW II. SINCE 1990 THERE IS NOW ETHNIC DIVERSITY.
THEIR POPULATION HAS BEEN MOBIL. SAILORS SAILORS, SHEPARDS, AND MERCHANTSFOR THEIR OCCUPATION. MARKET TOWNS SUCH AS CORINTHS SUCH AS CORINTHS AND ATHENS HAVE ENDURED FOR MILLENIA AND DISAPPEARED WITH REGULARITY. DURING THE LAST CENTURY INTERNAL MIGRATION HAS BEEN FROM MOUNTAINS TO PLAINS. SOME TOWNS GREW WHILE OTHERS WERE ABANDONED. IN 1991 ATHENS HAS 3.7 PEOPLE.
UNTIL RECENTLY HOUSES WERE SMALL AND OWNER BUILT FROM MUD BRICK, STONE AND CERAMIC TILE.. RURAL SETTLEMENTS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES BUT URBAN AREAS HAVE HOUSES THAT ARE ALSO RENTED. THEY HAVE APARTMENTS 5 TO 10 STORIES HIGH. THEY HAVE MANY PLACES FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND PUBLIC GATHERING SPOTS. THEIR FOOD IS GRAINS, GRAPES, AND OLIVES ARE CENTRAL TO THEIR DIET , SPPLEMENTED WITH EGGS, CHICKEN AND FISH, LAMB, FRUITS AND VEGIS. THEY ALSO MAKE MOUSSAKA AND VARIOUS ETHNIC FOODS.
THEY ENTERTAIN DURING MAJOR CEREMONIES AND HAVE SPECIAL EASTER SERVICES. THEY FARM, HERD, FISH AND SEAFARE AND MAKE CRAFTS OR TOURISTS. SOME PEASANTS BEGAN PRODUCING CASH CROPS FOR SALE TO ENGLAND FRANCE. FAMILIES PRODUCED MOST OF THEIR OWN SUBSISTENCE NEEDS FROM FOOD TO HOUSING. THEY ENGAGE IN A VARIETY OF ENTREPRENURIAL ACTIVITIES,, PRODUCING VARIOUS FOOD DURING 1990 THERE WAS ONLY 4% INFLATION. MOST FARMLAND WAS OWNED BY PEOPLE WHO WORKED THE LAND. POPULATION GROWTH HAS INCREASED. MUCH GRAZING IS PUBLICALLY HELD. HANDMADE CRAFTS ARE MADE BY FOLKS TO SUPPORT THEIR INCOME.
THEIR CRAFTS ARE AIMED AT THE TOURISTS TRADE WITH FARMING COMBINED WITH FAMILY CASH PRODUCING ACTIVITIES. THEY ALSO RENT ROOMS TO TOURISTS. THEY HAVE CONSTRUCTION WORK AS WELL.
MAJOR CASH CROPS ARE TOBACCO, COTTON, BEETS, GRAINS, VEGETABLES FRUITS OLIVES AND GRAPES. HERDERS PRODUCE MEAT , MILK, WOOL, HIDES, AND DUNG FOR SALE. TODAY THEY MINE 4 MINERALS. GREECE EXPORTS 50% OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. BY 1990 THEY TRADED WITHOUT GERMANY , ITALY, ITALY , FRANCE , AND BRITAIN AND THE U.S.
THEIR MERCHANT FLEET IS LARGEST IN THE WORLD WITH 11 TOURISTS WHO COME HERE PER YEAR.
THEY HAVE A SENSE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND SELF ESTEEM WITHIN THE COMMUNITY. THEY ATTEMPT PROPER BEHAVIOR. WEALTH TO THE GREEKS MEANNS THEY HAVE OWN AN URBAN HOME, SPEAK FLUENT ENGLISH AND FRENCH.
THEY SPEND MONEY ON DEFENSE WITH ARMED FORCES. THEY HAVE 160,000 SOLDIERS ON ACTIVE ON ACTIVE DUTY AND 400,000 RESERVES. THEY HAVE MANY AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES THAT MAKE TO BUY AND SELLL IN BULK. WOMEN NOW ARE 45% OF THEIR WORK FORCE.
RURAL MEN AND WOMEN SHARE AGRICULTURAL TASKS, DOING SOME JOINTLY AND OTHERS BY GENDER PROPERTY IS OWNED BY BOTH MEN AND WOMEN WHO HELPED WORK THE LAND. THE WOMEN WORKED ALSO. FAMILIES THAT OPERATED FARMS AND SMALL SHOPSREMAINED ECONOMICALLY ECONOMICALLY HEALTHY. THOSE WHO WORKED AT HOME , WOMEN WHO AT LOWER PAID POSITIONS AAND TOGETHER PAID POSITIONS. AND TO STOP WORK WHEN THEY HAD CHILDREN. WOMEN IN THE GREEK CULTURE ASSERTED OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY , POSITION AS MOTHER AND WIFE. AND TAUGHT RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION AND ARTISTIC EXPRESSION.. A MAJORITY OF WOMEN ARE PRESENT IN PUBLIC SPACES.
ALMOST ALL PEOPLE MARRY. SOME MARRIAGES ARE ARRANGED. THEIR AGE IS THE LATE TWENTIES FOR WOMEN AND MID THIRTIES FOR WOMEN. THEY HAVE MANY TYPES OF HOUSEHOLDS AND DEPENDING UPON THE REGIONAL TRADE THEY HAVE A GREAT WAY OF WORKING WITH CHILDREN. ELDER PARENTS JOIN THEIR CHILDREN.
THE FAMILY BASED UNIT IS MOST IMPORTANT. RITUAL KIN ARE A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP THROUGH A PERSON'S LIFE.
THEY VALUE HIGHER EDUCATION. AND THE GROUP LIFE REVOLVES AROUND EATING AND DRINKING AND PLAYING GAMES, LISTENING TO MUSIC, DANCING, DEBATES. THEY BELIEVE GETTING DRUNK IS DISGRACEFUL.
PEOPLE OPEN THEIR HOMES TO A WIDE RANGE OF VISITORS IN THE DAY. SOME ARE HONORING THE SAINT. ON MAJOR HOLIDAYS THE PEOPLE WHO OPEN THEIR HOMES O A WIDE RANGE OF VISITORS S THE DAY HONORING THE SAINT FOR WHWHENA PERSON IS LIMITED. GUESTS BRING SWEETS AND LIQUOR. FOREIGNORS ARE GIVEN HOSPITALITY, AND THE IMPROPER BEHAVIOR OF SOME TOURISTS. ABOUT 98% ARE ORTHODOX CHRISTIANS. BY 330 BCE THE GREEKS WERE INVOLVED IN CHRISTIANITY. THE ROMAN EMPORER CONSTANTINE MOVED TO THE MOVED TO THE CAPITOL TO THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE.
INFANT CARE IS HANDLED BY BOTH MOMS AND DADS, THEY GIVE BIRTH IN HOSPITALS, THEY BAPTIZE WITH A CEREMONY AND THEIR NAMES OFFICIALLY ARE OFFICIALLY GIVE TO THE CHILDREN. THE PARENTS GIVE CHILDREN TIME TO EXPLORE THEIR WORLD. THEIR SCHOOL SYSTEM WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1833 AND 90% OF THE STUDENTS ATTEND PUBLIC SCHOOL. THEY VALUE HIGHER EDUCATION.
THEIR ORTHODOX CHURCH IS OVERSEEN BY THE HOLLY SYNOD. THEY HAVE REGIONAL BISHOPS AS WELL AS MONKS AND PRIESTS. THEY ALLOW THEM TO MARRY. GREEK ORTHODOX HAS DAILY, WEEKLY AND ANNUAL RITES. EASTER AND HOLY WEEK PROCEEDS IT. ONLY 25 FOLKS ATTEND CHURCH WEEKLY. THEY FAST FOR 4 PERIODS. THEY HAVE GATHERINGS FOR KEY EVENTS. MANY FOLKS INTEGRATE RELIGIOUS PRACTICE INTOINTO THEIR DAILY LIVES
IN ORTHODOX BELIEF THEY BELIEVE A PERSON'S SOUL JOURNEYS TO JUDGMENT BY GOD AND THEY GO TO HEAVEN OR HELL. RELATIVES PREPARE THE BODY FOR A FUNERALWITHIN 24 HOURS. AFTER DEATH THEY DO NOT CREMATE. DURING 40 DAYS THEIR SOUL IS JUDGED. THEN IN 3 YEARS THEY DIG UP THE BONES AND THEY ARE PLACED IN A FAMILY VAULT.
THEY HAVE A NATIONAL HEALTH CARE SERVICE A NETWORK OF HOSPITAL CLINICS. WAS BUILT 1983. PRIVATE HEALTH CARE IS USED BY THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD IT. ALL OF THEIR CELEBRATIONS HAVE A RITUAL. THEY HAVE RITUALS FOR OCHI DAY, GREEK LEADERS, INDEPENDANCE DAY, NEW YEARS DAY AND OTHER EXCURSIONS.
THE GREEK CULTURE SUPPORTS ALL OF THE ARTS IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION, EDUCATION, PUBLICITY, FESTIVALS, AND THEIR FOLKLORE INSTITUTES AND DANCE CENTER. THEY HAD SHADOW PUPPET PLAY RIVOLTING AROUND THE HISTORIC AND MODERN DRAMAS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
GREECE HAS 50,000 SQUARE MILES WITH 80 % MOUNTAINS. MT. OLYMPUS IS THE HIGHEST. ONLY 25% OF LAND IS ARABLE. THEY HAVE A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE. BETWEEN1836 AND 1900 THE POPULATION ROSE TO OVER TO OVER 10 MILLION. DURING THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES TURKS AND BULGARNEES LEFT THE COUNTY THAT WAS OCCURRING BY TREATIES THAT ENDED ENDED W W II. THIS IMIGRATION WAS INITIALLY AIMMED AT THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. THERE HAS BEEN A CONTINUING IMMIGRATION OF MIGRATION OF BEEN A CONTINUING EMIGRATION OF ETHNIC GREEKS SEEKING EMPLOYMENT. THIS COUNTRY HAS A HIGH RATE OF ELDERLY FOLKS WHO SPEAK GREEK SINCE THE 2ND MILLENIA.
THEY HAVE CHURCH SERVICES THAT ARE CONDUCTED IN KOINE OF WHICH THE NEW TESTAMENT IS WRITTEN. THEY HAVE BILINGUAL GROUPS. MANY FOLKS ARE FAMILIAR WITH THE LANGUAGE OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH.
THEIR SYMBOLS ARE ESTABLISHED A STRONG LINK WITH A STRONG LINK BETWEEN PAST AND PRESENT. THEY SING A HYME TO LIBERTY. THEIR FLAG HAS A CROSS SYMBOLIZING GREEK ORTHODOX RELIGION; AND BLUE AND WHITR STRIPES THAT DEPICT THE SUNLIT WAVES OF THE SEAS THAT SURROUND THE NATION.
THEY HAVE A CULTURAL CONTINUUM TO CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY AND A HISTORY OF STRUGGLE AGAINST DOMINATION IN THIS IMAGERY.. THEIR RURAL VILLAGES ARE SYMBOLIC OF LONG STANDING TIES TO THE REGION. THEY EAT CERTAIN FOOD, BUILD INTERESTING GREEK ARCHITECTURE. HAVE A VARIETY OF ARTS AND CRAFTS, MUSIC, DANCE AND THEATRE.
A COMMON ETHNIC ETHNIC IDENTITYGREW IN THE AEGEA AREA FOR OVER 2 MILLENEA. THE LAST OF THESE EMPIRES WAS RUN BY OTTOMAN TURKS OVER MUCH OF THE EASTERN EUROPE AFTER CONQUERING CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1450'S. THEIR WAR WAS OF INDEPENDANCE ENDED IN 1828 WHEN TURKS AGREED TO CREATE SOME LANDS FROM GREEKS.
THE DESIRE FOR A PARLIMENTARY TYPE OF GOVERNMENT WAS NOT POSSIBLEAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT WAS ASSASINATED IN 1831. THEY FINALLY NEGOTIATED A FINAL TREATY AND EASTABLISHED A MONARCHY MONITORED BY ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA. BY 1973 THE MONARCHY WAS ABOLISHED. THROUGH OUT A SERIES OF WARS THE GREEKS WOULD ALLOW SYMYRONEA TO VOTE ON UNION WITH GREECE.
THE ANATALIAN GREEKS WHO SURVIVED THE CONFLICT FLED THE AREA.
THE NATION HAS BEEN SHAPED BY EFFORTS. THE DIRECT ROLE OF THE ORIGINAL TREATY HAS BEEN GRANTED TO ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA. THEY HAD A GREEK CIVIL WAR. IN 1946. IN 1949 THEY SAW FORCES OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT BACKED BY COUNTERPARTS IN THE NATION SOON TO FACE EACH OTHER. AND THE COLD WAR. AMERICA AIDED THEM AND THEY ENTERED NATO IN 1951.
THEY HAD A STRONG SENSE OF ETHNIC SELF DETERMINATION INITIALLY FUELED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COUNTRY. THEY WERE ALSO FRUSTRATED AND CONSIGNED TO MARGINAL STATUS WITH EUROPE.
THEY HAD VALUES TO CONNECT TO THEIR PAST WITH LONG RELIGIOUS DEMOCRACY AND AN ANALYTIC WAY OF LIFE, TO TRAVEL , CLEVERNESS AND PERSONAL HONOR AS CORE VALUES THAT CONNECT TO THE PAST.
THE WAR OF INDEPENDANCE AND THE OCCUPATION FIGURED HEAVILY IN NATIONAL MEMORY. 18TH CENTURY GREEKS CALLED THEMSELVES ROMEIC AND LOOKED TO BE ORTHODOX HERITAGE. THEY STRESSED EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS OVER MEDITERRANEAN HISTORY.
DIFFERENTGROUPS OF FOLKSLIVED SIDE BY SIDE AND THESE CONSIDERABLE INTERMINGLING. ABOUT 60,000 OF THE THE COUNTRY'S THE COUNTRY'S 75,000 JEWS WERE EXILED DURING WW II. SINCE 1990 THERE IS NOW ETHNIC DIVERSITY.
THEIR POPULATION HAS BEEN MOBIL. SAILORS SAILORS, SHEPARDS, AND MERCHANTSFOR THEIR OCCUPATION. MARKET TOWNS SUCH AS CORINTHS SUCH AS CORINTHS AND ATHENS HAVE ENDURED FOR MILLENIA AND DISAPPEARED WITH REGULARITY. DURING THE LAST CENTURY INTERNAL MIGRATION HAS BEEN FROM MOUNTAINS TO PLAINS. SOME TOWNS GREW WHILE OTHERS WERE ABANDONED. IN 1991 ATHENS HAS 3.7 PEOPLE.
UNTIL RECENTLY HOUSES WERE SMALL AND OWNER BUILT FROM MUD BRICK, STONE AND CERAMIC TILE.. RURAL SETTLEMENTS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES BUT URBAN AREAS HAVE HOUSES THAT ARE ALSO RENTED. THEY HAVE APARTMENTS 5 TO 10 STORIES HIGH. THEY HAVE MANY PLACES FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND PUBLIC GATHERING SPOTS. THEIR FOOD IS GRAINS, GRAPES, AND OLIVES ARE CENTRAL TO THEIR DIET , SPPLEMENTED WITH EGGS, CHICKEN AND FISH, LAMB, FRUITS AND VEGIS. THEY ALSO MAKE MOUSSAKA AND VARIOUS ETHNIC FOODS.
THEY ENTERTAIN DURING MAJOR CEREMONIES AND HAVE SPECIAL EASTER SERVICES. THEY FARM, HERD, FISH AND SEAFARE AND MAKE CRAFTS OR TOURISTS. SOME PEASANTS BEGAN PRODUCING CASH CROPS FOR SALE TO ENGLAND FRANCE. FAMILIES PRODUCED MOST OF THEIR OWN SUBSISTENCE NEEDS FROM FOOD TO HOUSING. THEY ENGAGE IN A VARIETY OF ENTREPRENURIAL ACTIVITIES,, PRODUCING VARIOUS FOOD DURING 1990 THERE WAS ONLY 4% INFLATION. MOST FARMLAND WAS OWNED BY PEOPLE WHO WORKED THE LAND. POPULATION GROWTH HAS INCREASED. MUCH GRAZING IS PUBLICALLY HELD. HANDMADE CRAFTS ARE MADE BY FOLKS TO SUPPORT THEIR INCOME.
THEIR CRAFTS ARE AIMED AT THE TOURISTS TRADE WITH FARMING COMBINED WITH FAMILY CASH PRODUCING ACTIVITIES. THEY ALSO RENT ROOMS TO TOURISTS. THEY HAVE CONSTRUCTION WORK AS WELL.
MAJOR CASH CROPS ARE TOBACCO, COTTON, BEETS, GRAINS, VEGETABLES FRUITS OLIVES AND GRAPES. HERDERS PRODUCE MEAT , MILK, WOOL, HIDES, AND DUNG FOR SALE. TODAY THEY MINE 4 MINERALS. GREECE EXPORTS 50% OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. BY 1990 THEY TRADED WITHOUT GERMANY , ITALY, ITALY , FRANCE , AND BRITAIN AND THE U.S.
THEIR MERCHANT FLEET IS LARGEST IN THE WORLD WITH 11 TOURISTS WHO COME HERE PER YEAR.
THEY HAVE A SENSE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND SELF ESTEEM WITHIN THE COMMUNITY. THEY ATTEMPT PROPER BEHAVIOR. WEALTH TO THE GREEKS MEANNS THEY HAVE OWN AN URBAN HOME, SPEAK FLUENT ENGLISH AND FRENCH.
THEY SPEND MONEY ON DEFENSE WITH ARMED FORCES. THEY HAVE 160,000 SOLDIERS ON ACTIVE ON ACTIVE DUTY AND 400,000 RESERVES. THEY HAVE MANY AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES THAT MAKE TO BUY AND SELLL IN BULK. WOMEN NOW ARE 45% OF THEIR WORK FORCE.
RURAL MEN AND WOMEN SHARE AGRICULTURAL TASKS, DOING SOME JOINTLY AND OTHERS BY GENDER PROPERTY IS OWNED BY BOTH MEN AND WOMEN WHO HELPED WORK THE LAND. THE WOMEN WORKED ALSO. FAMILIES THAT OPERATED FARMS AND SMALL SHOPSREMAINED ECONOMICALLY ECONOMICALLY HEALTHY. THOSE WHO WORKED AT HOME , WOMEN WHO AT LOWER PAID POSITIONS AAND TOGETHER PAID POSITIONS. AND TO STOP WORK WHEN THEY HAD CHILDREN. WOMEN IN THE GREEK CULTURE ASSERTED OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY , POSITION AS MOTHER AND WIFE. AND TAUGHT RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION AND ARTISTIC EXPRESSION.. A MAJORITY OF WOMEN ARE PRESENT IN PUBLIC SPACES.
ALMOST ALL PEOPLE MARRY. SOME MARRIAGES ARE ARRANGED. THEIR AGE IS THE LATE TWENTIES FOR WOMEN AND MID THIRTIES FOR WOMEN. THEY HAVE MANY TYPES OF HOUSEHOLDS AND DEPENDING UPON THE REGIONAL TRADE THEY HAVE A GREAT WAY OF WORKING WITH CHILDREN. ELDER PARENTS JOIN THEIR CHILDREN.
THE FAMILY BASED UNIT IS MOST IMPORTANT. RITUAL KIN ARE A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP THROUGH A PERSON'S LIFE.
THEY VALUE HIGHER EDUCATION. AND THE GROUP LIFE REVOLVES AROUND EATING AND DRINKING AND PLAYING GAMES, LISTENING TO MUSIC, DANCING, DEBATES. THEY BELIEVE GETTING DRUNK IS DISGRACEFUL.
PEOPLE OPEN THEIR HOMES TO A WIDE RANGE OF VISITORS IN THE DAY. SOME ARE HONORING THE SAINT. ON MAJOR HOLIDAYS THE PEOPLE WHO OPEN THEIR HOMES O A WIDE RANGE OF VISITORS S THE DAY HONORING THE SAINT FOR WHWHENA PERSON IS LIMITED. GUESTS BRING SWEETS AND LIQUOR. FOREIGNORS ARE GIVEN HOSPITALITY, AND THE IMPROPER BEHAVIOR OF SOME TOURISTS. ABOUT 98% ARE ORTHODOX CHRISTIANS. BY 330 BCE THE GREEKS WERE INVOLVED IN CHRISTIANITY. THE ROMAN EMPORER CONSTANTINE MOVED TO THE MOVED TO THE CAPITOL TO THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE.
INFANT CARE IS HANDLED BY BOTH MOMS AND DADS, THEY GIVE BIRTH IN HOSPITALS, THEY BAPTIZE WITH A CEREMONY AND THEIR NAMES OFFICIALLY ARE OFFICIALLY GIVE TO THE CHILDREN. THE PARENTS GIVE CHILDREN TIME TO EXPLORE THEIR WORLD. THEIR SCHOOL SYSTEM WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1833 AND 90% OF THE STUDENTS ATTEND PUBLIC SCHOOL. THEY VALUE HIGHER EDUCATION.
THEIR ORTHODOX CHURCH IS OVERSEEN BY THE HOLLY SYNOD. THEY HAVE REGIONAL BISHOPS AS WELL AS MONKS AND PRIESTS. THEY ALLOW THEM TO MARRY. GREEK ORTHODOX HAS DAILY, WEEKLY AND ANNUAL RITES. EASTER AND HOLY WEEK PROCEEDS IT. ONLY 25 FOLKS ATTEND CHURCH WEEKLY. THEY FAST FOR 4 PERIODS. THEY HAVE GATHERINGS FOR KEY EVENTS. MANY FOLKS INTEGRATE RELIGIOUS PRACTICE INTOINTO THEIR DAILY LIVES
IN ORTHODOX BELIEF THEY BELIEVE A PERSON'S SOUL JOURNEYS TO JUDGMENT BY GOD AND THEY GO TO HEAVEN OR HELL. RELATIVES PREPARE THE BODY FOR A FUNERALWITHIN 24 HOURS. AFTER DEATH THEY DO NOT CREMATE. DURING 40 DAYS THEIR SOUL IS JUDGED. THEN IN 3 YEARS THEY DIG UP THE BONES AND THEY ARE PLACED IN A FAMILY VAULT.
THEY HAVE A NATIONAL HEALTH CARE SERVICE A NETWORK OF HOSPITAL CLINICS. WAS BUILT 1983. PRIVATE HEALTH CARE IS USED BY THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD IT. ALL OF THEIR CELEBRATIONS HAVE A RITUAL. THEY HAVE RITUALS FOR OCHI DAY, GREEK LEADERS, INDEPENDANCE DAY, NEW YEARS DAY AND OTHER EXCURSIONS.
THE GREEK CULTURE SUPPORTS ALL OF THE ARTS IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION, EDUCATION, PUBLICITY, FESTIVALS, AND THEIR FOLKLORE INSTITUTES AND DANCE CENTER. THEY HAD SHADOW PUPPET PLAY RIVOLTING AROUND THE HISTORIC AND MODERN DRAMAS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Thursday, October 18, 2012
NEW GUINEA CULTURE
PAPUA IS PROBABLY DERIVED FROM THE 'FUZZY HAIR. IN 1545 A SPANISH EXPLORER CALLED THE ISLAND NUEVA GUNEA. IN 1905 AUSTRALIA TOOK OVER THIS TERRITORY IN PAPUA. AFTER WORLD WAR II THE BRITISH. GERMAN FOLKS FOLKS ADMINISTERED THE BRITISH AND GERMAN FOLKS ADMINISTERED THIS COUNTRY. IN 1975 THE COUNTRY BECAME AN INDEPENDANT STATE OF NEW GUINEA. THE COUNTRY HAS 600 SMALL ISLANDS. IT HAS 178,000 SQUARE MILES.
THEY HAVE A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST IN 75%. AND THE UPLAND VALLEY HAVE SOME OF THE WORLDS LARGEST SWAMPS. IT HAS A TROPICAL MONSOON AND IS HOT AND HUMID. SAGO PALM IS A STAPLE FOOD. IN 199O THERE ARE 3 MILLION FOLKS UNDER 20 AND IT IS GROWING. MOST FOLKS LIVE IN SMALL VILLAGES. 95% OF THE POPULATION IS IN THE URBAN AREAS.
ONE THOUSAND LANGUAGES ARE SPOKEN THROUGHOUT NEW GUINEA. THERE ARE GERMAN PLANTATIONS. THE NEW GUINEAS NEED TO BRE CLOSER WITH ONE ANOTHER. THEY HAVE GERMAN PLANTATIONS, WHEN THERE ARE FOLKS WITH DIFFERENT LANGUAGE AND THEY SPEAK PIDGIN. ENGLISH IS TAUGHT IN SCHOOL. HUIR MATU IS A TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE THAT ORIGINATED IN THE SOUTH COAST. THEIR NATIONAL FLAG REFLECTS SYMBOLS OF A YELLOW BIRD OF PARADISE. THE LOWER TRIANGLE HAS A 5 WHITE STARS. BLACK , RED ,AND YELLOW ARE TROPICAL. THE LOWER ARE TRADITIONAL COLORS IN MANY PAPUA NEW GUINEA SOCIETIES. KINA SHELLS AND PIG ARE EXCHANGE ITEMS. THEY ARE COMMUNICATED TO CHRISTIANITY. MISSIONARIES SUPPRESSED TRIBAL WAREFARE.
OUTSIDERS DID NOT VISIT THE HIGHLANDS UNTIL THE 1930'S. SOME AREAS WERE NOT CONTACTED UNTIL THE 1970'S. BY THE 1960'S AUSTRALIA MOVED TO HELP PAPUA NEW GUINEA ESTABLISH SELF GOVERNMENT AND A BUILDING OF HIGHER EDUCATION. STUDENTS ARE TAUGHT TO FOCUS ON HIGHER EDUCATION. THEY WERE TAUGHT TO EXPRESS THEIR EXPERIENCES IN POETRY, MUSIC, STORIES, AND ART. THAT DEALT WITH THE BEAUTY OF VILLAGE LIFE. THEY HAVE PRIDE IN THEIR CULTURE. THERE ARE CLASS DIFFERENCES PARENTS WITH GOOD JOBS. THERE IS INTERMARRARIAGE BETWEEN PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUND,
THIS COUNTRY INDEPENDANT IN 1975. MANY MICRONATIONALISTS NOVEMENTS FELT IS WAS A COLONIAL INVASION. PAPUA BESENA EMERGED IN 1973 UNDER JOSEPHINE ABAJAH.
BY 1964 COPPER WAS DISCOVERED AND THEY CREATED A GIANT COPPER MINE. THE AUSTRALIANS OWNED THE MINE AN THE PAPUA WERE RESENTFUL OF THEM. IN 1988 A GUERILLA OPERATION THAT BEGAN THAT BECAME THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY.
THESE FOLKS WERE ALL CONNECTED BY NATURAL PATHS. BUSH DISSOLVED MATERIAL HOUSES AND WERE AND WERE TEMPORARY AS PEOPLE MOVED WITH THEIR NEW GARDEN . MEN AND WOMENSPENT THEIR LIVES INTO SEPARATE HOUSES. MOST VILLAGERS WERE HOME TO MORE THAN ONE KIN GROUP. DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS WERE COMBINED INTO LARGER VILLAGES FOR EASIER ADMINISTRATION. THEIR MEN WORKED IN NEARBY VILLAGES.TO UNCOVER TO WHICH THEY WERE EXPECTED HOME AT NIGHT. AFTER W W II THERE WAS AN EXPANSION OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND COLONIZERS AND LOCAL PEOPLES.
IN PREPARING FOR INDEPENDENCE FOR COLONIAL AND PAPUA OFFICIAL THEY BUILT DIFFERENT BUILDINGS SUCH AS THE NATIONAL ARTS SCHOOL.
THIS IS WHERE THE ARTISTS AND OTHERS DESIGNED BUILDINGS FOR THEIR CAPITAL.
THEIR TRADITION IS THAT MEN LIVE WITH MALES AND WOMEN LIVE WITH FEMALES! THEIR STAPLES INCLUDE VEGETABLES, SAGO AND BREADFRUITS. THEY DOMESTICATED ANIMALS AND HUNTING TO PROVIDE FOWL. THEY HAD PORK , BIRDS AND TURTLES. THEY ALSO EAT FISH AND SHELLFISH. VILLAGES TOOK TWO MEALS A DAY AND BOIL OR ROAST THEY DRINK A TEA ALL THE TIME. FAST FOOD BARS ARE POPULAR. FOOD TABOOS VARY. THEY HAVE MANY.
DURING THE CEREMONIES THEY CAUGHT HUNDREDS OF PIGS, THEY HAVE COMPETITIVE FEASTS LIVE FEASTING AND DRUMMING FOR DAYS. THEY EXCHANGED ITEMS. SPECIAL DRINKS WERE RARELY PART OF SUCH CEREMONIES IN THE PAST. TODAY BEER AND ALCOHOL ARE MAJOR EXCHANGES THEIR TRADITIONAL FEASTS ARE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN PAUPUA CHRISTMAS OR EASTER.
MANY PEOPLE PLANT GASRDENS AND RELY ON OPEN AIR MARKETS. THE SUPERMARKETS IMPORT FOOD AS RICE, SUGAR AND TEA AND TINNED FISH. AND SOAP BLANKETS, LANTERNS AND MATCHES.
MOST OF THEIR LAND IS VESTED IN KIN GROUPS AND ALLOCATED ACCORDINGTO NEED SOME FOLKS MAY OWN A GROVE OF BANANA TREES BUT NOT THE MOST LAND THEY GROW ON. LAND IS PASSED ON FROM MOMS AND DADS TO CHILDREN AND NIECES. THEY GIVE THEM GIFTS TO THE OWNER BEFORE LAND PASSES TO THEIR CARE. MIGRANTS WHO DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN EXCHANGE OF RISK BEING DISPOSED.
BY 1980S COMMERCE DEVELOPED ITS OWN TV STATION IN THE LATE 1980'S. THEY HAD A RADIO THEY HAD A RADIO SHOW AND ENTERTAINMENT THAT THE VILLAGES. TOURISM BRINGS IN 40,000 VISITORS PER YEAR.
COMMERCE IS CENTERED IN THE TOURS. RAPAPUAL HAS MANY UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS. THEY HAVE GOLD MINING, OIL DRILLING, COFFEE, , CACAO, PALM TIMBER, AND WOOD CHIP MILLS, AND TUNA. CANNERIES.
THEY TRADE ARTIFACTS AND CARVINGS THAT ARE SOLD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD THAT ARE SOLD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD FOR INCOME. THEY EXPORT COFFEE, COPPER, GOLD, COCOA, OIL AND TIMBER, FOOD, LIVE ANIMALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS.
OUTSIDE THE CITIES, MEN AND WOMEN COOPERATE TO FEED THEIR FAMILIES FROM GARDENING. OLDER FOLKS ASSIST IN MANY WAYS. CASH CROPS ARE OWNED BY MEN AND WOMEN WHO HARVEST THEM. THEIR COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO ELITES AND GRASSROOTS. SOCIAL INTERACTION IS IMPORTANT TO ELITES.
THERE IS EVIDENCE OF GRASSROOTS OF THE CLASS DISPARITIES WITH ELITES.AND MIDDLE CLASS. HIGHER INCOME FAMILIES ARE INVESTING IN PRODUCTIVE BUSINESSES. THEY BUILD CANOES FROM SAGO PALM WITH TRADITIONAL TOOLS. THEY HAVE NO SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM AND FEW PLACES TO HELP THE HANDICAPPED OR FUNDING FOR SCHOOLS.
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS HELP FOLKS CONFRONT THEIR CULTURE AND ECONOMIC CHANGES. THE RED CROSSS AND THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS TARGETS WOMEN AS BENEFICIARIES OF FINANCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT WITH TEACHING BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING. THEY ENCOURAGE FAMILY PLANNING. IT HAS TRAINED OVER 2000 MEN AND WOMEN AS VILLAGE LITERACY TEACHERS AND AN AIDS COUNSELOR.
THE MEN CLEAR FORESTS SO THAT WOMEN CAN PLANT GARDENS AND RAISE PIGS. THEY PLANT CASH CROPS OF COFFEE, COCOA, AND BANANAS. THE WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPS AND THE INCOME GOES TO THE MEN. MEN BUILD HOUSES AND FENCES AND WOMEN MAKE GRASS SKIRTS AND NET BAGS. WOMEN DO THE DAILY COOKING AND MEN BUTCHER PIGS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN CARE FOR CHILDREN WITH A FATHER. A MOM MAY WEED THE GARDEN. MOST WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPS OF COFFEE, COCOA, AND BANANAS. THE WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPSAND THE INCOME GOES TO THE MEN. MEN BUILD =HOUSES AND FENCES AND WOMEN MAKE GRASS SKIRTS. AND NET BAGS. WOMEN DO THE DAILY COOKING, AND MEN BUTCHER PIGS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN CARE FOR CHILDREN. A MOM MAY WEED THE GARDEN. MOST WOMEN DO DOMESTIC CHORES AND CHILD CARE WHILE MEN CARE AT WORK. WOMEN WITH JOBS EMPLOYKIN TO DO CHORES.
IN BOTH TOWNS AND VILLAGES MEN AND WOMEN WORK. WOMEN MAY HAVE SEXUAL HARRASSMENT IF THEY ARE TOO ASSERTIVE. THEY HAVE YAM FESTIVALS AND A CHIEF MAY HAVE MANY WIVES AND EXPECT COMMONERS TO BOW TO HIM! WITHOUT FEMALE RELATIVES TO PARTICIPATE IN EXCHANGE EVENTS AND REDEEM MATRILINEAGE LANDS THOSE MEN'S POWER WOULD EVAPORATE. BIG MEN MOST IN FEASTS, BRIDE PRICES AND OTHER EXCHANGES TO ACHIEVEPOSITION. TO DO THIS THEY NEED MANY WIVES AND FEMALE HELPERS TO RAISE FOOD AND PIGS. HARDWORKING WOMEN ARE A MAN'S MOST VALUABLE ASSET. HUSBANDS WHO DO NOT CONSIDER THEIR WIVES INTERESTS RISK LOSING THEM TO OTHER MEN.
WOMEN SUFFER PHYSICAL ABUSES OF MEN AND INFIDELITIES OF MEN WHO FEEL BURDENED BY FAMILY LIFE. WOMEN HELP PAY BACK THEIR OWN BRIDEPRICE AND RAISE CROPS. SOME SELL VEGETABLES IN CASH CROPS. SOME SELL VEGETABLES IN URBAN MARKETS.
THE HOUSEHOLD CONSISTS A HUSBAND, WIFE, CHILDREN AND SOME GRANDPARENTS. YOUNG MEN MAY LIVE TOGETHER, BUT THEY NO LONGER HAVE MEN'S HOUSES. HOUSEHOLD DECISIONS CONSENSUS OF ABLE FOLKS.
THEY PAINT THEIR FACES AND HAVE SOME CELEBRATIONS. WOMEN ARE IN POOR MARRIAGESMAY CONSIDER SUICIDE. WOMEN DO NOT USE CLAN OR LINEAGE. THEY RETAIN THE OPTION TO SO BY CONTRIBUTING TO GROUP EXCHANGE. THEY MARRY OUT AND MANY MOVE FAR FROM ANCESTRYTERRITORIESTERRITORIES TO FINDWAGE EMPLOYMENT. CLANS CAN SHRINK OR DISAPPEAR THROUGH DEATH AND INDIFFERENCE. SOME CHILDREN CAN JOIN OTHER CLANS. LAND IS AWAY OF LIFE AND VALUABLE. IT IS A FORM OF SOCIAL SECURITY FOR PERSONS LIVING IN TOWNS.
AFTER AND DURING BIRTH A MOM STAYS IN A BIRTH HUT OR GARDEN HOUSE FOR A FEW DAYS OR A WEEK. FOR TWO YEARS MOM'S NURSE THEIR BABIES. AND ARE CARRIED EVERYWHERE AND PLAY WITH NEARBY RELATIVES. THEY HOLD A FEAST AFTER A YEAR OLD
CHILD REARING IS INDULGENT UNTIL AGE 5 OR 6 FOR GIRLS AND BOYS. CHILDREN EXPLORE THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND RUN FREE. THEY RARELY HIT A CHILD. PAPUA GIRLS FOLLOW THEIR MOMS AND BOYS SPEND A A LONGER TIME PLAYING WITH OTHER BOYS. MANY SON'S DECIDE TO GO FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. PARENTS KNOW THAT HIGHER EDUCATION IS NOT A VALUE OR GUARENTEE FOR GETTING A JOB HERE.
IN 1871 LONDON SOCIETY SET UP AN EMMISION TEACHERS IN EASTERN IN EASTERN NEW GUINEA. CARGO CULTS AIMED AT ACQUIRING THE WEALTH AND POWER OF OUTSIDERS THROUGH CHRISTIAN RITUALS. TODAY CHRISTIANITY CONTROLS THE HUMAN CONDITION OF CHANGE.
THIS SOCIETY EXCHANGES STORY TELLING OF HOW SUPERNATURAL BEINGS CREATED THE NATURAL WORLD AND SOCIETY. SOME DIETIES ARE IMPORTANT AND ARE PAINTER ON TAPE CLOTH. THEY BELIEVE THAT EXCEPT FOR INFANTS, DEATH IS NOT NATURAL AND RESULTS FROM WRONGDOING OR OVERSIGHTS. ALL ADULTS WILL ACQUIRE MAGIC SPELLS. THESE ARE USED IN GARDENING, HEALING, PREVENTING MINOR ILLNESSES, AND QUIET MINOR ILLNESSES, AND LEAVE MAGIC. SOME FOLKS ARE SORCERERS, WITCHES, AND DEVIANS.
THEY HAVE MANY RITUALS THAT FOCUS ON INITIATION RITUALS, FUNERAL, AND EXCHANGING ITEMS. PEOPLE USE BOTH TRADITIONAL AND WESTERN MEDICINE IN DEALING WITH SYMPTOMS. THEY HAVE FEW DOCTORS THAT IN RURAL AREAS. IN CITIES THEY HVE THEY HAVE HOSPITALS AND NURSES AND CLINICS. BY 1965 THERE WAS ONLY ONE DOCTOR FOR 6000 PERSONS. IN RURAL AREAS.. HEALTH CARE FOCUSES ON FIRST AID AND REATING CHRONIC DISEASES. THEY HAVE MANY MEDICAL PROBLEMS AND ILLNESSES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
THEY HAVE A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST IN 75%. AND THE UPLAND VALLEY HAVE SOME OF THE WORLDS LARGEST SWAMPS. IT HAS A TROPICAL MONSOON AND IS HOT AND HUMID. SAGO PALM IS A STAPLE FOOD. IN 199O THERE ARE 3 MILLION FOLKS UNDER 20 AND IT IS GROWING. MOST FOLKS LIVE IN SMALL VILLAGES. 95% OF THE POPULATION IS IN THE URBAN AREAS.
ONE THOUSAND LANGUAGES ARE SPOKEN THROUGHOUT NEW GUINEA. THERE ARE GERMAN PLANTATIONS. THE NEW GUINEAS NEED TO BRE CLOSER WITH ONE ANOTHER. THEY HAVE GERMAN PLANTATIONS, WHEN THERE ARE FOLKS WITH DIFFERENT LANGUAGE AND THEY SPEAK PIDGIN. ENGLISH IS TAUGHT IN SCHOOL. HUIR MATU IS A TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE THAT ORIGINATED IN THE SOUTH COAST. THEIR NATIONAL FLAG REFLECTS SYMBOLS OF A YELLOW BIRD OF PARADISE. THE LOWER TRIANGLE HAS A 5 WHITE STARS. BLACK , RED ,AND YELLOW ARE TROPICAL. THE LOWER ARE TRADITIONAL COLORS IN MANY PAPUA NEW GUINEA SOCIETIES. KINA SHELLS AND PIG ARE EXCHANGE ITEMS. THEY ARE COMMUNICATED TO CHRISTIANITY. MISSIONARIES SUPPRESSED TRIBAL WAREFARE.
OUTSIDERS DID NOT VISIT THE HIGHLANDS UNTIL THE 1930'S. SOME AREAS WERE NOT CONTACTED UNTIL THE 1970'S. BY THE 1960'S AUSTRALIA MOVED TO HELP PAPUA NEW GUINEA ESTABLISH SELF GOVERNMENT AND A BUILDING OF HIGHER EDUCATION. STUDENTS ARE TAUGHT TO FOCUS ON HIGHER EDUCATION. THEY WERE TAUGHT TO EXPRESS THEIR EXPERIENCES IN POETRY, MUSIC, STORIES, AND ART. THAT DEALT WITH THE BEAUTY OF VILLAGE LIFE. THEY HAVE PRIDE IN THEIR CULTURE. THERE ARE CLASS DIFFERENCES PARENTS WITH GOOD JOBS. THERE IS INTERMARRARIAGE BETWEEN PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUND,
THIS COUNTRY INDEPENDANT IN 1975. MANY MICRONATIONALISTS NOVEMENTS FELT IS WAS A COLONIAL INVASION. PAPUA BESENA EMERGED IN 1973 UNDER JOSEPHINE ABAJAH.
BY 1964 COPPER WAS DISCOVERED AND THEY CREATED A GIANT COPPER MINE. THE AUSTRALIANS OWNED THE MINE AN THE PAPUA WERE RESENTFUL OF THEM. IN 1988 A GUERILLA OPERATION THAT BEGAN THAT BECAME THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY.
THESE FOLKS WERE ALL CONNECTED BY NATURAL PATHS. BUSH DISSOLVED MATERIAL HOUSES AND WERE AND WERE TEMPORARY AS PEOPLE MOVED WITH THEIR NEW GARDEN . MEN AND WOMENSPENT THEIR LIVES INTO SEPARATE HOUSES. MOST VILLAGERS WERE HOME TO MORE THAN ONE KIN GROUP. DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS WERE COMBINED INTO LARGER VILLAGES FOR EASIER ADMINISTRATION. THEIR MEN WORKED IN NEARBY VILLAGES.TO UNCOVER TO WHICH THEY WERE EXPECTED HOME AT NIGHT. AFTER W W II THERE WAS AN EXPANSION OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND COLONIZERS AND LOCAL PEOPLES.
IN PREPARING FOR INDEPENDENCE FOR COLONIAL AND PAPUA OFFICIAL THEY BUILT DIFFERENT BUILDINGS SUCH AS THE NATIONAL ARTS SCHOOL.
THIS IS WHERE THE ARTISTS AND OTHERS DESIGNED BUILDINGS FOR THEIR CAPITAL.
THEIR TRADITION IS THAT MEN LIVE WITH MALES AND WOMEN LIVE WITH FEMALES! THEIR STAPLES INCLUDE VEGETABLES, SAGO AND BREADFRUITS. THEY DOMESTICATED ANIMALS AND HUNTING TO PROVIDE FOWL. THEY HAD PORK , BIRDS AND TURTLES. THEY ALSO EAT FISH AND SHELLFISH. VILLAGES TOOK TWO MEALS A DAY AND BOIL OR ROAST THEY DRINK A TEA ALL THE TIME. FAST FOOD BARS ARE POPULAR. FOOD TABOOS VARY. THEY HAVE MANY.
DURING THE CEREMONIES THEY CAUGHT HUNDREDS OF PIGS, THEY HAVE COMPETITIVE FEASTS LIVE FEASTING AND DRUMMING FOR DAYS. THEY EXCHANGED ITEMS. SPECIAL DRINKS WERE RARELY PART OF SUCH CEREMONIES IN THE PAST. TODAY BEER AND ALCOHOL ARE MAJOR EXCHANGES THEIR TRADITIONAL FEASTS ARE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN PAUPUA CHRISTMAS OR EASTER.
MANY PEOPLE PLANT GASRDENS AND RELY ON OPEN AIR MARKETS. THE SUPERMARKETS IMPORT FOOD AS RICE, SUGAR AND TEA AND TINNED FISH. AND SOAP BLANKETS, LANTERNS AND MATCHES.
MOST OF THEIR LAND IS VESTED IN KIN GROUPS AND ALLOCATED ACCORDINGTO NEED SOME FOLKS MAY OWN A GROVE OF BANANA TREES BUT NOT THE MOST LAND THEY GROW ON. LAND IS PASSED ON FROM MOMS AND DADS TO CHILDREN AND NIECES. THEY GIVE THEM GIFTS TO THE OWNER BEFORE LAND PASSES TO THEIR CARE. MIGRANTS WHO DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN EXCHANGE OF RISK BEING DISPOSED.
BY 1980S COMMERCE DEVELOPED ITS OWN TV STATION IN THE LATE 1980'S. THEY HAD A RADIO THEY HAD A RADIO SHOW AND ENTERTAINMENT THAT THE VILLAGES. TOURISM BRINGS IN 40,000 VISITORS PER YEAR.
COMMERCE IS CENTERED IN THE TOURS. RAPAPUAL HAS MANY UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS. THEY HAVE GOLD MINING, OIL DRILLING, COFFEE, , CACAO, PALM TIMBER, AND WOOD CHIP MILLS, AND TUNA. CANNERIES.
THEY TRADE ARTIFACTS AND CARVINGS THAT ARE SOLD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD THAT ARE SOLD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD FOR INCOME. THEY EXPORT COFFEE, COPPER, GOLD, COCOA, OIL AND TIMBER, FOOD, LIVE ANIMALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS.
OUTSIDE THE CITIES, MEN AND WOMEN COOPERATE TO FEED THEIR FAMILIES FROM GARDENING. OLDER FOLKS ASSIST IN MANY WAYS. CASH CROPS ARE OWNED BY MEN AND WOMEN WHO HARVEST THEM. THEIR COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO ELITES AND GRASSROOTS. SOCIAL INTERACTION IS IMPORTANT TO ELITES.
THERE IS EVIDENCE OF GRASSROOTS OF THE CLASS DISPARITIES WITH ELITES.AND MIDDLE CLASS. HIGHER INCOME FAMILIES ARE INVESTING IN PRODUCTIVE BUSINESSES. THEY BUILD CANOES FROM SAGO PALM WITH TRADITIONAL TOOLS. THEY HAVE NO SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM AND FEW PLACES TO HELP THE HANDICAPPED OR FUNDING FOR SCHOOLS.
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS HELP FOLKS CONFRONT THEIR CULTURE AND ECONOMIC CHANGES. THE RED CROSSS AND THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS TARGETS WOMEN AS BENEFICIARIES OF FINANCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT WITH TEACHING BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING. THEY ENCOURAGE FAMILY PLANNING. IT HAS TRAINED OVER 2000 MEN AND WOMEN AS VILLAGE LITERACY TEACHERS AND AN AIDS COUNSELOR.
THE MEN CLEAR FORESTS SO THAT WOMEN CAN PLANT GARDENS AND RAISE PIGS. THEY PLANT CASH CROPS OF COFFEE, COCOA, AND BANANAS. THE WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPS AND THE INCOME GOES TO THE MEN. MEN BUILD HOUSES AND FENCES AND WOMEN MAKE GRASS SKIRTS AND NET BAGS. WOMEN DO THE DAILY COOKING AND MEN BUTCHER PIGS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN CARE FOR CHILDREN WITH A FATHER. A MOM MAY WEED THE GARDEN. MOST WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPS OF COFFEE, COCOA, AND BANANAS. THE WOMEN PICK THE CASH CROPSAND THE INCOME GOES TO THE MEN. MEN BUILD =HOUSES AND FENCES AND WOMEN MAKE GRASS SKIRTS. AND NET BAGS. WOMEN DO THE DAILY COOKING, AND MEN BUTCHER PIGS. BOTH MEN AND WOMEN CARE FOR CHILDREN. A MOM MAY WEED THE GARDEN. MOST WOMEN DO DOMESTIC CHORES AND CHILD CARE WHILE MEN CARE AT WORK. WOMEN WITH JOBS EMPLOYKIN TO DO CHORES.
IN BOTH TOWNS AND VILLAGES MEN AND WOMEN WORK. WOMEN MAY HAVE SEXUAL HARRASSMENT IF THEY ARE TOO ASSERTIVE. THEY HAVE YAM FESTIVALS AND A CHIEF MAY HAVE MANY WIVES AND EXPECT COMMONERS TO BOW TO HIM! WITHOUT FEMALE RELATIVES TO PARTICIPATE IN EXCHANGE EVENTS AND REDEEM MATRILINEAGE LANDS THOSE MEN'S POWER WOULD EVAPORATE. BIG MEN MOST IN FEASTS, BRIDE PRICES AND OTHER EXCHANGES TO ACHIEVEPOSITION. TO DO THIS THEY NEED MANY WIVES AND FEMALE HELPERS TO RAISE FOOD AND PIGS. HARDWORKING WOMEN ARE A MAN'S MOST VALUABLE ASSET. HUSBANDS WHO DO NOT CONSIDER THEIR WIVES INTERESTS RISK LOSING THEM TO OTHER MEN.
WOMEN SUFFER PHYSICAL ABUSES OF MEN AND INFIDELITIES OF MEN WHO FEEL BURDENED BY FAMILY LIFE. WOMEN HELP PAY BACK THEIR OWN BRIDEPRICE AND RAISE CROPS. SOME SELL VEGETABLES IN CASH CROPS. SOME SELL VEGETABLES IN URBAN MARKETS.
THE HOUSEHOLD CONSISTS A HUSBAND, WIFE, CHILDREN AND SOME GRANDPARENTS. YOUNG MEN MAY LIVE TOGETHER, BUT THEY NO LONGER HAVE MEN'S HOUSES. HOUSEHOLD DECISIONS CONSENSUS OF ABLE FOLKS.
THEY PAINT THEIR FACES AND HAVE SOME CELEBRATIONS. WOMEN ARE IN POOR MARRIAGESMAY CONSIDER SUICIDE. WOMEN DO NOT USE CLAN OR LINEAGE. THEY RETAIN THE OPTION TO SO BY CONTRIBUTING TO GROUP EXCHANGE. THEY MARRY OUT AND MANY MOVE FAR FROM ANCESTRYTERRITORIESTERRITORIES TO FINDWAGE EMPLOYMENT. CLANS CAN SHRINK OR DISAPPEAR THROUGH DEATH AND INDIFFERENCE. SOME CHILDREN CAN JOIN OTHER CLANS. LAND IS AWAY OF LIFE AND VALUABLE. IT IS A FORM OF SOCIAL SECURITY FOR PERSONS LIVING IN TOWNS.
AFTER AND DURING BIRTH A MOM STAYS IN A BIRTH HUT OR GARDEN HOUSE FOR A FEW DAYS OR A WEEK. FOR TWO YEARS MOM'S NURSE THEIR BABIES. AND ARE CARRIED EVERYWHERE AND PLAY WITH NEARBY RELATIVES. THEY HOLD A FEAST AFTER A YEAR OLD
CHILD REARING IS INDULGENT UNTIL AGE 5 OR 6 FOR GIRLS AND BOYS. CHILDREN EXPLORE THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND RUN FREE. THEY RARELY HIT A CHILD. PAPUA GIRLS FOLLOW THEIR MOMS AND BOYS SPEND A A LONGER TIME PLAYING WITH OTHER BOYS. MANY SON'S DECIDE TO GO FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. PARENTS KNOW THAT HIGHER EDUCATION IS NOT A VALUE OR GUARENTEE FOR GETTING A JOB HERE.
IN 1871 LONDON SOCIETY SET UP AN EMMISION TEACHERS IN EASTERN IN EASTERN NEW GUINEA. CARGO CULTS AIMED AT ACQUIRING THE WEALTH AND POWER OF OUTSIDERS THROUGH CHRISTIAN RITUALS. TODAY CHRISTIANITY CONTROLS THE HUMAN CONDITION OF CHANGE.
THIS SOCIETY EXCHANGES STORY TELLING OF HOW SUPERNATURAL BEINGS CREATED THE NATURAL WORLD AND SOCIETY. SOME DIETIES ARE IMPORTANT AND ARE PAINTER ON TAPE CLOTH. THEY BELIEVE THAT EXCEPT FOR INFANTS, DEATH IS NOT NATURAL AND RESULTS FROM WRONGDOING OR OVERSIGHTS. ALL ADULTS WILL ACQUIRE MAGIC SPELLS. THESE ARE USED IN GARDENING, HEALING, PREVENTING MINOR ILLNESSES, AND QUIET MINOR ILLNESSES, AND LEAVE MAGIC. SOME FOLKS ARE SORCERERS, WITCHES, AND DEVIANS.
THEY HAVE MANY RITUALS THAT FOCUS ON INITIATION RITUALS, FUNERAL, AND EXCHANGING ITEMS. PEOPLE USE BOTH TRADITIONAL AND WESTERN MEDICINE IN DEALING WITH SYMPTOMS. THEY HAVE FEW DOCTORS THAT IN RURAL AREAS. IN CITIES THEY HVE THEY HAVE HOSPITALS AND NURSES AND CLINICS. BY 1965 THERE WAS ONLY ONE DOCTOR FOR 6000 PERSONS. IN RURAL AREAS.. HEALTH CARE FOCUSES ON FIRST AID AND REATING CHRONIC DISEASES. THEY HAVE MANY MEDICAL PROBLEMS AND ILLNESSES.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Thursday, October 11, 2012
POMO BASKETMAKING
POMO BASKETS ARE MADE BY PLAITING, COILING, AND TWINING. ELSIE ALLEN MADE A PLEDGE THAT SHE WOULD CARRY ON THIS POMO TRADITION OF BASKETMAKING. EACH BASKET HAS MANY DETAILS AND DESIGNS THATHAVE MEANING. EACH WEAVER HAS NO PLANS BUT USES HER DREAMS TO DESIGN THE BASKET.THE GOOD OR BAD FEELINGS OF THE BASKETS ARE RELEASED THROUGH A FLAW IN THE DESIGN CALLED A DAU.
THE MATERIALS THEY USE CAN BE HARVESTED EACH YEAR . THEY PICK MOSTLY REDBUD, SEDGE ROOT, AND WILLOW SHOOTS. THE MATERIALS ARE DRY CLEANED, SPLIT, SOAKED AND DYED. SOME OF THE MATERIALS ARE BOILED OVER A FIRE AND SET IN THE SUN TO DRY. BOTH WOMEN AND MEN MAKE BASKETS. THE WOMEN MAKE BASKETS. THE WOMEN COILED TWINED AND MADE FEATHERED FEATHER BASKETS. FOR COOKING AND STORING FOOD. AS WELL AS FOR CEREMONIES. THE MEN'S BASKETS ARE THE BABY BASKETS WITH WILLOW AND WEIRS AND BIRD TRAPS.
AN OLD STUDY OF POMO BASKETS WAS BY SAMUEL BARRETT. SUSAN BILLY IS NOW A GRANDMOTHER. SHE HAS BEEN WEAVING SINCE 32 YEARS AGO. HER GREAT AUNT WAS ELSIE ALLEN AND SHE LEARNED BASKETMAKING FROM HER WHEN ELSIE WAS 74 YEARS AGO. WEAVING BASKETS IS NOW A CRAFT BEING REJUVENATED. THERE WERE OVER 17 LANGUAGE GROUPS WITH 20,000 FOLKS HERE FOR OVER 10,000 YEARS BEFORE SETTLERS CAME. THE ABUNDANT GAME AND EDIBLE GAVE THEM PLENTY OF TIME TO WORK IN THE ARTS AND CRAFTS. SO THEY DEVELOPED A RICH BASKET WEAVING CRAFT..THE POMOS WERE GUIDED BY THEIR HEALERS HEADS OF FAMILY AND CEREMONIAL LEADERS SPIRITUALITY INFUSED THEIR CRAFTS AND BASKETS WERE CONSIDERED SPIRITUAL. THEY TENDED EVERYTHING IN THEIR LAND SO THAT IT WOULD BE REPLENISHED FOR YEARS TO COME. THEY TALKED TO THE PLANTS AS THEY COLLECTED THEM - SEDGE ROOT, WILLOW, AND REDBUD. THEY TOOK ONLY WHAT WAS NEEDED. THE POMO SUFFERED GREATLY AS ANGLOS MOVED ONTO THIS LAND. FROM EARLY 1800 TO 1860'S THEY WERE KILLED, ENSLAVED OR INFECTED WITH VARIOUS EUROPEANS AND RUSSIANS.
BY 1920'S THE WEALTHY ANGLOS CAME TO HOT SPRINGS IN THE AREA SOUGHT POMO BASKETRY. THE MEN FARM LABORERS MADE $1.50 PER DAY FOR DOING RANCH WORK. BASKETRY COST ABOUT 2 MONTHS OF WAGES! MABEL MC KAY WAS A MEDICINE WOMAN AND BASKET MAKER ARE LIVING THINGS. SHE HEALED PEOPLE BY SUCKING WORMS OUT AND WOVE BASKETS BASED ON HER DREAMS. THE GRACE HUDSON MUSEUM HAS SOME AWESOME BASKETS SOME ARE MINISCULE, AND OTHER LARGE ENOUGH TO HOLD TO HOLD 500 POUNDS OF ACORNS.
THEY MADE BASKETS FOR ALL KINDS OF OCCASIONS - FISHING, CARRYING HUGE LOADS, COOKING, CARRYING BABIES, AND FOR CEREMONIES. THEY WERE GIVEN AS GIFTS. MABEL'S BASKETS HAVE SPECIFIC HEALING PROPERTIES. POMOS MADE 7 TYPES OF BASKETS FOR ACORN MUSH. THEY MADE 22 TYPES OF BASKETS ! MEN MADE THE HEAVIER BASKETS AND WOMEN MADE FINE BASKETS FROM BIRTH, DEATH, CHILDHOOD, PUBERTY, MARRIAGES, FEASTING, AND HEALING. THEIR ART IS INTERNATIONALLY KNOWN. FROM 1890'S TO 1929 THEY HAD A GOOD MARKET FOR BASKETS. THEY COULDN'T KEEP UP WITH DEMAND. MOSTLY OLDER WOMEN WERE WEAVING BASKETS. THEY FORMED A CLUB TO PROMOTE THEIR CRAFT, DEMONSTRATE THEIR WEAVING. IN 1929 THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED AND BASKET MAKING PLUMMETED. TODAY THE POMO LIVE ON 17 RANCHERIAS IN SONOMA, MENDOCINO, AND LAKE COUNTIES.
BRIGHT PATH VIDEO-COM
NMAI.SIEDU/ EXHIBITION
OILED TWINED
THE MATERIALS THEY USE CAN BE HARVESTED EACH YEAR . THEY PICK MOSTLY REDBUD, SEDGE ROOT, AND WILLOW SHOOTS. THE MATERIALS ARE DRY CLEANED, SPLIT, SOAKED AND DYED. SOME OF THE MATERIALS ARE BOILED OVER A FIRE AND SET IN THE SUN TO DRY. BOTH WOMEN AND MEN MAKE BASKETS. THE WOMEN MAKE BASKETS. THE WOMEN COILED TWINED AND MADE FEATHERED FEATHER BASKETS. FOR COOKING AND STORING FOOD. AS WELL AS FOR CEREMONIES. THE MEN'S BASKETS ARE THE BABY BASKETS WITH WILLOW AND WEIRS AND BIRD TRAPS.
AN OLD STUDY OF POMO BASKETS WAS BY SAMUEL BARRETT. SUSAN BILLY IS NOW A GRANDMOTHER. SHE HAS BEEN WEAVING SINCE 32 YEARS AGO. HER GREAT AUNT WAS ELSIE ALLEN AND SHE LEARNED BASKETMAKING FROM HER WHEN ELSIE WAS 74 YEARS AGO. WEAVING BASKETS IS NOW A CRAFT BEING REJUVENATED. THERE WERE OVER 17 LANGUAGE GROUPS WITH 20,000 FOLKS HERE FOR OVER 10,000 YEARS BEFORE SETTLERS CAME. THE ABUNDANT GAME AND EDIBLE GAVE THEM PLENTY OF TIME TO WORK IN THE ARTS AND CRAFTS. SO THEY DEVELOPED A RICH BASKET WEAVING CRAFT..THE POMOS WERE GUIDED BY THEIR HEALERS HEADS OF FAMILY AND CEREMONIAL LEADERS SPIRITUALITY INFUSED THEIR CRAFTS AND BASKETS WERE CONSIDERED SPIRITUAL. THEY TENDED EVERYTHING IN THEIR LAND SO THAT IT WOULD BE REPLENISHED FOR YEARS TO COME. THEY TALKED TO THE PLANTS AS THEY COLLECTED THEM - SEDGE ROOT, WILLOW, AND REDBUD. THEY TOOK ONLY WHAT WAS NEEDED. THE POMO SUFFERED GREATLY AS ANGLOS MOVED ONTO THIS LAND. FROM EARLY 1800 TO 1860'S THEY WERE KILLED, ENSLAVED OR INFECTED WITH VARIOUS EUROPEANS AND RUSSIANS.
BY 1920'S THE WEALTHY ANGLOS CAME TO HOT SPRINGS IN THE AREA SOUGHT POMO BASKETRY. THE MEN FARM LABORERS MADE $1.50 PER DAY FOR DOING RANCH WORK. BASKETRY COST ABOUT 2 MONTHS OF WAGES! MABEL MC KAY WAS A MEDICINE WOMAN AND BASKET MAKER ARE LIVING THINGS. SHE HEALED PEOPLE BY SUCKING WORMS OUT AND WOVE BASKETS BASED ON HER DREAMS. THE GRACE HUDSON MUSEUM HAS SOME AWESOME BASKETS SOME ARE MINISCULE, AND OTHER LARGE ENOUGH TO HOLD TO HOLD 500 POUNDS OF ACORNS.
THEY MADE BASKETS FOR ALL KINDS OF OCCASIONS - FISHING, CARRYING HUGE LOADS, COOKING, CARRYING BABIES, AND FOR CEREMONIES. THEY WERE GIVEN AS GIFTS. MABEL'S BASKETS HAVE SPECIFIC HEALING PROPERTIES. POMOS MADE 7 TYPES OF BASKETS FOR ACORN MUSH. THEY MADE 22 TYPES OF BASKETS ! MEN MADE THE HEAVIER BASKETS AND WOMEN MADE FINE BASKETS FROM BIRTH, DEATH, CHILDHOOD, PUBERTY, MARRIAGES, FEASTING, AND HEALING. THEIR ART IS INTERNATIONALLY KNOWN. FROM 1890'S TO 1929 THEY HAD A GOOD MARKET FOR BASKETS. THEY COULDN'T KEEP UP WITH DEMAND. MOSTLY OLDER WOMEN WERE WEAVING BASKETS. THEY FORMED A CLUB TO PROMOTE THEIR CRAFT, DEMONSTRATE THEIR WEAVING. IN 1929 THE STOCK MARKET CRASHED AND BASKET MAKING PLUMMETED. TODAY THE POMO LIVE ON 17 RANCHERIAS IN SONOMA, MENDOCINO, AND LAKE COUNTIES.
BRIGHT PATH VIDEO-COM
NMAI.SIEDU/ EXHIBITION
OILED TWINED
Wednesday, October 10, 2012
SAMOA CULTURE
U.S. NAVY ADMINISTRATION WAS NEVER OPPRESSIVE AND SAMOAN CULTURE WAS PRESERVED. SAMOAN CULTURE WAS PRESERVED AND CHIEFS WERE ALLOWED TO RETAIN THEIR OWN FORMS OF ASSEMBLAGE. NATIVE BORN AMERICAN SAMOANS ARE U.S. NATIONALS. THEY ARE FREE TRAVEL
BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIESAND THEY RESIDE IN EITHER . THEY TAKE PRIDE IN THEIR STATUS AS A US TERRITORY AND SEEM UNINTERESTED IN INDEPENDANCE.
SOME AMERICANS LIVE HERE BUT THERE AREN'T THAT MANY. UNTIL THE 1950'S THE TRADITIONAL HOUSES WERE OVAL STRUCTURES WITH FLOORS OF CORAL PEBBLES AND A ROUND WOODEN POSTS WITH A BEEHIVE SHAPED ROOF.
THEY HAVE NO ISLAND OUTCROPS ON TOP OF A MOUNTAIN RANGE. THEIR POPULATION ESTIMATED IS 172,000 FOR PRESENT TIMES. A SMALL NUMBER ARE OF MIXED DESCENT AND POLYNESIANS. THEIR FLAG HAS AN EMBLEM OF CHRISTIANITY. THEY HAVE A HIGHLIGHTED CROSS. THE SEA AND COCONUT PALM ARE ARE THEIR PRIMARY FOOD SOURCES. THE CHIEFS DRINK KAVA FOR THEIR AUTHORITY OF THEIR TRADITION. THEY HAD SOME STRUGGLES WITH THE NEW ZEALAND SOLDIERS. BY 1962 THEY CELEBRATED THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL EMBLEM.
SAMOANS REFER TO THEIR NATIONAL IDENTITY. THEY REFER TO THEMSELVES AS A SAMOAN FAMILY. UNFORTUNATELY THE GERMANS, BRITAINS, AND THE U S CONSULAR PRESENCES ATTEMPTED TO IMPOSE THEIR AUTHORITY. MUTUAL SUSPICION, DISUNITY MEANT THE SAMOANS WERE UNSUCCESSFUL. THE WESTERN PART OF THE ARCHIPELEGO CAME UNDER GERMAN CONTROL. THE EASTERN PART OF SAMOA WAS INDER AMERICAN NAVAL ADMINISTRATION. THESE ATTEMPTS PROVOKED VARYING DEGREES OF ANGER IN 1900 AND A SMALL NEW ZEALAND EXPEDITION ENDED THE GERMAN ADMINISTRATION.
AFTER WORLD WAR I NEW ZEALAND ADMINISTERED WESTERN SAMOA. IT ESTABLISHED AUTHORITY AND PURSUED A COURSE SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE GERMANS. IT PROVIDED AN INEPT ADMINSTRATION AND ITS MISHANDLING OF THE S ST.AIVVNES ARRIVAL. 25% OF THE PEOPLE DIED FROM INFLUENZA. THE MAU PROCESSION IN 1929 LEFT THEM DISALLUSSIONED. THEY MADE ATTEMPTS TO PROMOTE VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT THAT STRENGTHENED THEIR DETERMINATION TO RECLAIM THEIR LANDS. THEY FOUND LABOR GOVERNMENT IN NEW ZEALAND IN THE MID 1930'S.
AFTER W W II THE UNITED NATIONS MADE SAMOAN A TRUSTEESHIP AND GAVE NEW ZEALAND RESPONSIBILITY FOR PREPARING IT FOR INDEPENDENCE. THE AVAILABILTY OF THE MATERIALS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE HOMES, INDIGENOUS BUILDINGS SAWN LUMBER FRAMING AND CLADDING IRON ROOFING AND CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS.
SAMOANS EAT A MIXTURE OF LOCAL IMPORTED FOODS. THEIR STAPLES ARE FISH, LOBSTER, CRAB, CHICKEN AND PORK, ROOT VEGETABLES AND YAMS. IMPORTED FOODS INCLUDE RICE , FISH , BUTTER, JAM , HONEY AND SUGAR.
MANY PEOPLE DRINK TEA AND A MAIN MEAL IN THE EVENING. DURING THEIR CEREMONIES THEIR MEALS ARE TOAINAI. THE FEAST ACCOMPANIES WEDDINGS AND FUNERALS AND THE CONIFERING OF CHIEFLY TITLES AND AMUSED FEASTS. THEY MAKE A KAVA, A BEVERAGE FROM A POWDERED PLANT OF PIPER METHYSTICUM. IT IS SHARED IN CEREMONIAL MEETINGS AMONG MEN.
SOMOAN PRODUCERS PRIMARILY HAVE COMMODITIES FOR EXPORT - TIMBER, COPRA, COCONUT PRODUCTS, ROOT VEGETABLES, COFFEE, COCOA, AND FISH. AGRICULTURE CONSTITUTES 90% OF EXPORTS. THE MOST PROMISING EXPORT CROP IS TARO. IT WAS ELIMINATED BY LEAF BLIGHT IN 1993.
A SMALL INDUSTRIAL SECTOR DESIGNED TO PROVIDE EXPORTS PROCESSES INCLUDED COCONUT CREAM AND OIL, ANIMAL FEED SOAP, BISCUITS, CIGARS AND BEER. THEY IMPORT FOOD, FUEL, BUILDING MATERIALS AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. THE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYS 30% OF THE WORKFORCE. THEY HAVE A NUMBER OF TUNA CANNERIES. SIXTY PERCENT OF FAMILIES LIVE BELOW POVERTY LEVEL.
MOST LAND IS OWNED BY SAMOANS. SOME WHITES MARRIED TO SAMOAN WOMEN AND ACQUIRED LAND HERE. COMMUNAL OWNERSHIP OF LAND WAS CONTROLLED BY MATAI. THEY HAVE 6 CRUISE SHIPS VISITING FROM THE U.S. THEY HAVE 100 GROCERY STORES AND 200 FAMILY OWNED GENERL STORES.
THEIR LARGEST INDUSTRY IS FISH PROCESSING AND CANNING TUNA AND PET FOOD BY PROCTS. CANNED. THEY SHIP CANNED TUNA TO THE U.S. AND THAT IS 94% EXPORTS.
YOUNG FOLKS ENGAGE IN STRENUOUS ACTIVITIES WHILE ELDERLY HAVE A MORE SEDENTARY ROLE. THEY HAVE A VILLAGE COUNCIL THAT IS MADE UP OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO RULE THEIR COMMUNITY. THE MEN PREPARE AN EARTH OVEN FOR USE IN TRADITIONAL CULTURE. THEY HAVE SOCIAL SERVICES FOR DISABLED, ALCOHOL COUNSELING, AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION.
TRADITIONALLY THE MEN WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR HEAVY AGRICULTURAL WORK, FISHING, AND HOUSE CONSTRUCTION, THEY COOKED FOOD AND SERVED AT CEREMONIAL EVENTS. WOMAN SERVED AND COOKED AT CEREMONIAL EVENTS. THEY SERVED , WOVE SLEEPING MATS AND COOKED WITH MODERN DAY APPLIANCES. THEY WEAVE SLEEPING MATS.
THEY IMPORT RICE FROM PAGO PAGO AND OTHER FOOD, FUEL AND BUILDING MATERIALS. IT IS A MALE DOMINATED SOCIETY. MARRIAGE IS BETWEEN FAMILIES ALLIANCE BETWEEN FAMILIES. NO ONE CAN MARRY A BLOOD RELATIVE. MOST MARRY IN THEIR LATE TWENTIES,. A COUPLE MAY LIVE IN ONE HOUSEHOLD OR THEY MAY WORK TOGETHER ON FACILITIES. THEY WORK ON FAMILY LAND CONTROLLED BY MATAI. RIGHTS TO LIVE ON AND USE CERTAIN LANDS ARE GRANTED TO MEMBERS OF A KIN GROUP WHO REQUESTED THEM. THE TENDENCY IS TO GIVE CHILDREN THE LA LAND THAT PARENT'S DEVELOPED. THE KIN NEEDS TO GIVE CONSENT.
AS ACCORDING TO CHRISTIAN TRADITION THE ELDERS ARE GIVEN RESPECT. AFTER AGE 5 CHILDREN ARE GIVEN RESPECT, AFTER AGE 5 CHILDREN EXPECTED TO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THE FAMILY ECONOMY AND COMPLY WITH PARENTS WISHES. THE BELIEF THAT POTENTIAL IS PART OF AN OBEDIENT CHILD WHO SHOWS RESPECT AND IS GROUNDED IN THEIE SAMOAN FAMILIES.
THEY HAVE A CHURCH LINKED TO SCHOOLS AS WELL. THEIR IS GREATER RESPECT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. SAMOAN BELIEF IS CHRISTIAN. THEY ALL HAVE DIFFERENT SECTS. CERTAIN CONDITIONS ARE BELIEVED TO BE SAMOAN ILLNESSES. OTHERS ARE TREATED BY EUROPEAN DOCTORS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIESAND THEY RESIDE IN EITHER . THEY TAKE PRIDE IN THEIR STATUS AS A US TERRITORY AND SEEM UNINTERESTED IN INDEPENDANCE.
SOME AMERICANS LIVE HERE BUT THERE AREN'T THAT MANY. UNTIL THE 1950'S THE TRADITIONAL HOUSES WERE OVAL STRUCTURES WITH FLOORS OF CORAL PEBBLES AND A ROUND WOODEN POSTS WITH A BEEHIVE SHAPED ROOF.
THEY HAVE NO ISLAND OUTCROPS ON TOP OF A MOUNTAIN RANGE. THEIR POPULATION ESTIMATED IS 172,000 FOR PRESENT TIMES. A SMALL NUMBER ARE OF MIXED DESCENT AND POLYNESIANS. THEIR FLAG HAS AN EMBLEM OF CHRISTIANITY. THEY HAVE A HIGHLIGHTED CROSS. THE SEA AND COCONUT PALM ARE ARE THEIR PRIMARY FOOD SOURCES. THE CHIEFS DRINK KAVA FOR THEIR AUTHORITY OF THEIR TRADITION. THEY HAD SOME STRUGGLES WITH THE NEW ZEALAND SOLDIERS. BY 1962 THEY CELEBRATED THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL EMBLEM.
SAMOANS REFER TO THEIR NATIONAL IDENTITY. THEY REFER TO THEMSELVES AS A SAMOAN FAMILY. UNFORTUNATELY THE GERMANS, BRITAINS, AND THE U S CONSULAR PRESENCES ATTEMPTED TO IMPOSE THEIR AUTHORITY. MUTUAL SUSPICION, DISUNITY MEANT THE SAMOANS WERE UNSUCCESSFUL. THE WESTERN PART OF THE ARCHIPELEGO CAME UNDER GERMAN CONTROL. THE EASTERN PART OF SAMOA WAS INDER AMERICAN NAVAL ADMINISTRATION. THESE ATTEMPTS PROVOKED VARYING DEGREES OF ANGER IN 1900 AND A SMALL NEW ZEALAND EXPEDITION ENDED THE GERMAN ADMINISTRATION.
AFTER WORLD WAR I NEW ZEALAND ADMINISTERED WESTERN SAMOA. IT ESTABLISHED AUTHORITY AND PURSUED A COURSE SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE GERMANS. IT PROVIDED AN INEPT ADMINSTRATION AND ITS MISHANDLING OF THE S ST.AIVVNES ARRIVAL. 25% OF THE PEOPLE DIED FROM INFLUENZA. THE MAU PROCESSION IN 1929 LEFT THEM DISALLUSSIONED. THEY MADE ATTEMPTS TO PROMOTE VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT THAT STRENGTHENED THEIR DETERMINATION TO RECLAIM THEIR LANDS. THEY FOUND LABOR GOVERNMENT IN NEW ZEALAND IN THE MID 1930'S.
AFTER W W II THE UNITED NATIONS MADE SAMOAN A TRUSTEESHIP AND GAVE NEW ZEALAND RESPONSIBILITY FOR PREPARING IT FOR INDEPENDENCE. THE AVAILABILTY OF THE MATERIALS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE HOMES, INDIGENOUS BUILDINGS SAWN LUMBER FRAMING AND CLADDING IRON ROOFING AND CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS.
SAMOANS EAT A MIXTURE OF LOCAL IMPORTED FOODS. THEIR STAPLES ARE FISH, LOBSTER, CRAB, CHICKEN AND PORK, ROOT VEGETABLES AND YAMS. IMPORTED FOODS INCLUDE RICE , FISH , BUTTER, JAM , HONEY AND SUGAR.
MANY PEOPLE DRINK TEA AND A MAIN MEAL IN THE EVENING. DURING THEIR CEREMONIES THEIR MEALS ARE TOAINAI. THE FEAST ACCOMPANIES WEDDINGS AND FUNERALS AND THE CONIFERING OF CHIEFLY TITLES AND AMUSED FEASTS. THEY MAKE A KAVA, A BEVERAGE FROM A POWDERED PLANT OF PIPER METHYSTICUM. IT IS SHARED IN CEREMONIAL MEETINGS AMONG MEN.
SOMOAN PRODUCERS PRIMARILY HAVE COMMODITIES FOR EXPORT - TIMBER, COPRA, COCONUT PRODUCTS, ROOT VEGETABLES, COFFEE, COCOA, AND FISH. AGRICULTURE CONSTITUTES 90% OF EXPORTS. THE MOST PROMISING EXPORT CROP IS TARO. IT WAS ELIMINATED BY LEAF BLIGHT IN 1993.
A SMALL INDUSTRIAL SECTOR DESIGNED TO PROVIDE EXPORTS PROCESSES INCLUDED COCONUT CREAM AND OIL, ANIMAL FEED SOAP, BISCUITS, CIGARS AND BEER. THEY IMPORT FOOD, FUEL, BUILDING MATERIALS AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. THE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYS 30% OF THE WORKFORCE. THEY HAVE A NUMBER OF TUNA CANNERIES. SIXTY PERCENT OF FAMILIES LIVE BELOW POVERTY LEVEL.
MOST LAND IS OWNED BY SAMOANS. SOME WHITES MARRIED TO SAMOAN WOMEN AND ACQUIRED LAND HERE. COMMUNAL OWNERSHIP OF LAND WAS CONTROLLED BY MATAI. THEY HAVE 6 CRUISE SHIPS VISITING FROM THE U.S. THEY HAVE 100 GROCERY STORES AND 200 FAMILY OWNED GENERL STORES.
THEIR LARGEST INDUSTRY IS FISH PROCESSING AND CANNING TUNA AND PET FOOD BY PROCTS. CANNED. THEY SHIP CANNED TUNA TO THE U.S. AND THAT IS 94% EXPORTS.
YOUNG FOLKS ENGAGE IN STRENUOUS ACTIVITIES WHILE ELDERLY HAVE A MORE SEDENTARY ROLE. THEY HAVE A VILLAGE COUNCIL THAT IS MADE UP OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO RULE THEIR COMMUNITY. THE MEN PREPARE AN EARTH OVEN FOR USE IN TRADITIONAL CULTURE. THEY HAVE SOCIAL SERVICES FOR DISABLED, ALCOHOL COUNSELING, AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION.
TRADITIONALLY THE MEN WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR HEAVY AGRICULTURAL WORK, FISHING, AND HOUSE CONSTRUCTION, THEY COOKED FOOD AND SERVED AT CEREMONIAL EVENTS. WOMAN SERVED AND COOKED AT CEREMONIAL EVENTS. THEY SERVED , WOVE SLEEPING MATS AND COOKED WITH MODERN DAY APPLIANCES. THEY WEAVE SLEEPING MATS.
THEY IMPORT RICE FROM PAGO PAGO AND OTHER FOOD, FUEL AND BUILDING MATERIALS. IT IS A MALE DOMINATED SOCIETY. MARRIAGE IS BETWEEN FAMILIES ALLIANCE BETWEEN FAMILIES. NO ONE CAN MARRY A BLOOD RELATIVE. MOST MARRY IN THEIR LATE TWENTIES,. A COUPLE MAY LIVE IN ONE HOUSEHOLD OR THEY MAY WORK TOGETHER ON FACILITIES. THEY WORK ON FAMILY LAND CONTROLLED BY MATAI. RIGHTS TO LIVE ON AND USE CERTAIN LANDS ARE GRANTED TO MEMBERS OF A KIN GROUP WHO REQUESTED THEM. THE TENDENCY IS TO GIVE CHILDREN THE LA LAND THAT PARENT'S DEVELOPED. THE KIN NEEDS TO GIVE CONSENT.
AS ACCORDING TO CHRISTIAN TRADITION THE ELDERS ARE GIVEN RESPECT. AFTER AGE 5 CHILDREN ARE GIVEN RESPECT, AFTER AGE 5 CHILDREN EXPECTED TO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THE FAMILY ECONOMY AND COMPLY WITH PARENTS WISHES. THE BELIEF THAT POTENTIAL IS PART OF AN OBEDIENT CHILD WHO SHOWS RESPECT AND IS GROUNDED IN THEIE SAMOAN FAMILIES.
THEY HAVE A CHURCH LINKED TO SCHOOLS AS WELL. THEIR IS GREATER RESPECT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION. SAMOAN BELIEF IS CHRISTIAN. THEY ALL HAVE DIFFERENT SECTS. CERTAIN CONDITIONS ARE BELIEVED TO BE SAMOAN ILLNESSES. OTHERS ARE TREATED BY EUROPEAN DOCTORS.
EVERYCULTURE.COM
Monday, October 8, 2012
HARVEST FAIR 2012
I WENT TO THE HARVEST FAIR YESTERDAY WHICH WAS SIMILIAR TO LAST YEARS. THEY HAD NUMEROUS GROUPS COMPETING IN THE GRAPE STOMP. IT WAS PRETTY WARM BUT IT GOT CHIILLY AROUND 5 P.M. THEY HAD MAGICIANS, BANDS, AND PUMPKINS WEIGHING AT 1000 POUNDS. THEY HAD PUMPKIN CARVING FOR KIDS. THEY HAD A CHEF GIVE HANDS ON DEMOS FOR COOKING. IT IS A WEIRD THING TO FRY TOMALES! THE ENTIRE DEMONSTRATION VENDOR AREA HAD EVERYTHING FROM WESTERN FARMS TO HOT TUBS TO JEWELRY AND BUSY ARTISTS, THEY HAD ONE HALL FILLED WITH ARTISTS PAINTINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS, FLOWERS AND ROSES AND ROSES. I GAVE MY CARD TO SOME PEOPLE.
THEY HAD A COLLIE DOG HERDING 3 SHEEP CONTEST. IT WAS VERY INTERESTING TO WATCH AND IT LASTED ABOUT 3 HOURS. THE COLLIES WERE TRAINED TO KEEP THEIR EYES ON THE SHEEP AND HERD THEM INTO 4 CHANNELS. I WALKED AROUND TO VARIOUS BUILDINGS. AND I NOTED THEIR THEIR WAS A RODEO AT 3 PM. IT TURNED OUT TO BE EXPENSIVE, YET MEXICAN COWBOYS WENT THERE!
A MAGICIAN ATE 2 STICKS ON FIRE! THERE WERE OTHER TRICKS THAT WERE PERFORMED BY HIS FAMILY. A MAGICIAN EVOKED A BOX WHICH SWITCHED PEOPLE IN IT ! HE HAD A DOG DO TRICKS TOO. HIS ONE GIRL
THE HARVEST FESTIVAL THIS YEAR WAS A SIMILAR EVENT AS LAST YEAR'S. THEY HAD NUMEROUS GROUPS COMPETING IN THE GRAPE STOMP. IT WAS PRETTY WARM BUT IT GOT CHILLY AROUND 5 PM. THEY HAD MUSICIANS, BANDS, WEIGHING IN OF GIANT PUMPKINS, A BIG SLIDE, AND PUMPKIN CARVING FOR KIDS. THEY HAD A CHEF GIVE HANDS ON DEMOS FOR COOKING. IT IS A WEIRD THING TO FRY TOMALES! THE ENTIRE DEMONSTRATION VENDOR AREA HAD EVERYTHING FROM FROM WESTERN FARMS TO HOT TUBS TO JEWELRY TO BUSY ARTISTS.
THEY HAD ONE HALL FILLED WITH ARTIST'S PAINTINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS, FLOWERS AND ROSES. I INTRODUCED MY BUSINESS TO SOME PEOPLE. THEY IRL PERFORMED BY INTER LOCKING HULA HOOPS. ANOTHER AREA HAD BEE KEEPER'S (OVER 300 FOLKS). THEYWERE INTERESTED IN MY HIKES.THERE WERE FOLKS WITH THERE WERE FOLKS WITH ALL KINDS OF TREE SEEDS FROM THE COUNTY AND OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES. THERE WAS AN EXHIBIT WITH SCARECROW S. THE WINNERS WERE OF THE GIANT PUMPKIN GOT OVER $1000. HE TOOK THE SEEDS FROM THAT AND IT STARTS AGAIN. THE REST IS USED AS COMPOST.
THEYHAD APPLE TASTING AND MANY DIFFERENT DISPLAYS OF GOURDS. MANY PEOPLE WERE DRINKING WINE AND BEER.
I ALSO WENT ON A BIG RIDE WITH CLYDSDALE HORSES. THEY ALSO HAD LLAMA RACES WITH YOUNG GIRLSLEADING THEM.
THEY HAD A COLLIE DOG HERDING 3 SHEEP CONTEST. IT WAS VERY INTERESTING TO WATCH AND IT LASTED ABOUT 3 HOURS. THE COLLIES WERE TRAINED TO KEEP THEIR EYES ON THE SHEEP AND HERD THEM INTO 4 CHANNELS. I WALKED AROUND TO VARIOUS BUILDINGS. AND I NOTED THEIR THEIR WAS A RODEO AT 3 PM. IT TURNED OUT TO BE EXPENSIVE, YET MEXICAN COWBOYS WENT THERE!
A MAGICIAN ATE 2 STICKS ON FIRE! THERE WERE OTHER TRICKS THAT WERE PERFORMED BY HIS FAMILY. A MAGICIAN EVOKED A BOX WHICH SWITCHED PEOPLE IN IT ! HE HAD A DOG DO TRICKS TOO. HIS ONE GIRL
THE HARVEST FESTIVAL THIS YEAR WAS A SIMILAR EVENT AS LAST YEAR'S. THEY HAD NUMEROUS GROUPS COMPETING IN THE GRAPE STOMP. IT WAS PRETTY WARM BUT IT GOT CHILLY AROUND 5 PM. THEY HAD MUSICIANS, BANDS, WEIGHING IN OF GIANT PUMPKINS, A BIG SLIDE, AND PUMPKIN CARVING FOR KIDS. THEY HAD A CHEF GIVE HANDS ON DEMOS FOR COOKING. IT IS A WEIRD THING TO FRY TOMALES! THE ENTIRE DEMONSTRATION VENDOR AREA HAD EVERYTHING FROM FROM WESTERN FARMS TO HOT TUBS TO JEWELRY TO BUSY ARTISTS.
THEY HAD ONE HALL FILLED WITH ARTIST'S PAINTINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS, FLOWERS AND ROSES. I INTRODUCED MY BUSINESS TO SOME PEOPLE. THEY IRL PERFORMED BY INTER LOCKING HULA HOOPS. ANOTHER AREA HAD BEE KEEPER'S (OVER 300 FOLKS). THEYWERE INTERESTED IN MY HIKES.THERE WERE FOLKS WITH THERE WERE FOLKS WITH ALL KINDS OF TREE SEEDS FROM THE COUNTY AND OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES. THERE WAS AN EXHIBIT WITH SCARECROW S. THE WINNERS WERE OF THE GIANT PUMPKIN GOT OVER $1000. HE TOOK THE SEEDS FROM THAT AND IT STARTS AGAIN. THE REST IS USED AS COMPOST.
THEYHAD APPLE TASTING AND MANY DIFFERENT DISPLAYS OF GOURDS. MANY PEOPLE WERE DRINKING WINE AND BEER.
I ALSO WENT ON A BIG RIDE WITH CLYDSDALE HORSES. THEY ALSO HAD LLAMA RACES WITH YOUNG GIRLSLEADING THEM.
Wednesday, October 3, 2012
AUSTRIA CULTURE
THERE WERE PEOPLE ALONG THE DANUBE RIVER IN AUSTRIA AS LONG AS 50,000 YEARS BCE. CELTIC PEOPLE WERE UNDER ROMAN CONTROL DURING THE FIRST CENTURY. SLAVS, GERMANS, HUANS, BOHEMIAN, CHRISTIANITY WAS THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. AUSTRIANS HAVECALL THEIR COUNTRY OSTERREICH. IN THE 10TH CENTURY THE GERMAN KING OTTOI NAMED IT OSTARICHE. THE LATIN NAME APPEARED IN THE 12TH CENTURY. AUSTRIA HAS BEEN IN THE 12TH CENTURY. AUSTRIA HAS ALSO BEEN SUBJECTED TO CULTURAL INVASIONS. CHRISTIANITY WAS THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. AUSTRIANS CALL THEIR COUNTRY OSTERREICH.
IN THE 10TH CENTURY, THE GERMAN KING OTTO I NAMED IT OSTARICHE. THE LATIN NAME APPEARED IN THE 12TH CENTURY. AUSTRIA HAS ALSO BEEN SUBJECTED TO CULTURAL INVASIONS AS A SERVICE OF DIFFERENCES BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT GROUPS. DURING THE MIDDLE AGES THERE WERE THERE WERE MANY GROUPS FROM EUROPE.
WITH COMMUNISM MANY PEOPLE FLED TO AUSTRIA FROM HUNGARY TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA. THE AUSTRIANS ARE PROUD OF THEIR COUNTRY. THIS COUNTRY HAS MANY MOUNTAINS . THE COUNTRY HAS 9 PROVINCES AND VIENNA IS THE RIVER PORT ON THE DANUBE.
THE ALPS ARE THE HIGHEST FEATURE IN AUSTRIA AT OVER 12,000 FEET. THEY USUALLY ARE IMPASSABLE! MANY INHABITANTS OF ALPINE VALLEYS WERE ISOLATED WERE ISOLATED AND DEVELOPED THEIR DISTINCT DIALECTS , DRESS AND FOLKLORE, AND ARCHITECTURE.
BY 1998 THE POPULATION COUNT WAS ABOUT 8 MILLION, 95% OF WHOM ARE
AUSTRIAN. MUCH OF THE POPULATION IS YOUNGER THAN TWENTY FIVE.OR OVER 65. THERE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IS GERMAN OR A DIALECT. MY MOM SPOKE ONLY GERMAN UNTIL SHE WAS 6 YEARS OLD. SOME FOLKS SPEAK SLOVAENIAN AND CROATIAN.
SYMBOLISM OF A BLACK EAGLE IS ON THE COAT OF ARMS FOR THEIR NATIONAL EMBLEM. IT HAS BROKEN SILVER CHAINS HAVING FROM ITS TALONS AS FREEDOM FROM NAZI CONTROL.
BECAUSE OF ITS LOCATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF EUROPE ITS LOCATION. IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURYSLAVICS OVERRAN THE DANUBE AREA. IN 1955 THEY WERE DEFEATED BY THE GERMANS AND MANY SETTLED THERE. BY 1976 OTTO II GAVE THE AREA TO BAVARIAN NOBLEMAN AND AUSTRIA FLOURISHED ECONOMICALLY USUALLY UNDER 3000 YEARS. THEY BUILT A GREAT FORTRESS AND MONASTERIES. THE DANUBE WAS AN IMPORT TRADE ROUTE.
BY 1246 A ROMAN EMPEROR GOT CONTROL OF AUSTRIA FOR 640 YEARS. THIS WAS CALLED HABSBURG DYNASTY WHICH WAS SUCCESSFUL. IT INCLUDED AUSTRIA AND PARTS OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND OTHER TERRITORIES. BY 7TH CENTURY AUSTRIA WAS THE FORMOST STATE AND EUROPEAN COUNTRY. THIS WAS A PERIOD OF WAR BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND GERMANY. THE OTTOMANS LAUNCED TWO GREAT SIEGES OF VIENNA BOTH FAILED DURING HISTORY.
A WOMAN BECAME THE RULER IN AUSTRIAS HISTORY IN 1740, MORIA THERESA. AUSTRIA BECAME A MODERN STATE. SHE INTRODUCED PUBLIC EDUCATION. THE AUSTRIAN CULTURAL LIFE THRIVED DURING THIS PERIOD.
NAPOLEAN BONAPART'S POWERFUL RULE ENDED . THE HOLY PONAMEMPIRE AND WEAKENED AUSTRIA. FROM 1792 TO 1814 THE FRENCH TRIED TO OCCUPY AUSTRIA BUT FAILED. BY 1848 EVEN AFTER EMPEROR FRANZJOSEPH WAS DEFEATED BY PRUSSIANS, HUNGARY REMAINED A GREAT POWER. IN 1938 NAZI GERMAN TROOPS OCCUPYIED AUSTRIA AND ANNEXED IT AS PART OF GERMANY. HITLER ENLISTED AUSTRIAN SOLDIERS. IN THE GERMANY ARMY UNTIL WORLD WAR II IN 1945. AFTER THE WAR ALLIED FORCES OCCUPIED AUSTRIA AND DIVIDED IT INTO 4 ZONES. BY 1945 THEY NULLIFIED THE NAZI OCCUPATION AND RESTABLISHED AUSTRIA AS INDEPENDENT AND BY 1955 IT WAS A NUETRAL NATION.
AFTER THE ATTROCITIES OF GERMAN WAR , AUSTRIA DID NOT WANT TO BE PART OF GERMANY.
SINCE 1945 AUSTRIA HAS MANY IMMIGRANTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. WHILE AUSTRIA IS INDUSTIALIZED, TRADITIONAL METHODS AND CUSTOMS ARE IN HIGH ESTEEM.
VIENNA ACHIEVED IT'S MODERN LOOK AFTER 1850'S WITH THE RISE OF THE PROSPEROUS MIDDLE CLASS.
AUSTRIAN FOOD IS A LIGHT BREAKFAST. AND THEN THEY HAVE A SNACK. THEN THEIR MAIN MEAL IS LUNCH. THEY HAVE MANY COFFEE HOUSES AND THESE ARE SOCIAL GATHERING PLACES. THEIR DINNER IS A SANDWICH OR SMOKED FISH.
ONLY 20% OF THEIR LAND IS SUITABLE FOR FARMING. THEIR MAJOR CROP ARE WHEAT AND OTHER SUGAR, BEETS, AND POTATOES. THEY GROW OTHER VEGIS AND HAVE WINE GRAPES. THEY BREED PIGS, SHEEP, DAIRY COWS AND MAKE WOOL AND CHEESE. ABOUT 7% OF THE FOLKS LIVE ON FARMS. SOME FAMILIES SERVE AS TOUR GUIDES FOR THE AREA. THEY HAVE COMPANIES THAT PRODUCE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS. THEY HAVE LUMBER FROM NUMEROUS FORESTS FORESTS. THEY HAVE CRAFTSMENSHIP.
TODAY GERMANY IS THER TRADING PARTNER TRADITIONALLYAUSTRIAN SOCIETY HAD WELL DEFINED SOCIAL DISTINCTIONS AND DIFFERENT CLASSES TODAY THERE ARE MIDDLE CITIZENS THAN ANY OTHER GROUP.
THEIR CITIES HAVE OLD WORLD CHARM AND MODERN CONVENIENCES. IT HAS A LOW CRIME RATE AND AND THEIR MILITARY PARTICIPATE IN THE UNITED NATIONSPEACEKEEPING MISSIONS WITH OTHER NATIONS. THEY HAVE A HIGH LEVEL OF LITERACY. MOST AUSTRIANS GREET EACH OTHER WITH BY SHAKING HANDS AND SAY6"GRUSS GOTT' OR 'GREET GOD'.THEY HAVE BUILT GREAT CHURCHES AND CATHEDALS IN AUSTRIA. IN THE COUNTRY THEY HAVE NUMEROUS SHRINES TO REST AND PRAY ALONG THE STRREETS. AUSTRIA HAS A HIGH SUICIDE RATE.
ABOUT99% OF PEOPLE HAVE HEALTH INSURANCE PLANS. PATIENTS MAY GO TO THEIR DOCTOR OF THEIR CHOICE. AUSTRIA HAS PRODUCED A NUMBER OF NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS.
EVRYCULTURE.COOM
IN THE 10TH CENTURY, THE GERMAN KING OTTO I NAMED IT OSTARICHE. THE LATIN NAME APPEARED IN THE 12TH CENTURY. AUSTRIA HAS ALSO BEEN SUBJECTED TO CULTURAL INVASIONS AS A SERVICE OF DIFFERENCES BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT GROUPS. DURING THE MIDDLE AGES THERE WERE THERE WERE MANY GROUPS FROM EUROPE.
WITH COMMUNISM MANY PEOPLE FLED TO AUSTRIA FROM HUNGARY TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA. THE AUSTRIANS ARE PROUD OF THEIR COUNTRY. THIS COUNTRY HAS MANY MOUNTAINS . THE COUNTRY HAS 9 PROVINCES AND VIENNA IS THE RIVER PORT ON THE DANUBE.
THE ALPS ARE THE HIGHEST FEATURE IN AUSTRIA AT OVER 12,000 FEET. THEY USUALLY ARE IMPASSABLE! MANY INHABITANTS OF ALPINE VALLEYS WERE ISOLATED WERE ISOLATED AND DEVELOPED THEIR DISTINCT DIALECTS , DRESS AND FOLKLORE, AND ARCHITECTURE.
BY 1998 THE POPULATION COUNT WAS ABOUT 8 MILLION, 95% OF WHOM ARE
AUSTRIAN. MUCH OF THE POPULATION IS YOUNGER THAN TWENTY FIVE.OR OVER 65. THERE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IS GERMAN OR A DIALECT. MY MOM SPOKE ONLY GERMAN UNTIL SHE WAS 6 YEARS OLD. SOME FOLKS SPEAK SLOVAENIAN AND CROATIAN.
SYMBOLISM OF A BLACK EAGLE IS ON THE COAT OF ARMS FOR THEIR NATIONAL EMBLEM. IT HAS BROKEN SILVER CHAINS HAVING FROM ITS TALONS AS FREEDOM FROM NAZI CONTROL.
BECAUSE OF ITS LOCATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF EUROPE ITS LOCATION. IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURYSLAVICS OVERRAN THE DANUBE AREA. IN 1955 THEY WERE DEFEATED BY THE GERMANS AND MANY SETTLED THERE. BY 1976 OTTO II GAVE THE AREA TO BAVARIAN NOBLEMAN AND AUSTRIA FLOURISHED ECONOMICALLY USUALLY UNDER 3000 YEARS. THEY BUILT A GREAT FORTRESS AND MONASTERIES. THE DANUBE WAS AN IMPORT TRADE ROUTE.
BY 1246 A ROMAN EMPEROR GOT CONTROL OF AUSTRIA FOR 640 YEARS. THIS WAS CALLED HABSBURG DYNASTY WHICH WAS SUCCESSFUL. IT INCLUDED AUSTRIA AND PARTS OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND OTHER TERRITORIES. BY 7TH CENTURY AUSTRIA WAS THE FORMOST STATE AND EUROPEAN COUNTRY. THIS WAS A PERIOD OF WAR BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND GERMANY. THE OTTOMANS LAUNCED TWO GREAT SIEGES OF VIENNA BOTH FAILED DURING HISTORY.
A WOMAN BECAME THE RULER IN AUSTRIAS HISTORY IN 1740, MORIA THERESA. AUSTRIA BECAME A MODERN STATE. SHE INTRODUCED PUBLIC EDUCATION. THE AUSTRIAN CULTURAL LIFE THRIVED DURING THIS PERIOD.
NAPOLEAN BONAPART'S POWERFUL RULE ENDED . THE HOLY PONAMEMPIRE AND WEAKENED AUSTRIA. FROM 1792 TO 1814 THE FRENCH TRIED TO OCCUPY AUSTRIA BUT FAILED. BY 1848 EVEN AFTER EMPEROR FRANZJOSEPH WAS DEFEATED BY PRUSSIANS, HUNGARY REMAINED A GREAT POWER. IN 1938 NAZI GERMAN TROOPS OCCUPYIED AUSTRIA AND ANNEXED IT AS PART OF GERMANY. HITLER ENLISTED AUSTRIAN SOLDIERS. IN THE GERMANY ARMY UNTIL WORLD WAR II IN 1945. AFTER THE WAR ALLIED FORCES OCCUPIED AUSTRIA AND DIVIDED IT INTO 4 ZONES. BY 1945 THEY NULLIFIED THE NAZI OCCUPATION AND RESTABLISHED AUSTRIA AS INDEPENDENT AND BY 1955 IT WAS A NUETRAL NATION.
AFTER THE ATTROCITIES OF GERMAN WAR , AUSTRIA DID NOT WANT TO BE PART OF GERMANY.
SINCE 1945 AUSTRIA HAS MANY IMMIGRANTS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. WHILE AUSTRIA IS INDUSTIALIZED, TRADITIONAL METHODS AND CUSTOMS ARE IN HIGH ESTEEM.
VIENNA ACHIEVED IT'S MODERN LOOK AFTER 1850'S WITH THE RISE OF THE PROSPEROUS MIDDLE CLASS.
AUSTRIAN FOOD IS A LIGHT BREAKFAST. AND THEN THEY HAVE A SNACK. THEN THEIR MAIN MEAL IS LUNCH. THEY HAVE MANY COFFEE HOUSES AND THESE ARE SOCIAL GATHERING PLACES. THEIR DINNER IS A SANDWICH OR SMOKED FISH.
ONLY 20% OF THEIR LAND IS SUITABLE FOR FARMING. THEIR MAJOR CROP ARE WHEAT AND OTHER SUGAR, BEETS, AND POTATOES. THEY GROW OTHER VEGIS AND HAVE WINE GRAPES. THEY BREED PIGS, SHEEP, DAIRY COWS AND MAKE WOOL AND CHEESE. ABOUT 7% OF THE FOLKS LIVE ON FARMS. SOME FAMILIES SERVE AS TOUR GUIDES FOR THE AREA. THEY HAVE COMPANIES THAT PRODUCE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS. THEY HAVE LUMBER FROM NUMEROUS FORESTS FORESTS. THEY HAVE CRAFTSMENSHIP.
TODAY GERMANY IS THER TRADING PARTNER TRADITIONALLYAUSTRIAN SOCIETY HAD WELL DEFINED SOCIAL DISTINCTIONS AND DIFFERENT CLASSES TODAY THERE ARE MIDDLE CITIZENS THAN ANY OTHER GROUP.
THEIR CITIES HAVE OLD WORLD CHARM AND MODERN CONVENIENCES. IT HAS A LOW CRIME RATE AND AND THEIR MILITARY PARTICIPATE IN THE UNITED NATIONSPEACEKEEPING MISSIONS WITH OTHER NATIONS. THEY HAVE A HIGH LEVEL OF LITERACY. MOST AUSTRIANS GREET EACH OTHER WITH BY SHAKING HANDS AND SAY6"GRUSS GOTT' OR 'GREET GOD'.THEY HAVE BUILT GREAT CHURCHES AND CATHEDALS IN AUSTRIA. IN THE COUNTRY THEY HAVE NUMEROUS SHRINES TO REST AND PRAY ALONG THE STRREETS. AUSTRIA HAS A HIGH SUICIDE RATE.
ABOUT99% OF PEOPLE HAVE HEALTH INSURANCE PLANS. PATIENTS MAY GO TO THEIR DOCTOR OF THEIR CHOICE. AUSTRIA HAS PRODUCED A NUMBER OF NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS.
EVRYCULTURE.COOM
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)